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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Axis_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>First Axis offensive</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_Axis_offensive-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle First Axis offensive subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-First_Axis_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sevastopol_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sevastopol_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sevastopol offensive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sevastopol_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_battles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_battles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Initial battles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_battles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-December_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#December_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>December offensive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-December_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kerch_landing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kerch_landing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Kerch landing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kerch_landing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Axis_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Axis_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Second Axis offensive</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Second_Axis_offensive-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Second Axis offensive subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Second_Axis_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unternehmen_Störfang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unternehmen_Störfang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Unternehmen Störfang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unternehmen_Störfang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soviet_defence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_defence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Soviet defence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_defence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axis_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axis_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Axis forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axis_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Air offensive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ground_fighting:_7–10_June" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground_fighting:_7–10_June"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Ground fighting: 7–10 June</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground_fighting:_7–10_June-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air-land_operations:_11–15_June" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air-land_operations:_11–15_June"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Air-land operations: 11–15 June</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-land_operations:_11–15_June-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ground_fighting:_16–28_June" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground_fighting:_16–28_June"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Ground fighting: 16–28 June</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground_fighting:_16–28_June-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axis_land,_sea_and_air_offensive:_29_June" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axis_land,_sea_and_air_offensive:_29_June"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>Axis land, sea and air offensive: 29 June</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axis_land,_sea_and_air_offensive:_29_June-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_Sevastopol:_30_June_–_4_July" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_Sevastopol:_30_June_–_4_July"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.6</span> <span>Fall of Sevastopol: 30 June – 4 July</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_Sevastopol:_30_June_–_4_July-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_(1941-1942)" title="حصار سيفاستوبول (1941-1942) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حصار سيفاستوبول (1941-1942)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastopolun_m%C3%BChasir%C9%99si_(1941-1942)" title="Sevastopolun mühasirəsi (1941-1942) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sevastopolun mühasirəsi (1941-1942)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB_(1941_%E2%80%93_1942)" title="Обсада на Севастопол (1941 – 1942) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обсада на Севастопол (1941 – 1942)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seziz_Sevastopol_(1941-1942)" title="Seziz Sevastopol (1941-1942) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Seziz Sevastopol (1941-1942)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setge_de_Sebast%C3%B2pol_(1941-1942)" title="Setge de Sebastòpol (1941-1942) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Setge de Sebastòpol (1941-1942)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_o_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Bitva o Sevastopol (1941–1942) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva o Sevastopol (1941–1942)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Sevastopol" title="Slaget om Sevastopol – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaget om Sevastopol" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_um_Sewastopol_1941%E2%80%931942" title="Schlacht um Sewastopol 1941–1942 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht um Sewastopol 1941–1942" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82_(1941-1942)" title="Πολιορκία της Σεβαστούπολης (1941-1942) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολιορκία της Σεβαστούπολης (1941-1942)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitio_de_Sebastopol_(1941-1942)" title="Sitio de Sebastopol (1941-1942) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sitio de Sebastopol (1941-1942)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sie%C4%9Do_de_Sebastopolo_(1942)" title="Sieĝo de Sebastopolo (1942) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sieĝo de Sebastopolo (1942)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84_(%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B4%DB%B2%E2%80%93%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B4%DB%B1)" title="نبرد سواستوپول (۱۹۴۲–۱۹۴۱) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد سواستوپول (۱۹۴۲–۱۹۴۱)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_S%C3%A9bastopol_(1941-1942)" title="Siège de Sébastopol (1941-1942) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Siège de Sébastopol (1941-1942)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EB%B0%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%ED%8F%B4_%ED%8F%AC%EC%9C%84%EC%A0%84_(1941%EB%85%84~1942%EB%85%84)" title="세바스토폴 포위전 (1941년~1942년) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세바스토폴 포위전 (1941년~1942년)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%87%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_(1941-1942)" title="Սևաստոպոլի պաշտպանություն (1941-1942) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սևաստոպոլի պաշտպանություն (1941-1942)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengepungan_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Pengepungan Sevastopol (1941–1942) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengepungan Sevastopol (1941–1942)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assedio_di_Sebastopoli_(1941-1942)" title="Assedio di Sebastopoli (1941-1942) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assedio di Sebastopoli (1941-1942)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="המצור על סבסטופול (1941–1942) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המצור על סבסטופול (1941–1942)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%95%E1%83%90_(1941-1942)" title="სევასტოპოლის დაცვა (1941-1942) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სევასტოპოლის დაცვა (1941-1942)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastopoles_aplenkums_(1941%E2%80%941942)" title="Sevastopoles aplenkums (1941—1942) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sevastopoles aplenkums (1941—1942)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szevasztopol_ostroma" title="Szevasztopol ostroma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szevasztopol ostroma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengepungan_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%9342)" title="Pengepungan Sevastopol (1941–42) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengepungan Sevastopol (1941–42)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belegering_van_Sebastopol_(1941-1942)" title="Belegering van Sebastopol (1941-1942) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Belegering van Sebastopol (1941-1942)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Sevastopol" title="Slaget om Sevastopol – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget om Sevastopol" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8tge_de_Sebast%C3%B2ple_(1941-1942)" title="Sètge de Sebastòple (1941-1942) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sètge de Sebastòple (1941-1942)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obl%C4%99%C5%BCenie_Sewastopola_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Oblężenie Sewastopola (1941–1942) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oblężenie Sewastopola (1941–1942)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerco_de_Sebastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Cerco de Sebastopol (1941–1942) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cerco de Sebastopol (1941–1942)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_Sevastopol" title="Bătălia de la Sevastopol – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bătălia de la Sevastopol" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Оборона Севастополя и битва за Крым – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оборона Севастополя и битва за Крым" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_o_Sevastopo%C4%BE_(1942)" title="Bitka o Sevastopoľ (1942) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bitka o Sevastopoľ (1942)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%99%D0%B0_(1941%E2%80%941942)" title="Опсада Севастопоља (1941—1942) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Опсада Севастопоља (1941—1942)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastopolin_piiritys_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Sevastopolin piiritys (1941–1942) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sevastopolin piiritys (1941–1942)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Sevastopol" title="Slaget om Sevastopol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget om Sevastopol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5_(%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1941%E2%80%931942)" title="การล้อมเซวัสโตปอล (ค.ศ. 1941–1942) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การล้อมเซวัสโตปอล (ค.ศ. 1941–1942)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivastopol_Ku%C5%9Fatmas%C4%B1_(1941-1942)" title="Sivastopol Kuşatması (1941-1942) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sivastopol Kuşatması (1941-1942)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F_(1941%E2%80%941942)" title="Оборона Севастополя (1941—1942) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оборона Севастополя (1941—1942)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_d%E1%BB%8Bch_Krym%E2%80%93Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Chiến dịch Krym–Sevastopol (1941–1942) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến dịch Krym–Sevastopol (1941–1942)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)&params=44_36_17_N_33_32_28_E_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°36′17″N</span> <span class="longitude">33°32′28″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.60472°N 33.54111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.60472; 33.54111</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Nazi German offensive on the Eastern Front of World War II</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Crimean War battle, see <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%931855)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)">Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 2015 war film based on this battle, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Sevastopol" title="Battle for Sevastopol">Battle for Sevastopol</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_campaign" title="Crimean campaign">Crimean campaign</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-121,_Russland,_Sewastopol,_zerst%C3%B6rter_Hafen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-121%2C_Russland%2C_Sewastopol%2C_zerst%C3%B6rter_Hafen.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-121%2C_Russland%2C_Sewastopol%2C_zerst%C3%B6rter_Hafen.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-121%2C_Russland%2C_Sewastopol%2C_zerst%C3%B6rter_Hafen.jpg/450px-Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-121%2C_Russland%2C_Sewastopol%2C_zerst%C3%B6rter_Hafen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-121%2C_Russland%2C_Sewastopol%2C_zerst%C3%B6rter_Hafen.jpg/600px-Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-121%2C_Russland%2C_Sewastopol%2C_zerst%C3%B6rter_Hafen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="501" /></a></span><br />Sevastopol harbour after the battle (July 1942)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>30 October 1941 – 4 July 1942<br />(8 months and 4 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)&params=44_36_17_N_33_32_28_E_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°36′17″N</span> <span class="longitude">33°32′28″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.60472°N 33.54111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.60472; 33.54111</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Axis victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></span><br /><span data-sort-value="Romania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></span><br /><b>Naval support:</b><br /><span data-sort-value="Italy"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italy</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein" title="Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Freiherr_von_Richthofen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen">W.F. von Richthofen</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Avramescu" title="Gheorghe Avramescu">Gheorghe Avramescu</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Manoliu" title="Gheorghe Manoliu">Gheorghe Manoliu</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Yefimovich_Petrov" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Yefimovich Petrov">Ivan Petrov</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Filipp_Oktyabrskiy" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipp Oktyabrskiy">Filipp Oktyabrskiy</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gordey_Levchenko" title="Gordey Levchenko">Gordey Levchenko</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Georgyevich_Novikov" title="Pyotr Georgyevich Novikov">Pyotr Novikov</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/11th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="11th Army (Wehrmacht)">11th Army</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/8th_Air_Corps_(Germany)" title="8th Air Corps (Germany)">8th Air Corps</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2n%C4%83tori_de_munte" title="Vânători de munte">Mountain Corps</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Separate_Coastal_Army" title="Separate Coastal Army">Coastal Army</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea Fleet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> On 6 June 1942:<br />203,800 men<br />65 assault guns<br />1,300 guns and howitzers<br />720 mortars<br />803 aircraft<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelvin2010276_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelvin2010276-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> June 1942:<br />118,000 men<br />600 guns and howitzers<br />2,000 mortars<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />1 battleship<br />2 heavy cruisers<br />1 light cruiser<br />2 flotilla leaders<br />6 destroyers<br />9 minesweepers<br />1 guardship<br />24 submarines</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><b>30 October 1941 – June 1942:</b><br />unknown<br /><b>June–July 1942:</b><sup id="cite_ref-Forczyk_2008,_p._90_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forczyk_2008,_p._90-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />35,866 men<br />78 guns<br />31 aircraft<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 27,412 </p> <ul><li>4,264 killed</li> <li>21,626 wounded</li> <li>1,522 missing</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> 8,454 </p> <ul><li>1,597 killed</li> <li>6,571 wounded</li> <li>277 missing</li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><b>30 October 1941 – 4 July 1942:</b><br />200,481 men<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrivosheev1997107_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrivosheev1997107-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 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href="/wiki/Black_Sea_campaigns_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Black Sea campaigns (1941–1944)">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_naval_operations_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic naval operations of World War II">Arctic Ocean</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1941</dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Barbarossa</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Brest_Fortress" title="Defense of Brest Fortress">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bia%C5%82ystok%E2%80%93Minsk" title="Battle of Białystok–Minsk">Białystok–Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_operation" title="Baltic operation">1st Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brody_(1941)" title="Battle of Brody (1941)">Brody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Operation München">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1941)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1941)">1st Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uman" title="Battle of Uman">Uman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odessa" title="Siege of Odessa">Odessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">1st Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_evacuation_of_Tallinn" title="Soviet evacuation of Tallinn">Tallinn</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Leningrad</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sea_of_Azov" title="Battle of the Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="First Battle of Kharkov">1st Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_campaign" title="Crimean campaign">1st Crimea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rostov_(1941)" title="Battle of Rostov (1941)">Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Moscow</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kerch_Peninsula" title="Battle of the Kerch Peninsula">Kerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya" title="1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare_during_Operation_Barbarossa" title="Aerial warfare during Operation Barbarossa">Air war 1941</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1942</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyuban" title="Battle of Lyuban">Lyuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barvenkovo%E2%80%93Lozovaya_offensive" title="Barvenkovo–Lozovaya offensive">Barvenkovo–Lozovaya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Rzhev" title="Battles of Rzhev">Rzhev</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toropets%E2%80%93Kholm_offensive" title="Toropets–Kholm offensive">Toropets–Kholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demyansk_Pocket" title="Demyansk Pocket">Demyansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholm_Pocket" title="Kholm Pocket">Kholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bamberg" title="Operation Bamberg">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Second Battle of Kharkov">2nd Kharkov</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Case Blue</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caucasus" title="Battle of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev–Sychyovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinyavino_offensive_(1942)" title="Sinyavino offensive (1942)">Sinyavino</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Velikiye_Luki" title="Battle of Velikiye Luki">Velikiye Luki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mars" title="Operation Mars"><i>Mars</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Little_Saturn" title="Operation Little Saturn"><i>Little Saturn</i></a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1943</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iskra" title="Operation Iskra"><i>Iskra</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogozhsk%E2%80%93Rossosh_offensive" title="Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh offensive">Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh%E2%80%93Kharkov_offensive" title="Voronezh–Kharkov offensive">Voronezh–Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Polar_Star" title="Operation Polar Star"><i>Polar Star</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Third Battle of Kharkov">3rd Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky Blitz</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Kursk</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donbas_strategic_offensive_(July_1943)" title="Donbas strategic offensive (July 1943)">1st Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgorod%E2%80%93Kharkov_offensive_operation" title="Belgorod–Kharkov offensive operation">Belgorod-Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donbas_strategic_offensive_(August_1943)" title="Donbas strategic offensive (August 1943)">2nd Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">2nd Smolensk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lenino" title="Battle of Lenino">Lenino</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Dnieper</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nevel_(1943)" title="Battle of Nevel (1943)">Nevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">2nd Kiev</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1944</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Carpathian_offensive" title="Dnieper–Carpathian offensive">Dnieper–Carpathian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad%E2%80%93Novgorod_offensive" title="Leningrad–Novgorod offensive">Leningrad–Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_offensive" title="Crimean offensive">2nd Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="First Jassy–Kishinev offensive">1st Jassy–Kishinev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyborg%E2%80%93Petrozavodsk_offensive" title="Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive">Karelia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov-Sandomierz_Offensive" title="Lvov-Sandomierz Offensive">Lvov–Sandomierz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Doppelkopf" title="Operation Doppelkopf">Doppelkopf</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">2nd Jassy–Kishinev</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dukla_Pass" title="Battle of the Dukla Pass">Dukla Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_offensive" title="Baltic offensive">2nd Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debrecen" title="Battle of Debrecen">Debrecen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petsamo%E2%80%93Kirkenes_offensive" title="Petsamo–Kirkenes offensive">Petsamo–Kirkenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courland_Pocket" title="Courland Pocket">Courland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumbinnen_Operation" title="Gumbinnen Operation">Gumbinnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Budapest</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1945</dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Carpathian_offensive" title="Western Carpathian offensive">Western Carpathian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Prussian_offensive" title="East Prussian offensive">East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_offensives" title="Silesian offensives">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breslau" title="Siege of Breslau">Breslau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Solstice" title="Operation Solstice"><i>Solstice</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_offensive" title="East Pomeranian offensive">East Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Awakening" title="Operation Spring Awakening">Lake Balaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravia%E2%80%93Ostrava_offensive" title="Moravia–Ostrava offensive">Moravia–Ostrava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Berlin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prague_uprising" title="Prague uprising">Prague uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Invasion_of_Crimea_and_Caucasus" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Crimea_and_Caucasus" title="Template:Campaignbox Crimea and Caucasus"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Crimea_and_Caucasus" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Crimea and Caucasus"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Crimea_and_Caucasus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Crimea and Caucasus"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Invasion_of_Crimea_and_Caucasus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Invasion of <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_campaign" title="Crimean campaign">1st Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rostov_(1941)" title="Battle of Rostov (1941)">1st Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kerch_Peninsula" title="Battle of the Kerch Peninsula">Kerch Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_the_Adzhimushkay_quarry" title="Defense of the Adzhimushkay quarry">Adzhimushkay Defense</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caucasus" title="Battle of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_bridgehead" title="Kuban bridgehead">Kuban bridgehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch%E2%80%93Eltigen_operation" title="Kerch–Eltigen operation">Kerch–Eltigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_offensive" title="Crimean offensive">2nd Crimea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>siege of Sevastopol</b>, also known as the <b>defence of Sevastopol</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Оборона Севастополя</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Oborona Sevastopolya</i></span>) or the <b>Battle of Sevastopol</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Schlacht um Sewastopol</i>; <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Bătălia de la Sevastopol</i>), was a military engagement that took place on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. The campaign was fought by the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> for control of <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>, a port in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. On 22 June 1941, the Axis invaded the Soviet Union during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, with Axis land forces reaching the Crimean peninsula in the autumn of 1941 and overrunning most of the area. The only objective not in Axis hands was Sevastopol. Several attempts were made to secure the city in October and November 1941. A major attack was planned for late November, but heavy rains delayed it until 17 December 1941. Under the command of <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein" title="Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a>, Axis forces were unable to capture Sevastopol during this first operation. Soviet forces launched an <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_landing" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibious landing">amphibious landing</a> on the Crimean peninsula at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kerch_Peninsula_(1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Kerch Peninsula (1942)">Kerch</a> in December 1941 to relieve the siege and force the Axis to divert forces to defend their gains. The operation saved Sevastopol for the time being, but the bridgehead in eastern Crimea was eliminated in May 1942. </p><p>After the failure of their first assault on Sevastopol, the Axis opted to conduct siege warfare until the middle of 1942, at which point they attacked the encircled Soviet forces by land, sea, and air. On 2 June 1942, the Axis began this operation, codenamed <i>Störfang</i> (Sturgeon Catch). The Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea Fleet</a> held out for weeks under intense Axis bombardment. The German Air Force (<a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a>) played a vital part in the siege, its <a href="/wiki/8th_Air_Corps_(Germany)" title="8th Air Corps (Germany)">8th Air Corps</a> bombing the besieged Soviet forces with impunity, flying 23,751 <a href="/wiki/Sortie" title="Sortie">sorties</a> and dropping 20,528 tons of bombs in June alone. The intensity of the German airstrikes was far beyond previous German <a href="/wiki/Aerial_bombing_of_cities" title="Aerial bombing of cities">bombing offensives</a> against cities such as <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Warsaw_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Warsaw in World War II">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_bombing_of_Rotterdam" title="German bombing of Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> or <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hayward_2001,_p._96_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayward_2001,_p._96-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the siege, there were only 11 undamaged buildings left in Sevastopol. The Luftwaffe sank or deterred most Soviet attempts to evacuate their troops by sea. The German <a href="/wiki/11th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="11th Army (Wehrmacht)">11th Army</a> suppressed and destroyed the defenders by firing 46,750 tons of artillery ammunition on them during <i>Störfang</i>. </p><p>Finally, on 4 July 1942, the remaining Soviet forces surrendered and the Germans seized the port. The Soviet <a href="/wiki/Separate_Coastal_Army" title="Separate Coastal Army">Separate Coastal Army</a> was annihilated, with 118,000 men killed, wounded or captured in the final assault and 200,481 casualties in the siege as a whole for both it and the Black Sea Fleet. Axis losses in <i>Störfang</i> amounted to 35,866 men, of whom 27,412 were German and 8,454 Romanian. With the Soviet forces neutralized, the Axis refocused their attention on the major summer campaign of that year, <a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Case Blue</a> and the advance to the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <a href="/wiki/Oilfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Oilfield">oilfields</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crimean_campaign" title="Crimean campaign">Crimean campaign</a></div> <p>The Soviet naval base at Sevastopol was one of the strongest fortifications in the world. Its site, on a deeply eroded, bare <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> promontory at the southwestern tip of the Crimea, made an approach by land forces exceedingly difficult. The high-level cliffs overlooking Severnaya Bay protected the anchorage, making an amphibious landing just as dangerous. The Soviet Navy had built upon these natural defenses by modernizing the port and installing <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky_Fortresses" title="Maxim Gorky Fortresses">heavy coastal batteries</a> consisting of 180mm and 305mm re-purposed battleship guns which were capable of firing inland as well as out to sea. The artillery emplacements were protected by reinforced concrete fortifications and 9.8-inch thick armored turrets. </p><p>The port was a valuable target. Its importance as a potential naval and air base would enable the Axis to conduct far-ranging sea and air operations against Soviet targets into and over the Caucasus ports and mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Red_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Air Force">Red Air Force</a> had been using the Crimea as a base to attack targets in Romania since the Axis invasion in June 1941, proving its usefulness as an air base.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the Wehrmacht had launched a bombing raid on the Sevastopol naval base at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invasion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the beginning of <i>Barbarossa</i>, the offensive against the USSR had not really addressed Crimea as an objective. German planners assumed the area would be captured in mopping-up operations once the bulk of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> was destroyed west of the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> river. But in June, attacks by Soviet aircraft from Crimea against Romania's oil refineries destroyed 12,000 tons of oil. Hitler described the area as an "unsinkable <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a>" and ordered the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and Crimea as vital targets in Directive 33, dated 23 July 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_des_Heeres" title="Oberkommando des Heeres">Command of the Army</a></i> (OKH) issued orders that the Crimea was to be captured as soon as possible to prevent attacks on Romanian oil supplies, vital to the German military. Hitler, impatient with obstruction to his commands to advance in the south, repeated on 12 August his desire that the Crimea be taken immediately. Over a month later, during <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">the capture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Generaloberst" title="Generaloberst">Generaloberst</a></i> (General Colonel) <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein" title="Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a> was given command of the <a href="/wiki/11th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="11th Army (Wehrmacht)">German 11th Army</a> on 17 September. After only a week in command, he launched an assault upon Crimea. After severe fighting, Manstein's forces defeated several Soviet counteroffensives and destroyed two Soviet armies. By 16 November, the Wehrmacht had cleared the region, capturing its capital <a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a>, on 1 November. The fall of Kerch on 16 November left only Sevastopol in Soviet hands.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of October 1941, <a href="/wiki/Major-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-General">Major-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Yefimovich_Petrov" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Yefimovich Petrov">Ivan Yefimovich Petrov</a>'s Independent Coastal Army, numbering 32,000 men, had arrived at Sevastopol by sea from <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a> further west, it having been evacuated after heavy fighting. Petrov set about fortifying the inland approaches to Sevastopol. He aimed to halt the Axis drive on the port by creating three defence lines inland, the outermost arc being 16 km (10 mi) from the port itself. Soviet forces, including the Soviet <a href="/wiki/51st_Army_(Russia)" title="51st Army (Russia)">51st Army</a> and elements of the Black Sea Fleet, were defeated in the Crimea in October and were evacuated in December, leaving Petrov's force as Sevastopol's main defence force. Having cleared the rest of the Crimea between 26 September – 16 November, the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Third_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Third Army">Romanian 3rd Army</a> and German 11th Army prepared for an attack on the port. The German 11th Army was the weakest on the entire front, initially containing only seven infantry divisions. The Romanians contributed a large force, but were only lightly equipped and generally lacked heavy artillery. The weather turned against the Axis in mid-October and torrential downpours delayed the buildup. This gave <a href="/wiki/Vice_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Admiral">Vice Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Filipp_Oktyabrsky" title="Filipp Oktyabrsky">Filipp Oktyabrsky</a>, commander of the Black Sea Fleet, time to bring in men and materiel from <a href="/wiki/Novorossiysk" title="Novorossiysk">Novorossiysk</a>. By 17 December, the weather had cleared sufficiently for the Axis to begin a major operation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forces_involved">Forces involved</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Forces involved"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axis">Axis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Axis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German 11th Army, commanded by Manstein, besieged Sevastopol. At the time of the final assault in June 1942, 11th Army consisted of nine German infantry divisions in two <a href="/wiki/Corps" title="Corps">Corps</a>, and one Romanian Corps, being the Romanian 7th Mountain Corps. Significant support was given by the Luftwaffe. The <i><a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Luftwaffe" title="Oberkommando der Luftwaffe">Oberkommando der Luftwaffe</a></i> dispatched <i><a href="/wiki/Luftflotte_4" title="Luftflotte 4">Luftflotte 4</a><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span></i> (Air Fleet 4) <a href="/wiki/8th_Air_Corps_(Germany)" title="8th Air Corps (Germany)">8th Air Corps</a> for support. It consisted of nine <i><a href="/wiki/Geschwader" class="mw-redirect" title="Geschwader">Geschwader</a></i> (Wings) containing 600 aircraft, all coming under the command of <i>Generaloberst</i> <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Freiherr_von_Richthofen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen">Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen</a>. Among this contingent was a powerful concentration of <a href="/wiki/Medium_bomber" title="Medium bomber">medium bomber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dive_bomber" title="Dive bomber">dive bomber</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_bomber" title="Torpedo bomber">torpedo bomber</a> <i>Geschwader</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergstrom_2007,_p._42_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergstrom_2007,_p._42-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Naval support came from the Italian 101st Squadron under <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Mimbelli" title="Francesco Mimbelli">Francesco Mimbelli</a>. It consisted of four motor torpedo boats, five explosive motorboats, six <a href="/wiki/CB_class_midget_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="CB class midget submarine">CB class midget submarines</a>, and a number of 35-ton coastal submarines and <a href="/wiki/MAS_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="MAS (boat)">MAS</a> boats. This force was the only Axis naval force deployed during the siege.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had been requested by the Germans—the only time during the war that the Germans spontaneously requested Italian assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> was not technically at war with the Soviet Union, its naval staff worked closely with the Wehrmacht, and despite not being committed to combat, they provided bases for the Axis naval command (<i>Admiral Schwarzes Meer</i>, Admiral of the Black Sea) to operate in the waters of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Axis <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle" title="Order of battle">order of battle</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2013</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="11th Army (Wehrmacht)">German 11th Army</a> <ul><li>306th Army Artillery Command<sup id="cite_ref-Taube1995_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taube1995-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Elements 672nd Artillery Battalion—one <a href="/wiki/Schwerer_Gustav" title="Schwerer Gustav">Schwerer Gustav</a> <i>Dora</i></li> <li>833rd Heavy Mortar Battalion—two <a href="/wiki/Karl-Ger%C3%A4t" title="Karl-Gerät">Karl-Gerät</a></li> <li>688th Railroad Artillery Battery—three <a href="/w/index.php?title=28_cm_lange_Bruno_Kanone_(E)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="28 cm lange Bruno Kanone (E) (page does not exist)">28 cm lg.Br.K</a></li> <li>458th Heavy Artillery Battery—one <a href="/wiki/42_cm_Haubitze_M._14/16" title="42 cm Haubitze M. 14/16">42 cm Haubitze(t)</a></li> <li>459th Heavy Artillery Battery—one <a href="/wiki/42_cm_Gamma_M%C3%B6rser" class="mw-redirect" title="42 cm Gamma Mörser">42 cm Gamma Mörser</a></li> <li>741st, 742nd, and 743rd Artillery Battalions—four <a href="/wiki/28_cm_Haubitze_L/12" title="28 cm Haubitze L/12">28 cm Hb.</a> each</li> <li>744th Artillery Battalion—two 28 cm Küst.Hb.</li> <li>624th Heavy Artillery Battalion—six <a href="/wiki/Skoda_305_mm_Model_1911" title="Skoda 305 mm Model 1911">30.5 cm Mrs.</a> and nine 21 cm Mrs.</li> <li>641st Heavy Artillery Battalion—four 30.5 cm Mrs. and one <a href="/wiki/35.5_cm_Haubitze_M1" title="35.5 cm Haubitze M1">35.5 cm Haubitze M1</a></li> <li>815th Heavy Artillery Battalion—six 30.5 cm Mrs.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIV_Corps_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="LIV Corps (Germany)">German LIV Corps</a><sup id="cite_ref-Forzcyk_2008,_p._32_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forzcyk_2008,_p._32-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/22nd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="22nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">22nd Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="24th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">24th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="50th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">50th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/132nd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="132nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">132nd Infantry Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXX_Corps_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="XXX Corps (Germany)">German XXX Corps</a><sup id="cite_ref-Forzcyk_2008,_p._32_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forzcyk_2008,_p._32-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/28th_J%C3%A4ger_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="28th Jäger Division (Wehrmacht)">28th Light Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/72nd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="72nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">72nd Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/170th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="170th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">170th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_Panzer_Division" title="22nd Panzer Division">22nd Panzer Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2n%C4%83tori_de_munte" title="Vânători de munte">Romanian Mountain Corps</a><sup id="cite_ref-Forzcyk_2008,_p._29_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forzcyk_2008,_p._29-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_Mountain_Division_(Romania)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st Mountain Division (Romania) (page does not exist)">1st Mountain Division</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Mountain_Division_(Romania)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Mountain Division (Romania) (page does not exist)">4th Mountain Division</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_Infantry_Division_(Romania)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="18th Infantry Division (Romania) (page does not exist)">18th Infantry Division</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li>Luftwaffe<sup id="cite_ref-Bergstrom_2007,_p._42_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergstrom_2007,_p._42-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Luftflotte_4" title="Luftflotte 4">Luftflotte 4</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8th_Air_Corps_(Germany)" title="8th Air Corps (Germany)">8th Air Corps</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lehrgeschwader_1" title="Lehrgeschwader 1">Lehrgeschwader 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_26" title="Kampfgeschwader 26">Kampfgeschwader 26</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_51" title="Kampfgeschwader 51">Kampfgeschwader 51</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_55" title="Kampfgeschwader 55">Kampfgeschwader 55</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_76" title="Kampfgeschwader 76">Kampfgeschwader 76</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_100" title="Kampfgeschwader 100">Kampfgeschwader 100</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sturzkampfgeschwader_77" title="Sturzkampfgeschwader 77">Sturzkampfgeschwader 77</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_77" title="Jagdgeschwader 77">Jagdgeschwader 77</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_3" title="Jagdgeschwader 3">Jagdgeschwader 3</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_52" title="Jagdgeschwader 52">Jagdgeschwader 52</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li>Italian <i>Regia Marina</i><sup id="cite_ref-Forzcyk_2008,_p._29_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forzcyk_2008,_p._29-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quarta_Flottiglia_MAS" title="Quarta Flottiglia MAS">Quarta Flottiglia MAS</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fiore_2024_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiore_2024-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet">Soviet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Soviet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%C2%BB_%D1%83_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%A8%D0%9A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%C2%BB_%D1%83_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%A8%D0%9A.jpg/220px-%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%C2%BB_%D1%83_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%A8%D0%9A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%C2%BB_%D1%83_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%A8%D0%9A.jpg/330px-%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%C2%BB_%D1%83_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%A8%D0%9A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%C2%BB_%D1%83_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%A8%D0%9A.jpg/440px-%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%C2%BB_%D1%83_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%A8%D0%9A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3382" data-file-height="2180" /></a><figcaption>Anti-aircraft gunners of the Zheleznyakov coast defense armored train by a <a href="/wiki/DShK" title="DShK">DShK</a> machine gun, preparing to defend against German air attack, May 1942 </figcaption></figure> <p>The defence of Sevastopol was provided mainly by the Black Sea Fleet and the <a href="/wiki/Separate_Coastal_Army" title="Separate Coastal Army">Separate Coastal Army</a> under Petrov (which had been shipped in from the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odessa" title="Siege of Odessa">siege of Odessa</a>). The Black Sea Fleet sent 49,372 personnel to fight as infantry. Most were not trained for ground combat, and the act was an ad hoc emergency measure. The naval brigades formed had four to six battalions of 4,000 men, allowing them to absorb significant losses. These forces were well armed, having a variety of artillery and mortar battalions. Almost 20 percent of the Coastal Army were naval personnel. In the Separate Coastal Army, the strongest divisions were the 95th, 109th, 172nd, and 388th Rifle Divisions. They each had around 7,000 soldiers, the rest of the Red Army units having around 5,000 personnel. Some 5,000 reinforcements made it into Sevastopol in May 1942. However, Petrov's army lacked tanks and anti-aircraft guns. The garrison also lacked food supplies and mortar ammunition, which would severely sap Soviet strength. Poor communications between headquarters and the front lines were also an issue. Petrov found it difficult to respond to Axis attacks quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Coastal Batteries <ul><li>12 battalions</li> <li>3 batteries</li></ul></li> <li>Defence Sector I <ul><li><a href="/wiki/109th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" title="109th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">109th Rifle Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/388th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="388th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">388th Rifle Division</a></li></ul></li> <li>Defence Sector II <ul><li><a href="/wiki/386th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="386th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">386th Rifle Division</a></li> <li>7th Naval Infantry Brigade</li></ul></li> <li>Defence Sector III <ul><li><a href="/wiki/25th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="25th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">25th Rifle Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/345th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" title="345th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">345th Rifle Division</a></li> <li>8th Naval Infantry Brigade</li> <li>79th Naval Infantry Brigade</li></ul></li> <li>Defence Sector IV <ul><li><a href="/wiki/95th_Rifle_Division" title="95th Rifle Division">95th Rifle Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/172nd_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="172nd Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">172nd Rifle Division</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p>Red Air Force and Soviet Naval Aviation:<sup id="cite_ref-Forzcyk_2008,_p._34_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forzcyk_2008,_p._34-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>3rd Special Aviation Group</li> <li>6th Guards Naval Fighter Regiment</li> <li>9th Naval Fighter Regiment</li> <li>247th Fighter Regiment</li> <li>18th Ground Attack Regiment</li> <li>23rd Aviation Regiment</li> <li>32nd Guards Fighter Regiment</li> <li>116th Maritime Reconnaissance Regiment</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p>Soviet Black Sea Fleet:<sup id="cite_ref-Forzcyk_2008,_p._34_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forzcyk_2008,_p._34-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Battleship, <i>Parizhskaya Kommuna</i></li> <li>Two heavy cruisers</li> <li>One Light Cruiser</li> <li>Two Flotilla Leaders</li> <li>Six Destroyers</li> <li>Nine Minesweepers</li> <li>One Guardship</li> <li>24 Submarines</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Axis_offensive">First Axis offensive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First Axis offensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German 11th Army's first task was to break through into the Crimea. The cities of <a href="/wiki/Perekop" title="Perekop">Perekop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ishun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishun">Ishun</a> guarded the narrow corridor of land which linked the Crimea to the bulk of Ukraine. <a href="/wiki/Erick-Oskar_Hansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Erick-Oskar Hansen">Erick-Oskar Hansen</a>'s LIV Corps, with its 45th and 73rd Infantry Divisions, broke through at Perekop at the cost of 2,641 casualties in six days of fighting. The Soviet forces launched a counteroffensive against the 11th Army's flank at <a href="/wiki/Melitopol" title="Melitopol">Melitopol</a>. Manstein withdrew his other corps in order to deal with it. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sea_of_Azov" title="Battle of the Sea of Azov">resulting battle</a> ended with the destruction of two attacking Soviet Armies. By the time that this threat had been dealt with, the <i><a href="/wiki/Stavka" title="Stavka">Stavka</a></i> had rushed in reinforcements and established another defence line at Ishun. Ordered to concentrate on the Crimea once more, Manstein launched his LIV Corps, this time with the support of the German 22nd Infantry Division, into the assault. The Soviet forces enjoyed local <a href="/wiki/Air_superiority" class="mw-redirect" title="Air superiority">air superiority</a> and armored reserves. They also outnumbered the attacking Wehrmacht. In spite of this, the defending Soviet 51st Army was pushed back. The Wehrmacht suffered 5,376 casualties in 12 days of combat, and the Red Army many more. By the end of October, the 51st Army was crushed and in full retreat into the Crimea. The situation in the air also changed. Arriving <i><a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader" title="Jagdgeschwader">Jagdgeschwader</a></i> (Fighter Wings) won air superiority for the Axis.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 and 23 October, <i><a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_3" title="Jagdgeschwader 3">Jagdgeschwader 3</a></i> (JG 3), <i><a href="/wiki/JG_52" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 52">JG 52</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/JG_77" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 77">JG 77</a></i> crippled the Soviet air strength in the Crimea. Over the two days they destroyed 33 Soviet aircraft for one loss. In the six days from 18 to 24 October 140 Soviet aircraft were lost, 124 of them to Luftwaffe fighters. <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_111" title="Heinkel He 111">Heinkel He 111s</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/KG_26" class="mw-redirect" title="KG 26">KG 26</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/KG_51" class="mw-redirect" title="KG 51">KG 51</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Junkers Ju 87</a> <i>Stukas</i> of StG 77 were free to attack Soviet ground positions, contributing to the collapse of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Front" title="Crimean Front">Crimean Front</a> on 27 October.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sevastopol_offensive">Sevastopol offensive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sevastopol offensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initial_battles">Initial battles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Initial battles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chervona_Ukraina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Chervona_Ukraina.jpg/220px-Chervona_Ukraina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Chervona_Ukraina.jpg/330px-Chervona_Ukraina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Chervona_Ukraina.jpg/440px-Chervona_Ukraina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1630" data-file-height="1183" /></a><figcaption><i>Chervona Ukraina</i>. She was sunk by Ju 87s of <a href="/wiki/Sturzkampfgeschwader_77" title="Sturzkampfgeschwader 77">StG 77</a> on 12 November.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the front collapsing and the Axis closing in on Sevastopol, Vice-Admiral Oktyabrsky assumed command of the port on 4 November 1941. The city had a civilian population of 111,000 in 1941, and most were sent to work on the three defence lines around the port. Only the 7th and 8th Naval Infantry Brigades were available for combat in the port. More naval infantry were formed from ships in the harbor. The 8th Naval Infantry Brigade was sent to guard the northeastern approaches near the Mamachai-Belbek line. The 7th (5,200 men) was deployed in the center, near Mekenzyya. With only 20,000 soldiers, Oktyabrsky relied heavily on his 12 coastal battalions to slow down the Axis. The 62nd Fighter Brigade contributed 61 fighters, which were able to achieve temporary air superiority. </p><p>On 30 October, the Soviet defences detected the spearhead of the German 132nd Infantry Division and shelled it at 12:30 on 1 November using Battery 30's 305mm coastal guns. The Germans designated the fort as Fort Maxim Gorky I. Wehrmacht lacked sufficient air and mobile units to force a decision. Instead, Manstein ordered Hansen's LIV Corps to head east down the Sevastopol-Simferopol rail line towards <a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a>, while the 72nd Infantry Division was to head to <a href="/wiki/Balaklava" title="Balaklava">Balaklava</a>, effectively encircling Sevastopol. Once there, it would attack Sevastopol from the east. The 132nd made reasonable progress, but was stopped on 2 November by the 8th Naval Brigade. The Wehrmacht suffered 428 casualties. Manstein ordered a halt for a week, whilst bringing up reserves. Oktyabrsky used his fleet to bring in a further 23,000 men from the Caucasus. On 9 November, Petrov's Army was brought in, bringing 19,894 soldiers, ten <a href="/wiki/T-26" title="T-26">T-26</a> tanks, 152 artillery pieces, and 200 mortars. The Red Army now had 52,000 troops in the area of the city. The Luftwaffe was considered weak (the bulk of it was engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a>), so the Soviet Navy kept the heavy cruiser <i><a href="/wiki/Soviet_cruiser_Krasnyi_Kavkaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet cruiser Krasnyi Kavkaz">Krasny Kavkaz</a></i>, light cruisers <i><a href="/wiki/Soviet_cruiser_Krasnyi_Krym" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet cruiser Krasnyi Krym">Krasny Krym</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Soviet_cruiser_Chervona_Ukraina" title="Soviet cruiser Chervona Ukraina">Chervona Ukraina</a></i>, and seven destroyers to protect the port.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Luftwaffe</i> did what it could to disrupt the Soviet defences. On 31 October, the destroyer <i>Bodryy</i> shelled German positions along the coastline. StG 77 Ju 87s attacked and wounded 50 of its crew by strafing its deck and superstructure with machinegun fire. On 2 November <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88" title="Junkers Ju 88">Junkers Ju 88s</a> of <i>KG 51</i> scored several hits on the cruiser <i><a href="/wiki/Soviet_cruiser_Voroshilov" title="Soviet cruiser Voroshilov">Voroshilov</a></i> and put it out of action for months. On 7 November He 111s from <i>KG 26</i> sank the liner <i><a href="/wiki/Soviet_hospital_ship_Armenia" title="Soviet hospital ship Armenia">Armeniya</a></i> evacuating soldiers and civilians from Sevastopol, with only eight of the 5,000 passengers surviving. On 12 November, <i>StG 77</i> sank the cruiser <i><a href="/wiki/Chervona_Ukraina" class="mw-redirect" title="Chervona Ukraina">Chervona Ukraina</a></i> and <i>KG 26</i> damaged the destroyers <i>Sovershennyy</i> and <i>Besposhchadnyy</i>. But with the Luftwaffe units being dispatched to other sectors and theatres, the Soviet forces again achieved air superiority with 59 aircraft (39 serviceable).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manstein wanted to launch an attack as soon as possible, but his logistical lines were poor. Wanting to avoid strong Soviet forces protecting the north of the port, including the 95th Rifle Division, Manstein chose to press the center and southern Soviet defences. He ordered the German 50th Infantry Division to probe the center of the Soviet line east of the <a href="/wiki/Chorna_River_(Crimea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorna River (Crimea)">Chernaya river</a>. The 132nd Infantry Division supported the probe and was able to push to within 4 kilometres of Severnaya Bay. The 72nd Rifle Division, with the support of the coastal batteries, moved in to stop the attack. The 72nd Infantry Division continued towards Balaklava, and the 22nd Infantry Division joined the assault. Assisted by shelling from two light cruisers and the battleship <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Sevastopol_(1911)" title="Russian battleship Sevastopol (1911)">Parizhskaya Kommuna</a></i>, the Red Army halted this attack, and Manstein called off the offensive on 21 November, having lost 2,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="December_offensive">December offensive</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: December offensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piechota_niemiecka_w_g%C3%B3rach_Jaj%C5%82a_pod_Sewastopolem_(2-924).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Piechota_niemiecka_w_g%C3%B3rach_Jaj%C5%82a_pod_Sewastopolem_%282-924%29.jpg/220px-Piechota_niemiecka_w_g%C3%B3rach_Jaj%C5%82a_pod_Sewastopolem_%282-924%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Piechota_niemiecka_w_g%C3%B3rach_Jaj%C5%82a_pod_Sewastopolem_%282-924%29.jpg/330px-Piechota_niemiecka_w_g%C3%B3rach_Jaj%C5%82a_pod_Sewastopolem_%282-924%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Piechota_niemiecka_w_g%C3%B3rach_Jaj%C5%82a_pod_Sewastopolem_%282-924%29.jpg/440px-Piechota_niemiecka_w_g%C3%B3rach_Jaj%C5%82a_pod_Sewastopolem_%282-924%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2422" /></a><figcaption>Two German soldiers near Sevastopol, December 1941.</figcaption></figure> <p>Manstein recognised that he could not take the port quickly, and was going to have to organise a proper set-piece offensive. With German offensive operations suspended in December, Manstein found himself the only commander on the Eastern Front with an offensive mission. He was not ready to carry out his attack until 17 December. In the meantime, Oktyabrsky used the interval to sail the 11,000 soldiers of the 388th Rifle Division into Sevastopol between 7–13 December. Soviet engineers began laying extensive minefields and barbed-wire belts. By the time of the Axis attack, Petrov's force held a strong defensive position. The naval commander demanded that Petrov hold the coast along the northern flank of Sevastopol on the Belbek River in order to retain Coastal Battery 10, an artillery complex near Mamaschai. On the other hand, the German LIV Corps had only 15,551 men in its four infantry divisions (22nd, 24th, 50th, and 132nd). Over 7,000 soldiers in the German 11th Army were on the sick list at that time. It was also short of artillery ammunition and heavy artillery. In order to commit as many forces to the battle as possible, Manstein left the weak XLII Corps, containing just the 46th Infantry Division and two Romanian brigades, to protect the entire front from Yalta to Kerch.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The attack began at 06:10 on 17 December. The 22nd Infantry Division attacked the 8th Naval Brigade on the Belbek River, pushing west towards the coast, while the 50th and 132nd Infantry Divisions conducted fixing attacks on the Soviet center. The 22nd succeeded in rolling up the flank of the Naval Brigade after five days of fighting. However, Oktyabrsky ordered its retirement south towards Sevastopol, abandoning Mamaschai and forming a new front north of Belbek city and the Belbek river. In the south, XXX Corps tried and failed to break through with the 72nd and 170th Infantry Divisions. Only minor gains were made against the 172nd Rifle Division, even with help from the Romanian 1st Mountain Brigade. The 79th Naval Brigade and 345th Rifle Division arrived by sea as reinforcements, using the long winter nights and their naval superiority. Meanwhile, the battleship <i>Parizhskaya Kommuna</i> shelled German forces whenever they threatened a breakthrough. The offensive came to an abrupt end when the Red Army staged an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kerch_Peninsula" title="Battle of the Kerch Peninsula">amphibious landing</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kerch_landing">Kerch landing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kerch landing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kerch_Peninsula_(1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Kerch Peninsula (1942)">Battle of the Kerch Peninsula (1942)</a></div> <p>Between 26 and 30 December 1941, the USSR launched an amphibious assault on the Kerch peninsula to relieve the encircled Soviet forces at Sevastopol. It succeeded in gaining and sustaining a bridgehead for five months. However, a German−led counteroffensive named Operation Bustard Hunt destroyed the bridgehead and the three Soviet Armies supporting the landing in May 1942. This allowed Manstein to concentrate all of his resources against Sevastopol for the first time. The front over Sevastopol grew quiet and a stalemate ensued. The Luftwaffe kept up the pressure on Soviet sea communications and although supplies still made it through, Vice Admiral Oktyabrsky, commanding the Black Sea Fleet, was forced to reduce the number of coastal bombardment missions.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Axis_offensive">Second Axis offensive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Second Axis offensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unternehmen_Störfang"><span id="Unternehmen_St.C3.B6rfang"></span>Unternehmen Störfang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Unternehmen Störfang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet_defence">Soviet defence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Soviet defence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B_79-%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B_79-%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC.jpg/220px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B_79-%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B_79-%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC.jpg/440px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B_79-%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7607" data-file-height="2953" /></a><figcaption>Naval infantrymen of the 79th Naval Rifle Brigade attacking near Sevastopol, January–February 1942</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_668428_Brigade_commissar_Veselov_trains_soldiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RIAN_archive_668428_Brigade_commissar_Veselov_trains_soldiers.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_668428_Brigade_commissar_Veselov_trains_soldiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RIAN_archive_668428_Brigade_commissar_Veselov_trains_soldiers.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_668428_Brigade_commissar_Veselov_trains_soldiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RIAN_archive_668428_Brigade_commissar_Veselov_trains_soldiers.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_668428_Brigade_commissar_Veselov_trains_soldiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3095" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A Soviet <a href="/wiki/Commissar" title="Commissar">commissar</a> with a machine gun team in Sevastopol in May 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>Sevastopol was still a formidable obstacle. Its airfields provided a base for the Red Air Force to attack the Axis-held Soviet coastline and Romania proper. It was also home to the Black Sea Fleet. Its main fortifications were pointed seaward, while the land defences encircled the city at a distance of 15–20 km, with an inner defense belt at a range of 5 km. Enhancing the manmade defences was the forested, rugged terrain. To the north of Severnaya Bay there were 11 batteries and strongpoints. They were given morale-boosting names such as <i>Stalin</i>, <i>Maxim Gorky I</i>, <i>Molotov</i>, and <i>Lenin</i>. They were defended by the First Coastal Army.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere, the Red Army had constructed hundreds of timber bunkers with machinegun nests and 45 mm anti-tank artillery. Along the outer belt, concrete bunkers were less common, 19 being stretched across its 37 km. Soviet engineers laid thousands of mines, including <a href="/wiki/PMD_series_mines" title="PMD series mines">PMD-6</a> wooden anti-personnel mines, <a href="/wiki/TMD-40_mine" title="TMD-40 mine">TMD-40</a> wooden anti-tank mines, and barbed-wire obstacle belts.<sup id="cite_ref-Forczyk_2008,_p._31_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forczyk_2008,_p._31-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Petrov, commanding the Independent Coastal Army, had a powerful artillery pool. Petrov had on strength some 455 artillery pieces and howitzers. Among those were 34 <a href="/wiki/152_mm_howitzer_M1938_(M-10)" title="152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10)">152 mm</a> and 40 <a href="/wiki/122_mm_howitzer_M1910/30" title="122 mm howitzer M1910/30">122 mm howitzers</a> and 918 mortars. Ammunition was adequate for a battle of two weeks for these calibers, but 82 mm mortar ammunition was in short supply. The battles of the Crimean campaign had taken their toll, and scarcely any tank and anti-aircraft artillery support were available. A further force, under Major-General Petr Morgunov, was added. The Coastal Artillery Force was semi-independent for much of the siege, and had an initial strength of 12 batteries and 45 guns, although more were added during 1942. By the time of the German June offensive, the Soviet forces had available eight <a href="/wiki/305_mm_howitzer_M1939_(Br-18)" title="305 mm howitzer M1939 (Br-18)">305 mm</a>, one 188 mm, 10 152 mm and 17 130 mm, three 120 mm, eight 100 mm, and four 45 mm guns.<sup id="cite_ref-Forczyk_2008,_p._31_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forczyk_2008,_p._31-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Axis_forces">Axis forces</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Axis forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:11._Armee_Sevastopol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/11._Armee_Sevastopol.jpg/220px-11._Armee_Sevastopol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/11._Armee_Sevastopol.jpg/330px-11._Armee_Sevastopol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/11._Armee_Sevastopol.jpg/440px-11._Armee_Sevastopol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>German <a href="/wiki/11th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="11th Army (Wehrmacht)">11th Army</a> soldiers approach burning Sevastopol in June 1942.</figcaption></figure> <p>By this time, the Axis was facing a serious manpower and artillery shortage. The German 11th Army's divisions had anywhere between 35 and 75 percent of their initial strength. The German 22nd Infantry Division was the strongest division, and was only short 1,750 personnel, while the weakest was the 132nd Infantry Division, which was short 2,300 men. The 170th Infantry Division had to collapse one of its regiments to bring the others up to strength. The German infantry force was a fragile force at Sevastopol and Manstein could not afford to squander it. German doctrine stressed bypassing strongpoints, but since this was not possible, German infantry were forced to reduce one fort after another. Some 65 <a href="/wiki/Sturmgesch%C3%BCtz_III" title="Sturmgeschütz III">Sturmgeschütz III</a> <a href="/wiki/Assault_gun" title="Assault gun">assault guns</a> were available to support them.<sup id="cite_ref-Forczyk_2008,_p._26_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forczyk_2008,_p._26-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The assault was based around battalion-strength infantry assault groups supported by a platoon of engineers and a few assault guns. Two pioneer battalions were attached to each division to spearhead the attack and break through fixed and fortified defences. The eight battalions of LIV Corps each contained around 386 men on average, and were equipped with 10–12 <a href="/wiki/Flame_thrower" class="mw-redirect" title="Flame thrower">flame throwers</a>, 28–30 mine detectors, 3,000 kg of high explosives, 2,200 hand grenades, and 500 smoke grenades. The 300th Panzer Battalion, a remote-controlled tank unit using the <a href="/wiki/Goliath_tracked_mine" title="Goliath tracked mine">Goliath tracked mine</a>, was made available for destroying fortifications.<sup id="cite_ref-Forczyk_2008,_p._26_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forczyk_2008,_p._26-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total number of artillery pieces came to 785 German and 112 Romanian medium and heavy guns. Most of these were under the command of LIV Corps, the main assault force. To increase this arsenal, a number of super-heavy artillery pieces were made available. Three 600 mm <a href="/wiki/Karl-Ger%C3%A4t" title="Karl-Gerät">Karl-Gerät</a> self-propelled mortars (<i>Thor</i>, <i>Odin</i>, and one other) and one 800 mm gun (<i><a href="/wiki/Schwerer_Gustav" title="Schwerer Gustav">Schwerer Gustav</a></i>), delivering 1.4 and 7 ton shells, respectively, and capable of destroying any fortification. However, the Karl-Gerät guns only had a range of between 4–6,000 meters, which made them vulnerable to counter-battery fire. Moreover, only 201 rounds of 600 mm and 48 round of 800 mm ammunition were available. Most of it was used up before the infantry assault.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More useful to the German infantry were the two <a href="/wiki/28_cm_schwere_Bruno_Kanone_(E)" title="28 cm schwere Bruno Kanone (E)">280 mm</a> railway guns. Two 420 mm, two 355 mm howitzers were also available, along with four 305 mm mortars. Both of the 420 mm guns were of <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> vintage, short in range and with limited ammunition. Some nine 283 mm mortars were also available, but they were pre-1914 weapons and six had burst during firing. Artillery acquired from <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Skoda_305_mm_Model_1911" title="Skoda 305 mm Model 1911">Skoda 305 mm Model 1911</a> howitzer was also available. At the divisional level, 268 105 mm and 80 150 mm weapons were in service, including 126 <a href="/wiki/Nebelwerfer" title="Nebelwerfer">Nebelwerfer</a> infantry barrage rocket launchers. Overall, the German 11th Army's artillery was a collection of modern, obsolete, and foreign-built weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the offensive, 183,750 rounds of 105 mm and 47,300 rounds of 150 mm ammunition were stockpiled, enough for 12 days of firing.<sup id="cite_ref-Forczyk_2008,_p._29_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forczyk_2008,_p._29-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To reinforce the 11th Army, the Romanians were committed to the assault. The Romanian 18th Infantry Division was at full strength, and plenty of Romanian infantry were available. However, the 18th Division was inexperienced and made up of reservists. The Romanian 1st Mountain Division was considered an elite force, and its addition was to prove useful. They had 112 guns available, but virtually no engineers. The weakness of their artillery and supporting arms made the Romanian X Corps reliant on the German forces for anything other than set-piece infantry attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-Forczyk_2008,_p._29_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forczyk_2008,_p._29-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MAScamo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/MAScamo.jpg/220px-MAScamo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/MAScamo.jpg/330px-MAScamo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/MAScamo.jpg/440px-MAScamo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>Italian <a href="/wiki/MAS_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="MAS (boat)">Motoscafo Armato Silurante</a> (MAS) boat</figcaption></figure> <p>The Luftwaffe had to compensate for the Axis artillery limitations. A powerful air armada was brought together. Under the 8th Air Corps, von Richthofen assembled six <i>Kampfgruppen</i> (Bomber Groups) originating from six different <i><a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader" title="Kampfgeschwader">Kampfgeschwader</a></i> (Bomber Wings): KG 51 <i>Edelweiß</i>, <a href="/wiki/KG_76" class="mw-redirect" title="KG 76">KG 76</a>, KG 100, and III.<i>Gruppe</i>/<a href="/wiki/Lehrgeschwader_1" title="Lehrgeschwader 1">LG 1</a> specialist training wing. Dive-bomber support from <a href="/wiki/Sturzkampfgeschwader_77" title="Sturzkampfgeschwader 77">StG 77</a> was also given to Richthofen. He could call upon three <i>gruppen</i> of Ju 87s. <i>Jagdgeschwader</i> (Fighter Wings) JG 3 <i>Udet</i> and <a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_77" title="Jagdgeschwader 77">JG 77 <i>Herz As</i></a> were available for air superiority operations. II.<i>Gruppe</i>/<a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_26" title="Kampfgeschwader 26">KG 26 <i>Löwe</i></a> was also available for anti-shipping operations, in addition to the air-land effort carried out by the 8th Air Corps.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergstrom_2007,_p._42_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergstrom_2007,_p._42-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Luftwaffe could not support the land assault and maintain pressure on Soviet sea communications alone. With only KG 26 engaged in anti-shipping operations against Soviet sea communications, the OKW looked to the <i><a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a></i> to supply <i><a href="/wiki/Schnellboot" class="mw-redirect" title="Schnellboot">Schnellboot</a></i> (S-Boat) motor torpedo boats to help eliminate Soviet shipping supplying and evacuating the port. The time it took to dismantle and move the 92-ton boats by rail to Romanian ports was going to be too long. In a rare appeal for help, the German forces turned to their Italian allies, aware of their expertise with motor torpedo boat operations. The <i>Regia Marina</i> sent the 101st Naval Squadron, which brought nine torpedo boats and nine coastal submarines under the command of the highly competent Capitano di Fregata Francesco Mimbelli. The Italian boats were only 24 tons and the submarines were 35 tons, which made them easier to transport by truck and barge. The squadron was based at Feodosiya and Yalta, which made it the only Axis naval force to participate in the siege.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It mainly engaged in offensive operations against Soviet supply efforts..<sup id="cite_ref-Fiore_2024_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiore_2024-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle">Battle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_offensive">Air offensive</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Air offensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sevastopol,_Ukraine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Sevastopol%2C_Ukraine.jpg/170px-Sevastopol%2C_Ukraine.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Sevastopol%2C_Ukraine.jpg/255px-Sevastopol%2C_Ukraine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Sevastopol%2C_Ukraine.jpg/340px-Sevastopol%2C_Ukraine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a> image of the Sevastopol area. Note the dense forest terrain situated on high ground and valleys to the east of the port.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC._%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC._%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC._%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC._%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC._%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC._%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC._%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3335" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>Bodies of victims of the bombing of Sevastopol, 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>Manstein demanded an all-out assault by the Luftwaffe before the main ground action began. Situated only 70 km from Sevastopol, the German formations had barely enough time to reach altitude before reaching their targets. The 8th Air Corps began its bombing campaign along the north and southeast of the city. At the same time, German medium bombers conducted rolling attacks on the city, which included all units except LG 1, which engaged in suppressing anti-aircraft installations. Oil, electricity, water pumps, harbor facilities, and submarine bases were attacked by StG 77 Ju 87s. Von Richthofen watched the bombing from an observation post close to the front. The targets were badly damaged, and fires broke out all over the port city. The Luftwaffe flew 723 missions and dropped 525 tons of high explosive on the first day. Despite heavy anti-aircraft fire, just one Ju 87 was lost.<sup id="cite_ref-Hayward_2001,_p._96_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayward_2001,_p._96-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the bulk of the Luftwaffe was busy with the land battle, III./KG 26 sought to break Soviet sea communications. They sank the tanker <i>Mikhail Gromov</i>, but the flotilla leader <i>Tashkent</i>, the destroyer <i>Bezuprechnyy</i>, and transport <i>Abkhaziya</i> escaped to bring 2,785 soldiers into the fortress. Air support continued with 643 sorties on 3 June, 585 on 4 June, and 555 on 5 June, with some German crews flying daily averages of 18 missions.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergstrom_2007,_p._43._Stalingrad_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergstrom_2007,_p._43._Stalingrad-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the start of the ground attack on 7 June, the Luftwaffe had flown 3,069 sorties and 2,264 tons of high explosive and 23,800 incendiary bombs were dropped. Many of the bombs dropped were 1,000 kg <a href="/wiki/SC1000_bomb" title="SC1000 bomb">SC 1000</a>, 1,400 kg SC 1400, and 2,500 kg SC 2500 bombs. The heavy-caliber weapons were aimed at Soviet concrete bunkers. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Laskin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Laskin (page does not exist)">Ivan Laskin</a>, commanding the 172nd Rifle Division in the northern sector recalled, "Bombers in groups of twenty to thirty attacked us without caring for their targets. They came in, wave after wave, and literally ploughed up the earth throughout our defence area. German aircraft were in the air above our positions all day long. The sky was clouded by smoke from explosions of thousands of bombs and shells. An enormous dark grey cloud of smoke and dust rose higher and higher and finally eclipsed the sun".<sup id="cite_ref-Bergstrom_2007,_p._43._Stalingrad_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergstrom_2007,_p._43._Stalingrad-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German air campaign against Sevastopol in June 1942 surpassed by far the German bombings of <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Warsaw_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Warsaw in World War II">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_bombing_of_Rotterdam" title="German bombing of Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> or <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hayward_2001,_p._96_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayward_2001,_p._96-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 3 to 6 June, the Luftwaffe carried out 2,355 operations and dropped 1,800 tons of high explosives.<sup id="cite_ref-Hayward_2001,_p._96_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayward_2001,_p._96-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 June, Manstein ordered the ground assault. The Luftwaffe carried out 1,368 sorties and dropped 1,300 tons of bombs on Soviet positions, but the Soviet infantry clung on.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergstrom_2007,_p._43._Stalingrad_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergstrom_2007,_p._43._Stalingrad-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ground_fighting:_7–10_June"><span id="Ground_fighting:_7.E2.80.9310_June"></span>Ground fighting: 7–10 June</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ground fighting: 7–10 June"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%A1_%D0%9A%D0%9F_66921_%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%D0%93%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%A1_%D0%9A%D0%9F_66921_%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg/220px-%D0%93%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%A1_%D0%9A%D0%9F_66921_%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%D0%93%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%A1_%D0%9A%D0%9F_66921_%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg/330px-%D0%93%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%A1_%D0%9A%D0%9F_66921_%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%D0%93%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%A1_%D0%9A%D0%9F_66921_%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg/440px-%D0%93%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%A1_%D0%9A%D0%9F_66921_%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1467" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption>A woman killed by the German bombing of Sevastopol </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%91%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%91%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg/220px-%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%91%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%91%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg/330px-%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%91%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%91%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg/440px-%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%91%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3256" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>Civilian casualties of the German bombing of Sevastopol, May 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>LIV Corps was to strike the main blow. Situated on the northeast edge of the city, they struck along the lines of least resistance, across the Belbek river while the German XXX and Romanian Mountain Corps conducted holding attacks in the south and center, respectively. Both the latter corps did not start major operations until 8 June. </p><p> The artillery bombardment targeted bunkers with 105 mm fire, which usually received 10–25 rounds. German Flak 36 37 mm guns also did an effective job of eliminating machinegun nests. The German forces were also quick to bring up 88 mm artillery guns to fire directly into bunker apertures. Between 2 and 6 June, the German 11th Army expended nine percent of its munitions (42,595 rounds, amounting to 2,449 tons of munitions) on pre-advance shelling. The railway guns also fired a few rounds at the main fortifications and rail lines, but most missed by some distance. The closest shell landed 80 meters away from its target. Soviet ammunition dumps were also targeted by these weapons, with no effect. The main fortifications, forts <i>Stalin</i>, <i>Molotov</i>, and <i>Maxim Gorky</i> (which lay in the path of LIV Corps) remained active. It was not until the afternoon of 6 June when a single 60 cm calibre mortar shell from the Karl-Gerät self-propelled mortar no. III, nicknamed <i>Thor</i>, knocked out <i>Maxim Gorky's</i> second turret, damaging the weapon. This was the only success of the German super-heavy guns, which did not have an impact commensurate with their expense. The Luftwaffe had a greater impact, using its Ju 87s to knock out the communications systems of the fort.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-126,_Russland,_bei_Sewastopol,_Zerst%C3%B6rungen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-126%2C_Russland%2C_bei_Sewastopol%2C_Zerst%C3%B6rungen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-126%2C_Russland%2C_bei_Sewastopol%2C_Zerst%C3%B6rungen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-126%2C_Russland%2C_bei_Sewastopol%2C_Zerst%C3%B6rungen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-126%2C_Russland%2C_bei_Sewastopol%2C_Zerst%C3%B6rungen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-126%2C_Russland%2C_bei_Sewastopol%2C_Zerst%C3%B6rungen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-126%2C_Russland%2C_bei_Sewastopol%2C_Zerst%C3%B6rungen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Destroyed Soviet bunker after the battle.</figcaption></figure><p>On the morning of 7 June 1942, the German infantry began advancing cautiously. XXX Corps attacked the southern positions held by the 7th Naval Brigade and 388th Rifle Division. The German infantry advanced behind air and artillery support. The infantry seemed afraid of their fire support and did not advance close enough behind it. The bombardment also failed to have enough of an effect. The Soviet forces held their fire until the German forces were well within range before opening fire, and little progress was made. Von Richthofen was angered by the fear of the infantry and called the day "a real disappointment".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next few days were not much better, despite the Luftwaffe flying 1,200 sorties. The pace of operations exhausted the machines and men. Often crews did not get out of their aircraft and made three or four sorties without rest.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LIV Corps began its assault in the north on the seam of the Soviet defence sectors III and IV. The 'Schwerer Gustav' weapon continued to fire against ammunition dumps, which produced no effect. Nevertheless, the 132nd Infantry Division was able to work its way up to the river. The 600 mm guns concentrated on the coastal batteries and <i>Maxim Gorky</i> fortress. Meanwhile, the German 22nd Infantry Division attacked further to the east. Some 200 Soviet reinforcements of the 79th Naval Infantry Brigade, protecting this sector, were lost in the bombardment, but the main defences held out. The brigade held most of its forces in reserve, while committing only a single company to cover the hilly terrain on the Belbek river front. German assault groups breached the first and reserve lines by 08:15. The German forces had to negotiate heavily mined areas, slowing them down and allowing the Soviet forces to make a partial recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporting operations by the 50th and 24th German Infantry Divisions failed, which cost the Wehrmacht 12 StuG assault guns. The remote-control demolition units were not effective as the terrain was unsuitable.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-262,_Sewastopol,_Hafen,_versenkter_Zerst%C3%B6rer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-262%2C_Sewastopol%2C_Hafen%2C_versenkter_Zerst%C3%B6rer.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-262%2C_Sewastopol%2C_Hafen%2C_versenkter_Zerst%C3%B6rer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-262%2C_Sewastopol%2C_Hafen%2C_versenkter_Zerst%C3%B6rer.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-262%2C_Sewastopol%2C_Hafen%2C_versenkter_Zerst%C3%B6rer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-262%2C_Sewastopol%2C_Hafen%2C_versenkter_Zerst%C3%B6rer.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-262%2C_Sewastopol%2C_Hafen%2C_versenkter_Zerst%C3%B6rer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>German soldier in Sevastopol harbor next to a sunken Soviet destroyer</figcaption></figure> <p>By 17:15 the town of Belbek was secured. The 22nd Infantry Division made considerable progress in breaking through the defenses of the 25th Rifle Division. The 50th Infantry Division supported the 22nd's left flank. Now facing the Germans was the Haccius Ridge, on which the fortress <i>Maxim Gorky</i> was located. It was flanked by several smaller forts to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Now the 132nd Infantry Divisions was ordered to conduct a converging pincer movement on the <i>Maxim Gorky</i> fortress in conjunction with the 22nd and 50th Infantry Divisions, to trap its defenders against the coast. The 132nd pushed into the 95th Rifle Division's positions north of the fort, while the other two divisions attacked in a flanking move. While the Germans did make progress, nearing the main railway station just southeast of <i>Maxim Gorky</i>, they were stopped from achieving a full-scale breakthrough by the 172nd Rifle Division. The 22nd and 50th Infantry Divisions had been heavily shelled by mortar fire from the 25th Rifle Division facing them east of the Haccius Ridge, which caused heavy casualties. By 18:00 hours, the German attack was spent.<sup id="cite_ref-Forzcyk_2008,_p._55_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forzcyk_2008,_p._55-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LIV Corps' losses on 7 June amounted to 2,357 casualties in four divisions, including 340 killed. It had also expended 3,939 tons of ammunition. The 132nd Division had exhausted all of its basic munitions load by midday. On the other side, the formidable Soviet defence lines east and southeast of Belbek had been overrun, and the Germans succeeded in advancing 2 km through dense Soviet defences. The Soviet casualties had also been severe. It is estimated that three battalions were effectively destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-Forzcyk_2008,_p._55_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forzcyk_2008,_p._55-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manstein recognised the seriousness of the failure on 8 June. He was worried that the 132nd Infantry Division, locked in combat with the 79th Naval Brigade and 95th and 172nd Rifle Divisions north of the city on the Belbek river front, was "approaching the end of its strength".<sup id="cite_ref-Bergstrom_2007,_p._43._Stalingrad_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergstrom_2007,_p._43._Stalingrad-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once again, the army turned to the Luftwaffe for support. Richthofen responded by ordering attacks against Soviet supply lines. The same day, German bombers, including KG 100, began attacks on Soviet shipping. They sank the destroyer <i>Sovershennyy</i> and the survey vessel <i>Gyuys</i>, with the 4,727 ton transport <i>Abkhaziya</i> and destroyer <i>Svobodnyy</i> following them on 10 June.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergstrom_2007,_p._43._Stalingrad_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergstrom_2007,_p._43._Stalingrad-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_25-%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8E.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_25-%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8E.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_25-%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8E.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_25-%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8E.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_25-%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_25-%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8E.jpg/440px-%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_25-%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>A Maxim machine gun crew from the 25th Rifle Division shifts positions, spring 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>The period between 8–12 June descended into a battle of attrition. Several Soviet counterattacks were repulsed with heavy losses. The German LIV Corps extended the salient on the seam of the III and IV sector to 3 km, determined to break through before Petrov could reinforce his lines. The 132nd Infantry Division cleared the Haccius Ridge while the 22nd Infantry Division overran most of the Soviet 79th Naval Infantry Brigade. The Soviet unit tried counterattacking on 10 June, but was repulsed. The Soviet formation was effectively destroyed, with the support of the Luftwaffe, which used anti-personnel bombs against Soviet infantry caught in the open. Only one battalion (the Soviet 1st Batt./241st Rifle Regiment) was in a position to block the Germans from encircling the <i>Maxim Gorky</i> fort. Still, on 8 June LIV Corps had lost 1,700 men. In return, the lodgement in Soviet lines was extended to 3 km deep and 5 km wide.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the south, XXX Corps made no progress in four days of attacks. They suffered 496 casualties at the hands of the 109th Rifle Division. The 28th Light and 72nd Infantry Divisions had succeeded in puncturing the Soviet lines opposite the 109th and 388th Rifle Divisions. The outer defences were broken in some parts, but the most were still in Soviet hands on 12 June. The main belt on the <a href="/wiki/Sapun-gora" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapun-gora">Sapun Ridge (Sapun-gora)</a> was unbroken. Soviet casualties amounted to 2,500, including 700 captured. By 13 June, XXX Corps had lost 2,659 men, including 394 killed.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air-land_operations:_11–15_June"><span id="Air-land_operations:_11.E2.80.9315_June"></span>Air-land operations: 11–15 June</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Air-land operations: 11–15 June"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StuGIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/StuGIII.jpg/220px-StuGIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/StuGIII.jpg/330px-StuGIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/StuGIII.jpg/440px-StuGIII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sturmgesch%C3%BCtz_III" title="Sturmgeschütz III">StuGIII</a>. These vehicles helped knock out Fort Stalin.</figcaption></figure> <p>As the Germans made slow progress toward the main train station, Petrov withdrew the battered 172nd Rifle Division and replaced it with 345th Rifle Division. The 95th Rifle Division halted the 132nd Division's progress in the north. Although a relatively quiet day, 10 June saw the elimination of the Soviet 79th Naval Brigade and LIV Corps lost 2,772 men. Counterattacks by the Soviet 345th Division aimed at the hinge between the German 132nd and 50th Divisions were repulsed by the Luftwaffe. On 11–12 June, LIV Corps lost another 1,957 men. The Red Army had committed all of its reserves and were stretched dangerously thin. One more push might collapse the northern sector. But at this time, the tired German infantry were running short on reinforcements and ammunition.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, the Black Sea Fleet was bringing in reinforcements through Luftwaffe attacks. On 12 June the cruiser <i>Molotov</i> and destroyer <i>Bditel'nyy</i> brought in 2,314 soldiers, 190 tons of ammunition and 28 artillery pieces. The Luftwaffe turned its attention to these convoys. On 13 June it sank the transports <i>Gruzyia</i> and <i>TSch-27</i>, patrol boat <i>SKA-092</i>, motor boat <i>SP-40</i>, five barges, and a floating crane. On 15 June another 3,400 soldiers, 442 tons of ammunition, 30 tons of fuel and 12 tons of provisions reinforced the Soviet positions.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergstrom_2007,_p._43._Stalingrad_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergstrom_2007,_p._43._Stalingrad-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Luftwaffe had flown 1,044 sorties on 11 June, dropping 954 tons of bombs. The consumption rate of ammunition was putting von Richthofen's logistical network under strain and he could no longer afford to fly massed bombing raids. On 11 June, he surmised there was less than two days worth of munitions left, requiring a change of tactics. Instead of carpet bombing, fewer targets would be attacked simultaneously, and aircraft would strike at designated targets in long and narrow lines. This was designed to maintain accurate pressure without wasting ordnance. Even this failed to alleviate shortages in the long term. By 17 June, scarcity of aviation fuel meant the Luftwaffe dropped only 800 instead of the planned 1,000 tons of bombs. Adding to the Luftwaffe's troubles in the sector, von Richthofen was transferred to prepare the Corps' Headquarters near <a href="/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a> to support the upcoming <a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Operation Blue</a>, the German summer offensive in southern Russia. He retained formal command, at least until given control of Luftflotte 4, but <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_von_Wild&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang von Wild (page does not exist)">Wolfgang von Wild</a> took over air operations over Sevastopol.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary objective for the 22nd Infantry Division on 13 June was Fort Stalin, blocking the advance to Severnaya Bay. It was a tough position. The fortifications allowed the Soviet forces to concentrate artillery against breakthroughs and machine gun posts protected the fort from southern and eastern attacks, but it was vulnerable from a northern assault. In addition, only 200 men from the 345th Rifle Division were stationed there. The Germans launched their assault on the position at 03:00 on 13 June with just 813 men. The 3rd Battalion was assigned to suppress Soviet machine gun and mortar positions located on the southeast as a diversion. The 1st Battalion, supported by five StuG assault guns, two 37mm guns and an Engineer Company, were to serve as the main effort. Some 200 and 110 men were committed respectively in each unit.<sup id="cite_ref-Forzcyk_2008,_pp._62-63_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forzcyk_2008,_pp._62-63-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German bombardment began on 12 June. Artillery fire from 'Dora' had failed to neutralise the fort. Nevertheless, a <a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">combined arms</a> attack from eleven 420 mm mortars and dive-bombing by Ju 87s of StG 77 knocked out the fort's main armament (three of the four 76.2 mm guns). At 19:00 the 22nd divisional artillery began shelling the fort and its smaller supporting fortress, Volga, located to Stalin's rear, with 210, 280 and 305 mm weapons. At 03:00 the German infantry attacked. The <a href="/wiki/Fog_of_war" title="Fog of war">fog of war</a> intervened. The Soviet mortar teams were not suppressed, and a fierce battle developed which lasted until 05:30. The Germans, with the support of five assault guns and a few 37 mm weapons, silenced the fort, bunker by bunker. In the heavy fighting a large number of company commanders were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Forzcyk_2008,_pp._62-63_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forzcyk_2008,_pp._62-63-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Germans seized this vital fort, the neighbouring Volga fort realised it had fallen and shelled the position. A company-sized counterattack by the Soviet forces was wiped out by German small arms fire. The Germans declared the position secured at 07:00, though some bunkers held out until 15:00. German casualties amounted to 32 dead, 126 wounded and two missing – half of the force committed. Soviet casualties amounted to 20 captured, the remainder were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Forzcyk_2008,_p._66_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forzcyk_2008,_p._66-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With only 91 men left near the fort, Petrov did not order a recovery attempt – a grave mistake.<sup id="cite_ref-Forzcyk_2008,_p._66_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forzcyk_2008,_p._66-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fall of Fort Stalin meant the Soviet defenses in the north were on the verge of collapse. Hansen ordered LIV Corps to divert its attention to Fort Maxim Gorky and the elimination of the Soviet 95th Rifle Division. The 95th Rifle Division had been halting the 132nd Infantry Division's progress since the start of the offensive. The 132nd was reinforced by one regiment from the idle 46th Infantry Division near Kerch. The German 24th, 50th and Romanian 4th Mountain Divisions were to maintain pressure in the central sector while they pushed towards the Mekensia and Gatani Valley and the Chernaya River opening at Severnaya Bay. For three days, 14–16 June, the battle continued as the Axis advanced towards Sevastopol in the face of Soviet resistance. On 15 June the 132nd was within 900 metres of the Maxim Gorky's outer bastion (Bastion I). The front opposite the 25th Soviet Rifles was still strong, but the northern flank was giving way. The 79th Naval Brigade had only 35 percent of its fighting strength remaining. Blocking the way to Maxim Gorky were just 1,000 men of the 95th Rifle Division and 7th Naval Brigade. </p><p>In the south the Soviet 109th and 388th Rifle Divisions were forced back along the coast by the German 72nd and 170th Infantry Divisions while the Romanian Corps' 18th Mountain Division dislodged the Soviet 386th Rifle Division threatening XXX Corps' right flank. The battles continued to grind on until 20 June. In six days, XXX Corps had lost 2,646 men. In exchange the outer defences of the 388th Rifle Division had been broken and the formation effectively destroyed. Still, the German advance on Balaklava had been halted. The Germans had not yet reached its outer defences and the Sapun Ridge to the east of the town was still under Soviet control. By 15 June, some 1,000 Soviet soldiers and 1,500 mortar bombs had been captured, indicating the Soviet forces had plenty of ammunition after two weeks of battle.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite shortages of aviation fuel and ordnance, the Luftwaffe had played a significant part in the success of the German operations. From 13 June until 17 June, it flew 3,899 sorties and dropped 3,086 tons of bombs. This average of 780 sorties per day was only a slight drop from the opening 11 days.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Massed sorties were made on the city of Sevastopol itself. Bombing targeted hangars, port facilities, flak and artillery batteries, barracks, and supply depots with high explosive bombs. Most of the city was engulfed in flames. The smoke rose to 1,500 meters and stretched as far as <a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Feodosiya</a>, 150 kilometers away.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ground_fighting:_16–28_June"><span id="Ground_fighting:_16.E2.80.9328_June"></span>Ground fighting: 16–28 June</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ground fighting: 16–28 June"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-117,_Russland,_Sewastopol,_zerst%C3%B6rte_Festung_Maxim_Gorki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-117%2C_Russland%2C_Sewastopol%2C_zerst%C3%B6rte_Festung_Maxim_Gorki.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-117%2C_Russland%2C_Sewastopol%2C_zerst%C3%B6rte_Festung_Maxim_Gorki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-117%2C_Russland%2C_Sewastopol%2C_zerst%C3%B6rte_Festung_Maxim_Gorki.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-117%2C_Russland%2C_Sewastopol%2C_zerst%C3%B6rte_Festung_Maxim_Gorki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-117%2C_Russland%2C_Sewastopol%2C_zerst%C3%B6rte_Festung_Maxim_Gorki.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-117%2C_Russland%2C_Sewastopol%2C_zerst%C3%B6rte_Festung_Maxim_Gorki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Destroyed Soviet "Maxim Gorky" naval battery</figcaption></figure> <p>As Hansen poised his corps for the breakthrough against the 95th Rifle Division, 27 Ju 87s of II./StG 77 attacked Maxim Gorky's main battery. The Germans believed the strike had knocked it out as it stopped firing its artillery. The artillery bombardment began on 16 June. In the morning the attack by the reinforced 132nd Division collapsed the line. The Soviet garrison held out in tunnels, capitulating on 20 June. </p><p>The 22nd and 24th Infantry Divisions advanced from the northeast. They employed their Goliath remote control demolition vehicles with success against the timber bunkers. One exploded prematurely and two were knocked out by a minefield. Two <a href="/wiki/Panzer_III" title="Panzer III">Panzer III</a> control vehicles were knocked out by Soviet anti-tank fire. By 19:30, Forts Maxim Gorky, Molotov, Schishkova, Volga and Siberia were overrun. The 24th Infantry Division in particular made extensive use of its Nebelwerfer rockets. The 95th and 172nd Rifle Divisions had been lost, as well as the majority of the fortified defences. Only the 25th Rifle remained in the line. Petrov rushed up the 138th Naval Brigade with an extra 2,600 men, which was landed on the 12–13 June. It prevented German forces reaching Severnaya Bay that day.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Luftwaffe</i> was also engaged in applying pressure to Soviet naval forces. On 18 June the cruiser <i>Kharkov</i> was severely damaged. Attacks on 19 June by KG 51 destroyed the anti-aircraft platform in Severnaya Bay, allowing air operations to continue unopposed. The lack of anti-aircraft cover made it impossible for the minelayer <i>Komintern</i> to enter the harbour with reinforcements. The lack of supplies resulted in Soviet ammunition and fuel supplies slipping to critical levels on 20 June. The Luftwaffe was experiencing shortages of its own. The daily average of sorties was now reduced by 40 percent. Due to the shortages of bombs, all ordnance had to be dropped individually to minimise wastage. Some experienced crews had to conduct dive-bombing attacks 25–30 times a day. KG 51's Ju 88 crews in particular had felt the strain.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergstrom_2007,_p._43._Stalingrad_39-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergstrom_2007,_p._43._Stalingrad-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-230-0699-07,_Russland,_Transport_eines_Verwundeten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-230-0699-07%2C_Russland%2C_Transport_eines_Verwundeten.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-230-0699-07%2C_Russland%2C_Transport_eines_Verwundeten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-230-0699-07%2C_Russland%2C_Transport_eines_Verwundeten.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-230-0699-07%2C_Russland%2C_Transport_eines_Verwundeten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-230-0699-07%2C_Russland%2C_Transport_eines_Verwundeten.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-230-0699-07%2C_Russland%2C_Transport_eines_Verwundeten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Three German soldiers transport a wounded comrade on 22 June during the battle for Sevastopol.</figcaption></figure> <p>The pressure took its toll, and between the 18–23 June, the entire Soviet defence line in the north collapsed. The remnants of the 95th Rifle Division was huddled into a 2 km square portion of coast line near Coastal Battery 12, north of the Bay. At 09:00 the battery and the division surrendered to the 132nd Infantry Division. Further south the 24th Infantry Division captured Bartenyevka, on the mouth of the Bay. The 22nd Infantry Division had reached the north of the Bay on the same day. The Soviet 138th Naval Brigade counterattacked, but it was destroyed without artillery and air support. On 20 June, the 24th Infantry Division tackled the main obstacle remaining on the north side of the Bay. The Lenin anti-aircraft position protected by the Northern Fort, a position which had a 5 metres wide anti-tank ditch, 1,000 mines, 32 concrete bunkers, seven armoured cupolas, and 70 earth-and-timber bunkers making it a formidable defensive position. The Lenin defences surrendered, having already lost three of their four 76 mm weapons. The Germans tried to use the remote-controlled mines to break into the North Fort, but they were knocked out. At 11:30 on 21 June the Fort fell after a sustained infantry attack. Around 182 Soviet prisoners were taken.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Germans began mopping up operations and clearing the northern shore. Most Soviet units were exhausted and out of ammunition, surrendering quickly. Others made attempts at a last stand. Some tried to evacuate across to the southern side by boat, but they were picked off by German artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the main actions were playing out in the north, XXX Corps alternated between attack and defence. The Soviet forces held the Sapun Ridge and could observe German movements. On occasion they could deliver effective counter battery fire. Between the 21–28 June, the Germans lost 10 artillery pieces, including five 150 mm s. FH 18 medium howitzers. In the centre, the Romanians took up the slack. The 18th Infantry, 1st, and 4th Mountain Divisions, supported by 100 guns, gradually advanced up the Chernaya River towards the mouth of the river and Severnaya Bay. With support from LIV Corps on its left, the Axis captured all the Soviet defensive lines east of the Chernaya River.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Luftwaffe had contributed 4,700 sorties in seven days up until 26 June. They dropped 3,984 tons of bombs. The daily average sorties had decreased 15 percent from the week before and 10 percent the week before that. The increasing operational readiness (49.8 to 64.5 percent) revealed the severity of bomb and fuel shortages.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Von Wild, despite the withdrawal of some <i>Geschwader</i> for Operation Blue, did succeed in bringing in much needed reinforcements to bring the strength levels up to a standard not seen since the start of the offensive. The Luftwaffe continued the intense bombardment. On 26 June, its attacks supporting XXX Corps, devastated Soviet defences on the Sapun Ridge. It was the last Soviet defensive line between the Axis and Sevastopol.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Axis_land,_sea_and_air_offensive:_29_June"><span id="Axis_land.2C_sea_and_air_offensive:_29_June"></span>Axis land, sea and air offensive: 29 June</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Axis land, sea and air offensive: 29 June"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Flanking_maneuver" title="Flanking maneuver">flanking attack</a> by German <a href="/wiki/Assault_boat" title="Assault boat">assault boats</a> on 29 June succeeded in taking the fortified southern shore of Severnaya Bay, greatly diminishing resistance against the capture of the city and harbor of Sevastopol.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fall_of_Sevastopol:_30_June_–_4_July"><span id="Fall_of_Sevastopol:_30_June_.E2.80.93_4_July"></span>Fall of Sevastopol: 30 June – 4 July</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Fall of Sevastopol: 30 June – 4 July"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oktyabrsky and Petrov were flown out at the last moment.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major General <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Georgyevich_Novikov" title="Pyotr Georgyevich Novikov">Pyotr Georgyevich Novikov</a> took command of the defense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonnell2016224_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonnell2016224-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 June, LIV Corps launched a heavy assault, supported by heavy <i>Luftwaffe</i> bombardment and several dozen guns. Heavy fighting took place for the next three days, but it was becoming clear that the Red Army could not hold their increasingly untenable positions for more than a day, at most. On 3 July, the last line of Soviet defense was breached. The following day, the last of the Soviet defenses were overrun and all organised resistance collapsed. The few remaining Red Army units continued to put up scattered resistance to the south of the city, which lasted until 9 July. </p><p>The fall of Sevastopol was announced by a special radio communique: </p> <blockquote><p>Above the city and port flutter the German and Romanian flags. German and Romanian troops under the command of Colonel General von Manstein, steadfastly supported by Colonel General von Richthofen's battle-hardened air corps, after twenty-five days of fierce battle, have as of midday today, taken the most powerful land and sea fortress of all that have ever existed in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_George%27s_church_Sapun_M_2009_G2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/St_George%27s_church_Sapun_M_2009_G2.jpg/170px-St_George%27s_church_Sapun_M_2009_G2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/St_George%27s_church_Sapun_M_2009_G2.jpg/255px-St_George%27s_church_Sapun_M_2009_G2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/St_George%27s_church_Sapun_M_2009_G2.jpg/340px-St_George%27s_church_Sapun_M_2009_G2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sapun" title="Mount Sapun">Mount Sapun</a> memorial</figcaption></figure> <p>The Germans claimed that over 90,000 Red Army soldiers had been taken prisoner, and a greater number killed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This claim appears to be overstated as, according to Soviet sources, the Soviet garrison defending Sevastopol totaled 106,000 men at the start of the siege plus 3,000 reinforcements during the attack.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Further, it is known that 25,157 persons were evacuated, the overwhelming majority either wounded soldiers or officers evacuated on Stalin's orders.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Romania's contribution was honored when the <a href="/wiki/Crimea_Shield" title="Crimea Shield">Crimea Shield</a> in gold was first bestowed upon Marshal <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a> on 3 July 1942. It was awarded to him in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> by Manstein, on Hitler's behalf. The second and last Golden Krimschild was awarded to Manstein himself, on 24 November 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2 June to 3 July 8 Air Corps had flown 23,751 sorties and dropped 20,528 tons of bombs. German artillery had fired a further 46,750 tons of munitions, with total Axis munitions consumption coming to 67,278 tons over the course of one month. The Luftwaffe claimed to have destroyed 611 motor vehicles, 123 aircraft of which 18 on the ground, 38 artillery pieces, 10 tanks, a locomotive and a flak barge. Further destroyed were 48 Soviet artillery batteries, 28 barracks and industrial buildings, 20 bunkers, 11 ammunition depots, 10 fuel depots, a bridge and an observation post. Hundreds more motor vehicles had been damaged along with 7 artillery pieces, 43 artillery batteries, 2 barracks and another bridge. German aerial attacks had sunk 10,800 tons of Soviet shipping including 4 destroyers, a submarine, 3 motor torpedo boats, 6 coastal vessels and 4 freighters. 12,000 tons of shipping were also damaged, with 2 destroyers, 10 coastal vessels and 2 freighters among the losses.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although ultimately a German success, the operation took much longer than the Germans had expected. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blau" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Blau">Operation Blau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_South" title="Army Group South">Army Group South</a>'s advance toward Stalingrad and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, was just beginning, and the German offensive did not have the 11th Army to support it. Instead, the <a href="/wiki/6th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="6th Army (Wehrmacht)">German 6th Army</a> under Paulus was without crucial support, ultimately contributing to its defeat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelvin2010276-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelvin2010276_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelvin2010">Melvin 2010</a>, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayward 1998, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forczyk_2008,_p._90-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forczyk_2008,_p._90_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forczyk_2008,_p._90_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Forczyk 2008, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayward 1998, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrivosheev1997107-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrivosheev1997107_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrivosheev1997">Krivosheev 1997</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayward_2001,_p._96-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hayward_2001,_p._96_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayward_2001,_p._96_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayward_2001,_p._96_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayward_2001,_p._96_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayward 2001, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dear and Foot 2005, p. 774.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergstrom 2007, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beevor 2012, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forczyk 2008, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forczyk 2008, p. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dear and Foot 2005, p. 775.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergstrom_2007,_p._42-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bergstrom_2007,_p._42_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bergstrom_2007,_p._42_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bergstrom_2007,_p._42_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergstrom 2007, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forczyk 2008, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bragadin 1957, p. 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayward 1998, pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taube1995-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taube1995_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGerhard_Taube1995" class="citation book cs1">Gerhard Taube (1995). <i>Festung Sewastopol</i>. Mittler E.S. + Sohn GmbH. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8132-0485-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8132-0485-8"><bdi>978-3-8132-0485-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Festung+Sewastopol&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Mittler+E.S.+%2B+Sohn+GmbH&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-3-8132-0485-8&rft.au=Gerhard+Taube&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Sevastopol+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forzcyk_2008,_p._32-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forzcyk_2008,_p._32_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forzcyk_2008,_p._32_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Forzcyk 2008, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forzcyk_2008,_p._29-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forzcyk_2008,_p._29_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forzcyk_2008,_p._29_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Forzcyk 2008, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fiore_2024-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fiore_2024_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fiore_2024_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fiore 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forzcyk 2008, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forzcyk 2008, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forzcyk_2008,_p._34-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forzcyk_2008,_p._34_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forzcyk_2008,_p._34_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Forzcyk 2008, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forczyk 2008, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergstrom 2007, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forczyk 2008, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergstrom 2007, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forczyk 2008, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forczyk 2008, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forczyk 2008, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayward 2001, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brookes 2003, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forczyk_2008,_p._31-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forczyk_2008,_p._31_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forczyk_2008,_p._31_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Forczyk 2008, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forczyk_2008,_p._26-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forczyk_2008,_p._26_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forczyk_2008,_p._26_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Forczyk 2008, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forczyk 2008, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forczyk 2008, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forczyk_2008,_p._29-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forczyk_2008,_p._29_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forczyk_2008,_p._29_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Forczyk 2008, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forczyk 2008, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergstrom_2007,_p._43._Stalingrad-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bergstrom_2007,_p._43._Stalingrad_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bergstrom_2007,_p._43._Stalingrad_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bergstrom_2007,_p._43._Stalingrad_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bergstrom_2007,_p._43._Stalingrad_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bergstrom_2007,_p._43._Stalingrad_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bergstrom_2007,_p._43._Stalingrad_39-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bergstrom_2007,_p._43._Stalingrad_39-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergstrom 2007, p. 43. <i>Stalingrad</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayward 2001, pp. 98–99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayward 2001, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forzcyk 2008, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forczyk 2008, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forzcyk 2008, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forzcyk_2008,_p._55-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forzcyk_2008,_p._55_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forzcyk_2008,_p._55_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Forzcyk 2008, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forzcyk 2008, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forzcyk 2008, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forzcyk 2008, pp. 60–61 and Bergstrom 2007, p. 43. <i>Stalingrad</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayward 2001, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forzcyk_2008,_pp._62-63-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forzcyk_2008,_pp._62-63_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forzcyk_2008,_pp._62-63_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Forzcyk 2008, pp. 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forzcyk_2008,_p._66-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forzcyk_2008,_p._66_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forzcyk_2008,_p._66_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Forzcyk 2008, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forzcyk 2008, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayward 2001, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayward 2001, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forzcyk 2008, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forzcyk 2008, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forzcyk 2008, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forzcyk 2008, pp. 76–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayward 2001, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergstrom 2007, p. 45. <i>Stalingrad</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScriba2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scriba, Arnulf (19 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/der-zweite-weltkrieg/kriegsverlauf/eroberung-von-sewastopol-1942">"Die Eroberung von Sewastopol 1942"</a> [The capture of Sevastopol 1942]. <i><a href="/wiki/German_Historical_Museum" title="German Historical Museum">German Historical Museum</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=German+Historical+Museum&rft.atitle=Die+Eroberung+von+Sewastopol+1942&rft.date=2015-05-19&rft.aulast=Scriba&rft.aufirst=Arnulf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhm.de%2Flemo%2Fkapitel%2Fder-zweite-weltkrieg%2Fkriegsverlauf%2Feroberung-von-sewastopol-1942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Sevastopol+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erickson, Road to Stalingrad, 2003 Cassel Military Paperbacks Edition, p. 351</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonnell2016224-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonnell2016224_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonnell2016">Donnell 2016</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8c4vDgAAQBAJ&dq=Romanian+flag+potemkin&pg=PT651">Mungo Melvin CB OBE, <i>Sevastopol's Wars: Crimea from Potemkin to Putin</i>, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJ4XDAAAQBAJ&dq=crimea+shield+antonescu&pg=PA19">Gordon Williamson, <i>World War II German Battle Insignia</i>, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012, p. 19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kahZBAAAQBAJ&dq=crimea+shield+antonescu&pg=RA1-PA25">David Schranck, <i>Thunder at Prokhorovka: A Combat History of Operation Citadel, Kursk, July 1943</i>, Helion and Company, 2014, p. 25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Carell, <i>Scorched Earth: Hitler's War On Russia</i>, <a href="/wiki/G._G._Harrap" class="mw-redirect" title="G. G. Harrap">G. G. Harrap</a>, 1970, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adolf Hitler, Max Domarus, <i>Speeches and Proclamations, 1932-1945</i>, Bolchazy-Carducci, 2004, p. 2799</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Ailsby, <i>Combat Medals of the Third Reich</i>, P. Stephens, 1987, p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayward 2001, pp. 116-118.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Beevor, Antony. <i>The Second World War</i>. Back Bay Books, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-02375-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-02375-7">978-0-316-02375-7</a>.</li> <li>Bergström, Christer. <i>Barbarossa – The Air Battle: July–December 1941</i>. London: Chevron/Ian Allan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-270-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-270-2">978-1-85780-270-2</a>.</li> <li>Bergström, Christer. <i>Stalingrad – The Air Battle: 1942 through January 1943</i>. Midland Publishing, Hinkley, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-276-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-276-4">978-1-85780-276-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBragadin1957" class="citation book cs1">Bragadin, Marc' Antonio (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/italiannavyinwor00brag/"><i>The Italian Navy in World War II</i></a>. United States Naval Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Navy+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Institute&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Bragadin&rft.aufirst=Marc%27+Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fitaliannavyinwor00brag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Sevastopol+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Brookes, Andrew. <i>Air War Over Russia</i>. Ian Allan Publishing. 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-2890-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-2890-6">978-0-7110-2890-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonnell2016" class="citation book cs1">Donnell, Clayton (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AFqqCwAAQBAJ"><i>The Defence of Sevastopol 1941–1942: The Soviet Perspective</i></a>. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-7927-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-7927-0"><bdi>978-1-4738-7927-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Defence+of+Sevastopol+1941%E2%80%931942%3A+The+Soviet+Perspective&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+South+Yorkshire&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-7927-0&rft.aulast=Donnell&rft.aufirst=Clayton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAFqqCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Sevastopol+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiore2024" class="citation journal cs1">Fiore, Massimiliano (2024). "Crucial but Overlooked: The Italian Naval Contribution to the Conquest of Sevastopol". <i>War in History</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 82–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F09683445231162301">10.1177/09683445231162301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+in+History&rft.atitle=Crucial+but+Overlooked%3A+The+Italian+Naval+Contribution+to+the+Conquest+of+Sevastopol&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=82-96&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F09683445231162301&rft.aulast=Fiore&rft.aufirst=Massimiliano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Sevastopol+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Forczyk, Robert. <i>Sevastopol 1942: Von Manstein's Triumph</i>. Osprey, Oxford, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-221-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-221-9">978-1-84603-221-9</a></li> <li>Hayward, Joel S. A. <i>Stopped at Stalingrad: The Luftwaffe and Hitler's Defeat in the East, 1942–1943</i>. University Press of Kansas, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1146-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1146-1">978-0-7006-1146-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E.R._Hooton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E.R. Hooton (page does not exist)">Hooton, E. R.</a> <i>Eagle in Flames: The Fall of the Luftwaffe</i>. Arms & Armour Press. 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86019-995-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86019-995-0">978-1-86019-995-0</a></li> <li>Keyser, Carl A. WWII diary held by the author's family.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrivosheev1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Grigoriy_Krivosheyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigoriy Krivosheyev">Krivosheev, Grigoriy</a> (1997). <i>Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century</i>. London: Greenhill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-280-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85367-280-7"><bdi>1-85367-280-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Casualties+and+Combat+Losses+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-85367-280-7&rft.aulast=Krivosheev&rft.aufirst=Grigoriy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Sevastopol+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelvin2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mungo_Melvin" title="Mungo Melvin">Melvin, Mungo</a> (2010). <i>Manstein: Hitler's Greatest General</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84561-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84561-4"><bdi>978-0-297-84561-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manstein%3A+Hitler%27s+Greatest+General&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-297-84561-4&rft.aulast=Melvin&rft.aufirst=Mungo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Sevastopol+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Leaders</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul"><i>Keelhaul</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim"><i>Osoaviakhim</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip"><i>Paperclip</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sexual violence</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vietnam</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">German prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Soviet prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a></i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Siege of Sevastopol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage"><i>Cottage</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest"><i>Tempest</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go"><i>Ichi-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings"><i>Neptune</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration"><i>Bagration</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden"><i>Market Garden</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow"><i>Crossbow</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive"><i>Pointblank</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte"><i>Bodenplatte</i></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1941" title="Category:Conflicts in 1941">Conflicts in 1941</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1942" title="Category:Conflicts in 1942">Conflicts in 1942</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_and_operations_of_the_Soviet%E2%80%93German_War" title="Category:Battles and operations of the Soviet–German War">Battles and operations of the Soviet–German War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1941_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:1941 in the Soviet Union">1941 in the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1942_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:1942 in the Soviet Union">1942 in the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sieges_involving_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Sieges involving the Soviet Union">Sieges involving the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Sevastopol" title="Category:Military history of Sevastopol">Military 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