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University of Tübingen on The Conversation
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It is one of Germany’s most famous and oldest universities, internationally noted in medicine, natural sciences, and the humanities. In the area of German Studies it has been ranked first among all German universities for many years, and is world renown as a centre for the study of theology and religion. </p> <p>Tübingen is one of five classical “university towns” in Germany; the other four being Marburg, Göttingen, Freiburg and Heidelberg. The university is associated with some Nobel laureates, especially in the fields of medicine and chemistry.</p> </div> <section class="grid-four grid-last"> <h4 class="legacy">Links</h4> <ul class="article-list"> <li class="article"> <a itemprop="url" href="https://uni-tuebingen.de/">Visit uni-tuebingen.de/</a> </li> <li class="article"> <a href="/become-an-author">Are you an expert from this institution? Register to write</a> </li> <li class="feed"> <a href="/institutions/university-of-tubingen-1402/articles.atom"> <i class="icon-rss"></i> Article Feed </a> </li> </ul> </section> </section> <nav id="tabbed-navigation" class="tabbed tabbed-section-navigation"> <a class="tab active" href="#articles">Articles</a> <a class="tab" href="#contributors">Authors</a> </nav> <div class="institution-page sm-display-articles"> <div class="grid-ten large-grid-eight"> <section id="articles"> <h3 class="border">Displaying 1 - 20 of 25 articles</h3> <div class="content-list"> <article data-id="243744" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Extent of prostate cancer treatment harms revealed in new study" href="/extent-of-prostate-cancer-treatment-harms-revealed-in-new-study-243744"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:48.50299401197605%;--background-color:#578b9c"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/633968/original/file-20241124-15-5yku1z.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=0%2C647%2C5695%2C2847&q=45&auto=format&w=668&h=324&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="633968"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Daria Artemenko / Alamy Stock Photo</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-27T12:36:36Z" data-format="tc_date"> November 27, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/extent-of-prostate-cancer-treatment-harms-revealed-in-new-study-243744">Extent of prostate cancer treatment harms revealed in new study</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/steffen-rausch-2260534">Steffen Rausch</a>, <em>University of Tübingen</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Men who had radiotherapy to treat their prostate cancer were three times more likely to develop bladder cancer compared with untreated men.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="244046" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Gladiador II: filme diverge da história real, mas é um mergulho visual jamais visto na opulência do Império Romano" href="/gladiador-ii-filme-diverge-da-historia-real-mas-e-um-mergulho-visual-jamais-visto-na-opulencia-do-imperio-romano-244046"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#52312d"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/632894/original/file-20241119-15-5ybs84.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=661%2C0%2C1336%2C1336&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="632894"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Historicamente, sequência do premiado filme de Ridley Scott oferece uma linha do tempo imprecisa, mas segue sendo um impressionante retrato do estilo de vida romano cerca de 1.800 anos atrás </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Reprodução</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-19T05:59:16Z" data-format="tc_date"> November 19, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/gladiador-ii-filme-diverge-da-historia-real-mas-e-um-mergulho-visual-jamais-visto-na-opulencia-do-imperio-romano-244046">Gladiador II: filme diverge da história real, mas é um mergulho visual jamais visto na opulência do Império Romano</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/stephan-blum-2260629">Stephan Blum</a>, <em>University of Tübingen</em> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/michael-la-corte-2260633">Michael La Corte</a>, <em>University of Tübingen</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Historicamente, sequência do premiado filme de Ridley Scott oferece uma linha do tempo imprecisa, mas segue sendo um impressionante retrato do estilo de vida romano cerca de 1.800 anos atrás</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="243746" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Gladiator II: historians on the fate of the real Roman royalty featured in the film" href="/gladiator-ii-historians-on-the-fate-of-the-real-roman-royalty-featured-in-the-film-243746"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#4e382b"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/632085/original/file-20241114-15-5bi9ds.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=1070%2C0%2C2701%2C2701&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="632085"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Connie Nielsen as Lucilla and Joseph Quinn as Caracalla. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">TCD/Prod.DB/Alamy Stock Photo</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-15T11:50:57Z" data-format="tc_date"> November 15, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/gladiator-ii-historians-on-the-fate-of-the-real-roman-royalty-featured-in-the-film-243746">Gladiator II: historians on the fate of the real Roman royalty featured in the film</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/stephan-blum-2260629">Stephan Blum</a>, <em>University of Tübingen</em> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/michael-la-corte-2260633">Michael La Corte</a>, <em>University of Tübingen</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>The film follows the son of Russell Crowe’s Maximus who has been living under a new identity to escape Roman politics.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="240066" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Meet the microbes that transform toxic carbon monoxide into valuable biofuel" href="/meet-the-microbes-that-transform-toxic-carbon-monoxide-into-valuable-biofuel-240066"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#818181"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/622975/original/file-20241002-17-xxduym.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=359%2C263%2C619%2C619&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="622975"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> The star of the carbon monoxide-show: <em>Clostridium autoethanogenum</em> is a microbe that eats poison to make biofuel. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Dimitry Sorokin</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-07T11:43:56Z" data-format="tc_date"> October 7, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/meet-the-microbes-that-transform-toxic-carbon-monoxide-into-valuable-biofuel-240066">Meet the microbes that transform toxic carbon monoxide into valuable biofuel</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/maximilienne-toetie-allaart-2208959">Maximilienne Toetie Allaart</a>, <em>University of Tübingen</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>The world is full of microbes, and many of them like the taste of waste. Some carbon monoxide-loving microbes can be harnessed to transform waste into valuable biofuel.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="238198" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="O que o desenvolvimento dos pelos pode nos dizer sobre nossos antigos ancestrais" href="/o-que-o-desenvolvimento-dos-pelos-pode-nos-dizer-sobre-nossos-antigos-ancestrais-238198"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#4b382b"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/617112/original/file-20240621-21-a8kumm.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=359%2C29%2C2628%2C2628&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="617112"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Os pelos desenvolveram uma incrível variedade de cores e padrões, como as listras características de um tigre. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Tomas Hejlek/Shutterstock</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-04T12:00:25Z" data-format="tc_date"> September 4, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/o-que-o-desenvolvimento-dos-pelos-pode-nos-dizer-sobre-nossos-antigos-ancestrais-238198">O que o desenvolvimento dos pelos pode nos dizer sobre nossos antigos ancestrais</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/ingmar-werneburg-1542947">Ingmar Werneburg</a>, <em>University of Tübingen</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Quando os pelos evoluíram Talvez você se surpreenda ao saber que há uma chance de que eles sejam anteriores aos dinossauros.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="232940" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="What fur development can tell us about our ancient ancestors" href="/what-fur-development-can-tell-us-about-our-ancient-ancestors-232940"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#4b382b"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/602296/original/file-20240621-21-a8kumm.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=329%2C0%2C2664%2C2664&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="602296"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Fur has evolved an incredible variety of colours and patterns, like the distinctive stripes of a tiger. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Tomas Hejlek/Shutterstock</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-03T11:48:45Z" data-format="tc_date"> September 3, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/what-fur-development-can-tell-us-about-our-ancient-ancestors-232940">What fur development can tell us about our ancient ancestors</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/ingmar-werneburg-1542947">Ingmar Werneburg</a>, <em>University of Tübingen</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>When did fur evolve? You may be surprised to learn there’s a chance it pre-dates the dinosaurs.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="234573" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="The Vesuvius Challenge is using AI to virtually unroll Pompeii’s ancient scrolls" href="/the-vesuvius-challenge-is-using-ai-to-virtually-unroll-pompeiis-ancient-scrolls-234573"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#4a372c"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/606583/original/file-20240712-17-vhgdtj.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="606583"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> A closed carbonised papyrus scroll from Herculaneum being scanned. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">EduceLab/University of Kentucky</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-28T16:19:44Z" data-format="tc_date"> August 28, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/the-vesuvius-challenge-is-using-ai-to-virtually-unroll-pompeiis-ancient-scrolls-234573">The Vesuvius Challenge is using AI to virtually unroll Pompeii’s ancient scrolls</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/kilian-fleischer-1547778">Kilian Fleischer</a>, <em>University of Tübingen</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Scrolls from Pompeii could now be read for the first time in 2,000 years.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="234246" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="<span class="nobr">Weight-loss</span> jabs linked to lower cancer risk compared with insulin – new study" href="/weight-loss-jabs-linked-to-lower-cancer-risk-compared-with-insulin-new-study-234246"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#5b8aad"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/606303/original/file-20240711-17-oo18vk.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=544%2C0%2C2664%2C2664&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="606303"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Kristoffer Tripplaar / Alamy Stock Photo</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-11T16:57:34Z" data-format="tc_date"> July 11, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/weight-loss-jabs-linked-to-lower-cancer-risk-compared-with-insulin-new-study-234246"><span class="nobr">Weight-loss</span> jabs linked to lower cancer risk compared with insulin – new study</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/andreas-birkenfeld-1546782">Andreas Birkenfeld</a>, <em>University of Tübingen</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Diabetes drugs similar to Ozempic are associated with a reduction in risk of ten types of cancer compared with treatment with insulin.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="231541" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Ursula von der Leyen: Europe’s top bureaucrat is on shaky ground as EU elections begin" href="/ursula-von-der-leyen-europes-top-bureaucrat-is-on-shaky-ground-as-eu-elections-begin-231541"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#4b3651"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/599001/original/file-20240606-23-37glrp.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=506%2C111%2C3669%2C3669&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="599001"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> </span> <span class="source" title="Source">LCV / Shutterstock</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-06T18:13:17Z" data-format="tc_date"> June 6, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/ursula-von-der-leyen-europes-top-bureaucrat-is-on-shaky-ground-as-eu-elections-begin-231541">Ursula von der Leyen: Europe’s top bureaucrat is on shaky ground as EU elections begin</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/gabriele-abels-1532772">Gabriele Abels</a>, <em>University of Tübingen</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>European voters head to the polls to elect new MEPs – the results will shape who takes the EU’s top jobs.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="229401" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Germany lowers voting age to 16 for the European elections – but is it playing into the far right’s hands?" href="/germany-lowers-voting-age-to-16-for-the-european-elections-but-is-it-playing-into-the-far-rights-hands-229401"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#354756"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/592356/original/file-20240506-18-phdern.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=1276%2C0%2C4783%2C4778&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="592356"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> </span> <span class="source" title="Source">EPA/Clemens Bilan</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-05-09T13:42:30Z" data-format="tc_date"> May 9, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/germany-lowers-voting-age-to-16-for-the-european-elections-but-is-it-playing-into-the-far-rights-hands-229401">Germany lowers voting age to 16 for the European elections – but is it playing into the far right’s hands?</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/gabriele-abels-1532772">Gabriele Abels</a>, <em>University of Tübingen</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>The far-right Alternative for Germany is courting the youth vote on TikTok with great success, ahead of the elections in June.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="224699" class="clearfix placed news_item published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="76% of Africa’s energy could come from renewable sources by 2040: here’s how" href="/76-of-africas-energy-could-come-from-renewable-sources-by-2040-heres-how-224699"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#b08556"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/580097/original/file-20240306-30-x4qfse.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="580097"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Renewable electricity in Africa needs to be shared across borders, this research found. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Zero Creatives/Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-03-18T13:42:04Z" data-format="tc_date"> March 18, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/76-of-africas-energy-could-come-from-renewable-sources-by-2040-heres-how-224699">76% of Africa’s energy could come from renewable sources by 2040: here’s how</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/christiane-zarfl-1516660">Christiane Zarfl</a>, <em>University of Tübingen</em> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/rebecca-peters-1516657">Rebecca Peters</a>, <em>University of Tübingen</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>If Africa built only all the renewable power plants it has already planned, this would be enough to generate 76% of all electricity needed on the continent by 2040.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="202257" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Los humanos modernos también llevamos ADN denisovano, un homínido arcaico que ocupó Siberia" href="/los-humanos-modernos-tambien-llevamos-adn-denisovano-un-hominido-arcaico-que-ocupo-siberia-202257"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#55442a"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/521816/original/file-20230419-16-5b2c34.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=2%2C362%2C1435%2C1435&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="521816"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Reconstrucción del aspecto de una joven denisovana a partir de análisis del ADN de restos de este homínido. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Maayan Harel</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-04-20T18:11:36Z" data-format="tc_date"> April 20, 2023 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/los-humanos-modernos-tambien-llevamos-adn-denisovano-un-hominido-arcaico-que-ocupo-siberia-202257">Los humanos modernos también llevamos ADN denisovano, un homínido arcaico que ocupó Siberia</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/jose-mora-perujo-1242816">José Mora Perujo</a>, <em>Universidad de Málaga</em> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/delphine-pott-1244654">Delphine Pott</a>, <em>University of Tübingen</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Los “humanos” anatómicamente modernos se cruzaron con los denisovanos en su travesía tras salir de África. Este hecho hizo que, muy probablemente, poseamos en nuestro material genético restos tanto de neandertales como de denisovanos.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="201966" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="TB in children isn’t being controlled - it’s key to fighting the disease for everyone else" href="/tb-in-children-isnt-being-controlled-its-key-to-fighting-the-disease-for-everyone-else-201966"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#4f342b"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/516613/original/file-20230321-22-zvqx0x.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="516613"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> In many developing countries TB vaccination for children after birth is mandatory. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Paul Kane/Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-03-23T04:26:00Z" data-format="tc_date"> March 23, 2023 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/tb-in-children-isnt-being-controlled-its-key-to-fighting-the-disease-for-everyone-else-201966">TB in children isn’t being controlled - it’s key to fighting the disease for everyone else</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/tom-nyirenda-1400909">Tom Nyirenda</a>, <em>Stellenbosch University</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/alimuddin-zumla-1425543">Alimuddin Zumla</a>, <em>UCL</em>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/francine-ntoumi-1425518">Francine Ntoumi</a>, <em>University of Tübingen</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Progress in many areas of TB control stalled or reversed mainly because of the COVID-19 pandemic and the recent geo-political situations.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="202055" class="clearfix placed news_item published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Les footballeurs d'Afrique de l'Ouest se battent pour s'intégrer et réussir en Europe : deux d'entre eux partagent leurs expérences" href="/les-footballeurs-dafrique-de-louest-se-battent-pour-sintegrer-et-reussir-en-europe-deux-dentre-eux-partagent-leurs-experences-202055"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#a88458"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/516027/original/file-20230317-18-b4mj7n.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="516027"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Les footballeurs africains rêvent d'une carrière en Europe. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Wikimedia Commons</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-03-20T07:44:40Z" data-format="tc_date"> March 20, 2023 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/les-footballeurs-dafrique-de-louest-se-battent-pour-sintegrer-et-reussir-en-europe-deux-dentre-eux-partagent-leurs-experences-202055">Les footballeurs d'Afrique de l'Ouest se battent pour s'intégrer et réussir en Europe : deux d'entre eux partagent leurs expérences</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/ikechukwu-ejekwumadu-1422348">Ikechukwu Ejekwumadu</a>, <em>University of Tübingen</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Au-delà du glamour et de l'adulation des supporters, les footballeurs africains en Europe ont du mal à s'adapter à un nouvel environnement.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="201306" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="West African footballers battle to fit in while making it in Europe – two share their ups and downs" href="/west-african-footballers-battle-to-fit-in-while-making-it-in-europe-two-share-their-ups-and-downs-201306"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#a88558"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/514638/original/file-20230310-462-utq2d8.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="514638"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Footballers in Africa dream of a career in Europe </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Wikimedia Commons</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-03-15T13:37:34Z" data-format="tc_date"> March 15, 2023 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/west-african-footballers-battle-to-fit-in-while-making-it-in-europe-two-share-their-ups-and-downs-201306">West African footballers battle to fit in while making it in Europe – two share their ups and downs</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/ikechukwu-ejekwumadu-1422348">Ikechukwu Ejekwumadu</a>, <em>University of Tübingen</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Beyond the glamour and fan adulation, African footballers in Europe struggle with adjusting to a new environment.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="197215" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Invasive rats are changing fish behaviour on coral reefs – new study" href="/invasive-rats-are-changing-fish-behaviour-on-coral-reefs-new-study-197215"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#968c77"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/503231/original/file-20230105-1808-63w6g0.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=519%2C0%2C2751%2C2751&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="503231"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Invasive rats can fundamentally alter the functioning of surrounding marine ecosystems. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Bluerain/Shutterstock</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-01-09T17:10:21Z" data-format="tc_date"> January 9, 2023 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/invasive-rats-are-changing-fish-behaviour-on-coral-reefs-new-study-197215">Invasive rats are changing fish behaviour on coral reefs – new study</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/sally-keith-1405037">Sally Keith</a>, <em>Lancaster University</em> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/rachel-gunn-1404949">Rachel Gunn</a>, <em>University of Tübingen</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Rats are disrupting the flow of nutrients towards the sea on many tropical islands – this has consequences for fish behaviour and the wider ecosystem.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="194518" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="How <span class="nobr">metal-munching</span> microbes help the rare, toxic element tellurium circulate in the environment" href="/how-metal-munching-microbes-help-the-rare-toxic-element-tellurium-circulate-in-the-environment-194518"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#88857b"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/495029/original/file-20221114-12-sjzffe.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=1657%2C920%2C1929%2C1929&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="495029"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Tellurium pieces. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Jan Askeit / Wikimedia</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-11-15T03:40:23Z" data-format="tc_date"> November 15, 2022 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/how-metal-munching-microbes-help-the-rare-toxic-element-tellurium-circulate-in-the-environment-194518">How <span class="nobr">metal-munching</span> microbes help the rare, toxic element tellurium circulate in the environment</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/owen-peter-missen-1342505">Owen Peter Missen</a>, <em>Monash University</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/barbara-etschmann-1234144">Barbara Etschmann</a>, <em>Monash University</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/jeremiah-shuster-1393466">Jeremiah Shuster</a>, <em>University of Tübingen</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/joel-brugger-1234547">Joël Brugger</a>, <em>Monash University</em>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/stuart-mills-1393465">Stuart Mills</a>, <em>Museums Victoria Research Institute</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Tellurium is a critical mineral for renewable energy – but little is known about its environmental effects and how it circulates in the wild.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="189602" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Les diversités de colorations, une stratégie d’adaptation pour les escargots des dunes" href="/les-diversites-de-colorations-une-strategie-dadaptation-pour-les-escargots-des-dunes-189602"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#514b33"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/489746/original/file-20221014-23-1x73yg.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=573%2C0%2C2142%2C2142&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="489746"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Grappe de Theba pisana, Sud de la France. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Pr. Köhler</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-10-16T15:34:43Z" data-format="tc_date"> October 16, 2022 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/les-diversites-de-colorations-une-strategie-dadaptation-pour-les-escargots-des-dunes-189602">Les diversités de colorations, une stratégie d’adaptation pour les escargots des dunes</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/thomas-knigge-1376394">Thomas Knigge</a>, <em>Université Le Havre Normandie</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/heinz-r-kohler-1376309">Heinz-R. Köhler</a>, <em>University of Tübingen</em>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/henri-a-thomassen-1376541">Henri A. Thomassen</a>, <em>University of Tübingen</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Ces escargots peuvent être blancs ou ornés de stries noires, le changement climatique va-t-il influencer la répartition de ces deux types ?</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="166565" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Who were the Toaleans? Ancient woman’s DNA provides first evidence for the origin of a mysterious lost culture" href="/who-were-the-toaleans-ancient-womans-dna-provides-first-evidence-for-the-origin-of-a-mysterious-lost-culture-166565"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#51382c"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/417306/original/file-20210823-19-1bucpl0.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=996%2C0%2C5087%2C5087&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="417306"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Stone arrowheads (Maros points) and other flaked stone implements from the Toalean culture of South Sulawesi. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Shahna Britton/Andrew Thomson</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-08-25T20:05:24Z" data-format="tc_date"> August 25, 2021 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/who-were-the-toaleans-ancient-womans-dna-provides-first-evidence-for-the-origin-of-a-mysterious-lost-culture-166565">Who were the Toaleans? Ancient woman’s DNA provides first evidence for the origin of a mysterious lost culture</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/adam-brumm-140504">Adam Brumm</a>, <em>Griffith University</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/adhi-oktaviana-908016">Adhi Oktaviana</a>, <em>Griffith University</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/akin-duli-1263629">Akin Duli</a>, <em>Universitas Hasanuddin</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/basran-burhan-975181">Basran Burhan</a>, <em>Griffith University</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/cosimo-posth-1263160">Cosimo Posth</a>, <em>University of Tübingen</em>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/selina-carlhoff-1263255">Selina Carlhoff</a>, <em>Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>The first ancient human DNA from the Indonesian island of Sulawesi — and the wider Wallacea islands group — sheds light on the early human history of the region.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="135596" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="How conspiracy theories spread – listen to part four of our expert guide" href="/how-conspiracy-theories-spread-listen-to-part-four-of-our-expert-guide-135596"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#9b7a65"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/331932/original/file-20200501-42956-1fxeyt9.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=997%2C0%2C4999%2C4999&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="331932"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Shutterstock</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-04-27T09:15:27Z" data-format="tc_date"> April 27, 2020 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/how-conspiracy-theories-spread-listen-to-part-four-of-our-expert-guide-135596">How conspiracy theories spread – listen to part four of our expert guide</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/annabel-bligh-134050">Annabel Bligh</a>, <em>The Conversation</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <i class="icon-audio" title="Includes audio"></i><span>PODCAST: How the internet has and hasn’t changed the game for the spread of conspiracy theories.</span> </div> </article> </div> <nav class="pagination" role="navigation" aria-label="pager"> <span class="page current"> 1 </span> <span class="page"> <a rel="next" href="/institutions/university-of-tubingen-1402?page=2">2</a> </span> <span class="next"> <a rel="next" href="/institutions/university-of-tubingen-1402?page=2"><i class="icon-caret-right" title="Next"></i></a> </span> <span class="last"> <a href="/institutions/university-of-tubingen-1402?page=2">Last</a> </span> </nav> </section> </div> <div class="grid-six large-grid-eight grid-last"> <div id="jobs-and-events" class="grid-six large-grid-four"> </div> <div id="contributors" class="grid-six large-grid-four grid-last"> <section id="experts" class="article-section"> <h3 class="border">Authors</h3> <ol class="semantic article-authors"> <li class="vcard" id="author-1546782" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/andreas-birkenfeld-1546782"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1546782/width170/file-20240709-17-9mrt33.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Andreas Birkenfeld </span> </a> <p class="role"> Professor, Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Tübingen </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1516660" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/christiane-zarfl-1516660"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1516660/width170/csm_Zarfl__Christiane_018__2__923e7a64dd.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Christiane Zarfl </span> </a> <p class="role"> Professor for Environmental Systems Analysis, Faculty of Science, University of Tübingen </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1244654" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/delphine-pott-1244654"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1244654/width170/image-20210629-19-15fd7rx.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Delphine Pott </span> </a> <p class="role"> Postdoctoral fellow, University of Tübingen </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1425518" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/francine-ntoumi-1425518"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1425518/width170/francine_ntoumi2.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Francine Ntoumi </span> </a> <p class="role"> Research Group Leader, Institute for Tropical Medicine , University of Tübingen </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1532772" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/gabriele-abels-1532772"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1532772/width170/Screenshot_2024-05-07_at_11.42.39.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Gabriele Abels </span> </a> <p class="role"> Jean Monnet Professor for Comparative Politics & European Integration, University of Tübingen </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1422348" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/ikechukwu-ejekwumadu-1422348"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1422348/width170/image-20230309-24-ri9b9d.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Ikechukwu Ejekwumadu </span> </a> <p class="role"> Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Sports Science, University of Tübingen </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1542947" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/ingmar-werneburg-1542947"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1542947/width170/csm_Werneburg2017_089762c5a0.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Ingmar Werneburg </span> </a> <p class="role"> Curator of the Palaeontological Collection, University of Tübingen </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1393466" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/jeremiah-shuster-1393466"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1393466/width170/image-20221114-16-h2j2jn.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Jeremiah Shuster </span> </a> <p class="role"> Instrument Scientist in the Tübingen Structural Microscopy Core Facility, University of Tübingen </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1547778" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/kilian-fleischer-1547778"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1547778/width170/csm_Fleischer_543567fe60.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Kilian Fleischer </span> </a> <p class="role"> Head of DFG-project/Lecturer in Classics, University of Tübingen </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-2208959" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/maximilienne-toetie-allaart-2208959"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/2208959/width170/file-20240911-16-t6hi6a.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Maximilienne Toetie Allaart </span> </a> <p class="role"> Postdoctoral Researcher in Gut Microbiome Research, University of Tübingen </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-2260633" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/michael-la-corte-2260633"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/2260633/width170/Screenshot_2024-11-14_at_15.38.16.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Michael La Corte </span> </a> <p class="role"> Research Associate, Curation and Communication, University of Tübingen </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1404949" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/rachel-gunn-1404949"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1404949/width170/image-20230104-22-ifowib.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Rachel Gunn </span> </a> <p class="role"> Postdoctoral researcher in the Animal Evolutionary Ecology, University of Tübingen </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1516657" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/rebecca-peters-1516657"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1516657/width170/image-20240304-20-4m2t61.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Rebecca Peters </span> </a> <p class="role"> PhD candidate in Environmental Systems Analysis, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Tübingen </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-2260534" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/steffen-rausch-2260534"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/2260534/width170/file-20241114-21-354whn.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Steffen Rausch </span> </a> <p class="role"> Fellow of the European Board of Urology, University of Tübingen </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-2260629" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/stephan-blum-2260629"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/2260629/width170/image-20241115-15-yiwkr3.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Stephan Blum </span> </a> <p class="role"> Research associate, Institute for Prehistory and Early History and Medieval Archaeology, University of Tübingen </p> </li> </ol> <p class="more"> <a class="button right" href="/institutions/university-of-tubingen-1402/authors">More Authors</a> </p> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> 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0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};return this.i18nFormat?.getResource?this.i18nFormat.getResource(e,t,s,i):this.resourceStore.getResource(e,t,s,i)}getUsedParamsDetails(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};const t=["defaultValue","ordinal","context","replace","lng","lngs","fallbackLng","ns","keySeparator","nsSeparator","returnObjects","returnDetails","joinArrays","postProcess","interpolation"],s=e.replace&&!i(e.replace);let n=s?e.replace:e;if(s&&void 0!==e.count&&(n.count=e.count),this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables&&(n={...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...n}),!s){n={...n};for(const e of t)delete n[e]}return n}static hasDefaultValue(e){const t="defaultValue";for(const s in e)if(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,s)&&t===s.substring(0,12)&&void 0!==e[s])return!0;return!1}}class j{constructor(e){this.options=e,this.supportedLngs=this.options.supportedLngs||!1,this.logger=S.create("languageUtils")}getScriptPartFromCode(e){if(!(e=b(e))||e.indexOf("-")<0)return null;const t=e.split("-");return 2===t.length?null:(t.pop(),"x"===t[t.length-1].toLowerCase()?null:this.formatLanguageCode(t.join("-")))}getLanguagePartFromCode(e){if(!(e=b(e))||e.indexOf("-")<0)return e;const t=e.split("-");return this.formatLanguageCode(t[0])}formatLanguageCode(e){if(i(e)&&e.indexOf("-")>-1){let t=Intl.getCanonicalLocales(e)[0];return t&&this.options.lowerCaseLng&&(t=t.toLowerCase()),t||(this.options.lowerCaseLng?e.toLowerCase():e)}return this.options.cleanCode||this.options.lowerCaseLng?e.toLowerCase():e}isSupportedCode(e){return("languageOnly"===this.options.load||this.options.nonExplicitSupportedLngs)&&(e=this.getLanguagePartFromCode(e)),!this.supportedLngs||!this.supportedLngs.length||this.supportedLngs.indexOf(e)>-1}getBestMatchFromCodes(e){if(!e)return null;let t;return e.forEach((e=>{if(t)return;const s=this.formatLanguageCode(e);this.options.supportedLngs&&!this.isSupportedCode(s)||(t=s)})),!t&&this.options.supportedLngs&&e.forEach((e=>{if(t)return;const s=this.getLanguagePartFromCode(e);if(this.isSupportedCode(s))return t=s;t=this.options.supportedLngs.find((e=>e===s?e:e.indexOf("-")<0&&s.indexOf("-")<0?void 0:e.indexOf("-")>0&&s.indexOf("-")<0&&e.substring(0,e.indexOf("-"))===s||0===e.indexOf(s)&&s.length>1?e:void 0))})),t||(t=this.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng)[0]),t}getFallbackCodes(e,t){if(!e)return[];if("function"==typeof e&&(e=e(t)),i(e)&&(e=[e]),Array.isArray(e))return e;if(!t)return e.default||[];let s=e[t];return s||(s=e[this.getScriptPartFromCode(t)]),s||(s=e[this.formatLanguageCode(t)]),s||(s=e[this.getLanguagePartFromCode(t)]),s||(s=e.default),s||[]}toResolveHierarchy(e,t){const s=this.getFallbackCodes(t||this.options.fallbackLng||[],e),n=[],o=e=>{e&&(this.isSupportedCode(e)?n.push(e):this.logger.warn(`rejecting language code not found in supportedLngs: ${e}`))};return i(e)&&(e.indexOf("-")>-1||e.indexOf("_")>-1)?("languageOnly"!==this.options.load&&o(this.formatLanguageCode(e)),"languageOnly"!==this.options.load&&"currentOnly"!==this.options.load&&o(this.getScriptPartFromCode(e)),"currentOnly"!==this.options.load&&o(this.getLanguagePartFromCode(e))):i(e)&&o(this.formatLanguageCode(e)),s.forEach((e=>{n.indexOf(e)<0&&o(this.formatLanguageCode(e))})),n}}const $={zero:0,one:1,two:2,few:3,many:4,other:5},C={select:e=>1===e?"one":"other",resolvedOptions:()=>({pluralCategories:["one","other"]})};class N{constructor(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};this.languageUtils=e,this.options=t,this.logger=S.create("pluralResolver"),this.pluralRulesCache={}}addRule(e,t){this.rules[e]=t}clearCache(){this.pluralRulesCache={}}getRule(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};const s=b("dev"===e?"en":e),i=t.ordinal?"ordinal":"cardinal",n=JSON.stringify({cleanedCode:s,type:i});if(n in this.pluralRulesCache)return this.pluralRulesCache[n];let o;try{o=new Intl.PluralRules(s,{type:i})}catch(s){if(!Intl)return this.logger.error("No Intl support, please use an Intl polyfill!"),C;if(!e.match(/-|_/))return C;const i=this.languageUtils.getLanguagePartFromCode(e);o=this.getRule(i,t)}return this.pluralRulesCache[n]=o,o}needsPlural(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},s=this.getRule(e,t);return s||(s=this.getRule("dev",t)),s?.resolvedOptions().pluralCategories.length>1}getPluralFormsOfKey(e,t){let s=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};return this.getSuffixes(e,s).map((e=>`${t}${e}`))}getSuffixes(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},s=this.getRule(e,t);return s||(s=this.getRule("dev",t)),s?s.resolvedOptions().pluralCategories.sort(((e,t)=>$[e]-$[t])).map((e=>`${this.options.prepend}${t.ordinal?`ordinal${this.options.prepend}`:""}${e}`)):[]}getSuffix(e,t){let s=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};const i=this.getRule(e,s);return i?`${this.options.prepend}${s.ordinal?`ordinal${this.options.prepend}`:""}${i.select(t)}`:(this.logger.warn(`no plural rule found for: ${e}`),this.getSuffix("dev",t,s))}}const E=function(e,t,s){let n=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:".",o=!(arguments.length>4&&void 0!==arguments[4])||arguments[4],r=((e,t,s)=>{const i=h(e,s);return void 0!==i?i:h(t,s)})(e,t,s);return!r&&o&&i(s)&&(r=y(e,s,n),void 0===r&&(r=y(t,s,n))),r},A=e=>e.replace(/\$/g,"$$$$");class T{constructor(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};this.logger=S.create("interpolator"),this.options=e,this.format=e?.interpolation?.format||(e=>e),this.init(e)}init(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};e.interpolation||(e.interpolation={escapeValue:!0});const{escape:t,escapeValue:s,useRawValueToEscape:i,prefix:n,prefixEscaped:o,suffix:r,suffixEscaped:a,formatSeparator:l,unescapeSuffix:c,unescapePrefix:u,nestingPrefix:h,nestingPrefixEscaped:p,nestingSuffix:g,nestingSuffixEscaped:v,nestingOptionsSeparator:m,maxReplaces:y,alwaysFormat:b}=e.interpolation;this.escape=void 0!==t?t:f,this.escapeValue=void 0===s||s,this.useRawValueToEscape=void 0!==i&&i,this.prefix=n?d(n):o||"{{",this.suffix=r?d(r):a||"}}",this.formatSeparator=l||",",this.unescapePrefix=c?"":u||"-",this.unescapeSuffix=this.unescapePrefix?"":c||"",this.nestingPrefix=h?d(h):p||d("$t("),this.nestingSuffix=g?d(g):v||d(")"),this.nestingOptionsSeparator=m||",",this.maxReplaces=y||1e3,this.alwaysFormat=void 0!==b&&b,this.resetRegExp()}reset(){this.options&&this.init(this.options)}resetRegExp(){const e=(e,t)=>e?.source===t?(e.lastIndex=0,e):new RegExp(t,"g");this.regexp=e(this.regexp,`${this.prefix}(.+?)${this.suffix}`),this.regexpUnescape=e(this.regexpUnescape,`${this.prefix}${this.unescapePrefix}(.+?)${this.unescapeSuffix}${this.suffix}`),this.nestingRegexp=e(this.nestingRegexp,`${this.nestingPrefix}(.+?)${this.nestingSuffix}`)}interpolate(e,t,s,n){let r,a,l;const c=this.options&&this.options.interpolation&&this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables||{},u=e=>{if(e.indexOf(this.formatSeparator)<0){const i=E(t,c,e,this.options.keySeparator,this.options.ignoreJSONStructure);return this.alwaysFormat?this.format(i,void 0,s,{...n,...t,interpolationkey:e}):i}const i=e.split(this.formatSeparator),o=i.shift().trim(),r=i.join(this.formatSeparator).trim();return this.format(E(t,c,o,this.options.keySeparator,this.options.ignoreJSONStructure),r,s,{...n,...t,interpolationkey:o})};this.resetRegExp();const h=n?.missingInterpolationHandler||this.options.missingInterpolationHandler,p=void 0!==n?.interpolation?.skipOnVariables?n.interpolation.skipOnVariables:this.options.interpolation.skipOnVariables;return[{regex:this.regexpUnescape,safeValue:e=>A(e)},{regex:this.regexp,safeValue:e=>this.escapeValue?A(this.escape(e)):A(e)}].forEach((t=>{for(l=0;r=t.regex.exec(e);){const s=r[1].trim();if(a=u(s),void 0===a)if("function"==typeof h){const t=h(e,r,n);a=i(t)?t:""}else if(n&&Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,s))a="";else{if(p){a=r[0];continue}this.logger.warn(`missed to pass in variable ${s} for interpolating ${e}`),a=""}else i(a)||this.useRawValueToEscape||(a=o(a));const c=t.safeValue(a);if(e=e.replace(r[0],c),p?(t.regex.lastIndex+=a.length,t.regex.lastIndex-=r[0].length):t.regex.lastIndex=0,l++,l>=this.maxReplaces)break}})),e}nest(e,t){let s,n,r,a=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};const l=(e,t)=>{const s=this.nestingOptionsSeparator;if(e.indexOf(s)<0)return e;const i=e.split(new RegExp(`${s}[ ]*{`));let n=`{${i[1]}`;e=i[0],n=this.interpolate(n,r);const o=n.match(/'/g),a=n.match(/"/g);((o?.length??0)%2==0&&!a||a.length%2!=0)&&(n=n.replace(/'/g,'"'));try{r=JSON.parse(n),t&&(r={...t,...r})}catch(t){return this.logger.warn(`failed parsing options string in nesting for key ${e}`,t),`${e}${s}${n}`}return r.defaultValue&&r.defaultValue.indexOf(this.prefix)>-1&&delete r.defaultValue,e};for(;s=this.nestingRegexp.exec(e);){let c=[];r={...a},r=r.replace&&!i(r.replace)?r.replace:r,r.applyPostProcessor=!1,delete r.defaultValue;let u=!1;if(-1!==s[0].indexOf(this.formatSeparator)&&!/{.*}/.test(s[1])){const e=s[1].split(this.formatSeparator).map((e=>e.trim()));s[1]=e.shift(),c=e,u=!0}if(n=t(l.call(this,s[1].trim(),r),r),n&&s[0]===e&&!i(n))return n;i(n)||(n=o(n)),n||(this.logger.warn(`missed to resolve ${s[1]} for nesting ${e}`),n=""),u&&(n=c.reduce(((e,t)=>this.format(e,t,a.lng,{...a,interpolationkey:s[1].trim()})),n.trim())),e=e.replace(s[0],n),this.regexp.lastIndex=0}return e}}const D=e=>{const t={};return(s,i,n)=>{let o=n;n&&n.interpolationkey&&n.formatParams&&n.formatParams[n.interpolationkey]&&n[n.interpolationkey]&&(o={...o,[n.interpolationkey]:void 0});const r=i+JSON.stringify(o);let a=t[r];return a||(a=e(b(i),n),t[r]=a),a(s)}};class I{constructor(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};this.logger=S.create("formatter"),this.options=e,this.formats={number:D(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.NumberFormat(e,{...t});return e=>s.format(e)})),currency:D(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.NumberFormat(e,{...t,style:"currency"});return e=>s.format(e)})),datetime:D(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.DateTimeFormat(e,{...t});return e=>s.format(e)})),relativetime:D(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.RelativeTimeFormat(e,{...t});return e=>s.format(e,t.range||"day")})),list:D(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.ListFormat(e,{...t});return e=>s.format(e)}))},this.init(e)}init(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{interpolation:{}};this.formatSeparator=t.interpolation.formatSeparator||","}add(e,t){this.formats[e.toLowerCase().trim()]=t}addCached(e,t){this.formats[e.toLowerCase().trim()]=D(t)}format(e,t,s){let i=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};const n=t.split(this.formatSeparator);if(n.length>1&&n[0].indexOf("(")>1&&n[0].indexOf(")")<0&&n.find((e=>e.indexOf(")")>-1))){const e=n.findIndex((e=>e.indexOf(")")>-1));n[0]=[n[0],...n.splice(1,e)].join(this.formatSeparator)}return n.reduce(((e,t)=>{const{formatName:n,formatOptions:o}=(e=>{let t=e.toLowerCase().trim();const s={};if(e.indexOf("(")>-1){const i=e.split("(");t=i[0].toLowerCase().trim();const n=i[1].substring(0,i[1].length-1);"currency"===t&&n.indexOf(":")<0?s.currency||(s.currency=n.trim()):"relativetime"===t&&n.indexOf(":")<0?s.range||(s.range=n.trim()):n.split(";").forEach((e=>{if(e){const[t,...i]=e.split(":"),n=i.join(":").trim().replace(/^'+|'+$/g,""),o=t.trim();s[o]||(s[o]=n),"false"===n&&(s[o]=!1),"true"===n&&(s[o]=!0),isNaN(n)||(s[o]=parseInt(n,10))}}))}return{formatName:t,formatOptions:s}})(t);if(this.formats[n]){let t=e;try{const r=i?.formatParams?.[i.interpolationkey]||{},a=r.locale||r.lng||i.locale||i.lng||s;t=this.formats[n](e,a,{...o,...i,...r})}catch(e){this.logger.warn(e)}return t}return this.logger.warn(`there was no format function for ${n}`),e}),e)}}class V extends O{constructor(e,t,s){let i=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};super(),this.backend=e,this.store=t,this.services=s,this.languageUtils=s.languageUtils,this.options=i,this.logger=S.create("backendConnector"),this.waitingReads=[],this.maxParallelReads=i.maxParallelReads||10,this.readingCalls=0,this.maxRetries=i.maxRetries>=0?i.maxRetries:5,this.retryTimeout=i.retryTimeout>=1?i.retryTimeout:350,this.state={},this.queue=[],this.backend?.init?.(s,i.backend,i)}queueLoad(e,t,s,i){const n={},o={},r={},a={};return e.forEach((e=>{let i=!0;t.forEach((t=>{const r=`${e}|${t}`;!s.reload&&this.store.hasResourceBundle(e,t)?this.state[r]=2:this.state[r]<0||(1===this.state[r]?void 0===o[r]&&(o[r]=!0):(this.state[r]=1,i=!1,void 0===o[r]&&(o[r]=!0),void 0===n[r]&&(n[r]=!0),void 0===a[t]&&(a[t]=!0)))})),i||(r[e]=!0)})),(Object.keys(n).length||Object.keys(o).length)&&this.queue.push({pending:o,pendingCount:Object.keys(o).length,loaded:{},errors:[],callback:i}),{toLoad:Object.keys(n),pending:Object.keys(o),toLoadLanguages:Object.keys(r),toLoadNamespaces:Object.keys(a)}}loaded(e,t,s){const i=e.split("|"),n=i[0],o=i[1];t&&this.emit("failedLoading",n,o,t),!t&&s&&this.store.addResourceBundle(n,o,s,void 0,void 0,{skipCopy:!0}),this.state[e]=t?-1:2,t&&s&&(this.state[e]=0);const r={};this.queue.forEach((s=>{((e,t,s,i)=>{const{obj:n,k:o}=c(e,t,Object);n[o]=n[o]||[],n[o].push(s)})(s.loaded,[n],o),((e,t)=>{void 0!==e.pending[t]&&(delete e.pending[t],e.pendingCount--)})(s,e),t&&s.errors.push(t),0!==s.pendingCount||s.done||(Object.keys(s.loaded).forEach((e=>{r[e]||(r[e]={});const t=s.loaded[e];t.length&&t.forEach((t=>{void 0===r[e][t]&&(r[e][t]=!0)}))})),s.done=!0,s.errors.length?s.callback(s.errors):s.callback())})),this.emit("loaded",r),this.queue=this.queue.filter((e=>!e.done))}read(e,t,s){let i=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:0,n=arguments.length>4&&void 0!==arguments[4]?arguments[4]:this.retryTimeout,o=arguments.length>5?arguments[5]:void 0;if(!e.length)return o(null,{});if(this.readingCalls>=this.maxParallelReads)return void this.waitingReads.push({lng:e,ns:t,fcName:s,tried:i,wait:n,callback:o});this.readingCalls++;const r=(r,a)=>{if(this.readingCalls--,this.waitingReads.length>0){const e=this.waitingReads.shift();this.read(e.lng,e.ns,e.fcName,e.tried,e.wait,e.callback)}r&&a&&i<this.maxRetries?setTimeout((()=>{this.read.call(this,e,t,s,i+1,2*n,o)}),n):o(r,a)},a=this.backend[s].bind(this.backend);if(2!==a.length)return a(e,t,r);try{const s=a(e,t);s&&"function"==typeof s.then?s.then((e=>r(null,e))).catch(r):r(null,s)}catch(e){r(e)}}prepareLoading(e,t){let s=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{},n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;if(!this.backend)return this.logger.warn("No backend was added via i18next.use. Will not load resources."),n&&n();i(e)&&(e=this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(e)),i(t)&&(t=[t]);const o=this.queueLoad(e,t,s,n);if(!o.toLoad.length)return o.pending.length||n(),null;o.toLoad.forEach((e=>{this.loadOne(e)}))}load(e,t,s){this.prepareLoading(e,t,{},s)}reload(e,t,s){this.prepareLoading(e,t,{reload:!0},s)}loadOne(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"";const s=e.split("|"),i=s[0],n=s[1];this.read(i,n,"read",void 0,void 0,((s,o)=>{s&&this.logger.warn(`${t}loading namespace ${n} for language ${i} failed`,s),!s&&o&&this.logger.log(`${t}loaded namespace ${n} for language ${i}`,o),this.loaded(e,s,o)}))}saveMissing(e,t,s,i,n){let o=arguments.length>5&&void 0!==arguments[5]?arguments[5]:{},r=arguments.length>6&&void 0!==arguments[6]?arguments[6]:()=>{};if(!this.services?.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace||this.services?.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace(t)){if(null!=s&&""!==s){if(this.backend?.create){const a={...o,isUpdate:n},l=this.backend.create.bind(this.backend);if(l.length<6)try{let n;n=5===l.length?l(e,t,s,i,a):l(e,t,s,i),n&&"function"==typeof n.then?n.then((e=>r(null,e))).catch(r):r(null,n)}catch(e){r(e)}else l(e,t,s,i,r,a)}e&&e[0]&&this.store.addResource(e[0],t,s,i)}}else this.logger.warn(`did not save key "${s}" as the namespace "${t}" was not yet loaded`,"This means something IS WRONG in your setup. You access the t function before i18next.init / i18next.loadNamespace / i18next.changeLanguage was done. Wait for the callback or Promise to resolve before accessing it!!!")}}const F=()=>({debug:!1,initAsync:!0,ns:["translation"],defaultNS:["translation"],fallbackLng:["dev"],fallbackNS:!1,supportedLngs:!1,nonExplicitSupportedLngs:!1,load:"all",preload:!1,simplifyPluralSuffix:!0,keySeparator:".",nsSeparator:":",pluralSeparator:"_",contextSeparator:"_",partialBundledLanguages:!1,saveMissing:!1,updateMissing:!1,saveMissingTo:"fallback",saveMissingPlurals:!0,missingKeyHandler:!1,missingInterpolationHandler:!1,postProcess:!1,postProcessPassResolved:!1,returnNull:!1,returnEmptyString:!0,returnObjects:!1,joinArrays:!1,returnedObjectHandler:!1,parseMissingKeyHandler:!1,appendNamespaceToMissingKey:!1,appendNamespaceToCIMode:!1,overloadTranslationOptionHandler:e=>{let t={};if("object"==typeof e[1]&&(t=e[1]),i(e[1])&&(t.defaultValue=e[1]),i(e[2])&&(t.tDescription=e[2]),"object"==typeof e[2]||"object"==typeof e[3]){const s=e[3]||e[2];Object.keys(s).forEach((e=>{t[e]=s[e]}))}return t},interpolation:{escapeValue:!0,format:e=>e,prefix:"{{",suffix:"}}",formatSeparator:",",unescapePrefix:"-",nestingPrefix:"$t(",nestingSuffix:")",nestingOptionsSeparator:",",maxReplaces:1e3,skipOnVariables:!0}}),M=e=>(i(e.ns)&&(e.ns=[e.ns]),i(e.fallbackLng)&&(e.fallbackLng=[e.fallbackLng]),i(e.fallbackNS)&&(e.fallbackNS=[e.fallbackNS]),e.supportedLngs?.indexOf?.("cimode")<0&&(e.supportedLngs=e.supportedLngs.concat(["cimode"])),"boolean"==typeof e.initImmediate&&(e.initAsync=e.initImmediate),e),U=()=>{};class H extends O{constructor(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;var s;if(super(),this.options=M(e),this.services={},this.logger=S,this.modules={external:[]},s=this,Object.getOwnPropertyNames(Object.getPrototypeOf(s)).forEach((e=>{"function"==typeof s[e]&&(s[e]=s[e].bind(s))})),t&&!this.isInitialized&&!e.isClone){if(!this.options.initAsync)return this.init(e,t),this;setTimeout((()=>{this.init(e,t)}),0)}}init(){var e=this;let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},s=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;this.isInitializing=!0,"function"==typeof t&&(s=t,t={}),!t.defaultNS&&!1!==t.defaultNS&&t.ns&&(i(t.ns)?t.defaultNS=t.ns:t.ns.indexOf("translation")<0&&(t.defaultNS=t.ns[0]));const o=F();this.options={...o,...this.options,...M(t)},this.options.interpolation={...o.interpolation,...this.options.interpolation},void 0!==t.keySeparator&&(this.options.userDefinedKeySeparator=t.keySeparator),void 0!==t.nsSeparator&&(this.options.userDefinedNsSeparator=t.nsSeparator);const r=e=>e?"function"==typeof e?new e:e:null;if(!this.options.isClone){let t;this.modules.logger?S.init(r(this.modules.logger),this.options):S.init(null,this.options),t=this.modules.formatter?this.modules.formatter:I;const s=new j(this.options);this.store=new w(this.options.resources,this.options);const i=this.services;i.logger=S,i.resourceStore=this.store,i.languageUtils=s,i.pluralResolver=new N(s,{prepend:this.options.pluralSeparator,simplifyPluralSuffix:this.options.simplifyPluralSuffix}),!t||this.options.interpolation.format&&this.options.interpolation.format!==o.interpolation.format||(i.formatter=r(t),i.formatter.init(i,this.options),this.options.interpolation.format=i.formatter.format.bind(i.formatter)),i.interpolator=new T(this.options),i.utils={hasLoadedNamespace:this.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(this)},i.backendConnector=new V(r(this.modules.backend),i.resourceStore,i,this.options),i.backendConnector.on("*",(function(t){for(var s=arguments.length,i=new Array(s>1?s-1:0),n=1;n<s;n++)i[n-1]=arguments[n];e.emit(t,...i)})),this.modules.languageDetector&&(i.languageDetector=r(this.modules.languageDetector),i.languageDetector.init&&i.languageDetector.init(i,this.options.detection,this.options)),this.modules.i18nFormat&&(i.i18nFormat=r(this.modules.i18nFormat),i.i18nFormat.init&&i.i18nFormat.init(this)),this.translator=new P(this.services,this.options),this.translator.on("*",(function(t){for(var s=arguments.length,i=new Array(s>1?s-1:0),n=1;n<s;n++)i[n-1]=arguments[n];e.emit(t,...i)})),this.modules.external.forEach((e=>{e.init&&e.init(this)}))}if(this.format=this.options.interpolation.format,s||(s=U),this.options.fallbackLng&&!this.services.languageDetector&&!this.options.lng){const e=this.services.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng);e.length>0&&"dev"!==e[0]&&(this.options.lng=e[0])}this.services.languageDetector||this.options.lng||this.logger.warn("init: no languageDetector is used and no lng is defined");["getResource","hasResourceBundle","getResourceBundle","getDataByLanguage"].forEach((t=>{this[t]=function(){return e.store[t](...arguments)}}));["addResource","addResources","addResourceBundle","removeResourceBundle"].forEach((t=>{this[t]=function(){return e.store[t](...arguments),e}}));const a=n(),l=()=>{const e=(e,t)=>{this.isInitializing=!1,this.isInitialized&&!this.initializedStoreOnce&&this.logger.warn("init: i18next is already initialized. You should call init just once!"),this.isInitialized=!0,this.options.isClone||this.logger.log("initialized",this.options),this.emit("initialized",this.options),a.resolve(t),s(e,t)};if(this.languages&&!this.isInitialized)return e(null,this.t.bind(this));this.changeLanguage(this.options.lng,e)};return this.options.resources||!this.options.initAsync?l():setTimeout(l,0),a}loadResources(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:U;const s=i(e)?e:this.language;if("function"==typeof e&&(t=e),!this.options.resources||this.options.partialBundledLanguages){if("cimode"===s?.toLowerCase()&&(!this.options.preload||0===this.options.preload.length))return t();const e=[],i=t=>{if(!t)return;if("cimode"===t)return;this.services.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(t).forEach((t=>{"cimode"!==t&&e.indexOf(t)<0&&e.push(t)}))};if(s)i(s);else{this.services.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng).forEach((e=>i(e)))}this.options.preload?.forEach?.((e=>i(e))),this.services.backendConnector.load(e,this.options.ns,(e=>{e||this.resolvedLanguage||!this.language||this.setResolvedLanguage(this.language),t(e)}))}else t(null)}reloadResources(e,t,s){const i=n();return"function"==typeof e&&(s=e,e=void 0),"function"==typeof t&&(s=t,t=void 0),e||(e=this.languages),t||(t=this.options.ns),s||(s=U),this.services.backendConnector.reload(e,t,(e=>{i.resolve(),s(e)})),i}use(e){if(!e)throw new Error("You are passing an undefined module! Please check the object you are passing to i18next.use()");if(!e.type)throw new Error("You are passing a wrong module! Please check the object you are passing to i18next.use()");return"backend"===e.type&&(this.modules.backend=e),("logger"===e.type||e.log&&e.warn&&e.error)&&(this.modules.logger=e),"languageDetector"===e.type&&(this.modules.languageDetector=e),"i18nFormat"===e.type&&(this.modules.i18nFormat=e),"postProcessor"===e.type&&L.addPostProcessor(e),"formatter"===e.type&&(this.modules.formatter=e),"3rdParty"===e.type&&this.modules.external.push(e),this}setResolvedLanguage(e){if(e&&this.languages&&!(["cimode","dev"].indexOf(e)>-1))for(let e=0;e<this.languages.length;e++){const t=this.languages[e];if(!(["cimode","dev"].indexOf(t)>-1)&&this.store.hasLanguageSomeTranslations(t)){this.resolvedLanguage=t;break}}}changeLanguage(e,t){var s=this;this.isLanguageChangingTo=e;const o=n();this.emit("languageChanging",e);const r=e=>{this.language=e,this.languages=this.services.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(e),this.resolvedLanguage=void 0,this.setResolvedLanguage(e)},a=(e,i)=>{i?(r(i),this.translator.changeLanguage(i),this.isLanguageChangingTo=void 0,this.emit("languageChanged",i),this.logger.log("languageChanged",i)):this.isLanguageChangingTo=void 0,o.resolve((function(){return s.t(...arguments)})),t&&t(e,(function(){return s.t(...arguments)}))},l=t=>{e||t||!this.services.languageDetector||(t=[]);const s=i(t)?t:this.services.languageUtils.getBestMatchFromCodes(t);s&&(this.language||r(s),this.translator.language||this.translator.changeLanguage(s),this.services.languageDetector?.cacheUserLanguage?.(s)),this.loadResources(s,(e=>{a(e,s)}))};return e||!this.services.languageDetector||this.services.languageDetector.async?!e&&this.services.languageDetector&&this.services.languageDetector.async?0===this.services.languageDetector.detect.length?this.services.languageDetector.detect().then(l):this.services.languageDetector.detect(l):l(e):l(this.services.languageDetector.detect()),o}getFixedT(e,t,s){var n=this;const o=function(e,t){let i;if("object"!=typeof t){for(var r=arguments.length,a=new Array(r>2?r-2:0),l=2;l<r;l++)a[l-2]=arguments[l];i=n.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler([e,t].concat(a))}else i={...t};i.lng=i.lng||o.lng,i.lngs=i.lngs||o.lngs,i.ns=i.ns||o.ns,""!==i.keyPrefix&&(i.keyPrefix=i.keyPrefix||s||o.keyPrefix);const c=n.options.keySeparator||".";let u;return u=i.keyPrefix&&Array.isArray(e)?e.map((e=>`${i.keyPrefix}${c}${e}`)):i.keyPrefix?`${i.keyPrefix}${c}${e}`:e,n.t(u,i)};return i(e)?o.lng=e:o.lngs=e,o.ns=t,o.keyPrefix=s,o}t(){for(var e=arguments.length,t=new Array(e),s=0;s<e;s++)t[s]=arguments[s];return this.translator?.translate(...t)}exists(){for(var e=arguments.length,t=new Array(e),s=0;s<e;s++)t[s]=arguments[s];return this.translator?.exists(...t)}setDefaultNamespace(e){this.options.defaultNS=e}hasLoadedNamespace(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};if(!this.isInitialized)return this.logger.warn("hasLoadedNamespace: i18next was not initialized",this.languages),!1;if(!this.languages||!this.languages.length)return this.logger.warn("hasLoadedNamespace: i18n.languages were undefined or empty",this.languages),!1;const s=t.lng||this.resolvedLanguage||this.languages[0],i=!!this.options&&this.options.fallbackLng,n=this.languages[this.languages.length-1];if("cimode"===s.toLowerCase())return!0;const o=(e,t)=>{const s=this.services.backendConnector.state[`${e}|${t}`];return-1===s||0===s||2===s};if(t.precheck){const e=t.precheck(this,o);if(void 0!==e)return e}return!!this.hasResourceBundle(s,e)||(!(this.services.backendConnector.backend&&(!this.options.resources||this.options.partialBundledLanguages))||!(!o(s,e)||i&&!o(n,e)))}loadNamespaces(e,t){const s=n();return this.options.ns?(i(e)&&(e=[e]),e.forEach((e=>{this.options.ns.indexOf(e)<0&&this.options.ns.push(e)})),this.loadResources((e=>{s.resolve(),t&&t(e)})),s):(t&&t(),Promise.resolve())}loadLanguages(e,t){const s=n();i(e)&&(e=[e]);const o=this.options.preload||[],r=e.filter((e=>o.indexOf(e)<0&&this.services.languageUtils.isSupportedCode(e)));return r.length?(this.options.preload=o.concat(r),this.loadResources((e=>{s.resolve(),t&&t(e)})),s):(t&&t(),Promise.resolve())}dir(e){if(e||(e=this.resolvedLanguage||(this.languages?.length>0?this.languages[0]:this.language)),!e)return"rtl";const t=this.services?.languageUtils||new j(F());return["ar","shu","sqr","ssh","xaa","yhd","yud","aao","abh","abv","acm","acq","acw","acx","acy","adf","ads","aeb","aec","afb","ajp","apc","apd","arb","arq","ars","ary","arz","auz","avl","ayh","ayl","ayn","ayp","bbz","pga","he","iw","ps","pbt","pbu","pst","prp","prd","ug","ur","ydd","yds","yih","ji","yi","hbo","men","xmn","fa","jpr","peo","pes","prs","dv","sam","ckb"].indexOf(t.getLanguagePartFromCode(e))>-1||e.toLowerCase().indexOf("-arab")>1?"rtl":"ltr"}static createInstance(){return new H(arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0)}cloneInstance(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:U;const s=e.forkResourceStore;s&&delete e.forkResourceStore;const i={...this.options,...e,isClone:!0},n=new H(i);void 0===e.debug&&void 0===e.prefix||(n.logger=n.logger.clone(e));return["store","services","language"].forEach((e=>{n[e]=this[e]})),n.services={...this.services},n.services.utils={hasLoadedNamespace:n.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(n)},s&&(n.store=new w(this.store.data,i),n.services.resourceStore=n.store),n.translator=new P(n.services,i),n.translator.on("*",(function(e){for(var t=arguments.length,s=new Array(t>1?t-1:0),i=1;i<t;i++)s[i-1]=arguments[i];n.emit(e,...s)})),n.init(i,t),n.translator.options=i,n.translator.backendConnector.services.utils={hasLoadedNamespace:n.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(n)},n}toJSON(){return{options:this.options,store:this.store,language:this.language,languages:this.languages,resolvedLanguage:this.resolvedLanguage}}}const 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