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<span>Colleges that target veterans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges_that_target_veterans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inadequate_disability_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inadequate_disability_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Inadequate disability coverage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inadequate_disability_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Content</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Content-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Content subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chapter_30_(Montgomery_GI_Bill)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_30_(Montgomery_GI_Bill)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Chapter 30 (Montgomery GI Bill)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_30_(Montgomery_GI_Bill)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Buy-Up"_option" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Buy-Up"_option"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>"Buy-Up" option</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Buy-Up"_option-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time_limit/eligibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_limit/eligibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Time limit/eligibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_limit/eligibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Top-up_option" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Top-up_option"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Top-up option</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Top-up_option-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Educational</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_31_(Vocational_Rehabilitation_Program)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_31_(Vocational_Rehabilitation_Program)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Chapter 31 (Vocational Rehabilitation Program)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_31_(Vocational_Rehabilitation_Program)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_32_(Veterans_Educational_Assistance_Program)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_32_(Veterans_Educational_Assistance_Program)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Chapter 32 (Veterans Educational Assistance Program)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_32_(Veterans_Educational_Assistance_Program)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_33_(Post-9/11)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_33_(Post-9/11)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Chapter 33 (Post-9/11)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_33_(Post-9/11)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_34_(Vietnam_Era_G.I._Bill)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_34_(Vietnam_Era_G.I._Bill)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Chapter 34 (Vietnam Era G.I. Bill)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_34_(Vietnam_Era_G.I._Bill)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_35_(Survivors'_and_Dependents'_Educational_Assistance_Program)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_35_(Survivors'_and_Dependents'_Educational_Assistance_Program)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Chapter 35 (Survivors' and Dependents' Educational Assistance Program)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_35_(Survivors'_and_Dependents'_Educational_Assistance_Program)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_1606_(Montgomery_GI_Bill-_Selective_Reserve)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_1606_(Montgomery_GI_Bill-_Selective_Reserve)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Chapter 1606 (Montgomery GI Bill- Selective Reserve)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_1606_(Montgomery_GI_Bill-_Selective_Reserve)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_1607_(Reserve_Educational_Assistance_Program)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_1607_(Reserve_Educational_Assistance_Program)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Chapter 1607 (Reserve Educational Assistance Program)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_1607_(Reserve_Educational_Assistance_Program)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MGIB_comparison_chart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MGIB_comparison_chart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>MGIB comparison chart</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MGIB_comparison_chart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_legal_safeguards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_legal_safeguards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other legal safeguards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_legal_safeguards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GI_Bill_Comparison_Tool_and_college_choice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GI_Bill_Comparison_Tool_and_college_choice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>GI Bill Comparison Tool and college choice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GI_Bill_Comparison_Tool_and_college_choice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> 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Bill</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Bill" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Bill_of_Rights" title="G.I. Bill of Rights – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="G.I. Bill of Rights" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Bill" title="G.I. Bill – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="G.I. Bill" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Bill" title="G.I. Bill – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="G.I. Bill" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Bill_of_Rights" title="G.I. Bill of Rights – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="G.I. Bill of Rights" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%A9%E5%93%A1%E5%85%B5%E6%8F%B4%E8%AD%B7%E6%B3%95" title="1944年復員兵援護法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1944年復員兵援護法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Bill" title="G.I. Bill – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="G.I. Bill" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Bill" title="G.I. Bill – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="G.I. Bill" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Bill" title="G.I. Bill – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="G.I. 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class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.25em">Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/140px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/210px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Long title</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">AN ACT To provide Federal Government aid for the readjustment in civilian life of returning <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> veterans</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Nicknames</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">G.I. Bill</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">the <a href="/wiki/78th_United_States_Congress" title="78th United States Congress">78th United States Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Citations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Public law</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/78/346">78–346</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large"><span class="wrap">Statutes at Large</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">58 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-58-284">284</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Legislative history</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><div><ul style="line-height:1.3em;text-align:left"><li><b>Signed into law</b> by President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> on June 22, 1944</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>G.I. Bill</b>, formally the <b>Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944</b>, was a law that provided a range of benefits for some of the returning <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> veterans (commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/G.I._(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="G.I. (military)">G.I.s</a>). The original G.I. Bill expired in 1956, but the term "G.I. Bill" is still used to refer to programs created to assist American military veterans. </p><p>It was largely designed and passed through Congress in 1944 in a bipartisan effort led by the <a href="/wiki/American_Legion" title="American Legion">American Legion</a>, which wanted to reward practically all wartime veterans. <a href="/wiki/John_H._Stelle" class="mw-redirect" title="John H. Stelle">John H. Stelle</a>, a former Democratic Governor of Illinois, served as the Chairman of the Legion's Executive Committee, which drafted and mobilized public opinion to get the G.I. Bill to President Roosevelt's desk on June 22, 1944. Stelle was rewarded for his efforts by the Legion which unanimously elected him its National Commander in 1945. He is commonly referred to as the "Father of the G.I. Bill." Since the First World War the Legion had been in the forefront of lobbying Congress for generous benefits for war veterans.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Roosevelt initially proposed a much smaller program.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As historians Glenn C. Altschuler and Stuart Blumin point out, FDR did not play a significant role in the contours of the bill. At first, Roosevelt shared with nearly everyone the idea that "satisfactory employment," not educational opportunity, was the key feature of the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This changed in the fall of 1944, when Roosevelt's special representative to the European Theatre, <a href="/wiki/Anna_M._Rosenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna M. Rosenberg">Anna M. Rosenberg</a>, returned with her report on the G.I.'s postwar expectations. From her hundreds of interviews with servicemen then fighting in France, it was clear they wanted educational opportunities previously unavailable to them.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FDR "lit up," Rosenberg recalled, and subsequent additions to the bill included provisions for higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final bill provided immediate financial rewards for practically all World War II veterans, thereby avoiding the <a href="/wiki/Bonus_Army" title="Bonus Army">highly disputed postponed life insurance policy payout for World War I veterans</a> that had caused political turmoil in the 1920s and 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benefits included low-cost mortgages, low-interest loans to start a business or farm, one year of <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_benefits" title="Unemployment benefits">unemployment compensation</a>, and dedicated payments of tuition and living expenses to attend high school, college, or <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">vocational school</a>. These benefits were available to all veterans who had been on active duty during the war years for at least 90 days and had not been <a href="/wiki/Dishonorably_discharged" class="mw-redirect" title="Dishonorably discharged">dishonorably discharged</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GI_Bill_signing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/GI_Bill_signing.jpg/330px-GI_Bill_signing.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/GI_Bill_signing.jpg/495px-GI_Bill_signing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/GI_Bill_signing.jpg/660px-GI_Bill_signing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="973" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">President Roosevelt</a> signs the G.I. Bill into law on June 22, 1944.</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1956, 7.8 million veterans had used the G.I. Bill education benefits, some 2.2 million to attend colleges or universities and an additional 5.6 million for some kind of training program.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians and economists judge the G.I. Bill a major political and economic success—especially in contrast to the treatments of World War I veterans—and a major contribution to U.S. stock of human capital that encouraged long-term <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">economic growth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been criticized for various reasons including increasing racial wealth disparities during the era of <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a>. </p><p>The original G.I. Bill ended in 1956. The <a href="/wiki/Post-9/11_Veterans_Educational_Assistance_Act_of_2008" title="Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008">Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008</a> provided veterans with funding for the full cost of any public college in their state. The G.I. Bill was also modified through the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Forever_GI_Bill" title="Forever GI Bill">Forever GI Bill</a> in 2017. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veterans_Administration_letter_for_Don_A._Balfour,_July_6,_1944_-_GI_Bill_student_at_George_Washington_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Veterans_Administration_letter_for_Don_A._Balfour%2C_July_6%2C_1944_-_GI_Bill_student_at_George_Washington_University.jpg/220px-Veterans_Administration_letter_for_Don_A._Balfour%2C_July_6%2C_1944_-_GI_Bill_student_at_George_Washington_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Veterans_Administration_letter_for_Don_A._Balfour%2C_July_6%2C_1944_-_GI_Bill_student_at_George_Washington_University.jpg/330px-Veterans_Administration_letter_for_Don_A._Balfour%2C_July_6%2C_1944_-_GI_Bill_student_at_George_Washington_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Veterans_Administration_letter_for_Don_A._Balfour%2C_July_6%2C_1944_-_GI_Bill_student_at_George_Washington_University.jpg/440px-Veterans_Administration_letter_for_Don_A._Balfour%2C_July_6%2C_1944_-_GI_Bill_student_at_George_Washington_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1801" data-file-height="2289" /></a><figcaption>Don A. Balfour was "the first recipient of the 1944 GI Bill." <a href="/wiki/United_States_Veterans_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Veterans Administration">Veterans Administration</a> letter to <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On June 22, 1944, the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, commonly known as the G.I. Bill of Rights, was signed into law. Professor <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Amenta" title="Edwin Amenta">Edwin Amenta</a> states: </p> <dl><dd>Veterans benefits were a bargain for conservatives who feared increasingly high taxation and the extension of New Deal national government agencies. Veterans benefits would go to a small group without long-term implications for others, and programs would be administered by the VA, diverting power from New Deal bureaucracies. Such benefits were likely to hamper New Dealers in their attempts to win a postwar battle over a permanent system of social policy for everyone.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>During the war, politicians wanted to avoid the postwar confusion about veterans' benefits that became a political football in the 1920s and 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veterans' organizations that had formed after the First World War had millions of members; they mobilized support in Congress for a bill that provided benefits only to veterans of military service, including men and women. Ortiz says their efforts "entrenched the VFW and the Legion as the twin pillars of the American veterans' lobby for decades."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Harry_W._Colmery" title="Harry W. Colmery">Harry W. Colmery</a>, Republican National Committee chairman and a former National Commander of the American Legion, is credited with writing the first draft of the G.I. Bill.<sup id="cite_ref-gibill.va.gov_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gibill.va.gov-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Findarticles.com_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Findarticles.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reportedly jotted down his ideas on stationery and a napkin at the <a href="/wiki/Mayflower_Hotel" title="Mayflower Hotel">Mayflower Hotel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Findarticles.com_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Findarticles.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of 8 from the <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Illinois" title="Salem, Illinois">Salem, Illinois</a> American Legion have also been credited with recording their ideas for veteran benefits on napkins and paper. The group included Omar J. McMackin, Earl W. Merrit, Dr. Leonard W. Esper, George H. Bauer, William R. McCauley, James P. Ringley, A.L. Starshak and Illinois Governor, <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Stelle" title="John Henry Stelle">John Stelle</a> who attended the signing ceremony with President Roosevelt.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">Ernest McFarland</a>, (D) AZ, and National Commander of the American Legion <a href="/wiki/Warren_Atherton" title="Warren Atherton">Warren Atherton</a>, (R) CA were actively involved in the bill's passage. <a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">Edith Nourse Rogers</a>, (R) MA, who helped write and who co-sponsored the legislation, might be termed as the "mother of the G.I. Bill". As with Colmery, her contribution to writing and passing this legislation has been obscured by time.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GIBill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/GIBill.jpg/220px-GIBill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/GIBill.jpg/330px-GIBill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/GIBill.jpg/440px-GIBill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A government poster informing soldiers about the G.I. Bill</figcaption></figure> <p>The bill that President Roosevelt initially proposed had a means test—only poor veterans would get one year of funding; only top-scorers on a written exam would get four years of paid college. The American Legion proposal provided full benefits for all veterans, including women and minorities, regardless of their wealth. </p><p>An important provision of the G.I. Bill was low interest, zero <a href="/wiki/Down_payment" title="Down payment">down payment</a> home loans for servicemen, with more favorable terms for new construction compared to existing housing.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This encouraged millions of American families to move out of urban apartments and into suburban homes.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another provision was known as the 52–20 clause for unemployment. Unemployed war veterans would receive $20 once a week for 52 weeks for up to one year while they were looking for work. Less than 20 percent of the money set aside for the 52–20 Club was distributed. Rather, most returning servicemen quickly found jobs or pursued higher education. </p><p>The recipients did not pay any income tax on the GI benefits, since they were not considered earned income.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The G.I. Bill received criticism for directing some funds to <a href="/wiki/For-profit_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="For-profit higher education in the United States">for-profit educational institutions</a>. The G.I. Bill was racially discriminatory, as it was intended to accommodate <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a>. Due to the discrimination by local and state governments, as well as by private actors in housing and education, the G.I. Bill failed to benefit African Americans as it did with white Americans. Columbia University historian <a href="/wiki/Ira_Katznelson" title="Ira Katznelson">Ira Katznelson</a> described the G.I. Bill as <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a> for whites.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The G.I. Bill has been criticized for increasing racial wealth disparities.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original G.I. Bill ended in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variety of benefits have been available to military veterans since the original bill, and these benefits packages are commonly referred to as updates to the G.I. Bill. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_World_War_II">After World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: After World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A greater percentage of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_veteran" title="Vietnam veteran">Vietnam veterans</a> used G.I. Bill education benefits (72 percent)<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> than World War II veterans (49 percent)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> veterans (43 percent).<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canada operated a similar program for its World War II veterans, with a similarly beneficial economic impact.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Problems">Problems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial_discrimination">Racial discrimination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Racial discrimination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The G.I. Bill aimed to help American <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <a href="/wiki/Veteran" title="Veteran">veterans</a> adjust to civilian life by providing them with benefits including low-cost <a href="/wiki/Mortgages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgages">mortgages</a>, low-interest loans and financial support. The chairman of the American Veterans Committee at the time, Charles G. Bolte, wrote that federal agencies were consistently discriminating "as though the legislation were earmarked 'For White Veterans Only'".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian Ira Katznelson, "the law was deliberately designed to accommodate <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the New York and northern New Jersey suburbs 67,000 mortgages were insured by the G.I. Bill, but fewer than 100 were taken out by non-whites.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, some banks and mortgage agencies refused loans to black people.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbold_1994_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbold_1994-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, many people, black people included, returned to their former lives of poverty, making it difficult for them to pursue the higher education opportunities afforded by the G.I. Bill. </p><p>In the South, which was still segregated at that time, some universities refused to admit black people until the Civil Rights movement. Colleges accepting black people in the South initially numbered 100. Some of those institutions were of lower quality, with 28 of them classified as sub-<a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">baccalaureate</a>. Only seven states offered post-baccalaureate training, while no accredited engineering or doctoral programs were available for blacks. These institutions were all smaller than white or non-segregated universities, often facing a lack of resources.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_and_Bound_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner_and_Bound-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1946, only one fifth of the 100,000 black people who had applied for educational benefits had been registered in college.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbold_1994_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbold_1994-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">historically black colleges and universities</a> (HBCUs) came under increased pressure as rising enrollments and strained resources forced them to turn away an estimated 20,000 veterans. HBCUs were already the poorest colleges. HBCU resources were stretched even thinner when veterans' demands necessitated an expansion in the curriculum beyond the traditional "preach and teach" course of study.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbold_1994_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbold_1994-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though black people encountered many obstacles in their pursuit of G.I. benefits, the bill greatly expanded the population of African Americans attending college and graduate school. In 1940, enrollment at Black colleges was 1.08% of total U.S. college enrollment. By 1950 it had increased to 3.6%. However, these gains were limited almost exclusively to Northern states, and the educational and economic gap between white and black nationally widened under the effects of the G.I. Bill.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_and_Bound_conclusion_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner_and_Bound_conclusion-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With 79 percent of the black population living in southern states, educational gains were limited to a small portion of black Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbold_1994_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbold_1994-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merchant_marine">Merchant marine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Merchant marine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Congress did not include the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="United States Merchant Marine">merchant marine</a> veterans in the original G.I. Bill, even though they were considered military personnel in times of war in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Marine_Act_of_1936" title="Merchant Marine Act of 1936">Merchant Marine Act of 1936</a>. As President Roosevelt (Democrat) signed the G.I. Bill in June 1944 he said, "I trust Congress will soon provide similar opportunities to members of the merchant marine who have risked their lives time and time again during war for the welfare of their country." Now that the youngest World War II veterans are in their 90s, efforts have been made to recognize the merchant mariners' contributions by giving some benefits to the remaining survivors. In 2007, three different bills to address this issue were introduced in Congress, of which one only passed in the House of Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Belated Thank You to the Merchant Mariners of World War II Act of 2007 establishes Merchant Mariner equality compensation payments by the Secretary of Veterans Affairs of a monthly benefit of $1,000 to each individual who, between December 7, 1941, and December 31, 1946, was a documented member of the U.S. Merchant Marine (including Army Transport Service and the Naval Transport Service). This bill was introduced to the House by Rep. Bob Filner (D-California) in 2007 and passed the House but not the Senate so did not become law.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another attempt to notice Merchant Marines in the G.I. Bill was the 21st Century GI Bill of Rights Act of 2007, introduced by Sen. Hillary Clinton, Entitles basic educational assistance to Armed Forces or reserves who, after September 11, 2001: (1) are deployed overseas; or (2) serve for an aggregate of at least two years or, before such period, are discharged due to a service-connected disability, hardship, or certain medical conditions. Entitles such individuals to 36 months of educational assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rep. Jeff Miller (R-Florida) got the house to pass easier access to the GI Bill by "verifying honorable service as a coast-wise merchant seaman between December 7, 1941, and December 31, 1946, for purposes of eligibility for veterans' benefits under the GI Bill Improvement Act of 1977." It passed the House and went no further.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_that_target_veterans">Colleges that target veterans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Colleges that target veterans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the GI Bill was instituted in the 1940s, a number of "fly-by-night" vocational schools were created. Some of these for-profit colleges still target veterans, who are excluded from the <a href="/wiki/90-10_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="90-10 rule">90-10 rule</a> for federal funding. This loophole encourages for-profit colleges to target and aggressively recruit veterans and their families.<sup id="cite_ref-newgibill.org_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newgibill.org-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legislative efforts to close the 90-10 loophole have failed.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the GI Bill Comparison Tool, the largest recipients of GI Bill Funds are </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Phoenix" title="University of Phoenix">University of Phoenix</a> $190,941,289</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Global_Campus" title="University of Maryland Global Campus">University of Maryland Global Campus</a> $67,806,473</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Public_University_System" title="American Public University System">American Public University System</a> $58,773,186</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Sail_University" title="Full Sail University">Full Sail University</a> $48,678,834</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Technical_University" title="Colorado Technical University">Colorado Technical University</a> $48,024,079</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a> $42,759,321</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">Liberty University</a> $33,938,851</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_(California)" title="National University (California)">National University</a> $32,080,876</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_New_Hampshire_University" title="Southern New Hampshire University">Southern New Hampshire University</a> $30,986,463</li></ul> <p>Lead generators like <a href="/wiki/QuinStreet" title="QuinStreet">QuinStreet</a> have also acted as third parties to recruit veterans for subprime colleges.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inadequate_disability_coverage">Inadequate disability coverage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Inadequate disability coverage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bill specified that any veteran requiring a prosthetic limb would be entitled to one and the training required to utilize it, as well as limited funding for custom automobiles and home renovations. Author Bess Williamson highlighted that there were extensive obstacles to veterans receiving prosthetic limbs following the first and second World Wars. These included inadequate types of prosthetics, poor quality of prosthetics, and a high emphasis on societal reintegration that emphasized aesthetics over function.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the sympathetic perception of veterans, influenced by films like <i>Meet McGonegal</i> (1944),<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> helped to drive innovation of prosthetic devices. Williamson also argued that these veteran's benefits, despite their flaws, set the stage for later government support and legislation, like the <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">Americans with Disabilities Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All veteran education programs are found in law in Title 38 of the United States Code. Each specific program is found in its own Chapter in Title 38. </p><p>Unlike scholarship programs, the Montgomery GI Bill (MGIB) requires a financial commitment from the service member. However, if the benefit is not used, the service member cannot recoup whatever money was paid into the system. </p><p>In some states, the National Guard does offer true scholarship benefits, regardless of past or current MGIB participation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_30_(Montgomery_GI_Bill)"><span id="Chapter_30_.28Montgomery_GI_Bill.29"></span>Chapter 30 (Montgomery GI Bill)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chapter 30 (Montgomery GI Bill)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1984, former Mississippi Democratic Congressman <a href="/wiki/Gillespie_V._Montgomery" class="mw-redirect" title="Gillespie V. Montgomery">Gillespie V. "Sonny" Montgomery</a> revamped the G.I. Bill.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1984 until 2008, this version of the law was called "The Montgomery G.I. Bill". The <b>Montgomery GI Bill — Active Duty</b> (MGIB) stated that active duty members had to forfeit $100 per month for 12 months; if they used the benefits, they received as of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> $1564 monthly as a full-time student (tiered at lower rates for less-than-full-time) for a maximum of 36 months of education benefits. This benefit could be used for both degree and certificate programs, flight training, apprenticeship/on-the-job training, and correspondence courses if the veteran was enrolled full-time. Part-time veteran students received less, but for a proportionately longer period.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This meant that for every month the veteran received benefits at the half-time, the veteran's benefits were only charged for 1/2 of a month. Veterans from the reserve had different eligibility requirements and different rules on receiving benefits (see Ch. 1606, Ch. 1607 and Ch. 33). MGIB could also be used while active, which only reimbursed the cost of tuition and fees. Each service has additional educational benefit programs for active duty members. Most delay using MGIB benefits until after separation, discharge or retirement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Buy-Up"_option"><span id=".22Buy-Up.22_option"></span>"Buy-Up" option</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: "Buy-Up" option"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "Buy-Up" option, allows active duty members to forfeit up to $600 more toward their MGIB. For every dollar the service member contributes, the federal government contributes $8. Those who forfeit the maximum ($600) will receive, upon approval, an additional $150 per month for 36 months, or a total of $5400. This allows the veteran to receive $4,800 in additional funds ($5400 total minus the $600 contribution to receive it), but not until after leaving active duty (unless the tuition of a term is higher than the monthly MGIB rate would pay). The additional contribution must be made while still on active duty. It is available for G.I. Bill recipients using either Ch. 30 or Ch. 1607, but cannot be extended beyond 36 months if a combination of G.I. Bill programs are used. It will pay past 36 months of eligibility, by being paid to the end of the term where entitlement is exhausted.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "buy-up" option is not to be confused with a "kicker". A kicker is an additional payment as well, however it is a contractual incentive for specific jobs, and not an optional offering soldiers can pay into. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Time_limit/eligibility"><span id="Time_limit.2Feligibility"></span>Time limit/eligibility</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Time limit/eligibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MGIB benefits may be used up to 10 years from the date of last discharge or release from active duty. The 10-year period can be extended by the amount of time a service member was prevented from training during that period because of a disability or because he/she was held by a foreign government or power. </p><p>The 10-year period can also be extended if one reenters active duty for 90 days or more after becoming eligible. The extension ends 10 years from the date of separation from the later period. Periods of active duty of fewer than 90 days qualify for extensions only if one was separated for one of the following: </p> <ul><li>A service-connected disability</li> <li>A medical condition existing before active duty</li> <li>Hardship</li></ul> <p>For those eligible based on two years of active duty and four years in the Selected Reserve (also known as "call to service"), they have 10 years from their release from active duty, or 10 years from the completion of the four-year Selected Reserve obligation to use MGIB benefits. </p><p>At this time, service members cannot recoup any monies paid into the MGIB program should it not be utilized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Top-up_option">Top-up option</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Top-up option"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Service members may use GI bill in conjunction with Military Tuition Assistance (MilTA) to help with payments above the MilTA CAP. This will reduce the total benefit available once the member leaves service. Veterans Educational Assistance Improvements Act of 2010 (Public Law 111–377, January 4, 2011), Section 111, amended Title 38, U.S. Code, by adding section 3322(h), "Bar to Duplication of Eligibility Based on a Single Event or Period of Service," which does not allow the Department of Veterans Affairs to establish eligibility for a Service Member under more than one education benefit. If a service member applies for Montgomery GI Bill benefits (such as the Top-up option to augment Tuition Assistance) and entered service on/after August 1, 2011, then they must incur a subsequent period of service to convert to the Post 9/11 GI Bill. If the service member cannot incur another period of service, they are not eligible to convert. The VA considers a service member has elected a GI Bill upon submission of VA Form 22–1990.and VA approval and issues a Certificate of Eligibility.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Educational">Educational</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Educational"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>College, business</li> <li>Technical or vocational courses</li> <li>Correspondence courses</li> <li>Apprenticeship/job training</li> <li>Flight training (usually limited to 60% for Ch. 30, see Ch. 33 for more flight information)</li></ul> <p>Under this bill, benefits may be used to pursue an undergraduate or graduate degree at a college or university, a cooperative training program, or an accredited independent study program leading to a degree. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_31_(Vocational_Rehabilitation_Program)"><span id="Chapter_31_.28Vocational_Rehabilitation_Program.29"></span>Chapter 31 (Vocational Rehabilitation Program)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Chapter 31 (Vocational Rehabilitation Program)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Chapter 31" is a <a href="/wiki/Vocational_rehabilitation" title="Vocational rehabilitation">vocational rehabilitation</a> program that serves eligible active duty servicemembers and veterans with service-connected disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This program promotes the development of suitable, gainful employment by providing vocational and personal adjustment counseling, training assistance, a monthly subsistence allowance during active training, and employment assistance after training. Independent living services may also be provided to advance vocational potential for eventual job seekers, or to enhance the independence of eligible participants who are presently unable to work. </p><p>In order to receive an evaluation for Chapter 31 vocational rehabilitation and/or independent living services, those qualifying as a "servicemember" must have a memorandum service-connected disability rating of 20% or greater and apply for vocational rehabilitation services.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those qualifying as "veterans" must have received, or eventually receive, an honorable or other-than-dishonorable discharge, have a VA service-connected disability rating of 10% or more, and apply for services. Law provides for a 12-year basic period of eligibility in which services may be used, which begins on latter of separation from active military duty or the date the veteran was first notified of a service-connected disability rating. In general, participants have 48 months of program entitlement to complete an individual vocational rehabilitation plan. Participants deemed to have a "serious employment handicap" will generally be granted exemption from the 12-year eligibility period and may receive additional months of entitlement as necessary to complete approved plans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_32_(Veterans_Educational_Assistance_Program)"><span id="Chapter_32_.28Veterans_Educational_Assistance_Program.29"></span>Chapter 32 (Veterans Educational Assistance Program)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Chapter 32 (Veterans Educational Assistance Program)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Veterans Educational Assistance Program (VEAP) is available for those who first entered active duty between January 1, 1977, and June 30, 1985, and elected to make contributions from their military pay to participate in this education benefit program. Participants' contributions are matched on a $2 for $1 basis by the Government with a maximum allowable participant contribution of $2,700.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Maximum possible government contribution: $5,400. Maximum possible benefit: $8,100.) This benefit may be used for degree and certificate programs, flight training, apprenticeship/on-the-job training and correspondence courses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_33_(Post-9/11)"><span id="Chapter_33_.28Post-9.2F11.29"></span>Chapter 33 (Post-9/11)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Chapter 33 (Post-9/11)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post-9/11_Veterans_Educational_Assistance_Act_of_2008" title="Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008">Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008</a></div> <p>Congress, in the summer of 2008, approved an expansion of benefits beyond the current G.I. Bill program for military veterans serving since the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> originally proposed by Democratic Senator <a href="/wiki/Jim_Webb" title="Jim Webb">Jim Webb</a>. Beginning in August 2009, recipients became eligible for greatly expanded benefits, or the full cost of any public college in their state. The new bill also provides a housing allowance and $1,000 a year stipend for books, among other benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The VA announced in September 2008 that it would manage the new benefit itself instead of hiring an outside contractor after protests by veteran's organizations and the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Government_Employees" title="American Federation of Government Employees">American Federation of Government Employees</a>. Veterans Affairs Secretary <a href="/wiki/James_B._Peake" class="mw-redirect" title="James B. Peake">James B. Peake</a> stated that although it was "unfortunate that we will not have the technical expertise from the private sector," the VA "can and will deliver the benefits program on time."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Obama Launches Post-9/11 GI Bill August 3, 2009 | 12:01 </p><p>President Obama marks the launch of the Post-9/11 GI Bill, which will provide comprehensive education benefits to our veterans. The bill will provide our veterans the skills and trainings they need to be successful in the future, and is part of the Presidents plan to build a new foundation for the 21st century. August 3, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2010 Congress passed the Post-9/11 Veterans Education Assistance Improvements Act of 2010. The new law, often referred to as G.I. Bill 2.0, expands eligibility for members of the National Guard to include time served on <a href="/wiki/Title_32_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 32 of the United States Code">Title 32</a> or in the full-time <a href="/wiki/Active_Guard_Reserve" title="Active Guard Reserve">Active Guard and Reserve</a> (AGR). It does not, however, cover members of the Coast Guard Reserve who have served under <a href="/wiki/Title_14_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 14 of the United States Code">Title 14</a> orders performing duties comparable to those performed by National Guard personnel under Title 32 orders. </p><p>The new law also includes: </p><p>enrollment periods. In this case if the veteran is full-time, and his or her maximum BAH rate is $1500 per month, then he or she will receive (13/30)x$1500 = $650 for the end of the first period of enrollment, then the veteran will receive (10/30)x$1500 = $500 for the beginning of the second period of enrollment. Effectively, the change in break-pay means the veteran will receive $1150 per month for August instead of $1500 per month. This has a significant impact in December - January BAH payments since most Colleges have 2-4 week breaks. </p><p>Another change enables active-duty servicemembers and their G.I. Bill-eligible spouses to receive the annual $1,000 book stipend (pro-rated for their rate of pursuit), adds several vocational, certification and OJT options, and removes the state-by-state tuition caps for veterans enrolled at publicly funded colleges and universities. </p><p>Changes to Ch. 33 also includes a new $17,500 annual cap on tuition and fees coverage for veterans attending private colleges and foreign colleges and universities.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_34_(Vietnam_Era_G.I._Bill)"><span id="Chapter_34_.28Vietnam_Era_G.I._Bill.29"></span>Chapter 34 (Vietnam Era G.I. Bill)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Chapter 34 (Vietnam Era G.I. Bill)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vietnam Era G.I. Bill provided educational assistance for service members serving on Active Duty for more than 180 days with any portion of that time falling between January 31, 1955, and January 1, 1977. To be eligible, service members must have been discharged under conditions other than dishonorable. There was no service member contribution for this program like Chapter 30 or 32. This program was sunset on December 31, 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_35_(Survivors'_and_Dependents'_Educational_Assistance_Program)"><span id="Chapter_35_.28Survivors.27_and_Dependents.27_Educational_Assistance_Program.29"></span>Chapter 35 (Survivors' and Dependents' Educational Assistance Program)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Chapter 35 (Survivors' and Dependents' Educational Assistance Program)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Survivors' and Dependents' Educational Assistance (DEA) Program delivers education and training advantages to dependents from eligible resources to veterans who have either have a terminal illness due to a service-related condition, or who were called to active duty or had a disability related to serving in the American forces in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That program gives around 50 months of education benefits. However, there are still more opportunities. The benefits may be used for degree and certificate programs, apprenticeship, and on the job training. Spouses of veterans and former spouses are offered free courses occasionally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_1606_(Montgomery_GI_Bill-_Selective_Reserve)"><span id="Chapter_1606_.28Montgomery_GI_Bill-_Selective_Reserve.29"></span>Chapter 1606 (Montgomery GI Bill- Selective Reserve)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Chapter 1606 (Montgomery GI Bill- Selective Reserve)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Montgomery G.I. Bill — Selected Reserve (MGIB-SR) program may be available to members of the Selected Reserve, including all military branch reserve components as well as the Army National Guard and Air National Guard. This benefit may be used for degree and certificate programs, flight training, apprenticeship/on-the-job training and correspondence courses.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_1607_(Reserve_Educational_Assistance_Program)"><span id="Chapter_1607_.28Reserve_Educational_Assistance_Program.29"></span>Chapter 1607 (Reserve Educational Assistance Program)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Chapter 1607 (Reserve Educational Assistance Program)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chapter_1607_(G.I._Bill_of_Rights)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapter 1607 (G.I. Bill of Rights)">Chapter 1607 (G.I. Bill of Rights)</a></div> <p>The Reserve Educational Assistance Program (REAP) was available to all reservists who, after September 11, 2001, complete 90 days or more of active duty service "in support of contingency operations." This benefit provided reservists return from active duty with up to 80% of the active duty (Chapter 30) G.I. Bill benefits as long as they remained active participants in the reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chapter 1607 was sunset on November 25, 2019, to make way for the Post 9/11 G.I. Bill.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="MGIB_comparison_chart">MGIB comparison chart</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: MGIB comparison chart"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th align="left">Type </th> <th align="left">Active Duty MGIB <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chap_30_(G.I._Bill_of_Rights)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chap 30 (G.I. Bill of Rights) (page does not exist)">Chapter 30</a> </th> <th align="left">Active Duty Chap 30 Top-up </th> <th align="left">Post-9/11 G.I. Bill <a href="/wiki/Chapt._33_(G.I._Bill_of_Rights)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapt. 33 (G.I. Bill of Rights)">Chapter 33</a> </th> <th align="left">Voc Rehab <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chap_31_(G.I._Bill_of_Rights)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chap 31 (G.I. Bill of Rights) (page does not exist)">Chapter 31</a> </th> <th align="left">VEAP <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chap_32_(G.I._Bill_of_Rights)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chap 32 (G.I. Bill of Rights) (page does not exist)">Chapter 32</a> </th> <th align="left">DEA <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chap_35_(G.I._Bill_of_Rights)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chap 35 (G.I. Bill of Rights) (page does not exist)">Chapter 35</a> </th> <th align="left">Selected Reserve <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chap_1606_(G.I._Bill_of_Rights)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chap 1606 (G.I. Bill of Rights) (page does not exist)">Chapter 1606</a> </th> <th align="left">Selected Reserve <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chap_1607_(G.I._Bill_of_Rights)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chap 1607 (G.I. Bill of Rights) (page does not exist)">(REAP) Chapter 1607</a> </th> <th align="left">Additional Benefits <a href="/wiki/Tuition_Assistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuition Assistance">Tuition Assistance</a> </th> <th align="left">Additional Benefits <a href="/wiki/Student_Loan_Repayment_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Student Loan Repayment Program">Student Loan Repayment Program</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th align="left">Info link </th> <th align="left"><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-military.com_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-military.com-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th align="left"><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th align="left"><sup id="cite_ref-military.com_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-military.com-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th align="left"> </th> <th align="left"><sup id="cite_ref-military.com_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-military.com-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th align="left"><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th align="left"><sup id="cite_ref-military.com_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-military.com-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </th> <th align="left"><sup id="cite_ref-military.com_70-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-military.com-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </th> <th align="left"><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th align="left"><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th align="left">Time limit (eligibility) </th> <td align="left">10 yrs from last discharge from active duty. </td> <td align="left">While on active duty only. </td> <td align="left">If service ended before January 1, 2013; benefits expire 15 yrs after last discharge from active duty. If discharged on or after January 1, 2013; benefits do not expire. </td> <td align="left">12 yrs from discharge or notification of service-connected disability, whichever is later. In cases of "extreme disability", the 12-year timeline can be waived. </td> <td align="left">Entered service for the first time between January 1, 1977, and June 30, 1985; Opened a contribution account before April 1, 1987; Voluntarily contributed from $25 to $2700 </td> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left">While in the Selected Reserve </td> <td align="left"> <p>While in the Selected Reserve. If separated from Ready Reserve for disability which was not result of willful misconduct, for 10 yrs after date of entitlement. </p> </td> <td align="left">On the day one leaves the Selected Reserve; this includes voluntary entry into the <a href="/wiki/Individual_Ready_Reserve" title="Individual Ready Reserve">IRR</a>. </td> <td align="left">On the day one leaves the Selected Reserve; this includes voluntary entry into the <a href="/wiki/Individual_Ready_Reserve" title="Individual Ready Reserve">IRR</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left">Months of benefits (full time) </th> <td align="left">36 months<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="left">36 months </td> <td align="left">36 months </td> <td align="left">48 months </td> <td align="left">1 to 36 months depending on the number of monthly contributions </td> <td align="left">up to 45 months<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="left">36 months<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="left">36 months<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="left">Contingent as long as one serves as a drilling Reservist. </td> <td align="left">Contingent as long as one serves as a drilling Reservist. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_legal_safeguards">Other legal safeguards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other legal safeguards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The State of California has an 85-15 rule that aims to prevent predatory for-profit colleges and "fly-by-night schools" from targeting veterans.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, President Barack Obama issued Executive Order 13607 to ensure that military service members, veterans, and their families would not be aggressively targeted by sub-prime colleges.<sup id="cite_ref-gpo.gov_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpo.gov-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="GI_Bill_Comparison_Tool_and_college_choice">GI Bill Comparison Tool and college choice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: GI Bill Comparison Tool and college choice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Department of Veterans Affairs maintains a website for veterans to compare colleges that use the GI Bill, in order to use their educational benefits wisely.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>VA also has a GI Bill Feedback System for veterans to lodge their complaints about schools they are attending.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_soldiers_and_veterans_in_the_United_States" title="Social history of soldiers and veterans in the United States">Social history of soldiers and veterans in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glenn C. Altschuler and Stuart M. Blumin, <i>The GI Bill: A New Deal for Veterans</i> (2009), pp. 54-57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suzanne Mettler, "The creation of the GI Bill of Rights of 1944: Melding social and participatory citizenship ideals." <i>Journal of Policy History</i> 17#4 (2005): 345-374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAltschuler2009" class="citation book cs1">Altschuler, Glenn C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/352900594"><i>The GI Bill : a new deal for veterans</i></a>. Stuart M. Blumin. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972042-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972042-2"><bdi>978-0-19-972042-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/352900594">352900594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+GI+Bill+%3A+a+new+deal+for+veterans&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F352900594&rft.isbn=978-0-19-972042-2&rft.aulast=Altschuler&rft.aufirst=Glenn+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F352900594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.I.+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGORHAM2023" class="citation book cs1">GORHAM, CHRISTOPHER C. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1322810779"><i>CONFIDANTE : the untold story of the woman who helped win wwii and shape modern america</i></a>. [S.l.]: CITADEL PR. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-4200-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-4200-3"><bdi>978-0-8065-4200-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1322810779">1322810779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CONFIDANTE+%3A+the+untold+story+of+the+woman+who+helped+win+wwii+and+shape+modern+america.&rft.place=%5BS.l.%5D&rft.pub=CITADEL+PR&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1322810779&rft.isbn=978-0-8065-4200-3&rft.aulast=GORHAM&rft.aufirst=CHRISTOPHER+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1322810779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.I.+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glenn C. Altschuler and Stuart M. Blumin, <i>The GI Bill: A New Deal for Veterans</i> (2009), pp. 54–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Altschuler and Blumin, <i>The GI Bill</i> (2009) p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olson, 1973, and see also Bound and Turner 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frydl, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suzanne Mettler, <i>Soldiers to citizens: The GI Bill and the making of the greatest generation</i> (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728100559/http://www.dcmilitaryed.com/cms/storyHE.php?county=DCMilitary&school=25">"The George Washington Uni Profile"</a>. <i>DCMilitaryEd.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcmilitaryed.com/cms/storyHE.php?county=DCMilitary&school=25">the original</a> on July 28, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DCMilitaryEd.com&rft.atitle=The+George+Washington+Uni+Profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcmilitaryed.com%2Fcms%2FstoryHE.php%3Fcounty%3DDCMilitary%26school%3D25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.I.+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin Amenta. <i>Bold Relief: Institutional politics and the origins of modern American social policy</i> (Princeton UP, 1998) p247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Ortiz, <i>Beyond the Bonus March and GI Bill: how veteran politics shaped the New Deal era</i> (2013) p xiii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathleen Frydl, <i>The G.I. Bill</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2009) pp 47-54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ortiz, <i>Beyond the Bonus March and GI Bill: how veteran politics shaped the New Deal era</i> (2009) p xiii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frydl, <i>The G.I. Bill</i> (2009) pp 102-44, emphasizes the central role of the American Legion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gibill.va.gov-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gibill.va.gov_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF223D" class="citation web cs1">223D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131114015716/http://www.gibill.va.gov/Benefits/history_timeline/index.html">"Education and Training Home"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gibill.va.gov/benefits/history_timeline/index.html">the original</a> on November 14, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Education+and+Training+Home&rft.au=223D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gibill.va.gov%2Fbenefits%2Fhistory_timeline%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.I.+Bill" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Findarticles.com-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Findarticles.com_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Findarticles.com_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081231234425/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4179/is_/ai_n11807386">"FindArticles.com - CBSi"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FindArticles.com+-+CBSi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_qn4179%2Fis_%2Fai_n11807386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.I.+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124150648/https://salemamericanlegionpost128.com/history">"History"</a>. <i>Luther B Easley Salem American Legion Post 128</i>. January 16, 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://salemamericanlegionpost128.com/history">the original</a> on November 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Luther+B+Easley+Salem+American+Legion+Post+128&rft.atitle=History&rft.date=2019-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsalemamericanlegionpost128.com%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.I.+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_E._McMillan2006" class="citation book cs1">James E. McMillan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_NAmWD6lvfMC"><i>Ernest W. McFarland: Majority Leader of the United States Senate, Governor and Chief Justice of the State of Arizona : a biography</i></a>. Sharlot Hall Museum Press. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-927579-23-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-927579-23-0"><bdi>978-0-927579-23-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ernest+W.+McFarland%3A+Majority+Leader+of+the+United+States+Senate%2C+Governor+and+Chief+Justice+of+the+State+of+Arizona+%3A+a+biography&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Sharlot+Hall+Museum+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-927579-23-0&rft.au=James+E.+McMillan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_NAmWD6lvfMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.I.+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTHE_CONGRESSIONAL_RESEARCH_SERVICE2004" class="citation cs2">THE CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CPRT-108HPRT92629/html/CPRT-108HPRT92629.htm"><i>A CHRONOLOGY OF HOUSING LEGISLATION AND SELECTED EXECUTIVE ACTIONS, 1892-2003</i></a>, U.S. Government Printing Office</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+CHRONOLOGY+OF+HOUSING+LEGISLATION+AND+SELECTED+EXECUTIVE+ACTIONS%2C+1892-2003&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2004&rft.au=THE+CONGRESSIONAL+RESEARCH+SERVICE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FCPRT-108HPRT92629%2Fhtml%2FCPRT-108HPRT92629.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.I.+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson,_Kenneth_T.1985" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Kenneth T. (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crabgrassfrontie00jackrich/page/206"><i>Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503610-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503610-7"><bdi>978-0-19-503610-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crabgrass+Frontier%3A+The+Suburbanization+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503610-7&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Kenneth+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrabgrassfrontie00jackrich%2Fpage%2F206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.I.+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllsworth_Harvey_Plank1953" class="citation book cs1">Ellsworth Harvey Plank (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mIPQAAAAMAAJ"><i>Public Finance</i></a>. p. 234.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Finance&rft.pages=234&rft.date=1953&rft.au=Ellsworth+Harvey+Plank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmIPQAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.I.+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ra Katznelson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lw5xzMyzE5AC&dq=ewer+than+100+of+the+67%2C000+mortgages+insured+by+the+G.I.+Bill+supported+home+purchases+by+nonwhites&pg=PA140"><i>When Affirmative Action Was White</i></a>, W. W. Norton & Co., 2005, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarity,_William_A._Jr.2020" class="citation book cs1">Darity, William A. Jr. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1119767347"><i>From here to equality : reparations for Black Americans in the twenty-first century</i></a>. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-5497-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-5497-3"><bdi>978-1-4696-5497-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1119767347">1119767347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+here+to+equality+%3A+reparations+for+Black+Americans+in+the+twenty-first+century&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1119767347&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-5497-3&rft.au=Darity%2C+William+A.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1119767347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.I.+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://benefits.va.gov/gibill/history.asp"><i>History And Timeline</i></a>, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+And+Timeline&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Veterans+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbenefits.va.gov%2Fgibill%2Fhistory.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.I.+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_ArminioTomoko_Kudo_GraboskyJosh_Lang2015" class="citation book cs1">Jan Arminio; Tomoko Kudo Grabosky; Josh Lang (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t1mcBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA12"><i>Student Veterans and Service Members in Higher Education</i></a>. Key Issues on Diverse College Students. New York: Routledge. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317810568" title="Special:BookSources/9781317810568"><bdi>9781317810568</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Student+Veterans+and+Service+Members+in+Higher+Education&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Key+Issues+on+Diverse+College+Students&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317810568&rft.au=Jan+Arminio&rft.au=Tomoko+Kudo+Grabosky&rft.au=Josh+Lang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt1mcBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.I.+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.benefits.va.gov/gibill/history.asp">"History and Timeline - Education and Training"</a>. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+and+Timeline+-+Education+and+Training&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Veterans+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.benefits.va.gov%2Fgibill%2Fhistory.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.I.+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemieuxCard2001" class="citation journal cs1">Lemieux, Thomas; Card, David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w6718.pdf">"Education, earnings, and the 'Canadian GI Bill'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Canadian Journal of Economics</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 313–344. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0008-4085.00077">10.1111/0008-4085.00077</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154642103">154642103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Education%2C+earnings%2C+and+the+%27Canadian+GI+Bill%27&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=313-344&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0008-4085.00077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154642103%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lemieux&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Card%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw6718.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.I.+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolteHarris1947" class="citation book cs1">Bolte, Charles; Harris, Louis (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gateway.uncg.edu/islandora/object/wvhp%3A4804#page/22/mode/1up"><i>Our Negro Veterans, Public Affairs Pamphlet No. 128</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Negro+Veterans%2C+Public+Affairs+Pamphlet+No.+128&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Bolte&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Harris%2C+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgateway.uncg.edu%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fwvhp%253A4804%23page%2F22%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.I.+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotz2005" class="citation news cs1">Kotz, Nick (August 28, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/books/review/when-affirmative-action-was-white-uncivil-rights.html?_r=0">"Review: 'When Affirmative Action Was White': Uncivil Rights"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Review%3A+%27When+Affirmative+Action+Was+White%27%3A+Uncivil+Rights&rft.date=2005-08-28&rft.aulast=Kotz&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F08%2F28%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fwhen-affirmative-action-was-white-uncivil-rights.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.I.+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatznelson2006" class="citation book cs1">Katznelson, Ira (2006). <i>When affirmative action was white : an untold history of racial inequality in twentieth-century America</i> ([Norton pbk ed.] ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393328516" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393328516"><bdi>978-0393328516</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+affirmative+action+was+white+%3A+an+untold+history+of+racial+inequality+in+twentieth-century+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=%5BNorton+pbk+ed.%5D&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0393328516&rft.aulast=Katznelson&rft.aufirst=Ira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.I.+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatznelson2006" class="citation book cs1">Katznelson, Ira (August 17, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lw5xzMyzE5AC&q=ewer+than+100+of+the+67%2C000+mortgages+insured+by+the+G.I.+Bill+supported+home+purchases+by+nonwhites&pg=PA140"><i>When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America</i></a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393347142" title="Special:BookSources/9780393347142"><bdi>9780393347142</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Affirmative+Action+Was+White%3A+An+Untold+History+of+Racial+Inequality+in+Twentieth-Century+America&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2006-08-17&rft.isbn=9780393347142&rft.aulast=Katznelson&rft.aufirst=Ira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLw5xzMyzE5AC%26q%3Dewer%2Bthan%2B100%2Bof%2Bthe%2B67%252C000%2Bmortgages%2Binsured%2Bby%2Bthe%2BG.I.%2BBill%2Bsupported%2Bhome%2Bpurchases%2Bby%2Bnonwhites%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.I.+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herbold_1994-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herbold_1994_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herbold_1994_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herbold_1994_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herbold_1994_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbold1994" class="citation journal cs1">Herbold, Hilary (Winter 1994). "Never a Level Playing Field: Blacks and the GI Bill". <i>The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education</i> (6): 104–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2962479">10.2307/2962479</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2962479">2962479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Blacks+in+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Never+a+Level+Playing+Field%3A+Blacks+and+the+GI+Bill&rft.ssn=winter&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=104-108&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2962479&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2962479%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Herbold&rft.aufirst=Hilary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.I.+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner_and_Bound-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turner_and_Bound_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnerBound2003" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, Sarah; Bound, John (March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw9044">"Closing the Gap or Widening the Divide: The Effects of the G.I. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gibillmaze.webs.com/">the original</a> on October 28, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GIbillmaze.webs.com&rft.atitle=Help+For+GI+Bill+Applications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgibillmaze.webs.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.I.+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190929103816/https://armyreserveeducation.com/">"Armyreserveeducation.com"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armyreserveeducation.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.armyreserveeducation.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.I.+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodapati" class="citation web cs1">Bodapati, Radhika. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.military.com/education/content/money-for-school/tuition-assistance-ta-program-overview.html">"Military Tuition Assistance"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrc.army.mil/site/reserve/soldierservices/pay/studentloanrepay.htm">the original</a> on June 30, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Phoenix+barred+from+enrolling+veterans+in+7+programs&rft.date=2014-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.revealnews.org%2Farticle-legacy%2Funiversity-of-phoenix-barred-from-enrolling-veterans-in-7-programs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.I.+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gpo.gov-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gpo.gov_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-05-02/pdf/2012-10715.pdf">"Executive Order 13607 of April 27, 2012 Establishing Principles of Excellence for Educational Institutions Serving Service Members, Veterans, Spouses, and Other Family Members"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Government Publishing Office. May 2, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Executive+Order+13607+of+April+27%2C+2012+Establishing+Principles+of+Excellence+for+Educational+Institutions+Serving+Service+Members%2C+Veterans%2C+Spouses%2C+and+Other+Family+Members&rft.pub=Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2012-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FFR-2012-05-02%2Fpdf%2F2012-10715.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.I.+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.va.gov/education/gi-bill-comparison-tool">"GI Bill comparison-tool"</a>. <i>Veterans Affairs</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Veterans+Affairs&rft.atitle=GI+Bill+comparison-tool&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.va.gov%2Feducation%2Fgi-bill-comparison-tool&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.I.+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.benefits.va.gov/GIBILL/Feedback.asp">"Feedback - Education and Training"</a>. <i>www.benefits.va.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.benefits.va.gov&rft.atitle=Feedback+-+Education+and+Training&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.benefits.va.gov%2FGIBILL%2FFeedback.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.I.+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Abrams, Richard M. "The U.S. Military and Higher Education: A Brief History." <i>Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i> (1989) 404 pp. 15–28.</li> <li>Altschuler, Glenn, and Stuart Blumin. The GI Bill: The new deal for veterans. Oxford University Press, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Of_ClUdHQYUC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=BLUMIN+G+I+BILL+Veterans&ots=9zAK83mCfL&sig=OgSchajeGiy0GWibvuJheG2kZKw">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Ballard, Jack S. <i>The shock of peace: military and economic demobilization after World War II</i> (1983) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shockofpeacemili0000ball">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Bennett, Michael J. <i>When Dreams Came True: The GI Bill and the Making of Modern America</i> (Brassey's, 1996).</li> <li>Bound, John, and Sarah Turner. "Going to War and Going to College: Did World War II and the G.I. Bill Increase Educational Attainment for Returning Veterans?" <i>Journal of Labor Economics</i> 20#4 (2002), pp. 784–815 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/342012">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Boulton, Mark. <i>Failing our Veterans: The G.I. Bill and the Vietnam Generation</i> (NYU Press, 2014).</li> <li>Childers, Thomas. <i>Soldier from the war returning: The greatest generation's troubled homecoming from World War II</i> (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=mrgU33zij9gC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=childers+soldier+war&ots=b4c4XVk4P0&sig=5ayl_Znl-Fd9HdFXklrdtOKVcSg">online</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Clark, Daniel A. "'The two joes meet—Joe College, Joe Veteran': The GI Bill, college education, and postwar American culture". <i>History of Education Quarterly</i> (1998), 38#2, pp. 165–189.</li> <li>Frydl, Kathleen. <i>The GI bill</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ewBz5b9_QAwC&oi=fnd&pg=PA36&dq=frydl+bill&ots=B5LVOvQ8Ih&sig=EZ3e2VZwkGJ41Wtl6D7GlCYDk5E">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Gambone, Michael D. <i>The greatest generation comes home: the veteran in American society</i> (Texas A&M University Press, 2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=hMivsITJikkC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Gambone+Greatest&ots=vPcMRfLXMK&sig=y3kiXyMwCeLPSAr1ADXfDBgoq8Y">online</a></li> <li>Gambone, Michael D. <i>Long Journeys Home: American Veterans of World War II, Korea, and Vietnam</i> (Texas A&M University Press, 2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=obtCDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP8&dq=Gambone+Greatest&ots=V8Wlzy0eNL&sig=jLnAErvt02v0nhXNLo2RVFZxAAk">online</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumes,_Edward2006" class="citation book cs1">Humes, Edward (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/overhere00edwa"><i>Over Here: How the G.I. Bill Transformed the American Dream</i></a></span>. Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-100710-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-100710-1"><bdi>0-15-100710-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Over+Here%3A+How+the+G.I.+Bill+Transformed+the+American+Dream&rft.pub=Harcourt&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-15-100710-1&rft.au=Humes%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foverhere00edwa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.I.+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jennings, Audra. <i>Out of the Horrors of War: Disability Politics in World War II America</i> (U of Pennsylvania Press, 2016). 288 pp.</li></ul> <ul><li>Mettler, Suzanne. <i>Soldiers to citizens: The GI Bill and the making of the greatest generation</i> (Oxford University Press, 2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=U7LcLK3zGR8C&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=mettler+soldiers&ots=HdApoPp_-p&sig=9z82OS9qWAhVUmAb7n624saOj7M">online</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Nagowski, Matthew P. "Inopportunity of Gender: The G.I. Bill and the Higher Education of the American Female, 1939-1954" <i>Cornell University ILR Collection" (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1096&context=student">online</a>; statistical approach</i></li> <li>Nam, Charles B. "The Impact of the 'GI Bills' on the Educational Level of the Male Population" <i>Social Forces</i> 43 (October 1964): 26-32.</li> <li>Olson, Keith. "The G. I. Bill and Higher Education: Success and Surprise," <i>American Quarterly</i> Vol. 25, No. 5 (December 1973) 596-610. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2711698">in JSTOR</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2711698">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Olson, Keith, <i>The G.I. Bill, The Veterans, and The Colleges</i> (Lexington: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>, 1974)</li> <li>Peeps, J. M. Stephen. "A B.A. for the G.I. . . . Why?" <i>History of Education Quarterly</i> 24#4 (1984) pp 513-25.</li> <li>Ross, David B. <i>Preparing for Ulysses: Politics and Veterans During World War II</i> (Columbia University Press, 1969).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley2003" class="citation journal cs1">Stanley, Marcus (2003). "College Education and the Midcentury GI Bills". <i>The Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>. <b>118</b> (2): 671–708. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F003355303321675482">10.1162/003355303321675482</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25053917">25053917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=College+Education+and+the+Midcentury+GI+Bills&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=671-708&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F003355303321675482&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25053917%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.I.+Bill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Van Ells, Mark D. <i>To Hear Only Thunder Again: America's World War II Veterans Come Home</i>. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2001.</li> <li>Woods, Louis, "Almost 'No Negro Veteran…Could Get a Loan:' African Americans, the GI Bill, and the NAACP Campaign Against Residential Segregation, 1917-1960," <i>The Journal of African American History</i>, Vol. 98, No. 3 (Summer 2013) pp. 392–417.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Official</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.benefits.va.gov/gibill/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1484269#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.va.gov/education/gi-bill-comparison-tool">GI Bill Comparison Tool</a></li></ul> <p><b>General information</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150620024645/http://www.gibillforum.com/">GI Bill Forum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mygibill.org">The American Legion's MyGIBill.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001110043800/http://gibill.va.gov/">The Department of Veteran Affairs' GI Bill website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190929103752/http://www.objector.org/before-you-enlist/postwar.html">Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors analysis of the MGIB</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120130605/http://www.gibill.va.gov/pamphlets/DOD_Flyer.pdf">Education Fact Sheet for Guard & Reserve Members</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201152148/http://education.military.com/money-for-school/state-veteran-benefits">Education Benefits Available by States</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/findingaids/mc00019">Guide to the GI Bill Oral Histories 2003-2004</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801020728/https://www.armyreserveeducation.com/Unsecured/Login.aspx?ReturnUrl=%2fMGIBWeb%2fCH_1607_Notification.aspx%3fSessionID%3d34ef341d-60ac-497e-a660-19450135795c&SessionID=34ef341d-60ac-497e-a660-19450135795c">Web-Enable Education Benefits System</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193052/http://www.gibill.va.gov/resources/education_resources/programs/tuition_assistance_top_up.html">GI Bill top up program</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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Roosevelt</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">32nd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1933–1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_New_York" title="List of governors of New York">44th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> (1929–1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy">Assistant Secretary of the Navy</a> (1913–1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_state_senators" title="List of New York state senators">New York State Senator</a> (1911–1913)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Transition</a></li> <li>Inaugurations (<a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">4th)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">First and second terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">Third and fourth terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Deal" title="Template:New Deal">overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_100_days_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="First 100 days of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">First 100 days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_New_Deal" title="Second New Deal">Second New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration" title="Federal Emergency Relief Administration">Federal Emergency Relief Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act" title="Agricultural Adjustment Act">Agricultural Adjustment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Banking Act">Emergency Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1944" title="Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944">Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Wildlife_Coordination_Act" title="Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act">Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935" title="National Labor Relations Act of 1935">National Labor Relations Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Industrial_Recovery_Act_of_1933" title="National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933">National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Works_Administration" title="Public Works Administration">Public Works Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration" title="National Recovery Administration">National Recovery Administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Administration" title="National Youth Administration">National Youth Administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Act" title="Social Security Act">Social Security Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_Families_with_Dependent_Children" title="Aid to Families with Dependent Children">Aid to Families with Dependent Children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act of 1934</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">Securities and Exchange Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_6102" title="Executive Order 6102">Monetary gold ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Reserve_Act" title="Gold Reserve Act">Gold Reserve Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_6814" title="Executive Order 6814">Silver seizure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_and_civil_rights" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt and civil rights">Record on civil rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_8802" title="Executive Order 8802">Defense industry non-discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Employment_Practice_Committee" title="Fair Employment Practice Committee">Fair Employment Practice Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act" title="Indian Reorganization Act">Indian Reorganization Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9066" title="Executive Order 9066">Executive Orders 9066,</a><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9102" title="Executive Order 9102"> 9102</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_Relocation_Authority" title="War Relocation Authority">War Relocation Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Japanese American internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_German_Americans" title="Internment of German Americans">German-American internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Italian_Americans" title="Internment of Italian Americans">Italian-American internment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownlow_Committee" title="Brownlow Committee">Brownlow Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States#History" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">G.I. Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullen%E2%80%93Harrison_Act" title="Cullen–Harrison Act">Cullen–Harrison Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerich_Pact" title="Roerich Pact">Roerich Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms" title="Four Freedoms">Four Freedoms</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms_Monument" title="Four Freedoms Monument">Four Freedoms Monument</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Cabinet" title="Black Cabinet">Black Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Jefferson's Birthday holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937" title="Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937">Judicial Court-Packing Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="List of federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt">Federal Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone_Supreme_Court_nomination" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination">Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Rutledge_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination">Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:FD_Roosevelt_cabinet" title="Template:FD Roosevelt cabinet">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_trust#Roosevelt's_"Brain_Trust"" title="Brain trust">"Brain Trust"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Dimes" title="March of Dimes">March of Dimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oval_Office#Modern_Oval_Office:_1934–present" title="Oval Office">Modern Oval Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Special_(automobile)" title="Sunshine Special (automobile)">Official car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Franklin Delano Roosevelt/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Franklin Delano Roosevelt/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration">Presidential<br />foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">U.S. occupation of Nicaragua, 1912–1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">U.S. occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor Policy (1933–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Convention" title="Montevideo Convention">Montevideo Convention (1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_London_Naval_Treaty" title="Second London Naval Treaty">Second London Naval Treaty (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABCD_line" title="ABCD line">ABCD line (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Export_Control_Act" title="Export Control Act">Export Control Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Policemen" title="Four Policemen">Four Policemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyers-for-bases_deal" title="Destroyers-for-bases deal">Destroyers-for-bases deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Training_and_Service_Act_of_1940" title="Selective Training and Service Act of 1940">1940 Selective Service Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_note" title="Hull note">Hull note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">Military history of the United States during World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Munitions_Assignments_Board" title="Combined Munitions Assignments Board">Combined Munitions Assignments Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Production_Board" title="War Production Board">War Production Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations (1942)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference" title="Dumbarton Oaks Conference">Dumbarton Oaks Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">World War II conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Agreement" title="Quebec Agreement">Quebec Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_first" title="Europe first">Europe first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan#Roosevelt's_support_for_the_plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan support</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential<br />speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention#Roosevelt's_acceptance_speech" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 Acceptance speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Club_Address" title="Commonwealth Club Address">Commonwealth Club Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Madison_Square_Garden_speech" title="1936 Madison Square Garden speech">Madison Square Garden speech</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms" title="Four Freedoms">Four Freedoms</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Infamy_speech" title="Day of Infamy speech">Day of Infamy speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal_of_Democracy" title="Arsenal of Democracy">Arsenal of Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt#Inaugural_address" title="First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">"...is fear itself"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireside_chats" title="Fireside chats">Fireside chats</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Look_to_Norway" title="Look to Norway">Look to Norway</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarantine_Speech" title="Quarantine Speech">Quarantine Speech</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_More_Abundant_Life" title="The More Abundant Life">The More Abundant Life</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1934 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address (1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1938 State of the Union Address">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1939 State of the Union Address">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1940 State of the Union Address">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms" title="Four Freedoms">1941 (Four Freedoms)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bill_of_Rights" title="Second Bill of Rights">1944 (Second Bill of Rights)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1945 State of the Union Address">1945)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt#Early_life_and_marriage" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Early life, education, career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Springs_Historic_District" title="Warm Springs Historic District">Warm Springs Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Governorship of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Governorship of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Plot" title="Business Plot">Business Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Zangara#Assassination_attempt" title="Giuseppe Zangara">Assassination attempt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Electoral history of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_New_York_state_election" title="1928 New York state election">1928 New York state election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_New_York_state_election" title="1930 New York state election">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention, 1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention#Impact" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Days_Are_Here_Again#In_popular_culture" title="Happy Days Are Here Again">theme song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt#Personal_life" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Early life and education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groton_School" title="Groton School">Groton School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_National_Historic_Site" title="Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site">Springwood birthplace, home, and gravesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_House_(Harvard_College)" title="Adams House (Harvard College)">Adams House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FDR_Suite_at_Adams_House,_Harvard_University" title="FDR Suite at Adams House, Harvard University">FDR Suite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Campobello_International_Park" title="Roosevelt Campobello International Park">Campobello home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralytic_illness_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Paralytic illness of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Paralytic illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_Cottage" title="Top Cottage">Top Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_White_House" title="Little White House">Little White House, Warm Springs, Georgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Bibliography of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="List of statues of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library and Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute" title="Roosevelt Institute">Roosevelt Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute_Campus_Network" title="Roosevelt Institute Campus Network">Roosevelt Institute Campus Network</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Foundation" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation">Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Memorial" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial">Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Island" title="Roosevelt Island">Roosevelt Island</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Four_Freedoms_Park" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park">Four Freedoms Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Room" title="Roosevelt Room">White House Roosevelt Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute_for_American_Studies" title="Roosevelt Institute for American Studies">Roosevelt Institute for American Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_(CV-42)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Franklin D. Roosevelt (CV-42)">USS <i>Franklin D. Roosevelt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Roosevelt_(DDG-80)" title="USS Roosevelt (DDG-80)">USS <i>Roosevelt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms_Award" title="Four Freedoms Award">Four Freedoms Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms_(Rockwell)" title="Four Freedoms (Rockwell)"><i>Four Freedoms</i> paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_portrait_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Unfinished portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt"><i>Unfinished portrait</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_dime" title="Roosevelt dime">Roosevelt dime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27d_Rather_Be_Right" title="I'd Rather Be Right"><i>I'd Rather Be Right</i> 1937 musical</a></li> <li>Films <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Roosevelt_Story" title="The Roosevelt Story"><i>The Roosevelt Story</i> 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_at_Campobello" title="Sunrise at Campobello"><i>Sunrise at Campobello</i> 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_and_Franklin_(miniseries)" title="Eleanor and Franklin (miniseries)"><i>Eleanor and Franklin</i> 1976,</a> <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_and_Franklin:_The_White_House_Years" title="Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years"><i>The White House Years</i> 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstairs_at_the_White_House" title="Backstairs at the White House"><i>Backstairs at the White House</i> 1979 miniseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II:_When_Lions_Roared" title="World War II: When Lions Roared"><i>World War II: When Lions Roared</i> 1997 miniseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Springs_(film)" title="Warm Springs (film)"><i>Warm Springs</i> 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_on_Hudson" title="Hyde Park on Hudson"><i>Hyde Park on Hudson</i> 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Roosevelts_(miniseries)" title="The Roosevelts (miniseries)"><i>The Roosevelts</i> 2014 documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Lady_(American_TV_series)" title="The First Lady (American TV series)"><i>The First Lady</i> 2022 miniseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FDR_(miniseries)" title="FDR (miniseries)"><i>FDR</i> 2023 miniseries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="List of memorials to Franklin D. Roosevelt">Other namesakes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family<br />(<a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_family" title="Roosevelt family">Roosevelt</a><br /> • <a href="/wiki/Delano_family" title="Delano family">Delano</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Roosevelt_Halsted" title="Anna Roosevelt Halsted">Anna Roosevelt Halsted</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Roosevelt" title="James Roosevelt">James Roosevelt II</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Roosevelt_(general)" title="Elliott Roosevelt (general)">Elliott Roosevelt</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Jr." title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr.">Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Aspinwall_Roosevelt" title="John Aspinwall Roosevelt">John Aspinwall Roosevelt II</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Roosevelt_I" title="James Roosevelt I">James Roosevelt I</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Roosevelt" title="Sara Roosevelt">Sara Ann Delano</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Roosevelt_Roosevelt" title="James Roosevelt Roosevelt">James Roosevelt Roosevelt</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Roosevelt_(businessman)" title="Isaac Roosevelt (businessman)">Isaac Roosevelt</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Delano_Jr." title="Warren Delano Jr.">Warren Delano Jr.</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fala_(dog)" title="Fala (dog)">Fala</a> (family dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_(Franklin_D._Roosevelt%27s_dog)" title="Major (Franklin D. Roosevelt's dog)">Major</a> (family dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">← Herbert Hoover</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Category:Franklin D. Roosevelt">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1484269#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1484269#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2010112216">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17825413k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17825413k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007318208605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rg9539">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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