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<meta name="description" content="Search results for: MILP"> <meta name="keywords" content="MILP"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" 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class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="MILP"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 23</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: MILP</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">23</span> Measuring Energy Efficiency Performance of Mena Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azam%20Mohammadbagheri">Azam Mohammadbagheri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bahram%20Fathi"> Bahram Fathi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> DEA has become a very popular method of performance measure, but it still suffers from some shortcomings. One of these shortcomings is the issue of having multiple optimal solutions to weights for efficient DMUs. The cross efficiency evaluation as an extension of DEA is proposed to avoid this problem. Lam (2010) is also proposed a mixed-integer linear programming formulation based on linear discriminate analysis and super efficiency method (MILP model) to avoid having multiple optimal solutions to weights. In this study, we modified MILP model to determine more suitable weight sets and also evaluate the energy efficiency of MENA countries as an application of the proposed model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20envelopment%20analysis" title="data envelopment analysis">data envelopment analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discriminate%20analysis" title=" discriminate analysis"> discriminate analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross%20efficiency" title=" cross efficiency"> cross efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MILP%20model" title=" MILP model"> MILP model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26629/measuring-energy-efficiency-performance-of-mena-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26629.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">687</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22</span> Comparative Analysis of Simulation-Based and Mixed-Integer Linear Programming Approaches for Optimizing Building Modernization Pathways Towards Decarbonization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nico%20Fuchs">Nico Fuchs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fabian%20W%C3%BCllhorst"> Fabian Wüllhorst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laura%20Maier"> Laura Maier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dirk%20M%C3%BCller"> Dirk Müller</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The decarbonization of building stocks necessitates the modernization of existing buildings. Key measures for this include reducing energy demands through insulation of the building envelope, replacing heat generators, and installing solar systems. Given limited financial resources, it is impractical to modernize all buildings in a portfolio simultaneously; instead, prioritization of buildings and modernization measures for a given planning horizon is essential. Optimization models for modernization pathways can assist portfolio managers in this prioritization. However, modeling and solving these large-scale optimization problems, often represented as mixed-integer problems (MIP), necessitates simplifying the operation of building energy systems particularly with respect to system dynamics and transient behavior. This raises the question of which level of simplification remains sufficient to accurately account for realistic costs and emissions of building energy systems, ensuring a fair comparison of different modernization measures. This study addresses this issue by comparing a two-stage simulation-based optimization approach with a single-stage mathematical optimization in a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulation. The simulation-based approach serves as a benchmark for realistic energy system operation but requires a restriction of the solution space to discrete choices of modernization measures, such as the sizing of heating systems. After calculating the operation of different energy systems in terms of the resulting final energy demands in simulation models on a first stage, the results serve as input for a second stage MILP optimization, where the design of each building in the portfolio is optimized. In contrast to the simulation-based approach, the MILP-based approach can capture a broader variety of modernization measures due to the efficiency of MILP solvers but necessitates simplifying the building energy system operation. Both approaches are employed to determine the cost-optimal design and dimensioning of several buildings in a portfolio to meet climate targets within limited yearly budgets, resulting in a modernization pathway for the entire portfolio. The comparison reveals that the MILP formulation successfully captures design decisions of building energy systems, such as the selection of heating systems and the modernization of building envelopes. However, the results regarding the optimal dimensioning of heating technologies differ from the results of the two-stage simulation-based approach, as the MILP model tends to overestimate operational efficiency, highlighting the limitations of the MILP approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building%20energy%20system%20optimization" title="building energy system optimization">building energy system optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=model%20accuracy%20in%20optimization" title=" model accuracy in optimization"> model accuracy in optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modernization%20pathways" title=" modernization pathways"> modernization pathways</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building%20stock%20decarbonization" title=" building stock decarbonization"> building stock decarbonization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188424/comparative-analysis-of-simulation-based-and-mixed-integer-linear-programming-approaches-for-optimizing-building-modernization-pathways-towards-decarbonization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188424.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">34</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21</span> A Mixed Integer Linear Programming Model for Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problem</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohsen%20Ziaee">Mohsen Ziaee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is presented to solve the flexible job shop scheduling problem (FJSP). This problem is one of the hardest combinatorial problems. The objective considered is the minimization of the makespan. The computational results of the proposed MILP model were compared with those of the best known mathematical model in the literature in terms of the computational time. The results show that our model has better performance with respect to all the considered performance measures including relative percentage deviation (RPD) value, number of constraints, and total number of variables. By this improved mathematical model, larger FJS problems can be optimally solved in reasonable time, and therefore, the model would be a better tool for the performance evaluation of the approximation algorithms developed for the problem. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scheduling" title="scheduling">scheduling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flexible%20job%20shop" title=" flexible job shop"> flexible job shop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=makespan" title=" makespan"> makespan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed%20integer%20linear%20programming" title=" mixed integer linear programming"> mixed integer linear programming</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92281/a-mixed-integer-linear-programming-model-for-flexible-job-shop-scheduling-problem" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92281.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">186</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">20</span> A Mathematical Model for a Two-Stage Assembly Flow-Shop Scheduling Problem with Batch Delivery System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saeedeh%20Ahmadi%20Basir">Saeedeh Ahmadi Basir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Mahdavi%20Mazdeh"> Mohammad Mahdavi Mazdeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Namakshenas"> Mohammad Namakshenas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Manufacturers often dispatch jobs in batches to reduce delivery costs. However, sending several jobs in batches can have a negative effect on other scheduling-related objective functions such as minimizing the number of tardy jobs which is often used to rate managers’ performance in many manufacturing environments. This paper aims to minimize the number of weighted tardy jobs and the sum of delivery costs of a two-stage assembly flow-shop problem in a batch delivery system. We present a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model to solve the problem. As this is an MILP model, the commercial solver (the CPLEX solver) is not guaranteed to find the optimal solution for large-size problems at a reasonable amount of time. We present several numerical examples to confirm the accuracy of the model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scheduling" title="scheduling">scheduling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=two-stage%20assembly%20flow-shop" title=" two-stage assembly flow-shop"> two-stage assembly flow-shop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tardy%20jobs" title=" tardy jobs"> tardy jobs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=batched%20delivery%20system" title=" batched delivery system"> batched delivery system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61194/a-mathematical-model-for-a-two-stage-assembly-flow-shop-scheduling-problem-with-batch-delivery-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61194.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">460</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19</span> Optimization of Structures with Mixed Integer Non-linear Programming (MINLP)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stojan%20Kravanja">Stojan Kravanja</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrej%20Ivani%C4%8D"> Andrej Ivanič</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toma%C5%BE%20%C5%BDula"> Tomaž Žula</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This contribution focuses on structural optimization in civil engineering using mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP). MINLP is characterized as a versatile method that can handle both continuous and discrete optimization variables simultaneously. Continuous variables are used to optimize parameters such as dimensions, stresses, masses, or costs, while discrete variables represent binary decisions to determine the presence or absence of structural elements within a structure while also calculating discrete materials and standard sections. The optimization process is divided into three main steps. First, a mechanical superstructure with a variety of different topology-, material- and dimensional alternatives. Next, a MINLP model is formulated to encapsulate the optimization problem. Finally, an optimal solution is searched in the direction of the defined objective function while respecting the structural constraints. The economic or mass objective function of the material and labor costs of a structure is subjected to the constraints known from structural analysis. These constraints include equations for the calculation of internal forces and deflections, as well as equations for the dimensioning of structural components (in accordance with the Eurocode standards). Given the complex, non-convex and highly non-linear nature of optimization problems in civil engineering, the Modified Outer-Approximation/Equality-Relaxation (OA/ER) algorithm is applied. This algorithm alternately solves subproblems of non-linear programming (NLP) and main problems of mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), in this way gradually refines the solution space up to the optimal solution. The NLP corresponds to the continuous optimization of parameters (with fixed topology, discrete materials and standard dimensions, all determined in the previous MILP), while the MILP involves a global approximation to the superstructure of alternatives, where a new topology, materials, standard dimensions are determined. The optimization of a convex problem is stopped when the MILP solution becomes better than the best NLP solution. Otherwise, it is terminated when the NLP solution can no longer be improved. While the OA/ER algorithm, like all other algorithms, does not guarantee global optimality due to the presence of non-convex functions, various modifications, including convexity tests, are implemented in OA/ER to mitigate these difficulties. The effectiveness of the proposed MINLP approach is demonstrated by its application to various structural optimization tasks, such as mass optimization of steel buildings, cost optimization of timber halls, composite floor systems, etc. Special optimization models have been developed for the optimization of these structures. The MINLP optimizations, facilitated by the user-friendly software package MIPSYN, provide insights into a mass or cost-optimal solutions, optimal structural topologies, optimal material and standard cross-section choices, confirming MINLP as a valuable method for the optimization of structures in civil engineering. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MINLP" title="MINLP">MINLP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed-integer%20non-linear%20programming" title=" mixed-integer non-linear programming"> mixed-integer non-linear programming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structures" title=" structures"> structures</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185274/optimization-of-structures-with-mixed-integer-non-linear-programming-minlp" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185274.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">46</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18</span> Impact of the Electricity Market Prices during the COVID-19 Pandemic on Energy Storage Operation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marin%20Mandi%C4%87">Marin Mandić</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elis%20Sutlovi%C4%87"> Elis Sutlović</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ton%C4%87i%20Modri%C4%87"> Tonći Modrić</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luka%20Stani%C4%87"> Luka Stanić</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the restructuring and deregulation of the power system, storage owners, generation companies or private producers can offer their multiple services on various power markets and earn income in different types of markets, such as the day-ahead, real-time, ancillary services market, etc. During the COVID-19 pandemic, electricity prices, as well as ancillary services prices, increased significantly. The optimization of the energy storage operation was performed using a suitable model for simulating the operation of a pumped storage hydropower plant under market conditions. The objective function maximizes the income earned through energy arbitration, regulation-up, regulation-down and spinning reserve services. The optimization technique used for solving the objective function is mixed integer linear programming (MILP). In numerical examples, the pumped storage hydropower plant operation has been optimized considering the already achieved hourly electricity market prices from Nord Pool for the pre-pandemic (2019) and the pandemic (2020 and 2021) years. The impact of the electricity market prices during the COVID-19 pandemic on energy storage operation is shown through the analysis of income, operating hours, reserved capacity and consumed energy for each service. The results indicate the role of energy storage during a significant fluctuation in electricity and services prices. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrical%20market%20prices" title="electrical market prices">electrical market prices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electricity%20market" title=" electricity market"> electricity market</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20storage%20optimization" title=" energy storage optimization"> energy storage optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed%20integer%20linear%20programming%20%28MILP%29%20optimization" title=" mixed integer linear programming (MILP) optimization"> mixed integer linear programming (MILP) optimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149489/impact-of-the-electricity-market-prices-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-energy-storage-operation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149489.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">174</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17</span> Optimized Scheduling of Domestic Load Based on User Defined Constraints in a Real-Time Tariff Scenario</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Madia%20Safdar">Madia Safdar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Amjad%20Hussain"> G. Amjad Hussain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mashhood%20Ahmad"> Mashhood Ahmad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the major challenges of today’s era is peak demand which causes stress on the transmission lines and also raises the cost of energy generation and ultimately higher electricity bills to the end users, and it was used to be managed by the supply side management. However, nowadays this has been withdrawn because of existence of potential in the demand side management (DSM) having its economic and- environmental advantages. DSM in domestic load can play a vital role in reducing the peak load demand on the network provides a significant cost saving. In this paper the potential of demand response (DR) in reducing the peak load demands and electricity bills to the electric users is elaborated. For this purpose the domestic appliances are modeled in MATLAB Simulink and controlled by a module called energy management controller. The devices are categorized into controllable and uncontrollable loads and are operated according to real-time tariff pricing pattern instead of fixed time pricing or variable pricing. Energy management controller decides the switching instants of the controllable appliances based on the results from optimization algorithms. In GAMS software, the MILP (mixed integer linear programming) algorithm is used for optimization. In different cases, different constraints are used for optimization, considering the comforts, needs and priorities of the end users. Results are compared and the savings in electricity bills are discussed in this paper considering real time pricing and fixed tariff pricing, which exhibits the existence of potential to reduce electricity bills and peak loads in demand side management. It is seen that using real time pricing tariff instead of fixed tariff pricing helps to save in the electricity bills. Moreover the simulation results of the proposed energy management system show that the gained power savings lie in high range. It is anticipated that the result of this research will prove to be highly effective to the utility companies as well as in the improvement of domestic DR. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=controllable%20and%20uncontrollable%20domestic%20loads" title="controllable and uncontrollable domestic loads">controllable and uncontrollable domestic loads</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=demand%20response" title=" demand response"> demand response</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=demand%20side%20management" title=" demand side management"> demand side management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MILP%20%28mixed%20integer%20linear%20programming%29" title=" MILP (mixed integer linear programming)"> MILP (mixed integer linear programming)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40606/optimized-scheduling-of-domestic-load-based-on-user-defined-constraints-in-a-real-time-tariff-scenario" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40606.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">302</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16</span> Optimization Approach to Integrated Production-Inventory-Routing Problem for Oxygen Supply Chains</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yena%20Lee">Yena Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vassilis%20M.%20Charitopoulos"> Vassilis M. Charitopoulos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karthik%20Thyagarajan"> Karthik Thyagarajan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ian%20Morris"> Ian Morris</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jose%20M.%20Pinto"> Jose M. Pinto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lazaros%20G.%20Papageorgiou"> Lazaros G. Papageorgiou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With globalisation, the need to have better coordination of production and distribution decisions has become increasingly important for industrial gas companies in order to remain competitive in the marketplace. In this work, we investigate a problem that integrates production, inventory, and routing decisions in a liquid oxygen supply chain. The oxygen supply chain consists of production facilities, external third-party suppliers, and multiple customers, including hospitals and industrial customers. The product produced by the plants or sourced from the competitors, i.e., third-party suppliers, is distributed by a fleet of heterogenous vehicles to satisfy customer demands. The objective is to minimise the total operating cost involving production, third-party, and transportation costs. The key decisions for production include production and inventory levels and product amount from third-party suppliers. In contrast, the distribution decisions involve customer allocation, delivery timing, delivery amount, and vehicle routing. The optimisation of the coordinated production, inventory, and routing decisions is a challenging problem, especially when dealing with large-size problems. Thus, we present a two-stage procedure to solve the integrated problem efficiently. First, the problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model by simplifying the routing component. The solution from the first-stage MILP model yields the optimal customer allocation, production and inventory levels, and delivery timing and amount. Then, we fix the previous decisions and solve a detailed routing. In the second stage, we propose a column generation scheme to address the computational complexity of the resulting detailed routing problem. A case study considering a real-life oxygen supply chain in the UK is presented to illustrate the capability of the proposed models and solution method. Furthermore, a comparison of the solutions from the proposed approach with the corresponding solutions provided by existing metaheuristic techniques (e.g., guided local search and tabu search algorithms) is presented to evaluate the efficiency. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=production%20planning" title="production planning">production planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inventory%20routing" title=" inventory routing"> inventory routing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=column%20generation" title=" column generation"> column generation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed-integer%20linear%20programming" title=" mixed-integer linear programming"> mixed-integer linear programming</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146676/optimization-approach-to-integrated-production-inventory-routing-problem-for-oxygen-supply-chains" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146676.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">112</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15</span> The Location-Routing Problem with Pickup Facilities and Heterogeneous Demand: Formulation and Heuristics Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mao%20Zhaofang">Mao Zhaofang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xu%20Yida"> Xu Yida</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fang%20Kan"> Fang Kan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fu%20Enyuan"> Fu Enyuan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhao%20Zhao"> Zhao Zhao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays, last-mile distribution plays an increasingly important role in the whole industrial chain delivery link and accounts for a large proportion of the whole distribution process cost. Promoting the upgrading of logistics networks and improving the layout of final distribution points has become one of the trends in the development of modern logistics. Due to the discrete and heterogeneous needs and spatial distribution of customer demand, which will lead to a higher delivery failure rate and lower vehicle utilization, last-mile delivery has become a time-consuming and uncertain process. As a result, courier companies have introduced a range of innovative parcel storage facilities, including pick-up points and lockers. The introduction of pick-up points and lockers has not only improved the users’ experience but has also helped logistics and courier companies achieve large-scale economy. Against the backdrop of the COVID-19 of the previous period, contactless delivery has become a new hotspot, which has also created new opportunities for the development of collection services. Therefore, a key issue for logistics companies is how to design/redesign their last-mile distribution network systems to create integrated logistics and distribution networks that consider pick-up points and lockers. This paper focuses on the introduction of self-pickup facilities in new logistics and distribution scenarios and the heterogeneous demands of customers. In this paper, we consider two types of demand, including ordinary products and refrigerated products, as well as corresponding transportation vehicles. We consider the constraints associated with self-pickup points and lockers and then address the location-routing problem with self-pickup facilities and heterogeneous demands (LRP-PFHD). To solve this challenging problem, we propose a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model that aims to minimize the total cost, which includes the facility opening cost, the variable transport cost, and the fixed transport cost. Due to the NP-hardness of the problem, we propose a hybrid adaptive large-neighbourhood search algorithm to solve LRP-PFHD. We evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm by using instances generated based on benchmark instances. The results demonstrate that the hybrid adaptive large neighbourhood search algorithm is more efficient than MILP solvers such as Gurobi for LRP-PFHD, especially for large-scale instances. In addition, we made a comprehensive analysis of some important parameters (e.g., facility opening cost and transportation cost) to explore their impacts on the results and suggested helpful managerial insights for courier companies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=city%20logistics" title="city logistics">city logistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=last-mile%20delivery" title=" last-mile delivery"> last-mile delivery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=location-routing" title=" location-routing"> location-routing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive%20large%20neighborhood%20search" title=" adaptive large neighborhood search"> adaptive large neighborhood search</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181563/the-location-routing-problem-with-pickup-facilities-and-heterogeneous-demand-formulation-and-heuristics-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181563.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">78</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> Feature Selection for Production Schedule Optimization in Transition Mines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Angelina%20Anani">Angelina Anani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ignacio%20Ortiz%20Flores"> Ignacio Ortiz Flores</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haitao%20Li"> Haitao Li</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The use of underground mining methods have increased significantly over the past decades. This increase has also been spared on by several mines transitioning from surface to underground mining. However, determining the transition depth can be a challenging task, especially when coupled with production schedule optimization. Several researchers have simplified the problem by excluding operational features relevant to production schedule optimization. Our research objective is to investigate the extent to which operational features of transition mines accounted for affect the optimal production schedule. We also provide a framework for factors to consider in production schedule optimization for transition mines. An integrated mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed that maximizes the NPV as a function of production schedule and transition depth. A case study is performed to validate the model, with a comparative sensitivity analysis to obtain operational insights. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20mining" title="underground mining">underground mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transition%20mines" title=" transition mines"> transition mines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed-integer%20linear%20programming" title=" mixed-integer linear programming"> mixed-integer linear programming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=production%20schedule" title=" production schedule"> production schedule</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144388/feature-selection-for-production-schedule-optimization-in-transition-mines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144388.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">169</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> A New Tactical Optimization Model for Bioenergy Supply Chain</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Birome%20Holo%20Ba">Birome Holo Ba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christian%20Prins"> Christian Prins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Caroline%20Prodhon"> Caroline Prodhon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Optimization is an important aspect of logistics management. It can reduce significantly logistics costs and also be a good tool for decision support. In this paper, we address a planning problem specific to biomass supply chain. We propose a new mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model dealing with different feed stock production operations such as harvesting, packing, storage, pre-processing and transportation, with the objective of minimizing the total logistic cost of the system on a regional basis. It determines the optimal number of harvesting machine, the fleet size of trucks for transportation and the amount of each type of biomass harvested, stored and pre-processed in each period to satisfy demands of refineries in each period. We illustrate the effectiveness of the proposal model with a numerical example, a case study in Aube (France department), which gives preliminary and interesting, results on a small test case. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomass%20logistics" title="biomass logistics">biomass logistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supply%20chain" title=" supply chain"> supply chain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modelling" title=" modelling"> modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioenergy" title=" bioenergy"> bioenergy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biofuels" title=" biofuels"> biofuels</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16004/a-new-tactical-optimization-model-for-bioenergy-supply-chain" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16004.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">514</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> An Efficient Process Analysis and Control Method for Tire Mixing Operation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hwang%20Ho%20Kim">Hwang Ho Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Do%20Gyun%20Kim"> Do Gyun Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jin%20Young%20Choi"> Jin Young Choi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sang%20Chul%20Park"> Sang Chul Park</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Since tire production process is very complicated, company-wide management of it is very difficult, necessitating considerable amounts of capital and labors. Thus, productivity should be enhanced and maintained competitive by developing and applying effective production plans. Among major processes for tire manufacturing, consisting of mixing component preparation, building and curing, the mixing process is an essential and important step because the main component of tire, called compound, is formed at this step. Compound as a rubber synthesis with various characteristics plays its own role required for a tire as a finished product. Meanwhile, scheduling tire mixing process is similar to flexible job shop scheduling problem (FJSSP) because various kinds of compounds have their unique orders of operations, and a set of alternative machines can be used to process each operation. In addition, setup time required for different operations may differ due to alteration of additives. In other words, each operation of mixing processes requires different setup time depending on the previous one, and this kind of feature, called sequence dependent setup time (SDST), is a very important issue in traditional scheduling problems such as flexible job shop scheduling problems. However, despite of its importance, there exist few research works dealing with the tire mixing process. Thus, in this paper, we consider the scheduling problem for tire mixing process and suggest an efficient particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to minimize the makespan for completing all the required jobs belonging to the process. Specifically, we design a particle encoding scheme for the considered scheduling problem, including a processing sequence for compounds and machine allocation information for each job operation, and a method for generating a tire mixing schedule from a given particle. At each iteration, the coordination and velocity of particles are updated, and the current solution is compared with new solution. This procedure is repeated until a stopping condition is satisfied. The performance of the proposed algorithm is validated through a numerical experiment by using some small-sized problem instances expressing the tire mixing process. Furthermore, we compare the solution of the proposed algorithm with it obtained by solving a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model developed in previous research work. As for performance measure, we define an error rate which can evaluate the difference between two solutions. As a result, we show that PSO algorithm proposed in this paper outperforms MILP model with respect to the effectiveness and efficiency. As the direction for future work, we plan to consider scheduling problems in other processes such as building, curing. We can also extend our current work by considering other performance measures such as weighted makespan or processing times affected by aging or learning effects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compound" title="compound">compound</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=error%20rate" title=" error rate"> error rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flexible%20job%20shop%20scheduling%20problem" title=" flexible job shop scheduling problem"> flexible job shop scheduling problem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=makespan" title=" makespan"> makespan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=particle%20encoding%20scheme" title=" particle encoding scheme"> particle encoding scheme</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=particle%20swarm%20optimization" title=" particle swarm optimization"> particle swarm optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sequence%20dependent%20setup%20time" title=" sequence dependent setup time"> sequence dependent setup time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tire%20mixing%20process" title=" tire mixing process"> tire mixing process</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61811/an-efficient-process-analysis-and-control-method-for-tire-mixing-operation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61811.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">265</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Benders Decomposition Approach to Solve the Hybrid Flow Shop Scheduling Problem</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ebrahim%20Asadi-Gangraj">Ebrahim Asadi-Gangraj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hybrid flow shop scheduling problem (HFS) contains sequencing in a flow shop where, at any stage, there exist one or more related or unrelated parallel machines. This production system is a common manufacturing environment in many real industries, such as the steel manufacturing, ceramic tile manufacturing, and car assembly industries. In this research, a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is presented for the hybrid flow shop scheduling problem, in which, the objective consists of minimizing the maximum completion time (makespan). For this purpose, a Benders Decomposition (BD) method is developed to solve the research problem. The proposed approach is tested on some test problems, small to moderate scale. The experimental results show that the Benders decomposition approach can solve the hybrid flow shop scheduling problem in a reasonable time, especially for small and moderate-size test problems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20flow%20shop" title="hybrid flow shop">hybrid flow shop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed%20integer%20linear%20programming" title=" mixed integer linear programming"> mixed integer linear programming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Benders%20decomposition" title=" Benders decomposition"> Benders decomposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=makespan" title=" makespan"> makespan</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106041/benders-decomposition-approach-to-solve-the-hybrid-flow-shop-scheduling-problem" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106041.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">189</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> A Variable Neighborhood Search with Tabu Conditions for the Roaming Salesman Problem</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masoud%20Shahmanzari">Masoud Shahmanzari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this paper is to present a Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS) with Tabu Search (TS) conditions for the Roaming Salesman Problem (RSP). The RSP is a special case of the well-known traveling salesman problem (TSP) where a set of cities with time-dependent rewards and a set of campaign days are given. Each city can be visited on any day and a subset of cities can be visited multiple times. The goal is to determine an optimal campaign schedule consist of daily open/closed tours that visit some cities and maximizes the total net benefit while respecting daily maximum tour duration constraints and the necessity to return campaign base frequently. This problem arises in several real-life applications and particularly in election logistics where depots are not fixed. We formulate the problem as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP), in which we capture as many real-world aspects of the RSP as possible. We also present a hybrid metaheuristic algorithm based on a VNS with TS conditions. The initial feasible solution is constructed via a new matheuristc approach based on the decomposition of the original problem. Next, this solution is improved in terms of the collected rewards using the proposed local search procedure. We consider a set of 81 cities in Turkey and a campaign of 30 days as our largest instance. Computational results on real-world instances show that the developed algorithm could find near-optimal solutions effectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title="optimization">optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=routing" title=" routing"> routing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=election%20logistics" title=" election logistics"> election logistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heuristics" title=" heuristics"> heuristics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162992/a-variable-neighborhood-search-with-tabu-conditions-for-the-roaming-salesman-problem" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162992.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">92</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Green Closed-Loop Supply Chain Network Design Considering Different Production Technologies Levels and Transportation Modes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahsa%20Oroojeni%20Mohammad%20Javad">Mahsa Oroojeni Mohammad Javad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Globalization of economic activity and rapid growth of information technology has resulted in shorter product lifecycles, reduced transport capacity, dynamic and changing customer behaviors, and an increased focus on supply chain design in recent years. The design of the supply chain network is one of the most important supply chain management decisions. These decisions will have a long-term impact on the efficacy and efficiency of the supply chain. In this paper, a two-objective mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed for designing and optimizing a closed-loop green supply chain network that, to the greatest extent possible, includes all real-world assumptions such as multi-level supply chain, the multiplicity of production technologies, and multiple modes of transportation, with the goals of minimizing the total cost of the chain (first objective) and minimizing total emissions of emissions (second objective). The ε-constraint and CPLEX Solver have been used to solve the problem as a single-objective problem and validate the problem. Finally, the sensitivity analysis is applied to study the effect of the real-world parameters’ changes on the objective function. The optimal management suggestions and policies are presented. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=closed-loop%20supply%20chain" title="closed-loop supply chain">closed-loop supply chain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-level%20green%20supply%20chain" title=" multi-level green supply chain"> multi-level green supply chain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed-integer%20programming" title=" mixed-integer programming"> mixed-integer programming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transportation%20modes" title=" transportation modes"> transportation modes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169009/green-closed-loop-supply-chain-network-design-considering-different-production-technologies-levels-and-transportation-modes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169009.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">80</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Maximizing Profit Using Optimal Control by Exploiting the Flexibility in Thermal Power Plants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daud%20Mustafa%20Minhas">Daud Mustafa Minhas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raja%20Rehan%20Khalid"> Raja Rehan Khalid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Georg%20Frey"> Georg Frey</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The next generation power systems are equipped with abundantly available free renewable energy resources (RES). During their low-cost operations, the price of electricity significantly reduces to a lower value, and sometimes it becomes negative. Therefore, it is recommended not to operate the traditional power plants (e.g. coal power plants) and to reduce the losses. In fact, it is not a cost-effective solution, because these power plants exhibit some shutdown and startup costs. Moreover, they require certain time for shutdown and also need enough pause before starting up again, increasing inefficiency in the whole power network. Hence, there is always a trade-off between avoiding negative electricity prices, and the startup costs of power plants. To exploit this trade-off and to increase the profit of a power plant, two main contributions are made: 1) introducing retrofit technology for state of art coal power plant; 2) proposing optimal control strategy for a power plant by exploiting different flexibility features. These flexibility features include: improving ramp rate of power plant, reducing startup time and lowering minimum load. While, the control strategy is solved as mixed integer linear programming (MILP), ensuring optimal solution for the profit maximization problem. Extensive comparisons are made considering pre and post-retrofit coal power plant having the same efficiencies under different electricity price scenarios. It concludes that if the power plant must remain in the market (providing services), more flexibility reflects direct economic advantage to the plant operator. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrete%20optimization" title="discrete optimization">discrete optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20plant%20flexibility" title=" power plant flexibility"> power plant flexibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=profit%20maximization" title=" profit maximization"> profit maximization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unit%20commitment%20model" title=" unit commitment model"> unit commitment model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99691/maximizing-profit-using-optimal-control-by-exploiting-the-flexibility-in-thermal-power-plants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99691.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">143</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Design and Integration of a Renewable Energy Based Polygeneration System with Desalination for an Industrial Plant</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lucero%20Luciano">Lucero Luciano</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cesar%20Celis"> Cesar Celis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jose%20Ramos"> Jose Ramos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Polygeneration improves energy efﬁciency and reduce both energy consumption and pollutant emissions compared to conventional generation technologies. A polygeneration system is a variation of a cogeneration one, in which more than two outputs, i.e., heat, power, cooling, water, energy or fuels, are accounted for. In particular, polygeneration systems integrating solar energy and water desalination represent promising technologies for energy production and water supply. They are therefore interesting options for coastal regions with a high solar potential, such as those located in southern Peru and northern Chile. Notice that most of the Peruvian and Chilean mining industry operations intensive in electricity and water consumption are located in these particular regions. Accordingly, this work focus on the design and integration of a polygeneration system producing industrial heating, cooling, electrical power and water for an industrial plant. The design procedure followed in this work involves integer linear programming modeling (MILP), operational planning and dynamic operating conditions. The technical and economic feasibility of integrating renewable energy technologies (photovoltaic and solar thermal, PV+CPS), thermal energy store, power and thermal exchange, absorption chillers, cogeneration heat engines and desalination technologies is particularly assessed. The polygeneration system integration carried out seek to minimize the system total annual cost subject to CO2 emissions restrictions. Particular economic aspects accounted for include investment, maintenance and operating costs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=desalination" title="desalination">desalination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=design%20and%20integration" title=" design and integration"> design and integration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polygeneration%20systems" title=" polygeneration systems"> polygeneration systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renewable%20energy" title=" renewable energy"> renewable energy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102064/design-and-integration-of-a-renewable-energy-based-polygeneration-system-with-desalination-for-an-industrial-plant" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102064.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">125</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Approaches to Reduce the Complexity of Mathematical Models for the Operational Optimization of Large-Scale Virtual Power Plants in Public Energy Supply</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thomas%20Weber">Thomas Weber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nina%20Strobel"> Nina Strobel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thomas%20Kohne"> Thomas Kohne</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eberhard%20Abele"> Eberhard Abele</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In context of the energy transition in Germany, the importance of so-called virtual power plants in the energy supply continues to increase. The progressive dismantling of the large power plants and the ongoing construction of many new decentralized plants result in great potential for optimization through synergies between the individual plants. These potentials can be exploited by mathematical optimization algorithms to calculate the optimal application planning of decentralized power and heat generators and storage systems. This also includes linear or linear mixed integer optimization. In this paper, procedures for reducing the number of decision variables to be calculated are explained and validated. On the one hand, this includes combining n similar installation types into one aggregated unit. This aggregated unit is described by the same constraints and target function terms as a single plant. This reduces the number of decision variables per time step and the complexity of the problem to be solved by a factor of n. The exact operating mode of the individual plants can then be calculated in a second optimization in such a way that the output of the individual plants corresponds to the calculated output of the aggregated unit. Another way to reduce the number of decision variables in an optimization problem is to reduce the number of time steps to be calculated. This is useful if a high temporal resolution is not necessary for all time steps. For example, the volatility or the forecast quality of environmental parameters may justify a high or low temporal resolution of the optimization. Both approaches are examined for the resulting calculation time as well as for optimality. Several optimization models for virtual power plants (combined heat and power plants, heat storage, power storage, gas turbine) with different numbers of plants are used as a reference for the investigation of both processes with regard to calculation duration and optimality. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CHP" title="CHP">CHP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Energy%204.0" title=" Energy 4.0"> Energy 4.0</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20storage" title=" energy storage"> energy storage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MILP" title=" MILP"> MILP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virtual%20power%20plant" title=" virtual power plant"> virtual power plant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95734/approaches-to-reduce-the-complexity-of-mathematical-models-for-the-operational-optimization-of-large-scale-virtual-power-plants-in-public-energy-supply" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95734.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">178</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Contrasted Mean and Median Models in Egyptian Stock Markets</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mai%20A.%20Ibrahim">Mai A. Ibrahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20El-Beltagy"> Mohammed El-Beltagy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Motaz%20Khorshid"> Motaz Khorshid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Emerging Markets return distributions have shown significance departure from normality were they are characterized by fatter tails relative to the normal distribution and exhibit levels of skewness and kurtosis that constitute a significant departure from normality. Therefore, the classical Markowitz Mean-Variance is not applicable for emerging markets since it assumes normally-distributed returns (with zero skewness and kurtosis) and a quadratic utility function. Moreover, the Markowitz mean-variance analysis can be used in cases of moderate non-normality and it still provides a good approximation of the expected utility, but it may be ineffective under large departure from normality. Higher moments models and median models have been suggested in the literature for asset allocation in this case. Higher moments models have been introduced to account for the insufficiency of the description of a portfolio by only its first two moments while the median model has been introduced as a robust statistic which is less affected by outliers than the mean. Tail risk measures such as Value-at Risk (VaR) and Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) have been introduced instead of Variance to capture the effect of risk. In this research, higher moment models including the Mean-Variance-Skewness (MVS) and Mean-Variance-Skewness-Kurtosis (MVSK) are formulated as single-objective non-linear programming problems (NLP) and median models including the Median-Value at Risk (MedVaR) and Median-Mean Absolute Deviation (MedMAD) are formulated as a single-objective mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problems. The higher moment models and median models are compared to some benchmark portfolios and tested on real financial data in the Egyptian main Index EGX30. The results show that all the median models outperform the higher moment models were they provide higher final wealth for the investor over the entire period of study. In addition, the results have confirmed the inapplicability of the classical Markowitz Mean-Variance to the Egyptian stock market as it resulted in very low realized profits. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Egyptian%20stock%20exchange" title="Egyptian stock exchange">Egyptian stock exchange</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emerging%20markets" title=" emerging markets"> emerging markets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=higher%20moment%20models" title=" higher moment models"> higher moment models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=median%20models" title=" median models"> median models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed-integer%20linear%20programming" title=" mixed-integer linear programming"> mixed-integer linear programming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-linear%20programming" title=" non-linear programming"> non-linear programming</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42897/contrasted-mean-and-median-models-in-egyptian-stock-markets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42897.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">315</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> The Effect of Green Power Trading Mechanism on Interregional Power Generation and Transmission in China</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yan-Shen%20Yang">Yan-Shen Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bai-Chen%20Xie"> Bai-Chen Xie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background and significance of the study: Both green power trading schemes and interregional power transmission are effective ways to increase green power absorption and achieve renewable power development goals. China accelerates the construction of interregional power transmission lines and the green power market. A critical issue focusing on the close interaction between these two approaches arises, which can heavily affect the green power quota allocation and renewable power development. Existing studies have not discussed this issue adequately, so it is urgent to figure out their relationship to achieve a suitable power market design and a more reasonable power grid construction.Basic methodologies: We develop an equilibrium model of the power market in China to analyze the coupling effect of these two approaches as well as their influence on power generation and interregional transmission in China. Our model considers both the Tradable green certificate (TGC) and green power market, which consists of producers, consumers in the market, and an independent system operator (ISO) minimizing the total system cost. Our equilibrium model includes the decision optimization process of each participant. To reformulate the models presented as a single-level one, we replace the producer, consumer, ISO, and market equilibrium problems with their Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions, which is further reformulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) and solved in Gurobi solver. Major findings: The result shows that: (1) the green power market can significantly promote renewable power absorption while the TGC market provides a more flexible way for green power trading. (2) The phenomena of inefficient occupation and no available transmission lines appear simultaneously. The existing interregional transmission lines cannot fully meet the demand for wind and solar PV power trading in some areas while the situation is vice versa in other areas. (3) Synchronous implementation of green power and TGC trading mechanism can benefit the development of green power as well as interregional power transmission. (4) The green power transaction exacerbates the unfair distribution of carbon emissions. The Carbon Gini Coefficient is up to 0.323 under the green power market which shows a high Carbon inequality. The eastern coastal region will benefit the most due to its huge demand for external power. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20power%20market" title="green power market">green power market</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tradable%20green%20certificate" title=" tradable green certificate"> tradable green certificate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interregional%20power%20transmission" title=" interregional power transmission"> interregional power transmission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20market%20equilibrium%20model" title=" power market equilibrium model"> power market equilibrium model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163275/the-effect-of-green-power-trading-mechanism-on-interregional-power-generation-and-transmission-in-china" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163275.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Optimizing Residential Housing Renovation Strategies at Territorial Scale: A Data Driven Approach and Insights from the French Context</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rit%20M.">Rit M.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Girard%20R."> Girard R.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Villot%20J."> Villot J.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thorel%20M."> Thorel M.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In a scenario of extensive residential housing renovation, stakeholders need models that support decision-making through a deep understanding of the existing building stock and accurate energy demand simulations. To address this need, we have modified an optimization model using open data that enables the study of renovation strategies at both territorial and national scales. This approach provides (1) a definition of a strategy to simplify decision trees from theoretical combinations, (2) input to decision makers on real-world renovation constraints, (3) more reliable identification of energy-saving measures (changes in technology or behaviour), and (4) discrepancies between currently planned and actually achieved strategies. The main contribution of the studies described in this document is the geographic scale: all residential buildings in the areas of interest were modeled and simulated using national data (geometries and attributes). These buildings were then renovated, when necessary, in accordance with the environmental objectives, taking into account the constraints applicable to each territory (number of renovations per year) or at the national level (renovation of thermal deficiencies (Energy Performance Certificates F&G)). This differs from traditional approaches that focus only on a few buildings or archetypes. This model can also be used to analyze the evolution of a building stock as a whole, as it can take into account both the construction of new buildings and their demolition or sale. Using specific case studies of French territories, this paper highlights a significant discrepancy between the strategies currently advocated by decision-makers and those proposed by our optimization model. This discrepancy is particularly evident in critical metrics such as the relationship between the number of renovations per year and achievable climate targets or the financial support currently available to households and the remaining costs. In addition, users are free to seek optimizations for their building stock across a range of different metrics (e.g., financial, energy, environmental, or life cycle analysis). These results are a clear call to re-evaluate existing renovation strategies and take a more nuanced and customized approach. As the climate crisis moves inexorably forward, harnessing the potential of advanced technologies and data-driven methodologies is imperative. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residential%20housing%20renovation" title="residential housing renovation">residential housing renovation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MILP" title=" MILP"> MILP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20demand%20simulations" title=" energy demand simulations"> energy demand simulations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data-driven%20methodology" title=" data-driven methodology"> data-driven methodology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172869/optimizing-residential-housing-renovation-strategies-at-territorial-scale-a-data-driven-approach-and-insights-from-the-french-context" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172869.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">68</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Optimization of the Feedstock Supply of an Oilseeds Conversion Unit for Biofuel Production in West Africa: A Comparative Study of the Supply of Jatropha curcas and Balanites aegyptiaca Seeds</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Linda%20D.%20F.%20Bambara">Linda D. F. Bambara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marie%20Sawadogo"> Marie Sawadogo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Jatropha curcas (jatropha) is the plant that has been the most studied for biofuel production in West Africa. There exist however other plants such as Balanites aegyptiaca (balanites) that have been targeted as a potential feedstock for biofuel production. This biomass could be an alternative feedstock for the production of straight vegetable oil (SVO) at costs lower than jatropha-based SVO production costs. This study aims firstly to determine, through an MILP model, the optimal organization that minimizes the costs of the oilseeds supply of two biomass conversion units (BCU) exploiting respectively jatropha seeds and the balanitès seeds. Secondly, the study aims to carry out a comparative study of these costs obtained for each BCU. The model was then implemented on two theoretical cases studies built on the basis of the common practices in Burkina Faso and two scenarios were carried out for each case study. In Scenario 1, 3 pre-processing locations ("at the harvesting area", "at the gathering points", "at the BCU") are possible. In scenario 2, only one location ("at the BCU") is possible. For each biomass, the system studied is the upstream supply chain (harvesting, transport and pre-processing (drying, dehulling, depulping)), including cultivation (for jatropha). The model optimizes the area of land to be exploited based on the productivity of the studied plants and material losses that may occur during the harvesting and the supply of the BCU. It then defines the configuration of the logistics network allowing an optimal supply of the BCU taking into account the most common means of transport in West African rural areas. For the two scenarios, the results of the implementation showed that the total area exploited for balanites (1807 ha) is 4.7 times greater than the total area exploited for Jatropha (381 ha). In both case studies, the location of pre-processing “at the harvesting area” was always chosen for scenario1. As the balanites trees were not planted and because the first harvest of the jatropha seeds took place 4 years after planting, the cost price of the seeds at the BCU without the pre-processing costs was about 430 XOF/kg. This cost is 3 times higher than the balanites's one, which is 140 XOF/kg. After the first year of harvest, i.e. 5 years after planting, and assuming that the yield remains constant, the same cost price is about 200 XOF/kg for Jatropha. This cost is still 1.4 times greater than the balanites's one. The transport cost of the balanites seeds is about 120 XOF/kg. This cost is similar for the jatropha seeds. However, when the pre-processing is located at the BCU, i.e. for scenario2, the transport costs of the balanites seeds is 1200 XOF/kg. These costs are 6 times greater than the transport costs of jatropha which is 200 XOF/kg. These results show that the cost price of the balanites seeds at the BCU can be competitive compared to the jatropha's one if the pre-processing is located at the harvesting area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Balanites%20aegyptiaca" title="Balanites aegyptiaca">Balanites aegyptiaca</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomass%20conversion" title=" biomass conversion"> biomass conversion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jatropha%20curcas" title=" Jatropha curcas"> Jatropha curcas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-harvest%20operations" title=" post-harvest operations"> post-harvest operations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63893/optimization-of-the-feedstock-supply-of-an-oilseeds-conversion-unit-for-biofuel-production-in-west-africa-a-comparative-study-of-the-supply-of-jatropha-curcas-and-balanites-aegyptiaca-seeds" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63893.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">338</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Electric Vehicle Fleet Operators in the Energy Market - Feasibility and Effects on the Electricity Grid</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Benjamin%20Blat%20Belmonte">Benjamin Blat Belmonte</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephan%20Rinderknecht"> Stephan Rinderknecht</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) stands at the forefront of innovative strategies designed to address environmental concerns and reduce fossil fuel dependency. As the number of EVs on the roads increases, so too does the potential for their integration into energy markets. This research dives deep into the transformative possibilities of using electric vehicle fleets, specifically electric bus fleets, not just as consumers but as active participants in the energy market. This paper investigates the feasibility and grid effects of electric vehicle fleet operators in the energy market. Our objective centers around a comprehensive exploration of the sector coupling domain, with an emphasis on the economic potential in both electricity and balancing markets. Methodologically, our approach combines data mining techniques with thorough pre-processing, pulling from a rich repository of electricity and balancing market data. Our findings are grounded in the actual operational realities of the bus fleet operator in Darmstadt, Germany. We employ a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) approach, with the bulk of the computations being processed on the High-Performance Computing (HPC) platform ‘Lichtenbergcluster’. Our findings underscore the compelling economic potential of EV fleets in the energy market. With electric buses becoming more prevalent, the considerable size of these fleets, paired with their substantial battery capacity, opens up new horizons for energy market participation. Notably, our research reveals that economic viability is not the sole advantage. Participating actively in the energy market also translates into pronounced positive effects on grid stabilization. Essentially, EV fleet operators can serve a dual purpose: facilitating transport while simultaneously playing an instrumental role in enhancing grid reliability and resilience. This research highlights the symbiotic relationship between the growth of EV fleets and the stabilization of the energy grid. Such systems could lead to both commercial and ecological advantages, reinforcing the value of electric bus fleets in the broader landscape of sustainable energy solutions. In conclusion, the electrification of transport offers more than just a means to reduce local greenhouse gas emissions. By positioning electric vehicle fleet operators as active participants in the energy market, there lies a powerful opportunity to drive forward the energy transition. This study serves as a testament to the synergistic potential of EV fleets in bolstering both economic viability and grid stabilization, signaling a promising trajectory for future sector coupling endeavors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20vehicle%20fleet" title="electric vehicle fleet">electric vehicle fleet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sector%20coupling" title=" sector coupling"> sector coupling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electricity%20market" title=" electricity market"> electricity market</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=balancing%20market" title=" balancing market"> balancing market</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172866/electric-vehicle-fleet-operators-in-the-energy-market-feasibility-and-effects-on-the-electricity-grid" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172866.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">74</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> 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