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Burgeroorlog - Wikipedia
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<div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definitie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definitie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voorbeelden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voorbeelden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Voorbeelden</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voorbeelden-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Voorbeelden-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voorbeelden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Premoderne_tijd_(tot_1648)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premoderne_tijd_(tot_1648)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Premoderne tijd (tot 1648)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Premoderne_tijd_(tot_1648)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moderne_tijd_tot_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moderne_tijd_tot_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Moderne tijd tot 1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moderne_tijd_tot_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Na_de_Tweede_Wereldoorlog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Na_de_Tweede_Wereldoorlog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Na de Tweede Wereldoorlog</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Na_de_Tweede_Wereldoorlog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veelvuldigheid_en_duur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veelvuldigheid_en_duur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Veelvuldigheid en duur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veelvuldigheid_en_duur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Burgeroorlog</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 131 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-131" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">131 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgeroorlog" title="Burgeroorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Burgeroorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerkrieg" title="Bürgerkrieg – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bürgerkrieg" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civil" title="Guerra civil – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Guerra civil" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حرب أهلية – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب أهلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%AA%DC%92%DC%90_%DC%93%DC%98%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܩܪܒܐ ܓܘܝܐ – Aramees" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܪܒܐ ܓܘܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="حرب اهليه – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حرب اهليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civil" title="Guerra civil – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra civil" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C9%99t%C9%99nda%C5%9F_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Vətəndaş müharibəsi – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vətəndaş müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="ایچ ساواش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایچ ساواش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Граждандар һуғышы – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Граждандар һуғышы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%97v%C4%97l%C4%97n%C4%97_vaina" title="Cėvėlėnė vaina – Samogitisch" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Cėvėlėnė vaina" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Грамадзянская вайна – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грамадзянская вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Грамадзянская вайна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грамадзянская вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гражданска война – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гражданска война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="গৃহযুদ্ধ – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গৃহযুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_diabarzh" title="Brezel diabarzh – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel diabarzh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra%C4%91anski_rat" title="Građanski rat – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Građanski rat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porang_sipil" title="Porang sipil – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Porang sipil" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Эрхэтэнэй дайн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эрхэтэнэй дайн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civil" title="Guerra civil – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra civil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Гражданийн тӀом – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гражданийн тӀом" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubat_patani" title="Gubat patani – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Gubat patani" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8E%D9%88%D8%AE%DB%86%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="شەڕی نێوخۆیی – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕی نێوخۆیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C4%8Dansk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Občanská válka – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Občanská válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%80%C3%A7%D0%B8" title="Граждан вăрçи – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Граждан вăрçи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyfel_cartref" title="Rhyfel cartref – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyfel cartref" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgerkrig" title="Borgerkrig – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Borgerkrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerkrieg" title="Bürgerkrieg – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bürgerkrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BC%CF%86%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Εμφύλιος πόλεμος – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εμφύλιος πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Civil war" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interna_milito" title="Interna milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Interna milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civil" title="Guerra civil – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra civil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodus%C3%B5da" title="Kodusõda – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kodusõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerra_zibil" title="Gerra zibil – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gerra zibil" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C" title="جنگ داخلی – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ داخلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sis%C3%A4llissota" title="Sisällissota – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sisällissota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodos%C3%B5da" title="Kodosõda – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kodosõda" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgarakr%C3%ADggj" title="Borgarakríggj – Faeröers" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Borgarakríggj" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faeröers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_civile" title="Guerre civile – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre civile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boargeroarloch" title="Boargeroarloch – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Boargeroarloch" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh_s%C3%ACobhalta" title="Cogadh sìobhalta – Schots-Gaelisch" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cogadh sìobhalta" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Schots-Gaelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civil" title="Guerra civil – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerra civil" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet%C3%A3ygua_%C3%B1orair%C3%B5" title="Tetãygua ñorairõ – Guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tetãygua ñorairõ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towhan" title="Towhan – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Towhan" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מלחמת אזרחים – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת אזרחים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गृहयुद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गृहयुद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war – Fijisch Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Civil war" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fijisch Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra%C4%91anski_rat" title="Građanski rat – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Građanski rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polg%C3%A1rh%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Polgárháború – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Polgárháború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Քաղաքացիական պատերազմ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քաղաքացիական պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civil" title="Guerra civil – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Guerra civil" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_saudara" title="Perang saudara – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang saudara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibil_a_gubat" title="Sibil a gubat – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sibil a gubat" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interna_milito" title="Interna milito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Interna milito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgarastr%C3%AD%C3%B0" title="Borgarastríð – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Borgarastríð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civile" title="Guerra civile – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra civile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%85%E6%88%A6" title="内戦 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="内戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="სამოქალაქო ომი – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამოქალაქო ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%AC%E1%B9%ADra%E1%B8%8D_a%C9%A3arim" title="Ṭṭraḍ aɣarim – Kabylisch" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ṭṭraḍ aɣarim" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabylisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Азамат соғысы – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Азамат соғысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9B" title="សង្គ្រាមស៊ីវិល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សង្គ្រាមស៊ីវិល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%83%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B9" title="ಅಂತಃಕಲಹ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಂತಃಕಲಹ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%B4%EC%A0%84" title="내전 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="내전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Граждан къазауат – Karatsjaj-Balkarisch" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Граждан къазауат" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karatsjaj-Balkarisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81%D9%95_%D8%AC%D9%8E%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="خانہٕ جَنٛگی – Kasjmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="خانہٕ جَنٛگی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kasjmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bresel_bredereth" title="Bresel bredereth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bresel bredereth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88" title="Жарандык согуш – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жарандык согуш" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_civile" title="Bellum civile – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bellum civile" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biergerkrich" title="Biergerkrich – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Biergerkrich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgeroorlog" title="Burgeroorlog – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Burgeroorlog" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civil" title="Guerra civil – Lombardisch" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Guerra civil" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilietinis_karas" title="Pilietinis karas – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pilietinis karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilso%C5%86u_kar%C5%A1" title="Pilsoņu karš – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pilsoņu karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ady_an-trano" title="Ady an-trano – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ady an-trano" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parang_sudaro" title="Parang sudaro – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Parang sudaro" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Граѓанска војна – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Граѓанска војна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="ആഭ്യന്തരയുദ്ധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആഭ്യന്തരയുദ്ധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Иргэний дайн – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Иргэний дайн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_saudara" title="Perang saudara – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang saudara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ပြည်တွင်းစစ် – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပြည်တွင်းစစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Потмоторпинге – Erzja" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Потмоторпинге" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6rgerkrieg" title="Börgerkrieg – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Börgerkrieg" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6rgeroorlog" title="Börgeroorlog – Nederduits" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Börgeroorlog" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गृहयुद्ध – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गृहयुद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgarkrig" title="Borgarkrig – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Borgarkrig" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgerkrig" title="Borgerkrig – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Borgerkrig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_civila" title="Guèrra civila – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra civila" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%85%C3%A6%D1%81%D1%82" title="Мидхæст – Ossetisch" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мидхæст" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80" title="ਖ਼ਾਨਾਜੰਗੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖ਼ਾਨਾਜੰਗੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dg%C3%A8re_chivile" title="Dgère chivile – Picardisch" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Dgère chivile" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_domowa" title="Wojna domowa – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna domowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8ra_sivila" title="Guèra sivila – Piëmontees" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Guèra sivila" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piëmontees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="خانہ جنگی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خانہ جنگی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civil" title="Guerra civil – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra civil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamallaqtayuq_maqanakuy" title="Mamallaqtayuq maqanakuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mamallaqtayuq maqanakuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboi_civil" title="Război civil – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Război civil" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гражданская война – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гражданская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Домова война – Roetheens" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Домова война" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Roetheens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Гражданскай сэрии – Jakoets" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Гражданскай сэрии" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakoets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gherra_tzivile" title="Gherra tzivile – Sardijns" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Gherra tzivile" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardijns" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civili" title="Guerra civili – Siciliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Guerra civili" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Siciliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra%C4%91anski_rat" title="Građanski rat – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Građanski rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0" title="සිවිල් යුද්ධ – Singalees" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සිවිල් යුද්ධ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Civil war" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C4%8Dianska_vojna" title="Občianska vojna – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Občianska vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEavljanska_vojna" title="Državljanska vojna – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Državljanska vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaal_Sokeeye" title="Dagaal Sokeeye – Somalisch" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dagaal Sokeeye" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_civile" title="Lufta civile – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta civile" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Грађански рат – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грађански рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="aanbevolen artikel"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inb%C3%B6rdeskrig" title="Inbördeskrig – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Inbördeskrig" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_ya_wenyewe_kwa_wenyewe" title="Vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="உள்நாட்டுப் போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உள்நாட்டுப் போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%82" title="అంతర్యుద్ధం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అంతర్యుద్ధం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Ҷанги шаҳрвандӣ – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷанги шаҳрвандӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="สงครามกลางเมือง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามกลางเมือง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digmaang_sibil" title="Digmaang sibil – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Digmaang sibil" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C3%A7_sava%C5%9F" title="İç savaş – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İç savaş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Ватандашлар сугышы – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ватандашлар сугышы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Громадянська війна – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Громадянська війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="خانہ جنگی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خانہ جنگی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuqarolar_urushi" title="Fuqarolar urushi – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fuqarolar urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guera_sivi%C5%82e" title="Guera siviłe – Venetiaans" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Guera siviłe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BB%99i_chi%E1%BA%BFn" title="Nội chiến – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nội chiến" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guere_civile" title="Guere civile – Waals" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Guere civile" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Waals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyera_sibil" title="Gyera sibil – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gyera sibil" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="内战 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="内战" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%92" title="בירגער קריג – Jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בירגער קריג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogun_ab%E1%BA%B9%CC%81l%C3%A9" title="Ogun abẹ́lé – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ogun abẹ́lé" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="内战 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="内战" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%8De-chi%C3%A0n" title="Lōe-chiàn – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lōe-chiàn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" title="內戰 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="內戰" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8465#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MNBPRickettsBatteryPainting.jpg/260px-MNBPRickettsBatteryPainting.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MNBPRickettsBatteryPainting.jpg/390px-MNBPRickettsBatteryPainting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MNBPRickettsBatteryPainting.jpg/520px-MNBPRickettsBatteryPainting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2495" data-file-height="1620" /></a><figcaption>De <a href="/wiki/Eerste_Slag_bij_Bull_Run" title="Eerste Slag bij Bull Run">Eerste Slag bij Bull Run</a> tijdens de <a href="/wiki/Amerikaanse_Burgeroorlog" title="Amerikaanse Burgeroorlog">Amerikaanse Burgeroorlog</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Een <b>burgeroorlog</b> of <b>intrastatelijke oorlog</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is een <a href="/wiki/Oorlog" title="Oorlog">oorlog</a> waarbij de strijdende partijen deel uitmaken van dezelfde <a href="/wiki/Staat_(politiek)" title="Staat (politiek)">staat</a> (hetzelfde land of rijk). Burgeroorlogen worden vaak uitgevochten om <a href="/wiki/Religie" title="Religie">religieuze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etniciteit" title="Etniciteit">etnische</a> of <a href="/wiki/Politiek" title="Politiek">politieke</a> redenen, maar soms is het eenvoudigweg een strijd tussen twee rivaliserende groepen. De strijd kan gepaard gaan met <a href="/wiki/Bloedbad" title="Bloedbad">slachtingen</a> of zelfs <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> (volkerenmoord). Ook door de vaak lang aanslepende strijd is de tol aan mensenlevens van de gemiddelde burgeroorlog hoog. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitie">Definitie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgeroorlog&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Definitie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgeroorlog&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Definitie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het begrip burgeroorlog (<b>intra</b>statelijke oorlog) onderscheidt zich langs de ene kant van oorlog tussen staten of landen (<b>inter</b>statelijke oorlog), en langs de andere kant van revolutie. In beide gevallen is het onderscheid niet geheel objectief, maar vereist het een waarde-oordeel: wanneer is een strijdende partij een staat of een niet-statelijke actor, en wanneer is de oorlog revolutionair, dat wil zeggen: een noodzakelijke stap in de vooruitgang? Zowel het begrip <a href="/wiki/Natie" title="Natie">natie</a> als het begrip vooruitgang zijn problematisch. Bovendien ontaarden veel revolutionaire bewegingen die bedoeld waren als een snelle staatsgreep, in een langdurige burgeroorlog tussen revolutionairen en contrarevolutionairen. </p><p>Het moderne Europese staatsbegrip vindt zijn oorsprong in de <a href="/wiki/Vrede_van_Westfalen" title="Vrede van Westfalen">Vrede van Westfalen</a> van 1648. Het internationaal recht dat uit dat verdrag ontstond, verleende aan de staat het monopolie van het gebruik van geweld binnen zijn grenzen: alleen oorlog <i>tussen</i> staten was nog rechtmatig. Volgens <a href="/wiki/Hugo_de_Groot_(rechtsgeleerde)" title="Hugo de Groot (rechtsgeleerde)">Hugo de Groot</a> ligt het grote verschil tussen burgeroorlog en statenoorlog in het feit dat in deze laatste de strijdende partijen elkaar als gelijken erkennen en dus een aantal regels respecteren, terwijl in een burgeroorlog de partijen elkaars bestaansrecht ontkennen, elkaars bestaan zelfs willen beëindigen en dus niet gebonden zijn aan gevestigde procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-kissane_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kissane-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Het multipolaire statensysteem van 1648 bleef bestaan tot 1945, toen het vervangen werd door de bipolaire wereld van de <a href="/wiki/Koude_Oorlog" title="Koude Oorlog">Koude Oorlog</a>. Daar waar in het multipolaire systeem oorlogen tussen staten nog vaak voorkwamen, werden die na de Tweede Wereldoorlog de uitzondering; de overgrote meerderheid van gewapende conflicten zijn sindsdien burgeroorlogen.<sup id="cite_ref-kissane_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kissane-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voorbeelden">Voorbeelden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgeroorlog&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Voorbeelden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgeroorlog&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Voorbeelden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_burgeroorlogen" title="Lijst van burgeroorlogen">Lijst van burgeroorlogen</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>In het overzicht hieronder halen we een aantal gewapende conflicten aan die op Wikipedia de naam burgeroorlog dragen en er bijzondere aandacht krijgen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Premoderne_tijd_(tot_1648)"><span id="Premoderne_tijd_.28tot_1648.29"></span>Premoderne tijd (tot 1648)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgeroorlog&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Premoderne tijd (tot 1648)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgeroorlog&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Premoderne tijd (tot 1648)"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In het oude Griekenland werden een aantal militaire conflicten tussen coalities van steden uitgevochten, zoals de <a href="/wiki/Eerste_Peloponnesische_Oorlog" title="Eerste Peloponnesische Oorlog">Eerste Peloponnesische Oorlog</a> (460-445 v.Chr.) tussen de <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesische_Bond" title="Peloponnesische Bond">Peloponnesische Bond</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Delische_Bond" title="Delische Bond">Delische Bond</a>. Deze kunnen alleen als burgeroorlogen worden gekenmerkt in de mate dat Griekenland als één natie wordt beschouwd, wat in de context van de klassieke Oudheid twijfelachtig heet. </p><p>De <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_burgeroorlogen" title="Romeinse burgeroorlogen">Romeinse burgeroorlogen</a> luidden de overgang in van de Romeinse republiek naar het keizerrijk. Het bekendste conflict, de <a href="/wiki/Burgeroorlog_tussen_Pompeius_en_Caesar" title="Burgeroorlog tussen Pompeius en Caesar">burgeroorlog tussen Pompeius en Caesar</a> (49-46 v.Chr.), nam de vorm aan van een gewapende klassenstrijd. </p><p>In de <a href="/wiki/Genpei-oorlog" title="Genpei-oorlog">Genpei-oorlog</a> (1180-1185) betwistten twee machtige families elkaar de Japanse keizerstroon. </p><p>Er is een <a href="/wiki/Geschiedkundige" class="mw-redirect" title="Geschiedkundige">geschiedkundige</a> discussie over de vraag of sommige oorlogen in de <a href="/wiki/Middeleeuwen" title="Middeleeuwen">Middeleeuwen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Vroegmoderne_tijd" title="Vroegmoderne tijd">vroegmoderne tijd</a> als burgeroorlogen (bijvoorbeeld over <a href="/wiki/Godsdienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Godsdienst">godsdienstkwesties</a>) kunnen worden beschreven, zoals: </p> <ul><li>De <a href="/wiki/Honderdjarige_Oorlog" title="Honderdjarige Oorlog">Honderdjarige Oorlog</a> in Frankrijk <a href="/wiki/1337" title="1337">1337</a>-<a href="/wiki/1453" title="1453">1453</a></li> <li>De <a href="/wiki/Tachtigjarige_Oorlog" title="Tachtigjarige Oorlog">Tachtigjarige Oorlog</a> in de Nederlanden <a href="/wiki/1568" title="1568">1568</a>-<a href="/wiki/1648" title="1648">1648</a></li> <li>De <a href="/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog" title="Dertigjarige Oorlog">Dertigjarige Oorlog</a> in Duitsland <a href="/wiki/1618" title="1618">1618</a>-<a href="/wiki/1648" title="1648">1648</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moderne_tijd_tot_1945">Moderne tijd tot 1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgeroorlog&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Moderne tijd tot 1945" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgeroorlog&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Moderne tijd tot 1945"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In de <a href="/wiki/Engelse_Burgeroorlog" title="Engelse Burgeroorlog">Engelse Burgeroorlog</a>, een reeks conflicten in Engeland, Schotland en Ierland tussen 1639 en 1651, werd de verhouding tussen de monarchie en het Britse parlement grondig gewijzigd. Een aantal van de strijdpunten hadden betrekking op de verhouding tussen kerk en staat. </p><p>In Zwitserland trachtten de katholieke kantons zich in de <a href="/wiki/Sonderbund-oorlog" title="Sonderbund-oorlog">Sonderbund-oorlog</a> van 1847 tevergeefs af te scheiden van het Eedgenootschap. </p><p>De inzet van de <a href="/wiki/Amerikaanse_Burgeroorlog" title="Amerikaanse Burgeroorlog">Amerikaanse Burgeroorlog</a> (1861-1865) was de afschaffing van de slavernij, tegen de bredere achtergrond van de tegenstelling tussen het agrarische Zuiden en het industriële Noorden van de Verenigde Staten. </p><p>De <a href="/wiki/Russische_Burgeroorlog" title="Russische Burgeroorlog">Russische Burgeroorlog</a> woedde in de nasleep van de <a href="/wiki/Oktoberrevolutie" title="Oktoberrevolutie">Oktoberrevolutie</a> op het grondgebied van het voormalige <a href="/wiki/Keizerrijk_Rusland" title="Keizerrijk Rusland">Russische keizerrijk</a> van 1917 tot 1922. Het <a href="/wiki/Rode_Leger_(Sovjet-Unie)" title="Rode Leger (Sovjet-Unie)">Rode Leger</a> vocht voor de bolsjewistische revolutionaire bewindvoerders; het <a href="/wiki/Witten_(leger)" title="Witten (leger)">Witte Leger</a> bestond uit een anti-bolsjewistische coalitie met steun van westerse mogendheden. Uit de oorlog kwamen de nieuwe onafhankelijke staten <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republiek_Estland_(1918-1940)" title="Republiek Estland (1918-1940)">Estland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republiek_Letland_(1918-1940)" title="Republiek Letland (1918-1940)">Letland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republiek_Litouwen_(1918-1940)" title="Republiek Litouwen (1918-1940)">Litouwen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Tweede_Poolse_Republiek" title="Tweede Poolse Republiek">Polen</a> voort. </p><p>In de <a href="/wiki/Ierse_Burgeroorlog" title="Ierse Burgeroorlog">Ierse Burgeroorlog</a> (1921-1923) werd binnen de <a href="/wiki/Ierse_Vrijstaat" title="Ierse Vrijstaat">Ierse Vrijstaat</a> de interne verdeeldheid uitgevochten over de rechtmatigheid van het <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iers_Verdrag" title="Anglo-Iers Verdrag">Anglo-Iers Verdrag</a>, waarin onder meer de tweedeling van Ierland was vastgelegd. </p><p>De <a href="/wiki/Spaanse_Burgeroorlog" title="Spaanse Burgeroorlog">Spaanse Burgeroorlog</a> (1936-1939) plaatste conservatieven en rechtse <a href="/wiki/Falangisme_(Spanje)" title="Falangisme (Spanje)">falangisten</a> tegenover een linkse coalitie. Door de uitgebreide directe steun van buitenlandse mogendheden aan de strijdende partijen, met name door wapenleveringen van <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Duitsland" title="Nazi-Duitsland">Nazi-Duitsland</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Sovjet-Unie" title="Sovjet-Unie">Sovjet-Unie</a>, was dit in zekere mate ook een <a href="/wiki/Oorlog_bij_volmacht" title="Oorlog bij volmacht">oorlog bij volmacht</a>. </p><p>De <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Burgeroorlog" title="Chinese Burgeroorlog">Chinese Burgeroorlog</a> is merkwaardig omdat hij van 1927 tot 1950 duurde en onderbroken werd door de Tweede Wereldoorlog. De Communistische Partij en de Nationalistische Kwomintang waren aanvankelijk bondgenoten; de inzet van het conflict was de invloed van de Sovjet-Unie in China. De oorlog eindigde feitelijk met de communistische overwinning en de uitroeping van de <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China">Volksrepubliek China</a>, hoewel de (niet algemeen internationaal erkende) regering van <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> zich als de rechtmatige opvolger van de (nationalistische) Chinese regering beschouwt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Na_de_Tweede_Wereldoorlog">Na de Tweede Wereldoorlog</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgeroorlog&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Na de Tweede Wereldoorlog" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgeroorlog&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Na de Tweede Wereldoorlog"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De <a href="/wiki/Griekse_Burgeroorlog" title="Griekse Burgeroorlog">Griekse Burgeroorlog</a> (1946-1949) kwam voort uit de tegenstelling tussen communistische en niet-communistische verzetsgroepen onder de Duitse bezetting. Aanvankelijk werden de communisten gesteund door socialistische landen als Joegoslavië en de Sovjet-Unie; toen die hulp wegviel, konden de door het Westen gesteunde regeringstroepen de opstand neerslaan. </p><p>Het land <a href="/wiki/Soedan" title="Soedan">Soedan</a> is al sinds zijn onafhankelijkheid in 1955 conflictgebied. Zowel de <a href="/wiki/Eerste_Soedanese_Burgeroorlog" title="Eerste Soedanese Burgeroorlog">Eerste Soedanese Burgeroorlog</a> (1955-1972) als de <a href="/wiki/Tweede_Soedanese_Burgeroorlog" title="Tweede Soedanese Burgeroorlog">Tweede Soedanese Burgeroorlog</a> (1983-2005) draaiden rond de tegenstelling tussen het islamitische noorden en het christelijk-animistische zuiden. In 2011 werd <a href="/wiki/Zuid-Soedan" title="Zuid-Soedan">Zuid-Soedan</a> onafhankelijk, en sinds 2013 is dat land op zijn beurt het toneel van een burgeroorlog die tot heden (2020) voortduurt. </p><p>In de <a href="/wiki/Colombiaanse_Burgeroorlog" title="Colombiaanse Burgeroorlog">Colombiaanse Burgeroorlog</a> (1964-2016) bevochten het regeringsleger en rechtse paramilitaire groepen een aantal linkse guerrillagroepen. Verschillende partijen financierden hun strijd met de aanmaak van en handel in cocaïne en de scheidingslijn met gewone maffiabendes was niet altijd duidelijk. Dit lang aanslepende conflict zou 200.000 mensenlevens hebben geëist. </p><p>De <a href="/wiki/Biafraoorlog" title="Biafraoorlog">Biafraoorlog</a> was een mislukte onafhankelijkheidsoorlog van de regio <a href="/wiki/Republiek_Biafra" title="Republiek Biafra">Biafra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria_(land)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigeria (land)">Nigeria</a> tussen 1967 en 1970. Acties van het regeringsleger tegen burgerdoelwitten maakten grote aantallen slachtoffers, maar worden internationaal niet als genocide erkend. </p><p>In de <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwaanse_Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog" title="Zimbabwaanse Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog">Zimbabwaanse Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog</a> (1966-1979) probeerde de blanke minderheid in Rhodesië door een vervroegde onafhankelijkheidsverklaring de macht te behouden ten nadele van de zwarte bevolking. In de typische koude oorlogsstrategie kreeg de regering militaire steun van het Westen, terwijl twee opstandige guerrillabewegingen ZANLA en ZIPRA gesteund werden door respectievelijk China en de Sovjet-Unie. </p><p>De <a href="/wiki/Libanese_Burgeroorlog" title="Libanese Burgeroorlog">Libanese Burgeroorlog</a> (1975-1990) vond zijn wortels in de etnisch-religieuze tegenstellingen van het multiculturele <a href="/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon">Libanon</a>, maar werd aangewakkerd door internationale inmenging. Tijdens de <a href="/wiki/Bloedbaden_in_Sabra_en_Shatila" title="Bloedbaden in Sabra en Shatila">bloedbaden in Sabra en Shatila</a> in 1982 werden tussen de 700 en 3500 Palestijnse vluchtelingen vermoord. </p><p>De <a href="/wiki/Mozambikaanse_Burgeroorlog" title="Mozambikaanse Burgeroorlog">Mozambikaanse Burgeroorlog</a> begon in 1976, dus een jaar na de onafhankelijkheid van <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, en eindigde pas in 1992 toen na het einde van de Koude Oorlog de buitenlandse steun wegviel. </p><p>Na de onafhankelijkheid van <a href="/wiki/Tadzjikistan" title="Tadzjikistan">Tadzjikistan</a> in 1991 ontstond een tegenstelling tussen de door <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a> gesteunde regering en een breed oppositiefront dat onder meer de <a href="/wiki/Islamisme" title="Islamisme">islamisten</a> omvatte. Tijdens de <a href="/wiki/Tadzjiekse_Burgeroorlog" title="Tadzjiekse Burgeroorlog">Tadzjiekse Burgeroorlog</a> van 1992 tot 1997 kwamen naar schatting 30.000 tot 60.000 mensen om. </p><p>De naam <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leoonse_Burgeroorlog" title="Sierra Leoonse Burgeroorlog">Sierra Leoonse Burgeroorlog</a> dekt een reeks van verscheidene gewapende conflicten in <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> tussen 1991 en 2002. Het <a href="/wiki/Speciaal_Hof_voor_Sierra_Leone" title="Speciaal Hof voor Sierra Leone">Speciaal Hof voor Sierra Leone</a> was een rechtbank die zich over de talrijke oorlogsmisdaden moest uitspreken. </p><p>De <a href="/wiki/Joegoslavische_oorlogen" title="Joegoslavische oorlogen">Joegoslavische oorlogen</a> begeleidden het uiteenvallen van de <a href="/wiki/Socialistische_Federale_Republiek_Joegoslavi%C3%AB" title="Socialistische Federale Republiek Joegoslavië">Socialistische Federale Republiek Joegoslavië</a> na de <a href="/wiki/Die_Wende" title="Die Wende">val van de Berlijnse Muur</a>. Het dramatische hoogtepunt vormde de <a href="/wiki/Bosnische_Burgeroorlog" title="Bosnische Burgeroorlog">Bosnische Burgeroorlog</a> van 1992 tot 1995. </p><p>Het land <a href="/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen">Jemen</a> is ontstaan in 1994 na een oorlog tussen de aanvankelijk afzonderlijke staten Noord-Jemen (<a href="/wiki/Jemenitische_Arabische_Republiek" title="Jemenitische Arabische Republiek">Jemenitische Arabische Republiek</a>) en Zuid-Jemen (<a href="/wiki/Democratische_Volksrepubliek_Jemen" title="Democratische Volksrepubliek Jemen">Democratische Volksrepubliek Jemen</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Democratische_Republiek_Jemen" title="Democratische Republiek Jemen">Democratische Republiek Jemen</a>), die elk al een geschiedenis van interne conflicten achter de rug hadden. In 2015 brak de <a href="/wiki/Jemenitische_Burgeroorlog_(2015)" title="Jemenitische Burgeroorlog (2015)">Jemenitische Burgeroorlog</a> uit, in eerste instantie een religieus conflict tussen soennitische en sjiitische moslims, maar gecompliceerd door de rol van internationale terroristische organisaties. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Congo-Kinshasa" title="Congo-Kinshasa">Congo</a> greep <a href="/wiki/Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila" title="Laurent-Désiré Kabila">Laurent-Désiré Kabila</a> de macht na de <a href="/wiki/Eerste_Congolese_Burgeroorlog" title="Eerste Congolese Burgeroorlog">Eerste Congolese Burgeroorlog</a> (1996-1997) met zittend president <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu Sese Seko</a>. In 1998 brak de <a href="/wiki/Tweede_Congolese_Burgeroorlog" title="Tweede Congolese Burgeroorlog">Tweede Congolese Burgeroorlog</a> uit; omwille van het grote aantal betrokken landen verdient dit conflict wellicht niet de naam burgeroorlog, hoewel er geen oorlogsverklaringen tussen internationaal erkende regeringen aan te pas kwamen. De oorlog eindigde officieel met een vredesakkoord in 2002 maar het conflict blijft tot vandaag (2020) in diverse gebieden nasmeulen. De belangrijkste inzet lijkt het beheersen van natuurlijke hulpbronnen zoals edelstenen en mineralen. </p><p>De <a href="/wiki/Syrische_Burgeroorlog" title="Syrische Burgeroorlog">Syrische Burgeroorlog</a> begon in 2011 als een opstand in het kader van de <a href="/wiki/Arabische_Lente" title="Arabische Lente">Arabische Lente</a> maar ontaardde in een langdurig multilateraal gewapend conflict dat tot vandaag (2021) voortduurt. De internationale terreurbeweging <a href="/wiki/Islamitische_Staat_(in_Irak_en_de_Levant)" title="Islamitische Staat (in Irak en de Levant)">Islamitische Staat</a> beleefde haar hoogtepunt in 2015-2016 dankzij een solide uitvalsbasis in het onstabiele Syrië en zijn buurland Irak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veelvuldigheid_en_duur">Veelvuldigheid en duur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgeroorlog&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Veelvuldigheid en duur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgeroorlog&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Veelvuldigheid en duur"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bovenstaande lijst van voorbeelden, maar ook het hoofdartikel <a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_burgeroorlogen" title="Lijst van burgeroorlogen">lijst van burgeroorlogen</a> zelf, vormt anekdotisch bewijs voor de toegenomen frequentie van burgeroorlogen na de Tweede Wereldoorlog. De <a href="/w/index.php?title=Correlates_of_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Correlates of War (de pagina bestaat niet)">Correlates of War</a> is een academische studie van oorlogen, gebaseerd op gegevens sinds 1816 (het einde van de <a href="/wiki/Franse_revolutionaire_en_napoleontische_oorlogen" title="Franse revolutionaire en napoleontische oorlogen">Franse revolutionaire en napoleontische oorlogen</a>). </p><p>De dataset van Correlates of War gebruikt het woord burgeroorlog alleen voor conflicten met minstens 1000 slachtoffers per jaar, waardoor bijvoorbeeld <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a> in Noord-Ierland en de strijd tegen <a href="/wiki/Apartheid_in_Zuid-Afrika" title="Apartheid in Zuid-Afrika">Apartheid in Zuid-Afrika</a> niet meegerekend worden. Ook eenzijdig geweld van de regering tegen burgers wordt niet als een burgeroorlog beschouwd. In de periode 1816-1997 waren er in die dataset 213 burgeroorlogen, waarvan 104 sinds 1945. Het jaarlijks aantal <i>nieuwe</i> burgeroorlogen is sinds 1816 geleidelijk toegenomen van ongeveer 1 per jaar tot ongeveer 2 per jaar, terwijl het aantal <i>aan de gang zijnde</i> burgeroorlogen dramatisch is toegenomen van ongeveer 3 in de jaren 1920-1940 tot meer dan 15 sinds de jaren 1980. Weliswaar beginnen er steeds ongeveer evenveel gewapende conflicten, maar de <i>duur</i> van de conflicten is sterk toegenomen sinds het einde van de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Dit kan verklaard worden door de internationale context, die meer de neiging heeft intrinsiek zwakke staten te ondersteunen. Vele voormalige kolonies die na 1960 nominaal onafhankelijk waren, beschikten en beschikken in feite niet over de middelen om een volwaardige staatsstructuur uit te bouwen; dit effect werd nog versterkt tijdens de Koude Oorlog doordat de twee grote machtsblokken graag uitgebreide militaire steun verleenden aan gewelddadige oppositiebewegingen tegen een regering die aanleunde bij het andere kamp. Landen zoals <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> en <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> zijn bijna de hele tijd sinds hun onafhankelijkheid in een burgeroorlog verwikkeld.<sup id="cite_ref-hironaka_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hironaka-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rein Bijkerk & Christ Klep, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=QBZFDwAAQBAKJ">De oorlog van nu: Een rationele kijk op militair geweld in de 21e eeuw</a></i> (2018), p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kissane-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-kissane_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kissane_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kissane, Bill</span>, "Nations Torn Asunder: The Challenge of Civil War," Oxford University Press 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hironaka-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hironaka_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The International Ecology of Civil Wars</i>, hoofdstuk 1 in <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hironaka, Ann</span>, "Neverending Wars: The International Community, Weak States, and the Perpetuation of Civil War," Harvard University Press 2005.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Civil_wars#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Civil wars">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/25px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/38px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div>Zie de categorie <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Civil_wars#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Civil wars">Civil wars</a></b></i> van <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.</div> </div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐64476968cd‐mc954 Cached time: 20241102115845 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.110 seconds Real time usage: 0.379 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 409/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2772/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 492/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1863/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.008/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 637697/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 79.017 1 -total 53.50% 42.276 1 Sjabloon:Commonscat 47.34% 37.407 1 Sjabloon:Zusterproject_box 36.36% 28.730 1 Sjabloon:Appendix 32.68% 25.825 1 Sjabloon:References 14.81% 11.701 2 Sjabloon:First_non_empty 8.62% 6.814 1 Sjabloon:Zie_hoofdartikel 4.84% 3.824 1 Sjabloon:Multiparameters 3.42% 2.704 2 Sjabloon:Aut 2.55% 2.017 1 Sjabloon:InterProject --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key nlwiki:pcache:idhash:17465-0!canonical and timestamp 20241102115845 and revision id 66550905. 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