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id="toc-Life_and_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_activity_and_consultancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_activity_and_consultancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Academic activity and consultancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_activity_and_consultancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">James Tobin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86" title="جيمس توبن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيمس توبن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceyms_Tobin" title="Ceyms Tobin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ceyms Tobin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="জেমস টোবিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেমস টোবিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Джэймс Тобін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джэймс Тобін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Джеймс Тоубин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джеймс Тоубин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%82_%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Τζέιμς Τόμπιν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζέιμς Τόμπιν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جیمز توبین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیمز توبین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%ED%86%A0%EB%B9%88" title="제임스 토빈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제임스 토빈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%BD_%D4%B9%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ջեյմս Թոբին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջեյմս Թոբին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ג'יימס טובין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יימס טובין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_Tobin" title="Iacobus Tobin – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iacobus Tobin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeimss_Tobins" title="Džeimss Tobins – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džeimss Tobins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Џејмс Тобин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џејмс Тобин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86" title="جيمس توبن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيمس توبن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%83%B3" title="ジェームズ・トービン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェームズ・トービン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86" title="جیمز ٹوبن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جیمز ٹوبن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Тобин, Джеймс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тобин, Джеймс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Джеймс Тобін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джеймс Тобін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86" title="جیمز ٹوبن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جیمز ٹوبن" 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</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American economist (1918–2002)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named James Tobin, see <a href="/wiki/James_Tobin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="James Tobin (disambiguation)">James Tobin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">James Tobin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Tobin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/James_Tobin.png/220px-James_Tobin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/James_Tobin.png 1.5x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="381" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Tobin in 1962</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1918-03-05</span>)</span>March 5, 1918<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Champaign,_Illinois" title="Champaign, Illinois">Champaign, Illinois</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 11, 2002<span style="display:none">(2002-03-11)</span> (aged 84)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Field</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cowles_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowles Commission">Cowles Commission</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or<br />tradition</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-Keynesian economics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral<br />advisor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral<br />students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Brainard" title="William Brainard">William Brainard</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Willem_Buiter" title="Willem Buiter">Willem Buiter</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Duncan_K._Foley" title="Duncan K. Foley">Duncan K. Foley</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Koichi_Hamada" title="Koichi Hamada">Koichi Hamada</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Phelps" title="Edmund Phelps">Edmund Phelps</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Yoshikawa" title="Hiroshi Yoshikawa">Hiroshi Yoshikawa</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contributions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Portfolio_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Portfolio theory">Portfolio theory</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian economics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tobin%27s_q" title="Tobin's q">Tobin's q</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tobit_model" title="Tobit model">Tobit model</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tobin_Tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobin Tax">Tobin Tax</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mundell%E2%80%93Tobin_effect" title="Mundell–Tobin effect">Mundell–Tobin effect</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark_Medal" title="John Bates Clark Medal">John Bates Clark Medal</a> (1955)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Economics">Nobel Prize in Economics</a> (1981)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/e/pto4.html">Information</a> at <a href="/wiki/Research_Papers_in_Economics" title="Research Papers in Economics">IDEAS / RePEc</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>James Tobin</b> (March 5, 1918 – March 11, 2002) was an American <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a> who served on the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a> and consulted with the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Governors" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Governors">Board of Governors</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve System</a>, and taught at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a> Universities. He contributed to the development of key ideas in the <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian economics</a> of his generation and advocated <a href="/wiki/Government_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Government intervention">government intervention</a> in particular to stabilize output and avoid <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">recessions</a>. His academic work included pioneering contributions to the study of <a href="/wiki/Investment_(macroeconomics)" title="Investment (macroeconomics)">investment</a>, monetary and <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">fiscal policy</a> and financial markets. He also proposed an <a href="/wiki/Econometric_model" title="Econometric model">econometric model</a> for <a href="/wiki/Censoring_(statistics)" title="Censoring (statistics)">censored</a> dependent variables, the well-known <a href="/wiki/Tobit_model" title="Tobit model">tobit model</a>. </p><p>Along with fellow <a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">neo-Keynesian</a> economist <a href="/wiki/James_Meade" title="James Meade">James Meade</a> in 1977,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tobin proposed <a href="/wiki/Nominal_income_target" title="Nominal income target">nominal GDP targeting</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Discretionary_policy" title="Discretionary policy">monetary policy rule</a> in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tobin received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a> in 1981 for "creative and extensive work on the analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices." </p><p>Outside academia, Tobin was widely known for his suggestion of a <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">tax</a> on <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_market" title="Foreign exchange market">foreign exchange</a> transactions, now known as the "<a href="/wiki/Tobin_tax" title="Tobin tax">Tobin tax</a>." This was designed to reduce <a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">speculation</a> in the international <a href="/wiki/Currency_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Currency market">currency markets</a>, which he saw as dangerous and unproductive. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Tobin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Tobin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tobin<sup id="cite_ref-autobio_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autobio-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was born on March 5, 1918, in <a href="/wiki/Champaign,_Illinois" title="Champaign, Illinois">Champaign, Illinois</a>. His father was Louis Michael Tobin (b. 1879), a journalist working at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign</a>. His father had fought in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, was a member of the first <a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Fraternities and sororities">Greek</a> organization at Illinois (<a href="/wiki/Delta_Tau_Delta" title="Delta Tau Delta">Delta Tau Delta</a> fraternity Beta Upsilon chapter), and was credited as the inventor of "Homecoming." His mother, Margaret Edgerton Tobin (b. 1893), was a social worker. Tobin attended the <a href="/wiki/University_Laboratory_High_School_of_Urbana,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="University Laboratory High School of Urbana, Illinois">University Laboratory High School of Urbana, Illinois</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_school" title="Laboratory school">laboratory school</a> in the University's campus. </p><p>In 1935, on his father's advice, Tobin took the entrance exams for <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. Despite no special preparation for the exams, he passed and was admitted with a national scholarship from the university. During his studies he first read <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/The_General_Theory_of_Employment,_Interest_and_Money" title="The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money">The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money</a></i>, published in 1936. Tobin graduated <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa cum laude">summa cum laude</a></i> in 1939 with a thesis centered on a critical analysis of Keynes' mechanism for introducing equilibrium <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_unemployment" title="Involuntary unemployment">involuntary unemployment</a>. His first published article, in 1941, was based on this senior thesis.<sup id="cite_ref-solowbio_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solowbio-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tobin immediately started graduate studies, also at Harvard, earning his <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">AM</a> degree in 1940. In 1941, he interrupted graduate studies to work for the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Price_Administration_and_Civilian_Supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Price Administration and Civilian Supply">Office of Price Administration and Civilian Supply</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_Production_Board" title="War Production Board">War Production Board</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> The next year, after the United States entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a>, spending the war as an officer on <a href="/wiki/Destroyers" class="mw-redirect" title="Destroyers">destroyers</a> including (among possibly others) the <a href="/wiki/USS_Kearny" title="USS Kearny">USS <i>Kearny</i> (DD-432)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the war he returned to Harvard and resumed studies, receiving his Ph.D. in 1947 with a thesis on the <a href="/wiki/Consumption_function" title="Consumption function">consumption function</a> written under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cowles_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cowles-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1947 Tobin was elected a Junior Fellow of Harvard's <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Fellows" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Fellows">Society of Fellows</a>, which allowed him the freedom and funding to spend the next three years studying and doing research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_activity_and_consultancy">Academic activity and consultancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Tobin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Academic activity and consultancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1950 Tobin moved to <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, where he remained for the rest of his career. He joined the <a href="/wiki/Cowles_Foundation" title="Cowles Foundation">Cowles Foundation</a>, which moved to Yale in 1955, also serving as its president between 1955–1961 and 1964–1965. His main research interest was to provide <a href="/wiki/Microfoundations" title="Microfoundations">microfoundations</a> to <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian economics</a>, with a special focus on <a href="/wiki/Monetary_economics" title="Monetary economics">monetary economics</a>. One of his frequent collaborators was his Yale colleague <a href="/wiki/William_Brainard" title="William Brainard">William Brainard</a>. In 1957 Tobin was appointed <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Professor" title="Sterling Professor">Sterling Professor of Economics</a> at Yale.<sup id="cite_ref-'YaleObit_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'YaleObit-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides teaching and research, Tobin was also strongly involved in the public life, writing on current economic issues and serving as an economic expert and policy consultant. During 1961–62, he served as a member of <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a>, under the chairman <a href="/wiki/Walter_Heller" title="Walter Heller">Walter Heller</a>, then acted as a consultant between 1962 and 1968. Here, in close collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Okun" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Okun">Arthur Okun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert Solow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a>, he helped design the Keynesian economic policy implemented by the Kennedy administration. Tobin also served for several terms as a member of the Board of Governors of <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve System</a> Academic Consultants and as a consultant of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">US Treasury Department</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CV_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CV-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tobin was awarded the <a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark_Medal" title="John Bates Clark Medal">John Bates Clark Medal</a> in 1955 and, in 1981, the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Economics">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics</a>. He was a fellow of several professional associations, holding the position of president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Association" title="American Economic Association">American Economic Association</a> in 1971. He was an elected member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>, and the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1972 Tobin, along with fellow Yale economics professor <a href="/wiki/William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">William Nordhaus</a>, published <i>Is Growth Obsolete?</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an article that introduced the <a href="/wiki/Measure_of_Economic_Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Measure of Economic Welfare">Measure of Economic Welfare</a> as the first model for economic <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> assessment, and economic <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">sustainability measurement</a>. </p><p>In 1982–1983, Tobin was Ford Visiting Research Professor of Economics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988 he formally retired from Yale, but continued to deliver some lectures as <a href="/wiki/Professor_Emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor Emeritus">Professor Emeritus</a> and continued to write. He died on March 11, 2002, in <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>. </p><p>Tobin was a trustee of <a href="/wiki/Economists_for_Peace_and_Security" title="Economists for Peace and Security">Economists for Peace and Security</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Tobin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James Tobin married Elizabeth Fay Ringo, a former <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">M.I.T.</a> student of Paul Samuelson, on September 14, 1946. They had four children. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Tobin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2009 in a <a href="/wiki/Round_table_(discussion)" title="Round table (discussion)">roundtable</a> interview in <a href="/wiki/Prospect_(magazine)" title="Prospect (magazine)">Prospect <i>magazine</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Adair_Turner" class="mw-redirect" title="Adair Turner">Adair Turner</a> supported the idea of new global taxes on financial transactions, warning that the "swollen" financial sector paying excessive salaries had grown too big for society. Lord Turner's suggestion that a "<a href="/wiki/Tobin_tax" title="Tobin tax">Tobin tax</a>" – named after James Tobin – should be considered for financial transactions made headlines around the world. </p><p>Tobin's <a href="/wiki/Tobit_model" title="Tobit model">Tobit model of regression</a> with <a href="/wiki/Censoring_(statistics)" title="Censoring (statistics)">censored endogenous variables</a> (Tobin 1958a) is a standard econometric technique. His <a href="/wiki/Tobin%27s_q" title="Tobin's q">"q" theory</a> of investment (Tobin 1969), the <a href="/wiki/Baumol%E2%80%93Tobin_model" title="Baumol–Tobin model">Baumol–Tobin model</a> of the transactions demand for money (Tobin 1956), and his model of liquidity preference as behavior toward risk (the asset demand for money) (Tobin 1958b) are all staples of economics textbooks. </p><p>In his 1958 article Tobin also led the way in showing how to deal with utility maximization under uncertainty with an infinite number of possible states. As Palda explains "One way to get out of the mess of figuring out asset prices using a model of maximizing the expected utility of investing in stocks is to make assumptions about either preferences or the probabilities of the different possible states of the world. Nobellist James Tobin (1958) took this line and discovered that in some cases you do not need to worry about the utility of income in thousands of states, and the attached probabilities, to solve the consumer's choice on how to spread income among states. When preferences contain only a linear and a squared term (a case of diminishing returns) or the probabilities of different stock returns follow a normal distribution (an equation that contains a linear and squared terms as parameters), a simple formulation of a person's investment choices becomes possible. Under Tobin's assumptions we can reformulate the person's decision problem as being one of trading off risk and expected return. Risk, or more precisely the variance of your investment portfolio creates spread in the returns you expect. People are willing to assume more risk only if compensated by a higher level of expected return. One can thus think of a tradeoff people are willing to make between risk and expected return. They invest in risky assets to the point at which their willingness to trade off risk and return is equal to the rate at which they able to trade them off. It is difficult to exaggerate how brilliant is the simplification of the investment problem that flows from these assumptions. Instead of worrying about the investor's optimization problem in potentially millions of possible states of the world, one need only worry about how the investor can trade off risk and return in the stock market."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Tobin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTobin,_James1941" class="citation journal cs1">Tobin, James (1941). "A note on the money wage problem". <i>Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>. <b>55</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">508–</span>16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1885642">10.2307/1885642</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1885642">1885642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=A+note+on+the+money+wage+problem&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E508-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1885642&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1885642%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Tobin%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Tobin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobin,_James1955" class="citation journal cs1">Tobin, James (1955). "A Dynamic Aggregative Model". <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>63</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F257652">10.1086/257652</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155030858">155030858</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=A+Dynamic+Aggregative+Model&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F257652&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155030858%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Tobin%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Tobin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobin,_James1956" class="citation journal cs1">Tobin, James (1956). "The Interest-Elasticity of Transactions Demand For Cash". <i>The Review of Economics and Statistics</i>. <b>38</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">241–</span>47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1925776">10.2307/1925776</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1925776">1925776</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Economics+and+Statistics&rft.atitle=The+Interest-Elasticity+of+Transactions+Demand+For+Cash&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E241-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1925776&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1925776%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Tobin%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Tobin" class="Z3988"></span> also: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=The+Interest-Elasticity+of+Transactions+Demand+For+Cash&btnG=">Google Scholar</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobin1958a" class="citation journal cs1">Tobin, James (1958a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d00/d0003-r.pdf">"Estimation of relationships for limited dependent variables"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Econometrica</i>. <b>26</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">24–</span>36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1907382">10.2307/1907382</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1907382">1907382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Econometrica&rft.atitle=Estimation+of+relationships+for+limited+dependent+variables&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1907382&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1907382%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcowles.yale.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fpub%2Fd00%2Fd0003-r.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Tobin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobin,_James1958b" class="citation journal cs1">Tobin, James (1958b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127103255/http://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d00/d0014.pdf">"Liquidity Preference as Behavior Towards Risk"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Review of Economic Studies</i>. <b>25.1</b> (2): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/P/cm/m19/m19–01.pdf">65–86</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2296205">10.2307/2296205</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2296205">2296205</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d00/d0014.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-11-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Economic+Studies&rft.atitle=Liquidity+Preference+as+Behavior+Towards+Risk&rft.volume=25.1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=65-86&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2296205&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2296205%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Tobin%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcowles.yale.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fpub%2Fd00%2Fd0014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Tobin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tobin, James (1961). "Money, Capital, and Other Stores of Value," <i>American Economic Review</i>, 51(2), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1914465">26</a>–37. Reprinted in Tobin, 1987, <i>Essays in Economics</i>, v. 1, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ar4-mvqsDpgC&pg=PA217">217</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ar4-mvqsDpgC&pg=PA227">27.</a> MIT Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobin,_James1969" class="citation journal cs1">Tobin, James (1969). "A General Equilibrium Approach to Monetary Theory". <i>Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking</i>. <b>1</b> (1): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deu.edu.tr/userweb/yesim.kustepeli/dosyalar/tobin1969.pdf">15–29</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1991374">10.2307/1991374</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1991374">1991374</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154058316">154058316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Money%2C+Credit%2C+and+Banking&rft.atitle=A+General+Equilibrium+Approach+to+Monetary+Theory&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-29&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154058316%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1991374%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1991374&rft.au=Tobin%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Tobin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tobin, James (1970). "Money and Income: Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc?" <i>Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>, 84(2), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516102643/http://pascal.iseg.utl.pt/~mabreu/mtm/doc/CopiaAula1%20Tobin%201970.pdf">301–17.</a></li> <li>Tobin, James and William C. Brainard (1977a). "Asset Markets and the Cost of Capital". In Richard Nelson and Bela Balassa, eds., <i>Economic Progress: Private Values and Public Policy (Essays in Honor of William Fellner)</i>, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 235–62.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobin,_James1977b" class="citation journal cs1">Tobin, James (1977b). "How Dead is Keynes?". <i>Economic Inquiry</i>. <b>XV</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">459–</span>468. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1465-7295.1977.tb01111.x">10.1111/j.1465-7295.1977.tb01111.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Inquiry&rft.atitle=How+Dead+is+Keynes%3F&rft.volume=XV&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E459-%3C%2Fspan%3E468&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1465-7295.1977.tb01111.x&rft.au=Tobin%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Tobin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tobin, James (1992). "money", <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Finance and Money</i>, v. 2, pp. 770–79 & in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics" title="The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics">The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</a></i>. 2008, 2nd Edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-349-95121-5_2742-1">10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2742-1</a> Reprinted in Tobin (1996), <i>Essays in Economics</i>, v. 4, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BIWEt8hRH2kC&pg=PA139">139</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BIWEt8hRH2kC&pg=PA163">163.</a> MIT Press.</li> <li>Tobin, James, <i>Essays in Economics</i>, MIT Press:<br />v. 1 (1987), <i>Macroeconomics</i>. Scroll to chapter-preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ar4-mvqsDpgC">links.</a><br />v. 2 <i>Consumption and Economics</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629140025/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=8403">Description.</a><br />v. 3 (1987). <i>Theory and Policy</i> (in 1989 paperback as <i>Policies for Prosperity: Essays in a Keynesian Mode</i>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629140048/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?tid=6714&ttype=2">Description</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6fG6RL3QFrMC">links.</a><br />v. 4 (1996). <i>National and International</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BIWEt8hRH2kC">Links.</a></li> <li>Tobin, James, with Stephen S. Golub (1998). <i>Money, Credit, and Capital</i>. Irwin/McGraw-Hill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/toc/mh022/97003766.html">TOC.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobin2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tobin, James (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/MonetaryPolicy.html">"Monetary Policy"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/David_R._Henderson" title="David R. Henderson">David R. Henderson</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Concise_Encyclopedia_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Concise Encyclopedia of Economics">Concise Encyclopedia of Economics</a></i> (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Economics and Liberty">Library of Economics and Liberty</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0865976658" title="Special:BookSources/978-0865976658"><bdi>978-0865976658</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/237794267">237794267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monetary+Policy&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Economics&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Library+of+Economics+and+Liberty&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F237794267&rft.isbn=978-0865976658&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econlib.org%2Flibrary%2FEnc%2FMonetaryPolicy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Tobin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Tobin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic income">Basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income" title="Guaranteed minimum income">Guaranteed minimum income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobin%27s-q" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobin's-q">Q Ratio (Tobin's Q ratio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobit_model" title="Tobit model">Tobit model (Tobin's model for censored endogenous variables)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobin_tax" title="Tobin tax">Tobin tax</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Tobin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrainard" class="citation web cs1">Brainard, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/7ae07b9320b558d106a282ae6142c900/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y">"Economic Growth and Long-term International Capital Movement"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2023</span> – via ProQuest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economic+Growth+and+Long-term+International+Capital+Movement&rft.aulast=Brainard&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2F7ae07b9320b558d106a282ae6142c900%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D18750%26diss%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Tobin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuiter1979" class="citation book cs1">Buiter, Willem H. (1979). <i>Temporary Equilibrium and Long-Run Equilibrium</i>. Routledge Revivals. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> (published 2014). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315780726" title="Special:BookSources/9781315780726"><bdi>9781315780726</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temporary+Equilibrium+and+Long-Run+Equilibrium&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+Revivals&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9781315780726&rft.aulast=Buiter&rft.aufirst=Willem+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Tobin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoley" class="citation web cs1">Foley, Duncan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/cac1d2d0d079f04d1989726c2c2181fa/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y">"Resource Allocation and the Public Sector"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2023</span> – via ProQuest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resource+Allocation+and+the+Public+Sector&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2Fcac1d2d0d079f04d1989726c2c2181fa%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D18750%26diss%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Tobin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamada" class="citation web cs1">Hamada, Koichi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/eea19c9bb0b1a5540f32f0cf16bd8bbc/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y">"Economic Growth and Long-term International Capital Movement"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2023</span> – via ProQuest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economic+Growth+and+Long-term+International+Capital+Movement&rft.aulast=Hamada&rft.aufirst=Koichi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2Feea19c9bb0b1a5540f32f0cf16bd8bbc%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D18750%26diss%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Tobin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYellen" class="citation web cs1">Yellen, Janet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/288017476">"Employment, Output and Capital Accumulation in an Open Economy: A Disequilibrium Approach"</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/288017476">288017476</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2023</span> – via ProQuest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Employment%2C+Output+and+Capital+Accumulation+in+an+Open+Economy%3A+A+Disequilibrium+Approach&rft.aulast=Yellen&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F288017476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Tobin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAokiYoshikawa2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Masanao_Aoki" title="Masanao Aoki">Aoki, Masanao</a>; Yoshikawa, Hiroshi (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EZBYcwZCQgcC&pg=PR17"><i>Reconstructing macroeconomics: a perspective from statistical physics and combinatorial stochastic processes</i></a>. Japan-U.S. Center Sanwa monographs on international financial markets. Cambridge; New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. xvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521831062" title="Special:BookSources/9780521831062"><bdi>9780521831062</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+macroeconomics%3A+a+perspective+from+statistical+physics+and+combinatorial+stochastic+processes&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.series=Japan-U.S.+Center+Sanwa+monographs+on+international+financial+markets&rft.pages=xvii&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521831062&rft.aulast=Aoki&rft.aufirst=Masanao&rft.au=Yoshikawa%2C+Hiroshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEZBYcwZCQgcC%26pg%3DPR17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Tobin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeade1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Meade" title="James Meade">Meade, James</a> (September 1978). "The Meaning of "Internal Balance"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Journal" title="The Economic Journal">The Economic Journal</a></i>. <b>88</b> (351). <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>: <span class="nowrap">423–</span>435. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2232044">10.2307/2232044</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2232044">2232044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Meaning+of+%22Internal+Balance%22&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=351&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E423-%3C%2Fspan%3E435&rft.date=1978-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2232044&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2232044%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meade&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Tobin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeade1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Meade" title="James Meade">Meade, James</a> (December 1993). "The Meaning of "Internal Balance"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Economic_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Economic Review">The American Economic Review</a></i>. <b>83</b> (6). <a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Association" title="American Economic Association">American Economic Association</a>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2118018">2118018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=The+Meaning+of+%22Internal+Balance%22&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1993-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2118018%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meade&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Tobin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobin1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tobin, James</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/1980/01/1980a_bpea_tobin.pdf">"Stabilization policy ten years after"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Brookings_Papers_on_Economic_Activity" title="Brookings Papers on Economic Activity">Brookings Papers on Economic Activity</a></i>. <b>11</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>: <span class="nowrap">19–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2534285">10.2307/2534285</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2534285">2534285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brookings+Papers+on+Economic+Activity&rft.atitle=Stabilization+policy+ten+years+after&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2534285&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2534285%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F1980%2F01%2F1980a_bpea_tobin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Tobin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobin1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tobin, James</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/1980/01/1980a_bpea_tobin.pdf">"Stabilization Policy Ten Years After"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Brookings_Papers_on_Economic_Activity" title="Brookings Papers on Economic Activity">Brookings Papers on Economic Activity</a></i>. <b>1980</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>: <span class="nowrap">19–</span>89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2534285">10.2307/2534285</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2534285">2534285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brookings+Papers+on+Economic+Activity&rft.atitle=Stabilization+Policy+Ten+Years+After&rft.volume=1980&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2534285&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2534285%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F1980%2F01%2F1980a_bpea_tobin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Tobin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autobio-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autobio_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1981/tobin-autobio.html">Tobin, James. "Autobiography"</a>, published in <i>Nobel Lectures. Economics 1981–1990</i>, Editor <a href="/wiki/Karl-G%C3%B6ran_M%C3%A4ler" title="Karl-Göran Mäler">Karl-Göran Mäler</a>, World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-solowbio-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-solowbio_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolow_Robert2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Solow Robert</a> (2004). "James Tobin". <i>Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</i>. <b>148</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=James+Tobin&rft.volume=148&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Solow+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Tobin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reference to USS <i>Kearny</i> in c. 1965 letter to fellow shipmate Clitus H. Marvin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cowles-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cowles_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobin1986" class="citation book cs1">Tobin, James (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030826020431/http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/archive/reprints/tobin_86_laureate.htm">"James Tobin"</a>. In Breit, William; Spencer, Roger W. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/archive/reprints/tobin_86_laureate.htm"><i>Lives of the Laureates, Seven Nobel Economists</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England: The MIT Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/archive/reprints/tobin_86_laureate.htm">the original</a> on August 26, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James+Tobin&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Laureates%2C+Seven+Nobel+Economists&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%2C+London%2C+England&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcowles.econ.yale.edu%2Farchive%2Freprints%2Ftobin_86_laureate.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Tobin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-'YaleObit-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-'YaleObit_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121725/http://www.yale.edu/opa/arc-ybc/v30.n22/story5.html">"Nobel Prize-winning economist James Tobin dies at 84"</a>. <i>Yale Bulletin & Calendar</i>. Vol. 30, no. 22. Yale Office of Public Affairs & Communications. 15 March 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/opa/arc-ybc/v30.n22/story5.html">the original</a> on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+Bulletin+%26+Calendar&rft.atitle=Nobel+Prize-winning+economist+James+Tobin+dies+at+84&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=22&rft.date=2002-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Fopa%2Farc-ybc%2Fv30.n22%2Fstory5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Tobin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CV-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CV_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Tobin's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/faculty/vita/cv_tobin.pdf">CV at the Cowles Foundation's website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/james-tobin">"James Tobin"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=James+Tobin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Fjames-tobin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Tobin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=James+Tobin&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DJames%2BTobin%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Tobin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/49717.html">"James Tobin"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=James+Tobin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F49717.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Tobin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nordhaus, W. and J. Tobin, 1972. Is growth obsolete?. Columbia University Press, New York.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaneMulhearn2005" class="citation book cs1">Vane, Howard R.; Mulhearn, Chris (2005). <i>The Nobel Memorial Laureates in Economics: An Introduction to Their Careers and Main Published Works</i>. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Memorial+Laureates+in+Economics%3A+An+Introduction+to+Their+Careers+and+Main+Published+Works&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Vane&rft.aufirst=Howard+R.&rft.au=Mulhearn%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Tobin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epsusa.org/main/history.htm">Economists for Peace and Security History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090414011545/http://epsusa.org/main/history.htm">Archived</a> 2009-04-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: James Tobin among founding Nobel laureates</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palda, Filip (2013). <i>The Apprentice Economist: Seven Steps to Mastery</i>. Ottawa: Cooper-Wolfling Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0987788047" title="Special:BookSources/978-0987788047">978-0987788047</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Tobin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/James_Tobin" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/James Tobin">James Tobin</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/faculty/tobin.htm">James Tobin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Cowles_Foundation" title="Cowles Foundation">Cowles Foundation</a> site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobel-winners.com/Economics/james_tobin.html">Short biography at nobel-winners.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/e/pto4.html">IDEAS/RePEc</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manualofideas.com/q/">John Mihaljevic's Equities and Tobin's Q Report</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.advisorperspectives.com/newsletters09/The_Q_Ratio_Sends_a_Modestly_Bearish_Long-Term_Signal.php">The Q Ratio Sends a Modestly Bearish Long-Term Signal (July 2009)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130118120853/http://www.advisorperspectives.com/newsletters09/The_Q_Ratio_Sends_a_Modestly_Bearish_Long-Term_Signal.php">Archived</a> 2013-01-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090919074043/http://manualofideas.com/blog/2009/03/is_tobins_q_bullish_or_bearish.html">Tobin's Q Moderately Bullish on U.S. Equities (as of March 2009)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20081216005070/en">The Manual of Ideas Launches Tobin's Q Research Service Based on James Tobin's Q Indicator</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.advisorperspectives.com/newsletters09/pdfs/The_Market_Valuation_Q-uestion.pdf">Robert Huebscher on "The Market Valuation Q-uestion"</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Tobin.html">"James Tobin (1918–2002)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Concise_Encyclopedia_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics">The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Economics and Liberty">Library of Economics and Liberty</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a>. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James+Tobin+%281918%E2%80%932002%29&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Economics&rft.series=Library+of+Economics+and+Liberty&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Liberty+Fund&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econlib.org%2Flibrary%2FEnc%2Fbios%2FTobin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Tobin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?21396">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=au%3A%22James+Tobin%22">"James Tobin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Tobin&rft.pub=JSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dau%253A%2522James%2BTobin%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Tobin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/mssa.ms.1746">James Tobin Papers.</a> Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/695">James Tobin</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211776#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_R._Klein" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence R. Klein">Lawrence R. Klein</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economics">Laureate of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics</a> </b><br />1981 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_J._Stigler" class="mw-redirect" title="George J. Stigler">George J. Stigler</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Gardner_Ackley" title="Gardner Ackley">Gardner Ackley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">William Baumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Duesenberry" title="James Duesenberry">James Duesenberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Eisner" title="Robert Eisner">Robert Eisner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trygve_Haavelmo" title="Trygve Haavelmo">Trygve Haavelmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Hansen" title="Alvin Hansen">Alvin Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Harrod" title="Roy Harrod">Roy Harrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Heller" title="Walter Heller">Walter Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">John Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Meade" title="James Meade">James Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Metzler" title="Lloyd Metzler">Lloyd Metzler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Chick" title="Victoria Chick">Victoria Chick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Davidson_(economist)" title="Paul Davidson (economist)">Paul Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evsey_Domar" title="Evsey Domar">Evsey Domar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Galbraith" title="James K. Galbraith">James K. Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wynne_Godley" title="Wynne Godley">Wynne Godley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_J._Gordon" title="Myron J. Gordon">Myron J. Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Harcourt" title="Geoffrey Harcourt">Geoff Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hudson_(economist)" title="Michael Hudson (economist)">Michael Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kahn,_Baron_Kahn" title="Richard Kahn, Baron Kahn">Richard Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kaldor" title="Nicholas Kaldor">Nicholas Kaldor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Michał Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Keen" title="Steve Keen">Steve Keen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kregel" title="Jan Kregel">Jan Kregel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Lavoie" title="Marc Lavoie">Marc Lavoie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abba_P._Lerner" title="Abba P. Lerner">Abba P. Lerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyman_Minsky" title="Hyman Minsky">Hyman Minsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Mitchell_(economist)" title="Bill Mitchell (economist)">Bill Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Moore" title="Basil Moore">Basil Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pressman_(economist)" title="Steven Pressman (economist)">Steven Pressman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Joan Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._L._S._Shackle" title="G. L. S. Shackle">G. L. S. Shackle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlina_R._Tcherneva" title="Pavlina R. Tcherneva">Pavlina R. Tcherneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Thirlwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Thirlwall">Anthony Thirlwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Vickrey" title="William Vickrey">William Vickrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Weintraub_(economist_born_1914)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidney Weintraub (economist born 1914)">Sidney Weintraub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Randall_Wray" title="L. Randall Wray">L. Randall Wray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New Keynesians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Akerlof" title="George Akerlof">George Akerlof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Blanchard" title="Olivier Blanchard">Olivier Blanchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Blinder" title="Alan Blinder">Alan Blinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Calvo" title="Guillermo Calvo">Guillermo Calvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Clarida" title="Richard Clarida">Richard Clarida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Bradford_DeLong" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Bradford DeLong">Brad DeLong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huw_Dixon" title="Huw Dixon">Huw Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Fischer" title="Stanley Fischer">Stanley Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordi_Gal%C3%AD" title="Jordi Galí">Jordi Galí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Gertler_(economist)" title="Mark Gertler (economist)">Mark Gertler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Gordon" title="Robert J. Gordon">Robert J. Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephany_Griffith-Jones" title="Stephany Griffith-Jones">Stephany Griffith-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobuhiro_Kiyotaki" title="Nobuhiro Kiyotaki">Nobuhiro Kiyotaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Mankiw" title="Greg Mankiw">Greg Mankiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Melitz" title="Marc Melitz">Marc Melitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Obstfeld" title="Maurice Obstfeld">Maurice Obstfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Phelps" title="Edmund Phelps">Edmund Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Reis" title="Ricardo Reis">Ricardo Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rogoff" title="Kenneth Rogoff">Kenneth Rogoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Romer" title="David Romer">David Romer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Rotemberg" title="Julio Rotemberg">Julio Rotemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Shiller" title="Robert J. Shiller">Robert Shiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Shleifer" title="Andrei Shleifer">Andrei Shleifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Taylor" title="John B. Taylor">John B. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Woodford_(economist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Woodford (economist)">Michael Woodford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col"> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":20,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Keynesian_economics" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Keynesian_economics" title="Category:Keynesian economics">Keynesian economics</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Sveriges_Riksbank_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences207" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_laureates" title="Template:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_laureates" title="Template talk:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Sveriges_Riksbank_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences207" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economic_Sciences" title="List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1969–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Ragnar Frisch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Jan Tinbergen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul A. Samuelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">John R. Hicks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth J. Arrow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Wassily Leontief</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich August von Hayek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kantorovich" title="Leonid Kantorovich">Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Tjalling C. Koopmans</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Bertil Ohlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Meade" title="James Meade">James E. Meade</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schultz" title="Theodore Schultz">Theodore W. Schultz</a> / <a href="/wiki/W._Arthur_Lewis" title="W. Arthur Lewis">Sir Arthur Lewis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence R. Klein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Tobin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George J. Stigler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Debreu" title="Gérard Debreu">Gérard Debreu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stone" title="Richard Stone">Richard Stone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Franco Modigliani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">James M. Buchanan Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Allais" title="Maurice Allais">Maurice Allais</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Trygve_Haavelmo" title="Trygve Haavelmo">Trygve Haavelmo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Markowitz" title="Harry Markowitz">Harry M. Markowitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Merton_Miller" title="Merton Miller">Merton H. Miller</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_F._Sharpe" title="William F. Sharpe">William F. Sharpe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald H. Coase</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary S. Becker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert W. Fogel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglass_North" title="Douglass North">Douglass C. North</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/John_Harsanyi" title="John Harsanyi">John C. Harsanyi</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash_Jr." title="John Forbes Nash Jr.">John F. Nash Jr.</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Selten" title="Reinhard Selten">Reinhard Selten</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert E. Lucas Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/James_Mirrlees" title="James Mirrlees">James A. Mirrlees</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Vickrey" title="William Vickrey">William Vickrey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Merton" title="Robert C. Merton">Robert C. Merton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Myron_Scholes" title="Myron Scholes">Myron S. Scholes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mundell" title="Robert Mundell">Robert A. Mundell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/James_Heckman" title="James Heckman">James J. Heckman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel L. McFadden</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/George_Akerlof" title="George Akerlof">George A. Akerlof</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence">A. Michael Spence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph E. Stiglitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vernon_L._Smith" title="Vernon L. Smith">Vernon L. Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Engle" title="Robert F. Engle">Robert F. Engle III</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clive_Granger" title="Clive Granger">Clive W.J. Granger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Finn_E._Kydland" title="Finn E. Kydland">Finn E. Kydland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Prescott" title="Edward C. Prescott">Edward C. Prescott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Aumann" title="Robert Aumann">Robert J. Aumann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schelling" title="Thomas Schelling">Thomas C. Schelling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Phelps" title="Edmund Phelps">Edmund S. Phelps</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Maskin" title="Eric Maskin">Eric S. Maskin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Myerson" title="Roger Myerson">Roger B. Myerson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Diamond" title="Peter Diamond">Peter A. Diamond</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dale_T._Mortensen" title="Dale T. Mortensen">Dale T. Mortensen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Pissarides" title="Christopher A. Pissarides">Christopher A. Pissarides</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Sargent" title="Thomas J. Sargent">Thomas J. Sargent</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Sims" title="Christopher A. Sims">Christopher A. Sims</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Alvin_E._Roth" title="Alvin E. Roth">Alvin E. Roth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Shapley" title="Lloyd Shapley">Lloyd S. Shapley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Fama" title="Eugene Fama">Eugene F. Fama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lars_Peter_Hansen" title="Lars Peter Hansen">Lars Peter Hansen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Shiller" title="Robert J. Shiller">Robert J. Shiller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Tirole" title="Jean Tirole">Jean Tirole</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Angus_Deaton" title="Angus Deaton">Angus Deaton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hart_(economist)" title="Oliver Hart (economist)">Oliver Hart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Holmstr%C3%B6m" title="Bengt Holmström">Bengt Holmström</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Richard H. Thaler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">William Nordhaus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Romer" title="Paul Romer">Paul Romer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abhijit_Banerjee" title="Abhijit Banerjee">Abhijit Banerjee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Esther_Duflo" title="Esther Duflo">Esther Duflo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer">Michael Kremer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2020 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Milgrom" title="Paul Milgrom">Paul Milgrom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Wilson" title="Robert B. Wilson">Robert B. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2021 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card">David Card</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Angrist" title="Joshua Angrist">Joshua Angrist</a> / <a href="/wiki/Guido_Imbens" title="Guido Imbens">Guido Imbens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2022 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Diamond" title="Douglas Diamond">Douglas Diamond</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philip_H._Dybvig" title="Philip H. Dybvig">Philip H. Dybvig</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2023 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Goldin" title="Claudia Goldin">Claudia Goldin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Daron Acemoglu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_Johnson_(economist)" title="Simon Johnson (economist)">Simon Johnson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_A._Robinson" title="James A. Robinson">James A. Robinson</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1981_Nobel_Prize_laureates913" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1981_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1981 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1981_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1981 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1981_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1981 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1981_Nobel_Prize_laureates913" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1981 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Fukui" title="Kenichi Fukui">Kenichi Fukui</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a> (Poland/United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1981_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1981 Nobel Prize in Literature">1981</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a> (United Kingdom/Bulgaria)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Arthur Leonard Schawlow</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">Kai Siegbahn</a> (Sweden)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger Wolcott Sperry</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">David H. Hubel</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Torsten Wiesel</a> (Sweden)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Tobin</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1976_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1976 Nobel Prize winners">1976</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1977_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1977 Nobel Prize winners">1977</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1978_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1978 Nobel Prize winners">1978</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1979_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1979 Nobel Prize winners">1979</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1980_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1980 Nobel Prize winners">1980</a></dd> <dd><b>1981 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1982_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1982 Nobel Prize winners">1982</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1983_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1983 Nobel Prize winners">1983</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1984_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1984 Nobel Prize winners">1984</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1985_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1985 Nobel Prize winners">1985</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1986_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1986 Nobel Prize winners">1986</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Bates_Clark_Medal_recipients37" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Bates_Clark_Medal_recipients" title="Template:John Bates Clark Medal recipients"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Bates_Clark_Medal_recipients" title="Template talk:John Bates Clark Medal recipients"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Bates_Clark_Medal_recipients" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Bates Clark Medal recipients"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Bates_Clark_Medal_recipients37" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark_Medal" title="John Bates Clark Medal">John Bates Clark Medal</a> recipients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul A. Samuelson</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> (1951)</li> <li><i>No Award</i> (1953)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Tobin</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth J. Arrow</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence R. Klein</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_S._Houthakker" title="Hendrik S. Houthakker">Hendrik S. Houthakker</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Griliches" title="Zvi Griliches">Zvi Griliches</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary S. Becker</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Nerlove" title="Marc Nerlove">Marc Leon Nerlove</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_W._Jorgenson" title="Dale W. Jorgenson">Dale W. Jorgenson</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_M._Fisher" title="Franklin M. Fisher">Franklin M. Fisher</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel McFadden</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Feldstein" title="Martin Feldstein">Martin S. Feldstein</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph E. Stiglitz</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence">A. Michael Spence</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Heckman" title="James Heckman">James J. Heckman</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_A._Hausman" title="Jerry A. Hausman">Jerry A. Hausman</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_J._Grossman" title="Sanford J. Grossman">Sanford J. Grossman</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kreps" title="David M. Kreps">David M. Kreps</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul R. Krugman</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence H. Summers</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card">David Card</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_M._Murphy" title="Kevin M. Murphy">Kevin M. Murphy</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Shleifer" title="Andrei Shleifer">Andrei Shleifer</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Rabin" title="Matthew Rabin">Matthew Rabin</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Levitt" title="Steven Levitt">Steven Levitt</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Daron Acemoglu</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Athey" title="Susan Athey">Susan C. Athey</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Saez" title="Emmanuel Saez">Emmanuel Saez</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Duflo" title="Esther Duflo">Esther Duflo</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Levin_(economist)" title="Jonathan Levin (economist)">Jonathan Levin</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Finkelstein" title="Amy Finkelstein">Amy Finkelstein</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Chetty" title="Raj Chetty">Raj Chetty</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Gentzkow" title="Matthew Gentzkow">Matthew Gentzkow</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_G._Fryer_Jr." title="Roland G. Fryer Jr.">Roland Fryer</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuliy_Sannikov" title="Yuliy Sannikov">Yuliy Sannikov</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Donaldson_(economist)" title="Dave Donaldson (economist)">Dave Donaldson</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parag_Pathak" title="Parag Pathak">Parag Pathak</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emi_Nakamura" title="Emi Nakamura">Emi Nakamura</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melissa_Dell" title="Melissa Dell">Melissa Dell</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Andrews" title="Isaiah Andrews">Isaiah Andrews</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Itskhoki" title="Oleg Itskhoki">Oleg Itskhoki</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman" title="Gabriel Zucman">Gabriel Zucman</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philipp_Strack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philipp Strack (page does not exist)">Philipp Strack</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Econometric_Society138" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Econometric_Society" title="Template:Presidents of the Econometric Society"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_Econometric_Society" title="Template talk:Presidents of the Econometric Society"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_Econometric_Society" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the Econometric Society"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Econometric_Society138" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Econometric_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Econometric Society">Presidents</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Econometric_Society" title="Econometric Society">Econometric Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1931–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Irving Fisher</a> (1931–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Divisia" title="François Divisia">François Divisia</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hotelling" title="Harold Hotelling">Harold Hotelling</a> (1936–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyon_Bowley" title="Arthur Lyon Bowley">Arthur Bowley</a> (1938–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> (1940–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clair_Mitchell" title="Wesley Clair Mitchell">Wesley Mitchell</a> (1942–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> (1944–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Marschak" title="Jacob Marschak">Jacob Marschak</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Jan Tinbergen</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Roos" title="Charles F. Roos">Charles Roos</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Ragnar Frisch</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Tjalling Koopmans</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R._G._D._Allen" title="R. G. D. Allen">R. G. D. Allen</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Roy_(economist)" title="René Roy (economist)">René Roy</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Wassily Leontief</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stone" title="Richard Stone">Richard Stone</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trygve_Haavelmo" title="Trygve Haavelmo">Trygve Haavelmo</a> (1957)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Tobin</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Boiteux" title="Marcel Boiteux">Marcel Boiteux</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence Klein</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Theil" title="Henri Theil">Henri Theil</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Franco Modigliani</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Malinvaud" title="Edmond Malinvaud">Edmond Malinvaud</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert Solow</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michio_Morishima" title="Michio Morishima">Michio Morishima</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Wold" title="Herman Wold">Herman Wold</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_S._Houthakker" title="Hendrik S. Houthakker">Hendrik Houthakker</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hahn" title="Frank Hahn">Frank Hahn</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dr%C3%A8ze" title="Jacques Drèze">Jacques Drèze</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Debreu" title="Gérard Debreu">Gérard Debreu</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._M._Gorman" title="W. M. Gorman">W. M. Gorman</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Radner" title="Roy Radner">Roy Radner</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Patinkin" title="Don Patinkin">Don Patinkin</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Griliches" title="Zvi Griliches">Zvi Griliches</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hirofumi_Uzawa" title="Hirofumi Uzawa">Hirofumi Uzawa</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_W._McKenzie" title="Lionel W. McKenzie">Lionel McKenzie</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Kornai" title="János Kornai">János Kornai</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_M._Fisher" title="Franklin M. Fisher">Franklin M. Fisher</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sargan" title="Denis Sargan">J. Denis Sargan</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Nerlove" title="Marc Nerlove">Marc Nerlove</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mirrlees" title="James Mirrlees">James A. Mirrlees</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Scarf" title="Herbert Scarf">Herbert Scarf</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya K. Sen</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel McFadden</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bruno_(economist)" title="Michael Bruno (economist)">Michael Bruno</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_W._Jorgenson" title="Dale W. Jorgenson">Dale Jorgenson</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Atkinson" title="Tony Atkinson">Anthony B. Atkinson</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_F._Sonnenschein" title="Hugo F. Sonnenschein">Hugo Sonnenschein</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Michel_Grandmont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Michel Grandmont (page does not exist)">Jean-Michel Grandmont</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Michel_Grandmont" class="extiw" title="de:Jean-Michel Grandmont">de</a>]</span> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Diamond" title="Peter Diamond">Peter Diamond</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Laffont" title="Jean-Jacques Laffont">Jean-Jacques Laffont</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreu_Mas-Colell" title="Andreu Mas-Colell">Andreu Mas-Colell</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takashi_Negishi" title="Takashi Negishi">Takashi Negishi</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Sims" title="Christopher A. Sims">Christopher Sims</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Guesnerie" title="Roger Guesnerie">Roger Guesnerie</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert E. Lucas, Jr.</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Tirole" title="Jean Tirole">Jean Tirole</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Wilson" title="Robert B. Wilson">Robert B. Wilson</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elhanan_Helpman" title="Elhanan Helpman">Elhanan Helpman</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avinash_Dixit" title="Avinash Dixit">Avinash Dixit</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy_Laroque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy Laroque (page does not exist)">Guy Laroque</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Laroque" class="extiw" title="fr:Guy Laroque">fr</a>]</span> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Maskin" title="Eric Maskin">Eric Maskin</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Rubinstein" title="Ariel Rubinstein">Ariel Rubinstein</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Sargent" title="Thomas J. Sargent">Thomas J. Sargent</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Blundell" title="Richard Blundell">Richard Blundell</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Peter_Hansen" title="Lars Peter Hansen">Lars Peter Hansen</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsten_Persson" title="Torsten Persson">Torsten Persson</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Myerson" title="Roger Myerson">Roger B. Myerson</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hardman_Moore" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hardman Moore">John H. Moore</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengt_Holmstr%C3%B6m" title="Bengt Holmström">Bengt Holmström</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Charles_Rochet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Charles Rochet (page does not exist)">Jean-Charles Rochet</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5,_%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C" class="extiw" title="ru:Роше, Жан-Шарль">ru</a>]</span> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Heckman" title="James Heckman">James J. Heckman</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Arellano" title="Manuel Arellano">Manuel Arellano</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Porter_(economist)" title="Robert Porter (economist)">Robert Porter</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Dekel" title="Eddie Dekel">Eddie Dekel</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Fudenberg" title="Drew Fudenberg">Drew Fudenberg</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Besley" title="Tim Besley">Tim Besley</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Morris_(economist)" title="Stephen Morris (economist)">Stephen Morris</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orazio_Attanasio" title="Orazio Attanasio">Orazio Attanasio</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinelopi_Koujianou_Goldberg" title="Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg">Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Tabellini" title="Guido Tabellini">Guido Tabellini</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Matzkin" title="Rosa Matzkin">Rosa Matzkin</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliana_La_Ferrara" title="Eliana La Ferrara">Eliana La Ferrara</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association150" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association" title="Template:Presidents of the American Economic Association"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association" title="Template talk:Presidents of the American Economic Association"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the American Economic Association"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Association" title="American Economic Association">Presidents of the American Economic Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1886–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Amasa_Walker" title="Francis Amasa Walker">Francis A. Walker</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Franklin_Dunbar" title="Charles Franklin Dunbar">Charles F. Dunbar</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">John B. Clark</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Carter_Adams" title="Henry Carter Adams">Henry C. Adams</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Twining_Hadley" title="Arthur Twining Hadley">Arthur T. Hadley</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Ely" title="Richard T. Ely">Richard T. Ely</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_R._A._Seligman" title="Edwin R. A. Seligman">Edwin R. A. Seligman</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Taussig" title="F. W. Taussig">F. W. Taussig</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Jenks" title="Jeremiah Jenks">Jeremiah W. Jenks</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Patten" title="Simon Patten">Simon N. Patten</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Rich_Dewey" title="Davis Rich Dewey">Davis R. Dewey</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_J._James" title="Edmund J. James">Edmund J. James</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Walcott_Farnam" title="Henry Walcott Farnam">Henry W. Farnam</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fetter" title="Frank Fetter">Frank A. Fetter</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kinley" title="David Kinley">David Kinley</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Gray_(economist)" title="John H. Gray (economist)">John H. Gray</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_Willcox" title="Walter Francis Willcox">Walter F. Willcox</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nixon_Carver" title="Thomas Nixon Carver">Thomas N. Carver</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Commons" title="John R. Commons">John R. Commons</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Irving Fisher</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Gardner" title="Henry B. Gardner">Henry B. Gardner</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_J._Davenport" title="Herbert J. Davenport">Herbert J. Davenport</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Hollander" title="Jacob Hollander">Jacob H. Hollander</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rogers_Seager" title="Henry Rogers Seager">Henry R. Seager</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_C._Plehn" title="Carl C. Plehn">Carl C. Plehn</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clair_Mitchell" title="Wesley Clair Mitchell">Wesley C. Mitchell</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyn_Abbott_Young" title="Allyn Abbott Young">Allyn A. Young</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_W._Kemmerer" title="Edwin W. Kemmerer">Edwin W. Kemmerer</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sewall_Adams" title="Thomas Sewall Adams">Thomas S. Adams</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Taylor" title="Fred M. Taylor">Fred M. Taylor</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Francis_Gay" title="Edwin Francis Gay">Edwin F. Gay</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_B._Hammond" title="Matthew B. Hammond">Matthew B. Hammond</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_L._Bogart" title="Ernest L. Bogart">Ernest L. Bogart</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Barnett" title="George E. Barnett">George E. Barnett</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Ripley" title="William Z. Ripley">William Z. Ripley</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_A._Millis" title="Harry A. Millis">Harry A. Millis</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maurice_Clark" title="John Maurice Clark">John M. Clark</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Saunders_Johnson" title="Alvin Saunders Johnson">Alvin S. Johnson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_M._W._Sprague" title="Oliver M. W. Sprague">Oliver M. W. Sprague</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Hansen" title="Alvin Hansen">Alvin Hansen</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Viner" title="Jacob Viner">Jacob Viner</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Mills" title="Frederick C. Mills">Frederick C. Mills</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumner_Slichter" title="Sumner Slichter">Sumner Slichter</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Griswold_Nourse" title="Edwin Griswold Nourse">Edwin G. Nourse</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_B._Wolfe" title="Albert B. Wolfe">Albert B. Wolfe</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Davis" title="Joseph S. Davis">Joseph S. Davis</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Leo_Sharfman" title="Isaiah Leo Sharfman">I. Leo Sharfman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Goldenweiser" title="Emanuel Goldenweiser">Emanuel A. Goldenweiser</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)" title="Paul Douglas (Illinois politician)">Paul Douglas</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_S._Ellis" title="Howard S. Ellis">Howard S. Ellis</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Frank Knight</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Williams_(economist)" title="John Henry Williams (economist)">John H. Williams</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Innis" title="Harold Innis">Harold A. Innis</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_B._Hoover" title="Calvin B. Hoover">Calvin B. Hoover</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Black" title="John D. Black">John D. Black</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_E._Witte" title="Edwin E. Witte">Edwin E. Witte</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_A._Copeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris A. Copeland">Morris A. Copeland</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Stocking_Sr." title="George W. Stocking Sr.">George W. Stocking</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Burns" title="Arthur F. Burns">Arthur F. Burns</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schultz" title="Theodore Schultz">Theodore W. Schultz</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul A. Samuelson</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sagendorph_Mason" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Sagendorph Mason">Edward S. Mason</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Haberler" title="Gottfried Haberler">Gottfried Haberler</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George J. Stigler</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_J._Spengler" title="Joseph J. Spengler">Joseph J. Spengler</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Machlup" title="Fritz Machlup">Fritz Machlup</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fellner" title="William Fellner">William J. Fellner</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Wassily Leontief</a> (1970)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Tobin</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth J. Arrow</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Heller" title="Walter Heller">Walter W. Heller</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aaron_Gordon" title="Robert Aaron Gordon">R. Aaron Gordon</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Franco Modigliani</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence R. Klein</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Marschak" title="Jacob Marschak">Jacob Marschak</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Tjalling C. Koopmans</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Abramovitz" title="Moses Abramovitz">Moses Abramovitz</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">William J. Baumol</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Ackley" title="Gardner Ackley">Gardner Ackley</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Arthur_Lewis" title="W. Arthur Lewis">W. Arthur Lewis</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Schultze" title="Charles Schultze">Charles L. Schultze</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Kindleberger" title="Charles P. Kindleberger">Charles P. Kindleberger</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Rivlin" title="Alice Rivlin">Alice M. Rivlin</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary S. Becker</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Eisner" title="Robert Eisner">Robert Eisner</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Pechman" title="Joseph A. Pechman">Joseph A. Pechman</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Debreu" title="Gérard Debreu">Gérard Debreu</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schelling" title="Thomas Schelling">Thomas C. Schelling</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Vickrey" title="William Vickrey">William Vickrey</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Griliches" title="Zvi Griliches">Zvi Griliches</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Fuchs" title="Victor Fuchs">Victor R. Fuchs</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Osborn_Krueger" title="Anne Osborn Krueger">Anne O. Krueger</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Harberger" title="Arnold Harberger">Arnold C. Harberger</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert W. Fogel</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Gale_Johnson" title="D. Gale Johnson">D. Gale Johnson</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_W._Jorgenson" title="Dale W. Jorgenson">Dale W. Jorgenson</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sherwin_Rosen" title="Sherwin Rosen">Sherwin Rosen</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert Lucas Jr.</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Diamond" title="Peter Diamond">Peter Diamond</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Feldstein" title="Martin Feldstein">Martin Feldstein</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel McFadden</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Akerlof" title="George Akerlof">George Akerlof</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Sargent" title="Thomas J. Sargent">Thomas J. Sargent</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avinash_Dixit" title="Avinash Dixit">Avinash Dixit</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_Deaton" title="Angus Deaton">Angus Deaton</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hall_(economist)" title="Robert Hall (economist)">Robert Hall</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orley_Ashenfelter" title="Orley Ashenfelter">Orley Ashenfelter</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Sims" title="Christopher A. Sims">Christopher A. Sims</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Goldin" title="Claudia Goldin">Claudia Goldin</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">William Nordhaus</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Richard Thaler</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Shiller" title="Robert J. Shiller">Robert J. Shiller</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_E._Roth" title="Alvin E. Roth">Alvin E. Roth</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Blanchard" title="Olivier Blanchard">Olivier Blanchard</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card">David Card</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Romer" title="Christina Romer">Christina Romer</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Athey" title="Susan Athey">Susan Athey</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Currie" title="Janet Currie">Janet Currie</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11926740w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00458849">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35551419">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2004231283&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX957261">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/204053">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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