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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Precursors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Precursors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Spread</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Process</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Process subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roasts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roasts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Roasts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roasts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Variables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Machines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Machines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Machines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Machines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Espresso-based_drinks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Espresso-based_drinks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Espresso-based drinks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Espresso-based_drinks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Espresso</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Espresso" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88" title="قهوة إسبريسو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قهوة إسبريسو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_espreso" title="Café espreso – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Café espreso" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Espresso" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Espresso" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Эспрэса – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эспрэса" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Еспресо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Еспресо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Espresso" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A8_expr%C3%A9s" title="Cafè exprés – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cafè exprés" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Espresso" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Espresso" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Espresso" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Espresso" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Espresso" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%83%CF%80%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%BF" title="Εσπρέσο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εσπρέσο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_expreso" title="Café expreso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Café expreso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espreso" title="Espreso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Espreso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafe_espres" title="Kafe espres – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kafe espres" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88" title="اسپرسو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسپرسو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expresso" title="Expresso – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Expresso" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%8A%A4%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EC%86%8C" title="에스프레소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에스프레소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BD%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B8" title="Էսպրեսո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էսպրեսո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Espresso" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espreso" title="Espreso – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Espreso" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Espresso" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espress%C3%B3" title="Espressó – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Espressó" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_espresso" title="Caffè espresso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caffè espresso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%95" title="אספרסו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אספרסו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espreso" title="Espreso – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Espreso" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D" title="ესპრესო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ესპრესო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Эспрессо – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эспрессо" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%AA%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%AA%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%8A" title="ເອສເປຣສໂຊ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເອສເປຣສໂຊ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafea_expressa" title="Cafea expressa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cafea expressa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espreso" title="Espreso – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Espreso" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresas" title="Espresas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Espresas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A8_espress" title="Cafè espress – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cafè espress" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Еспресо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еспресо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Espresso" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%9E%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%AB" title="ꯑꯦꯁ꯭ꯞꯔꯦꯁꯣ꯫ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯦꯁ꯭ꯞꯔꯦꯁꯣ꯫" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Эспрессо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эспрессо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Espresso" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B9%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%82%BD" title="エスプレッソ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エスプレッソ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Espresso" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Espresso" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Espresso" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B" title="ਐਸਪ੍ਰੈਸੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਸਪ੍ਰੈਸੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Espresso" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Espresso" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_expresso" title="Café expresso – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Café expresso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Espresso" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Эспрессо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эспрессо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Espresso" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espreso_(k%C3%A1va)" title="Espreso (káva) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Espreso (káva)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekspresna_kava" title="Ekspresna kava – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ekspresna kava" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espreso" title="Espreso – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Espreso" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Espresso" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Espresso" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Espresso" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B" title="เอสเปรสโซ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอสเปรสโซ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Espresso" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Еспресо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еспресо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88" title="اسپرسو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسپرسو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%88_(%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%B2_%D9%82%DB%95%DA%BE%DB%8B%DB%95)" title="ئەسپرەسسو (تېز قەھۋە) – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئەسپرەسسو (تېز قەھۋە)" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Espresso" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%93%E7%BC%A9%E5%92%96%E5%95%A1" title="浓缩咖啡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="浓缩咖啡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%BF%83%E5%92%96%E5%95%A1" title="特濃咖啡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="特濃咖啡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of strong coffee</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the coffee beverage. For the song, see <a href="/wiki/Espresso_(song)" title="Espresso (song)">Espresso (song)</a>. For magazine, see <a href="/wiki/L%27Espresso" title="L'Espresso"><i>L'Espresso</i></a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Espresso_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Espresso (disambiguation)">Espresso (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn ingredient">Espresso</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tazzina_di_caff%C3%A8_a_Ventimiglia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tazzina_di_caff%C3%A8_a_Ventimiglia.jpg/250px-Tazzina_di_caff%C3%A8_a_Ventimiglia.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tazzina_di_caff%C3%A8_a_Ventimiglia.jpg/375px-Tazzina_di_caff%C3%A8_a_Ventimiglia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tazzina_di_caff%C3%A8_a_Ventimiglia.jpg/500px-Tazzina_di_caff%C3%A8_a_Ventimiglia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2970" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A cup of espresso in <a href="/wiki/Ventimiglia" title="Ventimiglia">Ventimiglia</a>, Italy</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Country of origin </span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">1901</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color</th><td class="infobox-data">Brown, black</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Coffee, brewed, espresso, restaurant-prepared</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8.4 kJ (2.0 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.2</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.1</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">15%</div> 0.2 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">33%</div> 5.2 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">19%</div> 80 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">97.8 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Theobromine</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Caffeine</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">212 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/171891/nutrients">Link to Full USDA Nutrient Report</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Espresso</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bb\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Back_ache-espresso.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Back_ache-espresso.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Back ache-espresso.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Back_ache-espresso.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Back_ache-espresso.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Back_ache-espresso.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Back ache-espresso.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[eˈsprɛsso]</a></span>) is a concentrated form of <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> produced by forcing hot water under high pressure through finely ground coffee beans. Originating in Italy, espresso has become one of the most popular coffee-brewing methods worldwide. It is characterized by its small serving size, typically 25–30 ml, and its distinctive layers: a dark body topped with a lighter-colored foam called "crema". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Espresso_machine" title="Espresso machine">Espresso machines</a> use pressure to extract a highly concentrated coffee with a complex flavor profile in a short time, usually 25–30 seconds. The result is a beverage with a higher concentration of suspended and dissolved solids than regular <a href="/wiki/Drip_coffee" title="Drip coffee">drip coffee</a>, giving espresso its characteristic body and intensity.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the stronger taste profile, espresso typically contains fewer milligrams of caffeine than a standard serving of drip-brewed coffee.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Espresso serves as the base for other coffee drinks, including <a href="/wiki/Cappuccino" title="Cappuccino">cappuccino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latte" title="Latte">caffè latte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_americano" title="Caffè americano">americano</a>. It can be made with various types of coffee beans and roast levels, allowing for a wide range of flavors and strengths. The quality of an espresso is influenced by factors such as the grind size, water temperature, pressure, and the barista's skill in tamping the coffee grounds. </p><p>While espresso contains more caffeine per unit volume than most coffee beverages, its typical serving size results in less caffeine per serving compared to larger drinks such as drip coffee. The cultural significance of espresso extends beyond its consumption, playing a central role in <a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">coffee shop</a> culture and the <a href="/wiki/Third-wave_coffee" title="Third-wave coffee">third-wave coffee movement</a>, which emphasizes artisanal production and high-quality beans. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_spelling">Etymology and spelling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espresso&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and spelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some English dictionaries translate <i>espresso</i> as 'pressed-out',<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the word also conveys the senses of <i>expressly for you</i> and <i>quickly</i>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The words <i>express</i>, <i>expres</i> and <i>espresso</i> each have several meanings in English, French and Italian. The first meaning is to do with the idea of "expressing" ("pressing out of") or squeezing the flavour from the coffee using the pressure of the steam. The second meaning is to do with speed, as in a train. Finally there is the notion of doing something "expressly" for a person ... The first Bezzera and Pavoni espresso machines in 1906 took 45 seconds to make a cup of coffee, one at a time, expressly for you.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBersten199399_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBersten199399-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Modern espresso, using hot water under pressure, as pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Gaggia" title="Gaggia">Gaggia</a> in the 1940s, was originally called <i><a href="/wiki/Crema_caff%C3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Crema caffè">crema caffè</a></i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">cream coffee</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), as seen on old Gaggia machines, due to the crema.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2007_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spelling <i>expresso</i> is mostly considered incorrect, although some sources call it a less common variant.<sup id="cite_ref-diction_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diction-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is common in French and Portuguese. Italy uses the term <i>espresso</i>, substituting <i>s</i> for most <i>x</i> letters in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>-root words, with the term deriving from the past participle of the Italian verb <i>esprimere</i>, itself derived from the Latin <i>exprimere</i>, which means 'to express', and refers to the process by which hot water is forced under pressure through ground coffee;<sup id="cite_ref-philips_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philips-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>x</i> is not considered part of the standard <a href="/wiki/Italian_orthography#Alphabet" title="Italian orthography">Italian alphabet</a>. Italians commonly refer to espresso simply as <i><a href="/wiki/Coffee_in_Italy" title="Coffee in Italy">caffè</a></i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">coffee</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), espresso being the ordinary coffee to order. The same happens in Portugal (<i>café</i>), with some regional variations (<i><a href="/wiki/Bica_(coffee)" title="Bica (coffee)">bica</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> and <i>cimbalino</i> traditionally in <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>). In Spain, while <i>café expreso</i> is seen as the more formal denomination, <i>café solo</i> (alone, without milk) is the usual way to ask for it at an espresso bar. Some sources state that <i>expresso</i> is an incorrect spelling, including <i>Garner's Modern American Usage</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-slate.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slate.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the 'expresso' spelling is recognized as mainstream usage in some American dictionaries,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some cooking websites call the 'x' variant illegitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oxford Dictionaries online states: "The spelling <i>expresso</i> is not used in the original Italian and is strictly incorrect, although it is common."<sup id="cite_ref-oxforddictionaries.com_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxforddictionaries.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> and <i>Merriam-Webster</i> call it a variant spelling.<sup id="cite_ref-slate.com_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slate.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i> calls <i>expresso</i> a variant of <i>espresso</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline.com_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline.com-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style</i> (2000) describes the spelling <i>expresso</i> as "wrong", and specifies <i>espresso</i> as the only correct form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarner2000129–130_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarner2000129–130-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third edition of <a href="/wiki/H._W._Fowler" title="H. W. Fowler">Fowler</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_Modern_English_Usage" title="A Dictionary of Modern English Usage">Modern English Usage</a></i>, published by the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> in 1996, noted that the form <i>espresso</i> "has entirely driven out the variant <i>expresso</i> (which was presumably invented under the impression that it meant 'fast, express')".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurchfield1996286_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurchfield1996286-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espresso&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espresso&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Precursors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angelo-moriondo-portrait-espresso-machine-inventor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Angelo-moriondo-portrait-espresso-machine-inventor.jpg/220px-Angelo-moriondo-portrait-espresso-machine-inventor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Angelo-moriondo-portrait-espresso-machine-inventor.jpg/330px-Angelo-moriondo-portrait-espresso-machine-inventor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Angelo-moriondo-portrait-espresso-machine-inventor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Moriondo" title="Angelo Moriondo">Angelo Moriondo</a>, inventor of an important precursor of the espresso machine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Espresso-machine-first-patent-angelo-moriondo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Espresso-machine-first-patent-angelo-moriondo.jpg/220px-Espresso-machine-first-patent-angelo-moriondo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Espresso-machine-first-patent-angelo-moriondo.jpg/330px-Espresso-machine-first-patent-angelo-moriondo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Espresso-machine-first-patent-angelo-moriondo.jpg/440px-Espresso-machine-first-patent-angelo-moriondo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>First patent (vol. 33 n. 256, 1884) for the espresso machine, by Angelo Moriondo</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Moriondo" title="Angelo Moriondo">Angelo Moriondo</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, patented a <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Moriondo#First_espresso_machine" title="Angelo Moriondo">steam-driven "instantaneous" coffee beverage making device</a> in 1884 (No. 33/256). The device is "almost certainly the first Italian bar machine that controlled the supply of steam and water separately through the coffee" and Moriondo is "certainly one of the earliest discoverers of the expresso  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] machine, if not the earliest". He was granted patent no. 33/256 dated 16 May 1884 (according to the "Bollettino delle privative industriali del Regno d'Italia", 2nd Series, Volume 15, Year 1884, pp. 635 – 655).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBersten1993105_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBersten1993105-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike true espresso machines, it brewed in bulk, not as individual servings. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bezzera_%26_caff%C3%A8_espresso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bezzera_%26_caff%C3%A8_espresso.jpg/220px-Bezzera_%26_caff%C3%A8_espresso.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bezzera_%26_caff%C3%A8_espresso.jpg/330px-Bezzera_%26_caff%C3%A8_espresso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bezzera_%26_caff%C3%A8_espresso.jpg/440px-Bezzera_%26_caff%C3%A8_espresso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Bezzera" title="Luigi Bezzera">Luigi Bezzera</a> and one of the first espresso machines at the World Expo 1906 in Milan, Italy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bezzera_Eagle_2_Coffee_Maker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bezzera_Eagle_2_Coffee_Maker.jpg/170px-Bezzera_Eagle_2_Coffee_Maker.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bezzera_Eagle_2_Coffee_Maker.jpg/255px-Bezzera_Eagle_2_Coffee_Maker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bezzera_Eagle_2_Coffee_Maker.jpg/340px-Bezzera_Eagle_2_Coffee_Maker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Bezzera Eagle 2 Coffee Maker, presented at Central Cafe Budapest</figcaption></figure> <p>Seventeen years later, in 1901, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Bezzera" title="Luigi Bezzera">Luigi Bezzera</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, devised and patented several improvements to the espresso machine, the first of which was applied for on 19 December 1901. Titled "Innovations in the machinery to prepare and immediately serve coffee beverage"; Patent No. 153/94, 61707, was granted on 5 June 1902. In 1903, the patent was bought by Desiderio Pavoni, who founded the La Pavoni company and began to produce the machine industrially, manufacturing one machine daily in a small workshop in Via Parini, Milan.<sup id="cite_ref-Stamp_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stamp-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread">Spread</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espresso&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spread"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Espresso" title="Special:EditPage/Espresso">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A detailed discussion of the spread of espresso is given in (<a href="#CITEREFMorris2007">Morris 2007</a>). In Italy, the rise of espresso consumption was associated with <a href="/wiki/Industrial_society" title="Industrial society">industrialization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>, notably in Turin, Genoa, and Milan, in northwest Italy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Italians also spread <a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">espresso culture</a> into their <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East African</a> colonies, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Somalia">Italian Somalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third-wave coffee movement encompasses espresso machines as a broader coffee culture that values relationships with growers and importers and the craftsmanship involved in making specific coffee-based drinks. The mention of brands such as Synesso, La Marzocco, and Slayer, known for their top-notch equipment, highlights the differences between traditional espresso machines and super-automatic machines to achieve a complete coffee preparation.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espresso&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Espresso is generally thicker than coffee brewed by other methods, with a viscosity similar to that of warm honey. This is due to the higher concentration of <a href="/wiki/Suspended_solids" title="Suspended solids">suspended</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dissolved_solids" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolved solids">dissolved solids</a> and the crema on top (a foam with a creamy consistency).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the pressurized brewing process, the flavors and chemicals in a typical cup of espresso are very concentrated. </p><p>Espresso contains more <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a> per unit volume than most coffee beverages, but as its usual serving size of 25–30 ml (1 US oz) is much smaller than other coffee drinks, the overall caffeine content of a single "serving" of espresso is generally lower than that of other coffees.<sup id="cite_ref-Mr._Coffee_blog_post_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mr._Coffee_blog_post-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the exact caffeine content of any coffee drink will vary, a typical 30 millilitres (1 US fluid ounce) serving of espresso contains approximately 65 milligrams of caffeine, but a typical 240 millilitres (8 US fluid ounces) serving of drip coffee contains 150–200 mg of caffeine.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three dispersed phases in espresso are what make the beverage unique. The first dispersed phase is an emulsion of oil droplets. The second phase is suspended solids, while the third is the layer of gas bubbles or foam. The dispersion of very small oil droplets is perceived in the mouth as creamy. This characteristic of espresso contributes to what is known as the body of the beverage. These oil droplets preserve some of the aromatic compounds that are lost to the air in other coffee forms, enhancing the strong flavor of espresso.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIllyViani2005_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIllyViani2005-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crema is a layer of dense foam that forms on top of the drink.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consists of <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsified</a> oils in the ground coffee turned into a <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloid</a>, which does not occur in other brewing methods. Crema is produced when water placed under very high pressure dissolves more carbon dioxide, a gas present inside the coffee that is produced during the roasting process.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Espresso is served on its own, and is also used as the base for various other coffee drinks, including <a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_latte" class="mw-redirect" title="Caffè latte">caffè latte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cappuccino" title="Cappuccino">cappuccino</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_macchiato" title="Caffè macchiato">caffè macchiato</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_mocha" title="Caffè mocha">caffè mocha</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Flat_white" title="Flat white">flat white</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_americano" title="Caffè americano">americano</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espresso&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linea_doubleespresso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Linea_doubleespresso.jpg/220px-Linea_doubleespresso.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Linea_doubleespresso.jpg/330px-Linea_doubleespresso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Linea_doubleespresso.jpg/440px-Linea_doubleespresso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Espresso brewing</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fine_espresso.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Fine_espresso.png/220px-Fine_espresso.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Fine_espresso.png/330px-Fine_espresso.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Fine_espresso.png/440px-Fine_espresso.png 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="936" /></a><figcaption>Finely ground coffee for espresso</figcaption></figure> <p>Espresso is made by forcing very hot water under high pressure through finely ground compacted coffee. There is no universal standard defining the process of extracting espresso,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but several published definitions attempt to constrain the amount and type of ground coffee used, the temperature and pressure of the water, and the rate of extraction.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, one uses an <a href="/wiki/Espresso_machine" title="Espresso machine">espresso machine</a> to make espresso. </p><p>The act of producing a shot of espresso is often called "pulling" a shot, originating from lever espresso machines, with which a <a href="/wiki/Barista" title="Barista">barista</a> pulls down a handle attached to a spring-loaded piston, which forces hot water through the coffee at high pressure. However, it is more common for an electric pump to generate the pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Coffee_tamping" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee tamping">Tamping</a> down the coffee promotes the water's even penetration through the grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process produces a thicker beverage by extracting both solid and dissolved components. </p><p>The technical parameters outlined by the Italian Espresso National Institute for making a "certified Italian espresso" are:<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Parameter </th> <th>Value </th></tr> <tr> <td>Necessary portion of ground coffee </td> <td>7 g ± 0,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Exit temperature of water from unit </td> <td>88 °C ± 2 °C </td></tr> <tr> <td>Temperature in cup </td> <td>67 °C ± 3 °C </td></tr> <tr> <td>Entry water pressure </td> <td>9 bar ± 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Percolation time </td> <td>25 ± 5 seconds </td></tr> <tr> <td>Viscosity at 45 °C </td> <td>> 1,5 mPa s </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total fat </td> <td>> 2 mg/ml </td></tr> <tr> <td>Caffeine </td> <td>< 100 mg/cup </td></tr> <tr> <td>Volume in cup (including crema) </td> <td>25 ml ± 2,5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roasts">Roasts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espresso&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Roasts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Any bean or roasting level can be used to produce authentic espresso. For example, in southern Italy, a darker roast is generally preferred. Farther north, the trend moves toward slightly lighter roasts, while outside Italy a wide range is popular.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIllyIlly1992_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIllyIlly1992-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variables">Variables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espresso&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Variables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Doppio" title="Doppio">Doppio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ristretto" title="Ristretto">Ristretto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lungo" title="Lungo">Lungo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Espresso" title="Special:EditPage/Espresso">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doppio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Doppio.jpg/220px-Doppio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Doppio.jpg/330px-Doppio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Doppio.jpg/440px-Doppio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Extracting a <a href="/wiki/Doppio" title="Doppio">doppio</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doppio_ristretto_Chiang_Mai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Doppio_ristretto_Chiang_Mai.jpg/220px-Doppio_ristretto_Chiang_Mai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Doppio_ristretto_Chiang_Mai.jpg/330px-Doppio_ristretto_Chiang_Mai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Doppio_ristretto_Chiang_Mai.jpg/440px-Doppio_ristretto_Chiang_Mai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A double <a href="/wiki/Ristretto" title="Ristretto">ristretto</a> with the first half of the shot in the glass at the bottom of the image, and the second half in the glass on the right</figcaption></figure> <p>The main variables in a shot of espresso are the "size" and "length".<sup id="cite_ref-hbbr_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hbbr-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gimmie_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gimmie-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This terminology is standardized, but the precise sizes and proportions vary substantially. </p><p>Cafés may have a standardized shot (size and length), such as "triple <a href="/wiki/Ristretto" title="Ristretto">ristretto</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-gimmie_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gimmie-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only varying the number of shots in espresso-based drinks such as lattes, but not changing the <a href="/wiki/Espresso_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Espresso extraction">extraction</a>. Changing between a double and a triple requires changing the filter basket size, while changing between ristretto, <i>normale</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Lungo" title="Lungo">lungo</a> may require changing the grind. </p><p>The size can be a single, double, or triple, using a proportional amount of ground coffee, roughly 7, 14, and 21 grams; correspondingly sized filter baskets are used. The Italian <a href="/wiki/Multiplier_(linguistics)" title="Multiplier (linguistics)">multiplier</a> term <i>doppio</i> is often used for a double, with <i>solo</i> and <i>triplo</i> being more rarely used for singles and triples. The single shot is the traditional shot size, being the maximum that could easily be pulled on a lever machine. Single baskets are sharply tapered or stepped down in diameter to provide comparable depth to the double baskets and, therefore, comparable resistance to water pressure. Most double baskets are gently tapered (the "Faema model"), while others, such as the La Marzocco, have straight sides. Triple baskets are normally straight-sided. Portafilters will often come with two spouts, usually closely spaced, and a double-size basket. Each spout can optionally dispense into a separate cup, yielding two <i>solo</i>-size (but doppio-brewed) shots, or into a single cup (hence the close spacing). True <i>solo</i> shots are rare, with a single shot in a café generally being half of a doppio shot. In espresso-based drinks in America, particularly larger milk-based drinks, a drink with three or four shots of espresso will be called "triple" or "quad", respectively.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The length of the shot can be ristretto (or <i>stretto</i>) (reduced), <i>normale</i> or standard (normal), or lungo (long):<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these may correspond to a smaller or larger drink with the same amount of ground coffee and same level of extraction or to different length of extraction. Proportions vary, and the volume (and low density) of crema makes volume-based comparisons difficult (precise measurement uses the mass of the drink). Typically, ristretto is half the volume of <i>normale</i>, and lungo is double to triple the <i>normale</i> volume. For a double shot (14 grams of dry coffee), a <i>normale</i> uses about 60 ml of water. A double ristretto, a common form associated with espresso, uses half the amount of water, about 30 ml. Ristretto a shorter sweeter shot of espresso with less water,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>normale</i>, and lungo may not simply be the same shot stopped at different times (which could result in an under- or over-extracted shot), but have the grind adjusted (finer for ristretto, coarser for lungo) to achieve the target volume.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A significantly longer shot is the <i><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_crema" title="Caffè crema">caffè crema</a></i>, which is longer than a lungo, ranging in size from 120–240 ml (4.2–8.4 imp fl oz; 4.1–8.1 US fl oz), and brewed in the same way, with a coarser grind. Passing too much water through the ground coffee can add other, potentially unpleasant flavors to the espresso.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Machines">Machines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espresso&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Machines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Espresso_machine" title="Espresso machine">Espresso machine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Espresso" title="Special:EditPage/Espresso">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_Arduino_-_Athena_Leva-edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Victoria_Arduino_-_Athena_Leva-edit.jpg/220px-Victoria_Arduino_-_Athena_Leva-edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Victoria_Arduino_-_Athena_Leva-edit.jpg/330px-Victoria_Arduino_-_Athena_Leva-edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Victoria_Arduino_-_Athena_Leva-edit.jpg/440px-Victoria_Arduino_-_Athena_Leva-edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1143" data-file-height="1266" /></a><figcaption>A manual Italian handmade espresso machine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EspressoMachine_20200223_151208.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/EspressoMachine_20200223_151208.jpg/220px-EspressoMachine_20200223_151208.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/EspressoMachine_20200223_151208.jpg/330px-EspressoMachine_20200223_151208.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/EspressoMachine_20200223_151208.jpg/440px-EspressoMachine_20200223_151208.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4267" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>An automatic Italian handmade espresso machine</figcaption></figure> <p>Home <a href="/wiki/Espresso_machine" title="Espresso machine">espresso machines</a> have increased in popularity with the general rise of interest in espresso. Today, a wide range of home espresso equipment can be found in kitchen and appliance stores, online vendors, and department stores. The first espresso machine for home use was the <a href="/wiki/Gaggia" title="Gaggia">Gaggia</a> Gilda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBersten1993131_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBersten1993131-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon afterwards, similar machines such as the Faema Faemina, FE-AR La Peppina, and VAM Caravel followed suit, with similar form factors and operational principles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBersten1993132–133_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBersten1993132–133-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These machines still have a small but dedicated share of fans. Until the advent of the first small electrical pump-based espresso machines, such as the Gaggia Baby and Quickmill 810, home espresso machines were not widely adopted. In recent years, the increased availability of convenient countertop fully automatic home espresso makers and pod-based espresso serving systems has increased the quantity of espresso consumed at home. The popularity of home espresso making parallels the increase of <a href="/wiki/Home_roasting_coffee" title="Home roasting coffee">home coffee roasting</a>. Some amateurs pursue both home roasting coffee and making espresso.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Espresso-based_drinks">Espresso-based drinks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espresso&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Espresso-based drinks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_drinks#Espresso" title="List of coffee drinks">List of coffee drinks § Espresso</a></div> <p>In addition to being served alone, espresso is frequently blended, notably with <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, either <a href="/wiki/Steaming" title="Steaming">steamed</a> (without significant <a href="/wiki/Foam" title="Foam">foam</a>), wet foamed (<a href="/wiki/Microfoam" title="Microfoam">microfoam</a>) and dry foamed, or with hot water.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type </th> <th>Drink volume </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Espresso </td> <td>25–30 ml (0.85–1.01 US fl oz) </td> <td>The basic drink from which other milk and non-milk coffee drinks are based. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ristretto" title="Ristretto">Ristretto</a> </td> <td>20 ml (0.68 US fl oz) </td> <td>Condensed espresso to approximately 20 ml. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_macchiato" title="Caffè macchiato">Macchiato</a> </td> <td>30–40 ml (1.0–1.4 US fl oz) </td> <td>Macchiato means 'spot' or 'stain' in Italian. According to the classic Italian method, a spoonful of milk foam is added to the espresso, according to the modern method, it is filled to the edge of the cup with microfoam. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lungo" title="Lungo">Lungo</a> </td> <td>60 ml (2.0 US fl oz) </td> <td>Espresso pulled with double the amount of water. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_americano" title="Caffè americano">Americano</a> </td> <td>150–180 ml (5.1–6.1 US fl oz) </td> <td>Espresso topped up with hot water in a ratio of 1:5. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Long_black" title="Long black">Long black</a> </td> <td>150–180 ml (5.1–6.1 US fl oz) </td> <td>Similar to an americano, but on the contrary, the espresso is poured into the hot water.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cappuccino" title="Cappuccino">Cappuccino</a> </td> <td>150–180 ml (5.1–6.1 US fl oz) </td> <td>It is prepared as an espresso with a large amount of milk and milk foam. <a href="/wiki/Latte_art" title="Latte art">Latte art</a> technique is often painted into the drink. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latte" title="Latte">Caffè latte</a> </td> <td>250–280 ml (8.5–9.5 US fl oz) </td> <td>At least 210 g of lightly whipped milk with foam at a temperature of 58–70 °C is poured into the espresso. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Latte_macchiato" title="Latte macchiato">Latte macchiato</a></i> </td> <td>250 ml (8.5 US fl oz) </td> <td>Milk and milk foam are poured into a tall glass, which is left to stand for at least half a minute, then one shot of espresso is poured into it, creating three colored layers. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 652px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ristretto_-_by_Charles_Haynes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ristretto"><img alt="Ristretto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ristretto_-_by_Charles_Haynes.jpg/120px-Ristretto_-_by_Charles_Haynes.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ristretto_-_by_Charles_Haynes.jpg/180px-Ristretto_-_by_Charles_Haynes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ristretto_-_by_Charles_Haynes.jpg/240px-Ristretto_-_by_Charles_Haynes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ristretto</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Macchiato_(7199366530).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Macchiato"><img alt="Macchiato" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Macchiato_%287199366530%29.jpg/120px-Macchiato_%287199366530%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Macchiato_%287199366530%29.jpg/180px-Macchiato_%287199366530%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Macchiato_%287199366530%29.jpg/240px-Macchiato_%287199366530%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Macchiato</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carajillo_en_Duralex_Cigogne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lungo"><img alt="Lungo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Carajillo_en_Duralex_Cigogne.jpg/120px-Carajillo_en_Duralex_Cigogne.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Carajillo_en_Duralex_Cigogne.jpg/180px-Carajillo_en_Duralex_Cigogne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Carajillo_en_Duralex_Cigogne.jpg/240px-Carajillo_en_Duralex_Cigogne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3013" data-file-height="2704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lungo</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Espresso_Americano.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Americano"><img alt="Americano" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Espresso_Americano.jpeg/120px-Espresso_Americano.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Espresso_Americano.jpeg/180px-Espresso_Americano.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Espresso_Americano.jpeg/240px-Espresso_Americano.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Americano</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nero_Espresso_long_black_(3168418775).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Long black"><img alt="Long black" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Nero_Espresso_long_black_%283168418775%29.jpg/120px-Nero_Espresso_long_black_%283168418775%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Nero_Espresso_long_black_%283168418775%29.jpg/180px-Nero_Espresso_long_black_%283168418775%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Nero_Espresso_long_black_%283168418775%29.jpg/240px-Nero_Espresso_long_black_%283168418775%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Long black</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cappuccino_at_Sightglass_Coffee.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cappuccino"><img alt="Cappuccino" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cappuccino_at_Sightglass_Coffee.jpg/120px-Cappuccino_at_Sightglass_Coffee.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cappuccino_at_Sightglass_Coffee.jpg/180px-Cappuccino_at_Sightglass_Coffee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cappuccino_at_Sightglass_Coffee.jpg/240px-Cappuccino_at_Sightglass_Coffee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4642" data-file-height="3095" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cappuccino</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coffee_with_milk_(563800).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Preparation of caffè latte"><img alt="Preparation of caffè latte" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coffee_with_milk_%28563800%29.jpg/80px-Coffee_with_milk_%28563800%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coffee_with_milk_%28563800%29.jpg/120px-Coffee_with_milk_%28563800%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coffee_with_milk_%28563800%29.jpg/160px-Coffee_with_milk_%28563800%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="4080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Preparation of caffè latte</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latte_macchiato_with_coffee_beans.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Latte macchiato"><img alt="Latte macchiato" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Latte_macchiato_with_coffee_beans.jpg/84px-Latte_macchiato_with_coffee_beans.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Latte_macchiato_with_coffee_beans.jpg/126px-Latte_macchiato_with_coffee_beans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Latte_macchiato_with_coffee_beans.jpg/167px-Latte_macchiato_with_coffee_beans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="3150" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Latte macchiato</i></div> </li> </ul> <p>Other variants: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_crema" title="Caffè crema">Caffè crema</a></i>: "long" espresso from more water and coarser ground coffee, approximately 120–180 ml</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Espresso_con_panna" title="Espresso con panna">Espresso con panna</a></i>: espresso with cream</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Viennese coffee">Viennese coffee</a>: 2 shots of espresso with whipped cream</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_mocha" title="Caffè mocha">Caffè mocha</a></i>: caffè latte with chocolate</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Espresso_martini" title="Espresso martini">Espresso martini</a></i>: espresso with <a href="/wiki/List_of_liqueur_brands#Coffee_liqueurs" title="List of liqueur brands">coffee liqueur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodka</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_corretto" title="Caffè corretto">Caffè corretto</a></i> ('corrected coffee'): espresso with <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grappa" title="Grappa">grappa</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sambuca" title="Sambuca">sambuca</a></li> <li><i>Freddo espresso</i>: espresso is mixed with the sugar and ice in a drink mixer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espresso_and_tonic" title="Espresso and tonic">Espresso and tonic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espresso&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, 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portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-relax.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/28px-Emblem-relax.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/42px-Emblem-relax.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/56px-Emblem-relax.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Coffee" title="Portal:Coffee">Coffee portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_drinks" title="List of coffee drinks">List of coffee drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeinated_drink" title="Caffeinated drink">Caffeinated drink</a> – type of drink</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_macchiato" title="Caffè macchiato">Caffè macchiato</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppio" title="Doppio">Doppio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungo" title="Lungo">Lungo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ristretto" title="Ristretto">Ristretto</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espresso&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FDADailyValues-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FDADailyValues_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite 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In Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). <i>Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium</i>. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). pp. <span class="nowrap">120–</span>121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F25353">10.17226/25353</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1"><bdi>978-0-309-48834-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154">30844154</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The x spelling actually has considerable historical precedent"</a>. <i>Slate Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate+Magazine&rft.atitle=Espresso+or+expresso%3F+The+x+spelling+actually+has+considerable+historical+precedent&rft.date=2014-08-18&rft.au=Ben+Yagoda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fblogs%2Flexicon_valley%2F2014%2F08%2F18%2Fespresso_or_expresso_the_x_spelling_actually_has_considerable_historical.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEspresso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/expresso">Expresso. Merriam-webster.com (13 August 2010). 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Retrieved on 13 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901142626/http://www.espressopeople.com/guides/espresso/whatis">Archived</a> 1 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016074645/https://espresso.net/blog/expresso-or-espresso/">"The Great Debate: Espresso vs. Expresso"</a>. <i>Espresso Blog</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coffeeandteaperceptionsandillusions.files.wordpress.com/2018/08/the-moriondo-patent-discovery-and-dr-sebastien-delprat-from-france-final-pdf.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+first+Espresso+machine+-+Angelo+Moriondo&rft.aulast=Bersten&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoffeeandteaperceptionsandillusions.files.wordpress.com%2F2018%2F08%2Fthe-moriondo-patent-discovery-and-dr-sebastien-delprat-from-france-final-pdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEspresso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBersten1993105-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBersten1993105_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBersten1993">Bersten 1993</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stamp-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stamp_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStamp2012" class="citation web cs1">Stamp, Jimmy (June 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-long-history-of-the-espresso-machine-126012814/">"The Long History of the Espresso Machine"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Long+History+of+the+Espresso+Machine&rft.pub=Smithsonian&rft.date=2012-06-19&rft.aulast=Stamp&rft.aufirst=Jimmy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Farts-culture%2Fthe-long-history-of-the-espresso-machine-126012814%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEspresso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Writing/Postcards/Africa/Postcard%20from%20Eritrea.htm">"Roger Blench: Postcard from Eritrea"</a>. <i>RogerBlench.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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October 24, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrcoffee.com/blog/archive/2014/october/the-great-debate%3A-does-espresso-or-drip-coffee-have-more-caffeine%3F.html">the original</a> on May 22, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Debate%3A+Does+Espresso+or+Drip+Coffee+Have+More+Caffeine%3F&rft.pub=Mr.+Coffee&rft.date=2014-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrcoffee.com%2Fblog%2Farchive%2F2014%2Foctober%2Fthe-great-debate%253A-does-espresso-or-drip-coffee-have-more-caffeine%253F.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEspresso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131124143904/http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4291">"Show Foods"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4291">the original</a> on November 24, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Show+Foods&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fndb.nal.usda.gov%2Fndb%2Ffoods%2Fshow%2F4291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEspresso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/caffeine/AN01211">How much caffeine is in your daily habit?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131122090248/http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4290">"Show Foods"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4290">the original</a> on November 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Show+Foods&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fndb.nal.usda.gov%2Fndb%2Ffoods%2Fshow%2F4290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEspresso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIllyViani2005-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIllyViani2005_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIllyViani2005">Illy & Viani 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512211256/http://www.seattlecoffeegear.com/learn/coffee-101/articles/what-is-crema">"What is Crema?"</a>. seattlecoffeegear. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlecoffeegear.com/learn/coffee-101/articles/what-is-crema">the original</a> on May 12, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Crema%3F&rft.pub=seattlecoffeegear&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattlecoffeegear.com%2Flearn%2Fcoffee-101%2Farticles%2Fwhat-is-crema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEspresso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/6372721/Espresso_Crema.html">"Espresso Crema"</a>. ChemistryViews.org. October 7, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Espresso+Crema&rft.pub=ChemistryViews.org&rft.date=2014-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemistryviews.org%2Fdetails%2Fezine%2F6372721%2FEspresso_Crema.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEspresso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmann2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Hoffmann" title="James Hoffmann">Hoffmann, James</a> (2018). <i>The World Atlas of Coffee 2nd Edition</i>. Great Britain: Mitchell Beazley. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78472-429-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78472-429-0"><bdi>978-1-78472-429-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Atlas+of+Coffee+2nd+Edition&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Mitchell+Beazley&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78472-429-0&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEspresso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.home-barista.com/espresso-guide-todays-scene.html">"Today's Espresso Scene"</a>. Home Barista<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Today%27s+Espresso+Scene&rft.pub=Home+Barista&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.home-barista.com%2Fespresso-guide-todays-scene.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEspresso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coffeeresearch.org/espresso/definitions.htm">"Espresso Coffee"</a>. Coffee Research Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Espresso+Coffee&rft.pub=Coffee+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coffeeresearch.org%2Fespresso%2Fdefinitions.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEspresso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espressoitaliano.org/doc/EIC%20-%20Eng%20-%20LQ.pdf">"L'Espresso Italiano Certificato"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Istituto Nazionale Espresso Italiano. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060609024348/http://www.espressoitaliano.org/doc/EIC%20-%20Eng%20-%20LQ.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 9, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27Espresso+Italiano+Certificato&rft.pub=Istituto+Nazionale+Espresso+Italiano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espressoitaliano.org%2Fdoc%2FEIC%2520-%2520Eng%2520-%2520LQ.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEspresso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavids2013" class="citation book cs1">Davids, Kenneth (October 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qYrWAAAAQBAJ&dq=Espresso+electric+pump&pg=PT52"><i>Espresso: Ultimate Coffee, Second Edition</i></a>. St. Martin's Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4668-5477-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4668-5477-2"><bdi>978-1-4668-5477-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Espresso%3A+Ultimate+Coffee%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2013-10-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4668-5477-2&rft.aulast=Davids&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqYrWAAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DEspresso%2Belectric%2Bpump%26pg%3DPT52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEspresso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coffeeresearch.org/espresso/tamping.htm">"Espresso Tamping"</a>. CoffeeResearch.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Espresso+Tamping&rft.pub=CoffeeResearch.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coffeeresearch.org%2Fespresso%2Ftamping.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEspresso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espressoitaliano.org/files/File/istituzionale_inei_hq_en.pdf">"Espresso Italiano Certificato"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Istituto Nazionale Espresso Italiano<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Espresso+Italiano+Certificato&rft.pub=Istituto+Nazionale+Espresso+Italiano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espressoitaliano.org%2Ffiles%2FFile%2Fistituzionale_inei_hq_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEspresso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIllyIlly1992-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIllyIlly1992_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIllyIlly1992">Illy & Illy 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hbbr-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hbbr_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.home-barista.com/tips/brewing-ratios-for-espresso-beverages-t2402.html">"Brewing ratios for espresso beverages"</a>. <i>Home-Barista.com</i>. November 13, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Home-Barista.com&rft.atitle=Brewing+ratios+for+espresso+beverages&rft.date=2006-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.home-barista.com%2Ftips%2Fbrewing-ratios-for-espresso-beverages-t2402.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEspresso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gimmie-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gimmie_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gimmie_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091009163124/http://www.gimmecoffee.com/galleries/anatomy_of_a_triple_ristretto/">Anatomy of a Triple Ristretto by Jeremy Gauger, Gimme Coffee, 17 March 2009</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmann1983" class="citation news cs1">Hofmann, Paul (August 7, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/08/07/travel/fare-of-the-country-in-italy-espresso-is-the-elixir-of-life.html">"Fare of the Country: In Italy, Espresso is the Elixir of Life"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Fare+of+the+Country%3A+In+Italy%2C+Espresso+is+the+Elixir+of+Life&rft.date=1983-08-07&rft.aulast=Hofmann&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1983%2F08%2F07%2Ftravel%2Ffare-of-the-country-in-italy-espresso-is-the-elixir-of-life.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEspresso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caffevibes.com/making-the-perfect-espresso-coffee/">"7 Essential Tips for Making the Perfect Espresso Coffee"</a>. January 25, 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=7+Essential+Tips+for+Making+the+Perfect+Espresso+Coffee&rft.date=2025-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaffevibes.com%2Fmaking-the-perfect-espresso-coffee%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEspresso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaw2024" class="citation web cs1">Haw, Matt (October 7, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://perfectdailygrind.com/2024/10/espresso-is-changing-specialty-coffee/">"Espresso is changing – but does it need to?"</a>. <i>Perfect Daily Grind</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perfect+Daily+Grind&rft.atitle=Espresso+is+changing+%E2%80%93+but+does+it+need+to%3F&rft.date=2024-10-07&rft.aulast=Haw&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fperfectdailygrind.com%2F2024%2F10%2Fespresso-is-changing-specialty-coffee%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEspresso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBersten1993131-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBersten1993131_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBersten1993">Bersten 1993</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBersten1993132–133-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBersten1993132–133_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBersten1993">Bersten 1993</a>, pp. 132–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin2010" class="citation book cs1">Kevin, Sinnott (2010). <i>The art and craft of coffee: an enthusiast's guide to selecting, roasting, and brewing exquisite coffee</i>. Beverly, Mass.: Quarry Books. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781592535637" title="Special:BookSources/9781592535637"><bdi>9781592535637</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/437298903">437298903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+art+and+craft+of+coffee%3A+an+enthusiast%27s+guide+to+selecting%2C+roasting%2C+and+brewing+exquisite+coffee&rft.place=Beverly%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Quarry+Books&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F437298903&rft.isbn=9781592535637&rft.aulast=Kevin&rft.aufirst=Sinnott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEspresso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leafbeanmachine.com.au/how-to-make-the-perfect-karvan-long-black/">"How To Make the Perfect Long Black Coffee"</a>. <i>Leaf Bean Machine</i>. December 10, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Leaf+Bean+Machine&rft.atitle=How+To+Make+the+Perfect+Long+Black+Coffee&rft.date=2022-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leafbeanmachine.com.au%2Fhow-to-make-the-perfect-karvan-long-black%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEspresso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espresso&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBersten1993" class="citation book cs1">Bersten, Ian (1993). <i>Coffee Floats Tea Sinks: Through History and Technology to a Complete Understanding</i>. Helian Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-09180-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-646-09180-8"><bdi>0-646-09180-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coffee+Floats+Tea+Sinks%3A+Through+History+and+Technology+to+a+Complete+Understanding&rft.pub=Helian+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-646-09180-8&rft.aulast=Bersten&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEspresso" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurchfield1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burchfield" title="Robert Burchfield">Burchfield, R. W.</a> (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newfowlersmodern00fowl"><i>Fowler's Modern English Usage</i></a></span> (third ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-869126-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-869126-6"><bdi>978-0-19-869126-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fowler%27s+Modern+English+Usage&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=third&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-869126-6&rft.aulast=Burchfield&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewfowlersmodern00fowl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEspresso" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner2000" class="citation book cs1">Garner, Bryan (2000). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513508-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513508-4"><bdi>978-0-19-513508-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+American+Usage+and+Style&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513508-4&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEspresso" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllyViani2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Illy" title="Andrea Illy">Illy, Andrea</a>; Viani, Rinantonio (2005). <i>Espresso: The Science of Quality</i>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-370371-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-370371-9"><bdi>0-12-370371-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Espresso%3A+The+Science+of+Quality&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-12-370371-9&rft.aulast=Illy&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=Viani%2C+Rinantonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEspresso" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllyIlly1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Illy" title="Francesco Illy">Illy, Francesco</a>; Illy, Riccardo (1992). <i>The Book of Coffee</i> (1st American ed.). New York: Abbeville Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55859-321-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55859-321-3"><bdi>978-1-55859-321-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Coffee&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+American&rft.pub=Abbeville+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-55859-321-3&rft.aulast=Illy&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft.au=Illy%2C+Riccardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEspresso" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2007" class="citation web cs1">Morris, Jonathan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/379110">"The Cappuccino Conquests: The Transnational History of Italian Coffee"</a>. <i>Academia.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hertfordshire" title="University of Hertfordshire">University of Hertfordshire</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia.org&rft.atitle=The+Cappuccino+Conquests%3A+The+Transnational+History+of+Italian+Coffee&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F379110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEspresso" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espresso&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavids2013" class="citation book cs1">Davids, Kenneth (2013). <i>Coffee: A Guide to Buying, Brewing, and Enjoying</i> (5 ed.). St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1466854420" title="Special:BookSources/978-1466854420"><bdi>978-1466854420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coffee%3A+A+Guide+to+Buying%2C+Brewing%2C+and+Enjoying&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1466854420&rft.aulast=Davids&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEspresso" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFumagalli1995" class="citation book cs1">Fumagalli, Ambrogio (1995). <i>Coffee Makers</i>. Chronicle Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8118-1082-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8118-1082-8"><bdi>0-8118-1082-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coffee+Makers&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8118-1082-8&rft.aulast=Fumagalli&rft.aufirst=Ambrogio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEspresso" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schomer, David C. <i>Espresso Coffee: Professional Techniques</i>. 1996.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espresso&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Espresso" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Espresso">Espresso</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/espresso" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:espresso"><i>espresso</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coffee512" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coffee" title="Template:Coffee"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coffee" title="Template talk:Coffee"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coffee" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coffee"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coffee512" class="hrecipe fn ingredient" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_coffee" title="Economics of coffee">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade_coffee" title="Fair trade coffee">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coffee" title="History of coffee">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Coffee_Day" title="International Coffee Day">International Coffee Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-origin_coffee" title="Single-origin coffee">Single-origin coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_coffee" title="Third-wave coffee">Third-wave coffee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production" title="Coffee production">Coffee production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_coffee" title="Organic coffee">Organic coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade-grown_coffee" title="Shade-grown coffee">Shade-grown coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_coffee" title="Sustainable coffee">Sustainable coffee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coffee_production" title="List of countries by coffee production">List of countries by coffee production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_roasting" title="Coffee roasting">Coffee roasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_wastewater" title="Coffee wastewater">Coffee wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decaffeination" title="Decaffeination">Decaffeination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_roasting_coffee" title="Home roasting coffee">Home roasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffea" title="Coffea">Species</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_varieties" title="List of coffee varieties">varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coffea_arabica" title="Coffea arabica">Arabica</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benguet_coffee" title="Benguet coffee">Benguet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Blue_Mountain_Coffee" title="Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee">Blue Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe_Bonifieur" title="Guadeloupe Bonifieur">Bonifieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_coffee" title="Bourbon coffee">Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisha_(coffee)" title="Geisha (coffee)">Geisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kona_coffee" title="Kona coffee">Kona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maracaturra_coffee" title="Maracaturra coffee">Maracaturra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragogipe_Coffee" title="Maragogipe Coffee">Maragogipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokai_coffee" title="Molokai coffee">Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S795_coffee" title="S795 coffee">S795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagada_coffee" title="Sagada coffee">Sagada</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coffea_charrieriana" title="Coffea charrieriana">Charrieriana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coffea_liberica" title="Coffea liberica">Liberica</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapeng_barako" title="Kapeng barako">Barako</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coffea_racemosa" title="Coffea racemosa">Racemosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robusta_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Robusta coffee">Robusta</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahawa_Sug" title="Kahawa Sug">Sulu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cafestol" title="Cafestol">Cafestol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeic_acid" title="Caffeic acid">Caffeic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_bean" title="Coffee bean">Coffee bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furan-2-ylmethanethiol" title="Furan-2-ylmethanethiol">Furan-2-ylmethanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahweol" title="Kahweol">Kahweol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_preparation" title="Coffee preparation">Preparation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AeroPress" title="AeroPress">AeroPress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_coffee" title="Arabic coffee">Arabic coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebena" title="Jebena">Jebena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewed_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewed coffee">Brewed coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemex_Coffeemaker" title="Chemex Coffeemaker">Chemex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cezve" title="Cezve">Cezve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorreador" title="Chorreador">Chorreador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeemaker" title="Coffeemaker">Coffeemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_brew_coffee" title="Cold brew coffee">Cold brew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitro_cold_brew_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitro cold brew coffee">nitro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drip_coffee" title="Drip coffee">Drip coffee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Espresso</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doppio" title="Doppio">doppio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungo" title="Lungo">lungo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ristretto" title="Ristretto">ristretto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espresso_machine" title="Espresso machine">Espresso machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_drip" class="mw-redirect" title="French drip">French drip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karlsbad_coffee_maker" class="mw-redirect" title="Karlsbad coffee maker">Karlsbad coffee maker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_press" title="French press">French press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_coffee" title="Instant coffee">Instant coffee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_syrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee syrup">Coffee syrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knockbox" title="Knockbox">Knockbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moka_pot" title="Moka pot">Moka pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_flip_coffee_pot" title="Neapolitan flip coffee pot">Neapolitan flip coffee pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_percolator" title="Coffee percolator">Percolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_coffee" title="Turkish coffee">Turkish coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazdi_coffee" title="Yazdi coffee">Yazdi coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_coffee_maker" title="Vacuum coffee maker">Vacuum maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-serve_coffee_container" title="Single-serve coffee container">Single-serve coffee container</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_drinks" title="List of coffee drinks">Coffee drinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affogato" title="Affogato">Affogato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_Americano" class="mw-redirect" title="Caffè Americano">Americano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaten_coffee" title="Beaten coffee">Beaten coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bica_(coffee)" title="Bica (coffee)">Bica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicerin" title="Bicerin">Bicerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Russian" title="Black Russian">Black Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_iced_coffee" title="Vietnamese iced coffee">Cà phê sữa đá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_au_lait" title="Café au lait">Café au lait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_com_cheirinho" title="Café com cheirinho">Café com cheirinho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_con_leche" title="Café con leche">Café con leche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_de_olla" title="Café de olla">Café de olla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Touba" title="Café Touba">Café Touba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_corretto" title="Caffè corretto">Caffè corretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_crema" title="Caffè crema">Caffè crema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_macchiato" title="Caffè macchiato">Caffè macchiato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_mocha" title="Caffè mocha">Caffè mocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappuccino" title="Cappuccino">Cappuccino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carajillo" title="Carajillo">Carajillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cabinet" title="Coffee cabinet">Coffee cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_milk" title="Coffee milk">Coffee milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortado" title="Cortado">Cortado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_espresso" title="Cuban espresso">Café Cubano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalgona_coffee" title="Dalgona coffee">Dalgona coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_coffee" title="Egg coffee">Egg coffee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Espresso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_white" title="Flat white">Flat white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frapp%C3%A9_coffee" title="Frappé coffee">Frappé coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frappuccino" title="Frappuccino">Frappuccino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A3o" title="Galão">Galão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_drinks#Garoto" title="List of coffee drinks">Garoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gassosa_al_caff%C3%A8" title="Gassosa al caffè">Gassosa al caffè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iced_coffee" title="Iced coffee">Iced coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_filter_coffee" title="Indian filter coffee">Indian filter coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipoh_white_coffee" title="Ipoh white coffee">Ipoh white coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Irish coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsk" title="Karsk">Karsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopi_(drink)" title="Kopi (drink)">Kopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopi_luwak" title="Kopi luwak">Kopi luwak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopi_tubruk" title="Kopi tubruk">Kopi tubruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_coffee" title="Kurdish coffee">Kurdish coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte_macchiato" title="Latte macchiato">Latte macchiato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte" title="Latte">Latte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liqueur_coffee" title="Liqueur coffee">Liqueur coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_black" title="Long black">Long black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungo" title="Lungo">Lungo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchino" title="Marocchino">Marocchino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazagran_(drink)" title="Mazagran (drink)">Mazagran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moretta_(coffee)" title="Moretta (coffee)">Moretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliang" title="Oliang">Oliang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raf_coffee" title="Raf coffee">Raf coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_drinks#Red_eye" title="List of coffee drinks">Red eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ristretto" title="Ristretto">Ristretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdesheimer_Kaffee" title="Rüdesheimer Kaffee">Rüdesheimer Kaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenom_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenom coffee">Tenom coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_coffee" title="Turkish coffee">Turkish coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_coffee" title="White coffee">White coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Russian_(cocktail)" title="White Russian (cocktail)">White Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiener_Melange" title="Wiener Melange">Wiener Melange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazdi_coffee" title="Yazdi coffee">Yazdi coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuenyeung" title="Yuenyeung">Yuenyeung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bakery_caf%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="List of bakery cafés">Bakery cafés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_companies" title="List of coffee companies">Coffee companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffeehouse_chains" title="List of coffeehouse chains">Coffeehouses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lifestyle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barista" title="Barista">Barista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikini_barista" title="Bikini barista">Bikini barista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_sospeso" title="Caffè sospeso">Caffè sospeso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)#Coffee_break" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_ceremony_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea">Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoffeeCon" title="CoffeeCon">CoffeeCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture_in_Australia" title="Coffee culture in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture_in_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="Coffee culture in the former Yugoslavia">Former Yugoslavia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cupping" title="Coffee cupping">Coffee cupping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_palace" title="Coffee palace">Coffee palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Coffeehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_coffeehouses_in_the_17th_and_18th_centuries" title="English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries">Historical coffeehouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopi_tiam" title="Kopi tiam">Kopi tiam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte_art" title="Latte art">Latte art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_coffee_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Viennese coffee house">Viennese coffee house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_substitute" title="Coffee substitute">Substitutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_d%27orzo" title="Caffè d'orzo">Barley coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley_tea" title="Barley tea">Barley tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barleycup" title="Barleycup">Barleycup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caro_(drink)" title="Caro (drink)">Caro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cereal_coffee" title="Cereal coffee">Cereal coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicory" title="Chicory">Chicory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandelion_coffee" title="Dandelion coffee">Dandelion coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inka_(drink)" title="Inka (drink)">Inka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brosimum_alicastrum" title="Brosimum alicastrum">Maya nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postum" title="Postum">Postum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qishr" title="Qishr">Qishr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serving vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cup" title="Coffee cup">Coffee cup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cup_sleeve" title="Coffee cup sleeve">sleeve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cezve" title="Cezve">Cezve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demitasse" title="Demitasse">Demitasse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demitasse_spoon" title="Demitasse spoon">spoon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasse_%C3%A0_caf%C3%A9" title="Tasse à café">Tasse à café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarf" title="Zarf">Zarf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Barista_Championship" title="United States Barista Championship">United States Barista Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Barista_Championship" title="World Barista Championship">World Barista Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Brewers_Cup" title="World Brewers Cup">World Brewers Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Misc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_and_doughnuts" title="Coffee and doughnuts">Coffee and doughnuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_bag" title="Coffee bag">Coffee bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_service" title="Coffee service">Coffee service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_leaf_rust" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee leaf rust">Coffee leaf rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_wars" title="Coffee wars">Coffee wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_III_of_Sweden%27s_coffee_experiment" title="Gustav III of Sweden's coffee experiment">Gustav III of Sweden's coffee experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canned_coffee" title="Canned coffee">Canned coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_vending_machine" title="Coffee vending machine">Coffee vending machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Used_coffee_grounds" title="Used coffee grounds">Used coffee grounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_coffee" title="Sustainable coffee">Sustainable coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_acid_coffee" title="Low acid coffee">Low acid coffee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-relax.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/16px-Emblem-relax.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/24px-Emblem-relax.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/32px-Emblem-relax.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Coffee" title="Portal:Coffee">Coffee portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Coffee" title="Category:Coffee">Category: Coffee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coffee_in_Italy371" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coffee_in_Italy" title="Template:Coffee in Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coffee_in_Italy" title="Template talk:Coffee in Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coffee_in_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coffee in Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coffee_in_Italy371" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_in_Italy" title="Coffee in Italy">Coffee in Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_roasting" title="Coffee roasting">Roasters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illy" title="Illy">illy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavazza" title="Lavazza">Lavazza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Zanetti_Beverage_Group" title="Massimo Zanetti Beverage Group">Massimo Zanetti Beverage Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_Pascucci" title="Caffè Pascucci">Caffè Pascucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_del_Doge" title="Caffè del Doge">Caffè del Doge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Caff%C3%A8" title="Guglielmo Caffè">Guglielmo Caffè</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br /><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">coffeehouses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antico_Caff%C3%A8_Greco" title="Antico Caffè Greco">Antico Caffè Greco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_Bardi" title="Caffè Bardi">Caffè Bardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8-Pasticceria_Cova" title="Caffè-Pasticceria Cova">Caffè-Pasticceria Cova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_Florian" title="Caffè Florian">Caffè Florian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_Giubbe_Rosse" title="Caffè Giubbe Rosse">Caffè Giubbe Rosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_Lavena" title="Caffè Lavena">Caffè Lavena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_Michelangiolo" title="Caffè Michelangiolo">Caffè Michelangiolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_Quadri" title="Caffè Quadri">Caffè Quadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_San_Marco" title="Caffè San Marco">Caffè San Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_Fiorio" title="Caffè Fiorio">Caffè Fiorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_Gambrinus" title="Caffè Gambrinus">Caffè Gambrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Caff%C3%A8_Doney" title="Gran Caffè Doney">Gran Caffè Doney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzina_Majani,_Bologna" title="Palazzina Majani, Bologna">Palazzina Majani, Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedrocchi_Caf%C3%A9" title="Pedrocchi Café">Pedrocchi Café</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antico_Caff%C3%A8_Spinnato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antico Caffè Spinnato (page does not exist)">Antico Caffè Spinnato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Bialetti" title="Alfonso Bialetti">Alfonso Bialetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Illy" title="Francesco Illy">Francesco Illy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Lavazza" title="Luigi Lavazza">Luigi Lavazza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Moriondo" title="Angelo Moriondo">Angelo Moriondo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bialetti" title="Bialetti">Bialetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffitaly" title="Caffitaly">Caffitaly</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cimbali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cimbali (page does not exist)">Cimbali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FrancisFrancis" class="mw-redirect" title="FrancisFrancis">FrancisFrancis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De%27Longhi" class="mw-redirect" title="De'Longhi">De'Longhi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektra_(espresso_machines)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektra (espresso machines) (page does not exist)">Elektra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faema" title="Faema">Faema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaggia" title="Gaggia">Gaggia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Marzocco" title="La Marzocco">La Marzocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lelit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lelit (page does not exist)">Lelit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancilio" title="Rancilio">Rancilio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeco" title="Saeco">Saeco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smeg_(appliances)" title="Smeg (appliances)">Smeg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affogato" title="Affogato">Affogato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbajada" title="Barbajada">Barbajada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicerin" title="Bicerin">Bicerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardino" title="Bombardino">Bombardino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_corretto" title="Caffè corretto">Caffè corretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_crema" title="Caffè crema">Caffè crema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_macchiato" title="Caffè macchiato">Caffè macchiato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappuccino" title="Cappuccino">Cappuccino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espressino" title="Espressino">Espressino</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Espresso</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lungo" title="Lungo">Lungo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ristretto" title="Ristretto">Ristretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppio" title="Doppio">Doppio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte_macchiato" title="Latte macchiato">Latte macchiato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchino" title="Marocchino">Marocchino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocaccino" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocaccino">Mocaccino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakerato" title="Shakerato">Shakerato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gassosa_al_caff%C3%A8" title="Gassosa al caffè">Gassosa al caffè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moretta_(coffee)" title="Moretta (coffee)">Moretta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barista" title="Barista">Barista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_sospeso" title="Caffè sospeso">Caffè sospeso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easy_Serving_Espresso_Pod" title="Easy Serving Espresso Pod">Easy Serving Espresso Pod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espresso_machine" title="Espresso machine">Espresso machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IperEspresso" title="IperEspresso">IperEspresso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISSpresso" title="ISSpresso">ISSpresso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavazza_A_Modo_Mio" title="Lavazza A Modo Mio">Lavazza A Modo Mio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moka_pot" title="Moka pot">Moka pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_flip_coffee_pot" title="Neapolitan flip coffee pot">Neapolitan flip coffee pot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-relax.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/28px-Emblem-relax.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/42px-Emblem-relax.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/56px-Emblem-relax.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Coffee" title="Portal:Coffee">Coffee portal</a>  <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cuisine_of_Italy318" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuisine_of_Italy" title="Template:Cuisine of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuisine_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Cuisine of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisine_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisine of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cuisine_of_Italy318" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Ancient Roman cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_cuisines_of_medieval_Europe#Italy" title="Regional cuisines of medieval Europe">Medieval cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_European_cuisine#Italy" title="Early modern European cuisine">Early modern cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Contemporary cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cuisines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo" title="Cuisine of Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulian_cuisine" title="Apulian cuisine">Apulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_cuisine" title="Arbëreshë cuisine">Arbëreshë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_cuisine" title="Emilian cuisine">Emilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Mantua" title="Cuisine of Mantua">Mantuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata" title="Cuisine of Basilicata">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_cuisine" title="Piedmontese cuisine">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_food" title="Tuscan food">Tuscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Veneto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Veneto">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pasta and sauces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">Pasta</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_pasta" title="List of pasta">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonara" title="Carbonara">Carbonara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesto" title="Pesto">Pesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rag%C3%B9" title="Ragù">Ragù</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_rag%C3%B9" title="Neapolitan ragù">Neapolitan ragù</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struncatura" class="mw-redirect" title="Struncatura">Struncatura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrabbiata_sauce" title="Arrabbiata sauce">Arrabbiata sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatriciana_sauce" title="Amatriciana sauce">Amatriciana sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinara_sauce" title="Marinara sauce">Marinara sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genovese_sauce" title="Genovese sauce">Genovese sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_sauce" title="Bolognese sauce">Bolognese sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checca_sauce" title="Checca sauce">Checca sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fettuccine_Alfredo" title="Fettuccine Alfredo">Fettuccine Alfredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasta_alla_Norma" title="Pasta alla Norma">Pasta alla Norma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasta_con_i_peperoni_cruschi" title="Pasta con i peperoni cruschi">Pasta con i peperoni cruschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasta_con_le_sarde" title="Pasta con le sarde">Pasta con le sarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasta_e_fagioli" title="Pasta e fagioli">Pasta e fagioli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasta_al_pomodoro" title="Pasta al pomodoro">Pasta al pomodoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigatoni_con_la_Pajata" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigatoni con la Pajata">Rigatoni con la Pajata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacio_e_pepe" title="Cacio e pepe">Cacio e pepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_aglio_e_olio" title="Spaghetti aglio e olio">Spaghetti aglio e olio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_alla_puttanesca" title="Spaghetti alla puttanesca">Spaghetti alla puttanesca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasta_allo_scarpariello" title="Pasta allo scarpariello">Pasta allo scarpariello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_alle_vongole" title="Spaghetti alle vongole">Spaghetti alle vongole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumact_me_tulez" title="Tumact me tulez">Tumact me tulez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_soups" title="List of Italian soups">Soups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soup_alla_Canavese" class="mw-redirect" title="Soup alla Canavese">Soup alla canavese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup_alla_modenese" class="mw-redirect" title="Soup alla modenese">Soup alla modenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acquacotta" title="Acquacotta">Acquacotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagnun" title="Bagnun">Bagnun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minestrone" title="Minestrone">Minestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribollita" title="Ribollita">Ribollita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other dishes (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_foods_and_drinks" title="List of Italian foods and drinks">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbacchio" title="Abbacchio">Abbacchio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagna_c%C3%A0uda" title="Bagna càuda">Bagna càuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braciola" title="Braciola">Braciola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruschetta" title="Bruschetta">Bruschetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruscitti" title="Bruscitti">Bruscitti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotoletta" title="Cotoletta">Cotoletta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotoletta_alla_milanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotoletta alla milanese">Cotoletta alla milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crostino" class="mw-redirect" title="Crostino">Crostino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollito_misto" title="Bollito misto">Bollito misto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baccal%C3%A0_alla_lucana" title="Baccalà alla lucana">Baccalà alla lucana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baccal%C3%A0_alla_vicentina" title="Baccalà alla vicentina">Baccalà alla vicentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacciatore" title="Cacciatore">Cacciatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacciucco" title="Cacciucco">Cacciucco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caponata" title="Caponata">Caponata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappon_magro" title="Cappon magro">Cappon magro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprese_salad" title="Caprese salad">Caprese salad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carciofi_alla_romana" title="Carciofi alla romana">Carciofi alla romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpaccio" title="Carpaccio">Carpaccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carne_pizzaiola" class="mw-redirect" title="Carne pizzaiola">Carne pizzaiola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassoeula" title="Cassoeula">Cassoeula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciambotta" title="Ciambotta">Ciambotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciccioli" title="Ciccioli">Ciccioli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coda_alla_vaccinara" title="Coda alla vaccinara">Coda alla vaccinara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-bone_steak" title="T-bone steak">Fiorentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fondue" title="Fondue">Fondue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frico" title="Frico">Frico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frittata" title="Frittata">Frittata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frittola_(meat_dish)" title="Frittola (meat dish)">Frittola (meat dish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frittola_(doughnut)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frittola (doughnut)">Frittola (doughnut)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_stew" class="mw-redirect" title="Istrian stew">Istrian stew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampredotto" title="Lampredotto">Lampredotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polenta" title="Polenta">Polenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porchetta" title="Porchetta">Porchetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzanella" title="Panzanella">Panzanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigiana" title="Parmigiana">Parmigiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossobuco" title="Ossobuco">Ossobuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orzotto" title="Orzotto">Orzotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafanata" title="Rafanata">Rafanata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risotto" title="Risotto">Risotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollatini" title="Rollatini">Rollatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltimbocca" title="Saltimbocca">Saltimbocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaloppine" title="Scaloppine">Scaloppine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timballo" title="Timballo">Timballo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitello_tonnato" title="Vitello tonnato">Vitello tonnato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pizza and street food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">Pizza</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pizza_al_taglio" title="Pizza al taglio">al taglio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_pizza" title="Neapolitan pizza">Neapolitan pizza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_pizza" title="Sicilian pizza">Sicilian pizza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focaccia" title="Focaccia">Focaccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pissaladi%C3%A8re" title="Pissaladière">Piscialandrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calzone" title="Calzone">Calzone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerotti" title="Panzerotti">Panzerotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocch%C3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocchè">Crocchè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arancini" title="Arancini">Arancini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppl%C3%AC" title="Supplì">Supplì</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frittula_(meat_dish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frittula (meat dish)">Frittula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Panelle">Panelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pani_c%C3%A2_meusa" title="Pani câ meusa">Pani câ meusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panini_(sandwich)" title="Panini (sandwich)">Panino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piadina" class="mw-redirect" title="Piadina">Piadina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrosticini" title="Arrosticini">Arrosticini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farinata" title="Farinata">Farinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramezzino" title="Tramezzino">Tramezzino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zippuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Zippuli">Zippuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardenara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardenara">Sardenara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaccia" title="Scaccia">Scaccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%27_pastizz_%27rtunnar" title="U' pastizz 'rtunnar">U' pastizz 'rtunnar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cheeses and charcuterie</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_cheeses" title="List of Italian cheeses">Cheeses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_PDO_cheeses" title="List of Italian PDO cheeses">PDO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salumi" title="Salumi">Salumi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pastry and desserts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_desserts_and_pastries" title="List of Italian desserts and pastries">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bocconotto" title="Bocconotto">Bocconotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombolone_(doughnut)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombolone (doughnut)">Bombolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruttiboni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruttiboni">Bruttiboni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccellato" title="Buccellato">Buccellato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budino" title="Budino">Budino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannoli" title="Cannoli">Cannoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscotti" title="Biscotti">Cantuccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassata" title="Cassata">Cassata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassatella_di_sant%27Agata" title="Cassatella di sant'Agata">Cassatella di sant'Agata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castagnaccio" title="Castagnaccio">Castagnaccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavallucci" title="Cavallucci">Cavallucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colomba_di_Pasqua" class="mw-redirect" title="Colomba di Pasqua">Colomba di Pasqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crostata" title="Crostata">Crostata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocetta_of_Caltanissetta" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocetta of Caltanissetta">Crocetta of Caltanissetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelato" title="Gelato">Gelato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granita" title="Granita">Granita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grattachecca" title="Grattachecca">Grattachecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marzipan" title="Marzipan">Marzipan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustacciuoli" title="Mustacciuoli">Mustacciuoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_ice_cream" title="Neapolitan ice cream">Neapolitan ice cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neccio" title="Neccio">Neccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutella" title="Nutella">Nutella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandoro" title="Pandoro">Pandoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panettone" title="Panettone">Panettone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panforte" title="Panforte">Panforte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panna_cotta" title="Panna cotta">Panna cotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panpepato" title="Panpepato">Panpepato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrozzo" title="Parrozzo">Parrozzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastiera" title="Pastiera">Pastiera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pignolata" title="Pignolata">Pignolata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzelle" title="Pizzelle">Pizzelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricciarelli" title="Ricciarelli">Ricciarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seada" title="Seada">Seada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semifreddo" title="Semifreddo">Semifreddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfogliatelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sfogliatelle">Sfogliatelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbet" title="Sorbet">Sorbetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_cake" title="Sponge cake">Sponge cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spumoni" title="Spumoni">Spumoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struffoli" title="Struffoli">Struffoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartufo" title="Tartufo">Tartufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiramisu" title="Tiramisu">Tiramisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turr%C3%B3n" title="Turrón">Torrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torta_caprese" title="Torta caprese">Torta caprese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabaione" title="Zabaione">Zabaione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeppole" title="Zeppole">Zeppole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuccotto" title="Zuccotto">Zuccotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuppa_Inglese" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuppa Inglese">Zuppa Inglese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borlengo" title="Borlengo">Borlengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadstick" title="Breadstick">Breadstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciabatta" title="Ciabatta">Ciabatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppia_Ferrarese" class="mw-redirect" title="Coppia Ferrarese">Coppia Ferrarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filone" title="Filone">Filone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michetta" title="Michetta">Michetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pane_carasau" title="Pane carasau">Pane carasau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pane_di_Altamura" title="Pane di Altamura">Pane di Altamura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pane_sciocco" title="Pane sciocco">Pane sciocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sgabeo" title="Sgabeo">Sgabeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taralli" title="Taralli">Taralli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastedda" title="Vastedda">Vastedda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Varieties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_IGT_wines" title="List of Italian IGT wines">IGT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_DOCG_wines" title="List of Italian DOCG wines">DOCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_DOC_wines" title="List of Italian DOC wines">DOC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abruzzo_(wine_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abruzzo (wine region)">Abruzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_wine" title="Calabrian wine">Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia_wine" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia wine">Friulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombardia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombardia (wine)">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piemonte_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piemonte (wine)">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_wine" title="Tuscan wine">Tuscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_wine" title="Venetian wine">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alcoholic beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Italy" title="Beer in Italy">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappa" title="Grappa">Grappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca" title="Sambuca">Sambuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirto_(liqueur)" title="Mirto (liqueur)">Mirto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth">Vermouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritz_(cocktail)" title="Spritz (cocktail)">Spritz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limoncello" title="Limoncello">Limoncello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernet" title="Fernet">Fernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campari" title="Campari">Campari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperol" title="Aperol">Aperol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynar" title="Cynar">Cynar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaro_(liqueur)" title="Amaro (liqueur)">Amaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaretto" title="Amaretto">Amaretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocino" title="Nocino">Nocino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centerbe" title="Centerbe">Centerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargnolino" title="Bargnolino">Bargnolino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraschino" title="Maraschino">Maraschino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassolino" title="Sassolino">Sassolino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strega_(liqueur)" title="Strega (liqueur)">Strega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosolio" title="Rosolio">Rosolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galliano_(liqueur)" title="Galliano (liqueur)">Galliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frangelico" title="Frangelico">Frangelico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchermes" title="Alchermes">Alchermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurum_(liqueur)" title="Aurum (liqueur)">Aurum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coffee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Caffè">Caffè</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Espresso</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lungo" title="Lungo">Lungo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ristretto" title="Ristretto">Ristretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppio" title="Doppio">Doppio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espressino" title="Espressino">Espressino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappuccino" title="Cappuccino">Cappuccino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte" title="Latte">Caffelatte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte_macchiato" title="Latte macchiato">Latte macchiato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_macchiato" title="Caffè macchiato">Caffè macchiato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_corretto" title="Caffè corretto">Caffè corretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affogato" title="Affogato">Affogato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocaccino" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocaccino">Mocaccino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchino" title="Marocchino">Marocchino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicerin" title="Bicerin">Bicerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbajada" title="Barbajada">Barbajada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardino" title="Bombardino">Bombardino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grano_arso" title="Grano arso">Grano arso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_cuisine" title="Sammarinese cuisine">Sammarinese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian-American cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_food_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian food products">Italian food products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sausages_in_Italian_cuisine" title="Sausages in Italian 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