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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/David_Lloyd_George.jpg/220px-David_Lloyd_George.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/David_Lloyd_George.jpg/330px-David_Lloyd_George.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/David_Lloyd_George.jpg/440px-David_Lloyd_George.jpg 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> was the key leader of the 'New Liberals' who passed welfare legislation</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Liberal welfare reforms</b> (1906–1914) were a series of acts of social legislation passed by the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> after the <a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906 general election</a>. They represent the Liberal Party's transition rejecting the old laissez faire policies and enacting interventionist state policies against poverty and thus launching the modern <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the welfare state in the United Kingdom">welfare state</a> in the United Kingdom. <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> led in designing and passing the reforms, and building nationwide support. </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/G._R._Searle" title="G. R. Searle">G. R. Searle</a> argues that the reforms had multiple causes, including "the need to fend off the challenge of <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a>; pure humanitarianism; the search for electoral popularity; considerations of National Efficiency; and a commitment to a modernised version of welfare capitalism." By implementing the reforms outside the <a href="/wiki/English_Poor_Laws" title="English Poor Laws">English Poor Laws</a>, the stigma attached to a needy person obtaining relief was also removed. After 1911 Liberals turned to other issues, but never abandoned their support for the welfare programmes.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906 general election</a> campaign, neither of the two major parties made poverty an important election issue and no promises were made to introduce welfare reforms. The Liberals led first by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a> and later <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a> won a landslide victory and began introducing wide-ranging reforms as soon as they took office.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Previous_social_legislation">Previous social legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_welfare_reforms&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Previous social legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Conservative government in office before the Liberals came to power passed the <a href="/wiki/Unemployed_Workmen_Act_1905" title="Unemployed Workmen Act 1905">Unemployed Workmen Act 1905</a> and the Employment of Children Act in 1905. Slum housing was also cleared for new houses to be built. Much of this legislation was left for local authorities to implement – their attitudes affected whether legislation was fully implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1902 Conservatives passed the <a href="/wiki/Education_Act_1902" title="Education Act 1902">Education Act</a> that provided funds for denominational religious instruction in Church of England and Roman Catholic schools. The Nonconformists, who formed a major Liberal constituency, were outraged at the help to their theological enemies, but failed to repeal it.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liberal_reforms_1906–1914"><span id="Liberal_reforms_1906.E2.80.931914"></span>Liberal reforms 1906–1914</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_welfare_reforms&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Liberal reforms 1906–1914"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Licensing_pubs">Licensing pubs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_welfare_reforms&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Licensing pubs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A favourite goal of <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformists</a> was to sharply reduce the heavy drinking by closing as many pubs as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asquith—although a heavy drinker—took the lead in 1908 by proposing to close about one-third of the 100,000 pubs in England and Wales, with the owners compensated through a new tax on surviving pubs.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brewers controlled the pubs and organised a stiff resistance, supported by the Conservatives, who repeatedly defeated the proposal in the House of Lords. However, the "People's Tax" of 1910 included a stiff tax on pubs, and during the First World War, their hours were sharply restricted from about 18 hours a day to <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>. Beer and alcohol consumption fell in half from 1900 to 1920, in part because there were many new leisure opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_welfare_reforms&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1906 a major education bill failed to pass, to the annoyance of Nonconformists Protestants who were angry that since 1902 local rates were used to support Church of England schools. Liberals sought to limit religious teaching in all schools to a sort of vague nondenominational Christianity. Under the proposal many Anglicans and Catholics would lose the right to use the schools to teach their religion to their children. The House of Lords, where the Liberals were outnumbered 5 to 1, rewrote the bill and made it even more favourable to the Anglicans, so no compromise was possible.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nonconformists had been a major factor in the Liberal landslide of 1906, and they dominated the Liberal front bench. But the bitter defeat of their highest priority now became a factor in their loss of enthusiasm for the Liberal Party, and played a key role in its decline.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, a few uncontroversial minor education bills did become law. The <a href="/wiki/Education_(Administrative_Provisions)_Act_1907" title="Education (Administrative Provisions) Act 1907">Education (Administrative Provisions) Act 1907</a> introduced what became known as the Free Place System. The Regulations for Secondary Schools issued that year authorised the payment of a £5 per head grant for each pupil between the ages of 12 and 18, and schools had to conform to certain requirements in order to attain this grant. Schools could not restrict admission to pupils belonging to particular religious denominations, governing bodies had to be reconstituted to include a number of representative governors (some of whom represented the LEA), and at least 25% of the annual intake should be pupils from elementary schools. The Act also provided <a href="/wiki/Local_Education_Authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Education Authorities">Local Education Authorities</a> (LEA) with the power to acquire land for constructing new secondary schools, which led to the coming into being of many county and municipal secondary schools.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1907, the number of free scholarship places in secondary schools was increased. If working-class pupils passed a scholarship examination, then their fees would be paid for them by the Local Education Authority. One-quarter of places in most secondary schools would be reserved for scholarship pupils. Bright working-class children were therefore provided with the opportunity to climb "the educational ladder", while for those pupils who failed the scholarship exam, some LEAs had "Central Schools" which provided a practically based curriculum for children between the ages of 11 and 15.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Universities_Act_1908" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Universities Act 1908">Irish Universities Act 1908</a> gave to Roman Catholics new higher education facilities which they had lacked for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children">Children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_welfare_reforms&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1906 children were provided with <a href="/wiki/Free_school_meal" class="mw-redirect" title="Free school meal">free school meals</a>. However, many local councils ignored this system, as it was not compulsory for them to provide the free meals and the cost to the council was far greater than was subsidised for. The provision of free school meals was made compulsory in 1914, in which year fourteen million meals per school day were served (compared with nine million per school day in 1910<sup id="cite_ref-Whigs,_Radicals_1914_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whigs,_Radicals_1914-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), most of which were free. In 1912, half of all councils in Britain were offering the scheme. Recruitment for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> demonstrated the undernourishment and illness among the working classes, and there were fears over future generations being unable to maintain military control of Britain's empire.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, following an unfavourable report by the Board of Education's inspectors on infant education in 1906, school provision for children under five was restricted (previously, the normal age for the entry of working-class children into full-time education had been three).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Notification of Births Act 1907 sought to quantify and analyse the causes of (and ultimately further reduce) infant mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Probation_Act_1907" class="mw-redirect" title="Probation Act 1907">Probation Act 1907</a> established a probation service to provide supervision within the community for young offenders as an alternative to prison.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1908, the <a href="/wiki/Children_and_Young_Persons_Act_1908" class="mw-redirect" title="Children and Young Persons Act 1908">Children and Young Persons Act 1908</a> formed part of the "Children's Charter" which imposed punishments for those neglecting children. It became illegal to sell children tobacco, alcohol and fireworks or to send children begging. Juvenile courts and borstals were created instead for young offenders so they did not have to stand in adult courts and go to adult prisons for most offences.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Education (Scotland) Act 1908 enforced medical inspection, free books and travel, free meals and clothing grants, and some bursaries.<sup id="cite_ref-google_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medical inspections began in 1907 but many poor families could not afford the cost of the doctors fees to get treated; it was not until 1912 that medical treatment was provided. However, education authorities largely ignored the provision of free medical treatment for school children.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A tax allowance for children was introduced in 1909<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to help families on low incomes.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowance of £10 a year was introduced for every child below the age of 16 in the case of income tax payers whose income fell below £500 per annum (this rebate was later doubled in the 1914 budget).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Education (Choice of Employment) Bill passed in 1910, enabling local authorities to provide vocational guidance for school-leavers, with the Board of Education providing grants to authorities from 1911 onwards to carry out this purpose. By mid-1912, however, only forty-one local authorities had responded.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elderly">Elderly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_welfare_reforms&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Elderly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Age_Pensions_Act_1908" title="Old Age Pensions Act 1908">Old Age Pensions Act 1908</a> introduced pensions for those over 70. They were paid 5s a week (estimates of the value of this in 2010 are difficult to ascertain, the average wage of a labourer being around 30s. a week<sup id="cite_ref-bbc2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) to single men and women; this sum could be collected at the local post office.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1910, 75% of Liberal candidates dwelt on pensions in their election addresses, making it, in the words of one historian, "one of the central Liberal themes of the election".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pensions were means-tested (to receive the pension, one had to earn less than £31.50 annually) and intentionally low to encourage workers to make their own provisions for the future. An example of how low this amount was is that if an elderly person was to live on their pension alone they fell below Rowntree's poverty line. It was a struggle for elderly persons to claim their pension as they had to prove that they were not drunkards, for example.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Also, to qualify for the pension scheme, they had to have worked to their "full potential". There were no fixed guidelines as to what "full potential" was, so people who had been briefly unemployed could be penalised. To be eligible, they also had to have lived in the country for 20 years or more, so many immigrants could not claim a pension, or British people who had worked abroad and returned to Britain to retire. Also, pensioners could not claim a pension if they had been to prison in the last 10 years. On 31 December 1908 a total of 596,038 pensions had been granted.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workers">Workers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_welfare_reforms&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Workers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1906, the <a href="/wiki/Factory_and_Workshop_Act_1901" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory and Workshop Act 1901">Factory and Workshop Act 1901</a> (<a href="/wiki/1_Edw._7" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Edw. 7">1 Edw. 7</a>. c. 22) was amended to include laundries,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and under the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Exchanges_Act_1909" title="Labour Exchanges Act 1909">Labour Exchanges Act 1909</a> labour exchanges were set up in order to help unemployed people find work, by providing centres where a large number of employers and the unemployed could post jobs and apply for them respectively. By February 1910 eighty-three labour exchanges were open, and proved to be invaluable in helping people find employment.<sup id="cite_ref-Whigs,_Radicals_1914_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whigs,_Radicals_1914-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1913, these labour exchanges were putting around 3,000 people into a job each day. Another measure taken was the 1909 Development Fund, which was an attempt to provide work in times of Depression.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fund was devoted to increasing employment opportunities through measures such as afforestation and the provision of smallholdings in the countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the government encouraged the adoption of Fair Wages contracts by local authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-google2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1908, special regulations were made for electrical safety.<sup id="cite_ref-historyofosh_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyofosh-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1906 Notice Of Accidents Act simplified and improved "the system of reporting accidents in mines, quarries, factories and workshops."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Police (Superannuation) Act amended the law as to retirement from the Police Force "in a manner advantageous to the Force and the individual policeman, while at the same time relieving the burden on the rates."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Employment of Women Act 1907 repealed two unimportant provisions of the law "which allowed employment of women at night in a mine or factory to an extent inconsistent with the requirements of the International Convention on the subject" that had been signed by Great Britain and thirteen other States at Berne in 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1908, a shipbuilding programme for that year was accelerated to boost labour demand, while loans sanctioned by the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Board" title="Local Government Board">Local Government Board</a> since the early summer for 'works of public utility' (such as street improvements, waterworks, and sewerage) had exceeded £700,000. Spending on relief work and public works was also significantly increased to alleviate unemployment, while the Local Government Board regulations governing the type of work provided by distress committees and local authorities, together with the eligibility of applicants for relief, were both relaxed.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1909 the construction of <a href="/wiki/Back-to-back_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Back-to-back houses">back-to-back houses</a> was finally forbidden. For those in Ireland, the Labourers (Ireland) Act 1906 empowered <a href="/wiki/Rural_District_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural District Councils">Rural District Councils</a> to acquire land for labourers' cottages and plots, while the Town Tenants Act extended "the principle of compensation for improvements at the termination of a lease to the urban tenant".<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Regulations of 1907 for the manufacture of paints and colours prohibited women and young persons from manipulating lead colour (defined as any dry carbonate of lead, red lead or any colour containing either of these substances) and ordered monthly medical examinations of all employees engaged in a lead process. Regulations introduced that same year concerning the heading of yarn dyed by means of a lead compound prohibited the employment of young persons and prescribed the medical examination "of all workers in the process once every three months".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Trade_Boards_Act_1909" title="Trade Boards Act 1909">Trade Boards Act 1909</a> created boards to set minimum wage criteria that were legally enforceable. The main provision was to set minimum wages in certain trades with the history of low wages, because of surplus of available workers, the presence of women workers, or the lack of skills. At first it applied to four industries: chain-making, ready-made dresses. paper-box making, and the machine-made lace and finishing trade. About 70 per cent of their 200,000 workers were women.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later expanded to coal mining and then to other industries with a preponderance of unskilled manual labour by the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Boards_Act_1918" title="Trade Boards Act 1918">Trade Boards Act 1918</a>, and by 1924 to farm labourers. </p><p>The Mines Accidents (Rescue and Aid) Act 1910 provided for the availability of first aid treatment, rescue work, and fire precautions at mines,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that same year a central Road Board was established to fund improvements in road conditions, a measure made necessary by the new motor traffic. Upon its introduction the new Board began at once to enable the County Councils to begin tarring the surfaces of main roads.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_and_Welfare">Health and Welfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_welfare_reforms&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Health and Welfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of innovations in social welfare were carried by the Liberal Government during its time in office. The Housing of the Working Classes and Town Planning Act, as noted by one study, “liberalized still further the terms of housing loans, increasing the proportion of money needed which could be lent and the time for repayment. Local authorities could borrow all or part of the money required from the Public Works Loan Commissioners for 60 years (80 for the land) and Public Utility Societies could borrow two-thirds of the needed cash for 40 years In both cases the interest rate at that time was 372 per cent, but this depended on market fluctuations. Up to 1909 municipal housing had been optional. It now became obligatory where a shortage was judged to exist. The town planning powers conferred have had far-reaching results in preventing congestion in un- built-on areas.”<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1910 Census Bill sought to obtain more information "about both family structure and urban conditions in order for the government to develop policies to tackle problems such as infant mortality and slum housing", while administrative reforms were carried out that by 1913 "had resulted in a more effective deployment of medical staff in the infirmaries".<sup id="cite_ref-spartacus-educational_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spartacus-educational-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Part 1 of the <a href="/wiki/National_Insurance_Act_1911" title="National Insurance Act 1911">National Insurance Act 1911</a>, compulsory health insurance was provided for workers earning less than £160 per year. The scheme was contributed to by the worker who contributed fourpence, the employer who contributed threepence and the government who contributed twopence. The scheme provided sickness benefit entitlement of nine shillings, free medical treatment and maternity benefit of 30 shillings.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimated 13 million workers came to be compulsorily covered under this scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part 2 of the Act gave workers the right to sick pay of 9s a week and free medical treatment in return for a payment of 4d a week. Sick pay would be paid for 26 weeks of sickness. The medical treatment was provided by doctors who belonged to a "panel" in each district. Doctors received a fee from the insurance fund for each panel patient they treated. The Act also gave workers the right to unemployment pay of 7s 6d a week for 15 weeks in return for a payment of 2½d a week. This scheme was also financed through the contributions of workers and government. Although only a minority of workers were insured by this scheme, it nevertheless covered a number of trades and industries, such as shipbuilding, which were particularly vulnerable to fluctuations in employment.<sup id="cite_ref-Whigs,_Radicals_1914_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whigs,_Radicals_1914-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the National Health Insurance scheme was not universal in its coverage,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was nevertheless of great benefit to the majority of Britons. The scheme safeguarded health and made Britain a fitter nation, while doing much to accustom wage earners to medical attention. Doctors also benefited from the scheme in that it provided most of them with a more reliable and higher income, and led to an increase in the number of doctors.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Health Insurance scheme arguably paved the way for the eventual establishment of the more comprehensive and universal <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service_(England)" title="National Health Service (England)">National Health Service</a> (NHS). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_welfare_reforms&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various measures were introduced to improve the quality of rural life. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agricultural_Holdings_Act_1906&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agricultural Holdings Act 1906 (page does not exist)">Agricultural Holdings Act 1906</a> allowed farmers to farm their holdings without interference from landlords.<sup id="cite_ref-parliament_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parliament-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Small Holdings and Allotments Acts of 1907 and 1908 sought to limit the degree to which fixtures and improvements remained the property of landlords, and to increase the number of small farmers. The 1908 act empowered county councils to purchase agricultural land to lease as smallholdings.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1908 and 1914 some 200,000 acres were acquired by county councils and some 14,000 holdings were created.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Ireland, the <a href="/wiki/Land_Purchase_(Ireland)_Act_1909" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1909">Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1909</a> "helped force landlords to sell land to tenants".<sup id="cite_ref-google3_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> Liberals extended <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wages</a> to farm workers starting in 1909 then succeeding in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforms_after_1910">Reforms after 1910</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_welfare_reforms&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reforms after 1910"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the two general elections of <a href="/wiki/January_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="January 1910 United Kingdom general election">January</a> and <a href="/wiki/December_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="December 1910 United Kingdom general election">December 1910</a>, the Liberal Party did not have a majority in the House of Commons and was reliant on the support of the 80 or so <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Nationalist MPs</a> to remain in office. However, a wish to retain the support of the 40 or so Labour Party MPs may have been a factor inclining the Liberal governments to further reforms. In 1912, school clinics were set up to treat children who had been diagnosed as having an illness during a School Medical under the 1907 scheme. This measure ensured that more children had access to free medical care.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1912, Exchequer grants were paid to education authorities providing medical treatment for children, and by 1914, 214 out of the (then) 317 local authorities were providing some kind of medical treatment for children.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regulations introduced in 1911 concerning the smelting of materials containing lead and the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Red_lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Red lead">red or orange lead</a> and flaked <a href="/wiki/Litharge" title="Litharge">litharge</a> prohibited the employment of women and young persons in these processes and ordered monthly medical examinations of all employees.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Factory_Workshop_(Cotton_Cloth_Factories)_Act_1911&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Factory Workshop (Cotton Cloth Factories) Act 1911 (page does not exist)">Factory Workshop (Cotton Cloth Factories) Act 1911</a> provided the Secretary of State with the power to make regulations to improve conditions in cotton cloth factories in relation to ventilation and humidity, while the <a href="/wiki/Labourers_(Ireland)_Act_1911" class="mw-redirect" title="Labourers (Ireland) Act 1911">Labourers (Ireland) Act 1911</a> applied the dormant portion of the Irish Suitors' Fund to the purposes of the Labourer's Cottages' Fund, while bestowing authority upon the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Land_Commission" title="Irish Land Commission">Irish Land Commission</a> "to extend the limit of advances which may be made" for the provision of allotments and houses from £4.5 million to £5.5 million, while also providing further powers for the demolition of unhealthy cottages. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Health_(Ireland)_Act_1911&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Health (Ireland) Act 1911 (page does not exist)">Public Health (Ireland) Act</a> empowered Irish local authorities to set up regulations for the seizure of unsound meat and for inspecting slaughterhouses, while the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Health_(Scotland)_Act_1897&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Health (Scotland) Act 1897 (page does not exist)">Public Health (Scotland) Act 1897</a> was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Health_(Scotland)_Act_1911&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Health (Scotland) Act 1911 (page does not exist)">amended in 1911</a>, extending the powers of local authorities under the Public Health (Scotland) Act to any body of commissioners or trustees authorised to supply water.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceG_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceG-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Public_Libraries_(Art_Galleries_in_County_Boroughs)_(Ireland)_Act_1911" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Libraries (Art Galleries in County Boroughs) (Ireland) Act 1911">Public Libraries (Art Galleries in County Boroughs) (Ireland) Act 1911</a> empowered Dublin and other county councils to raise a half-penny rate for the support of art galleries,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Age_Pensions_Act_1911&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Age Pensions Act 1911 (page does not exist)">Old Age Pensions Act 1911</a> improved residency requirements for entitlement to pensions.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intestate_Husband%27s_Estate_(Scotland)_Act_1911&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intestate Husband's Estate (Scotland) Act 1911 (page does not exist)">Intestate Husband's Estate (Scotland) Act 1911</a> provided widows in Scotland with the same right as in England to a first charge of £500 on the property of her deceased husband if he died <a href="/wiki/Intestacy" title="Intestacy">intestate</a>, while a <a href="/wiki/Public_Works_Loans_Act_1911" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Works Loans Act 1911">Public Works Loans Act</a> passed that same year authorised the use of £5.5 million of public money for public works.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceG_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceG-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1913, the status of day technical classes was raised to that of junior technical schools.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1913, five additional <a href="/wiki/Wage_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Wage board">wage boards</a> were set up that covered <a href="/wiki/Holloware" title="Holloware">hollow ware</a> making, shirt making, sugar confectionery and food preserving, tin box making, and linen and cotton embroidery, along with a portion of the laundry industry. These extensions led to an additional 140,000 being covered by minimum wage legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google4_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google4-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Public_Health_(Prevention_and_Treatment_of_Disease)_Act_1913" title="Public Health (Prevention and Treatment of Disease) Act 1913">Public Health (Prevention and Treatment of Disease) Act 1913</a> empowered local authorities to formulate <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> schemes,<sup id="cite_ref-google5_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google5-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a <a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_Act_1913" title="Trade Union Act 1913">Trade Union Act</a> passed that same year clarified the legal position of <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a> while also restoring their political power, together with the financial position of the Labour Party.<sup id="cite_ref-Whigs,_Radicals_1914_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whigs,_Radicals_1914-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1914, local authorities received grants from the government to provide maternal and child welfare services.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Justice_Administration_Act_1914&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Criminal Justice Administration Act 1914 (page does not exist)">Criminal Justice Administration Act</a> passed that same year compelled magistrates to allow for sufficient time to be made for paying fines. As noted by the historian C. P. Hill, this legislation was both merciful and economical, as it helped to reduce the prison population.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The budget of 1914 brought greater progressivity into the taxation system by increasing levels of direct taxation on the wealthy while also investing more money in social services. The educational grant was increased, with money allocated towards the training of specialist teachers, schools for the deformed, grants for open-air schools for victims of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, and further state provision for school-meal services. In addition, new provisions for maternity centres, sanitoriums, and ancillary health services under the <a href="/wiki/National_Insurance_Act_1911" title="National Insurance Act 1911">1911 national insurance bill</a> were introduced,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together with £4 million in loans for local authority housebuilding.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People's_Budget_(1909)"><span id="People.27s_Budget_.281909.29"></span>People's Budget (1909)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_welfare_reforms&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: People's Budget (1909)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Acts_1911_and_1949" title="Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949">Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949</a></div> <p>The Liberal reforms were funded by <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> passing his <a href="/wiki/Finance_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance Bill">Finance Bill</a> (that he called "the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Budget" title="People's Budget">People's Budget</a>") which taxed the "rich" in order to subsidize "working" citizens and the ill and injured. </p><p>Lloyd George argued that his budget would eliminate poverty, and commended the budget thus: </p> <blockquote><p>This is a war Budget. It is for raising money to wage implacable warfare against poverty and squalidness. I cannot help hoping and believing that before this generation has passed away, we shall have advanced a great step towards that good time, when poverty, and the wretchedness and human degradation which always follows in its camp, will be as remote to the people of this country as the wolves which once infested its forests.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The budget met opposition in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> and, contrary to British constitutional convention, the Conservatives used their large majority in the Lords to vote down the Budget. In response, the Liberals turned to (what they believed to be) the widespread unpopularity of the Lords to make reducing the power of the Lords an important issue of the <a href="/wiki/January_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="January 1910 United Kingdom general election">January 1910 general election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-liberalhistory_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liberalhistory-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Liberals returned in a <a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">hung parliament</a> after the election:<sup id="cite_ref-oup_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oup-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Liberals formed a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a> with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish nationalist</a> MPs. The Lords subsequently accepted the Budget when the <a href="/wiki/Land_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Land tax">land tax</a> proposal was dropped. However, as a result of the dispute over the Budget, the new government introduced resolutions (that would later form the Parliament Bill) to limit the power of the Lords.<sup id="cite_ref-reform_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reform-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>, asked <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VII of the United Kingdom">Edward VII</a> to create sufficient new Liberal <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peers</a> to pass the Bill if the Lords rejected it. The King assented, provided that Asquith went back to the polls to obtain an explicit mandate for the constitutional change. </p><p>The Lords voted this 1910 Parliament Bill down, so Asquith called a second general election in <a href="/wiki/December_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="December 1910 United Kingdom general election">December 1910</a>, and again formed a minority government. Edward VII had died in May 1910, but <a href="/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George V of the United Kingdom">George V</a> agreed that, if necessary, he would create 500 new Liberal peers to neutralise the Conservative majority in the Lords.<sup id="cite_ref-noten_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noten-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Conservative Lords then backed down, and on 10 August 1911, the House of Lords passed the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Act_1911" title="Parliament Act 1911">Parliament Act 1911</a> by a narrow 131–114 vote.<sup id="cite_ref-reformbackground_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reformbackground-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his <i>War Memoirs</i>, Lloyd George said of this time, "the partisan warfare that raged round these topics was so fierce that by 1913 this country was brought to the verge of civil war".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_welfare_reforms&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the Liberal reforms were one of Britain's most ambitious welfare reform programmes, there were several limitations to the reforms they passed. Free school meals were not compulsory. Pensions were refused to those who had not been in work most of their life. The labour exchange programme often managed to find people only part-time casual work. The poor had to pay National Insurance Contributions out of their wages and the 7s 6d was not enough to live on. Unemployment and sickness pay also only lasted for a limited time. Free medical care was available to only a wage-earner, not the wife or children or grandparents and other relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc3_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc3-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new National Health Insurance scheme also did not provide coverage for all forms of medical care. It did not provide cover for special advice while many people could not get acquire dental, ophthalmic or other treatment through NHI. Also, other people were not covered for convalescent homes, while the only specialist services for those in NHI were for TB and VD.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The welfare measures introduced by the Liberal government concerning the sick, the elderly, and the children did, however, lead to a reduction in poverty, with the total number of paupers falling from 916,377 in 1910 to 748,019 by 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_criticism">Contemporary criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_welfare_reforms&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Contemporary criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Liberal reforms received criticism from those who saw this level of government action to mitigate social evils as interfering with <a href="/wiki/Market_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Market forces">market forces</a> and thus being antithetical to the operations of a <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a>. One political cartoon of the time criticised the reforms as allegedly <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost of the reforms was also criticised and there were also critics who suggested that the reforms would not work in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were classical liberals who opposed these reforms; this included <a href="/wiki/Harold_Cox" title="Harold Cox">Harold Cox</a>, elected as a Liberal in 1906, and who was almost alone among Liberal MPs in his opposition. He considered them to be "eroding freedom" and "undermining individual responsibility".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Liberal journalist and editor of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> (1907–1916), <a href="/wiki/F._W._Hirst" class="mw-redirect" title="F. W. Hirst">F. W. Hirst</a>, also opposed the reforms and the welfare state in general.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some workers objected to paying 4d per week to the National Insurance contributions. The chant "<a href="/wiki/Taffy_was_a_Welshman" title="Taffy was a Welshman">Taffy was a Welshman</a>, Taffy was a thief" was chanted at Lloyd George by workers and referred to the suggestion that Welshman Lloyd George was taking their wages away from them.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc3_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc3-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Lloyd George responded with his famous phrase "Nine pence for four pence" which referenced the fact that employers and the government were topping up the workers' contributions.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation">Legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_welfare_reforms&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Disputes_Act_1906" title="Trade Disputes Act 1906">Trade Disputes Act 1906</a> – Protected trade unions from legal claims for <a href="/wiki/Damages" title="Damages">damages</a> by businesses affected by strikes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workmen%27s_Compensation_Act_1906" title="Workmen's Compensation Act 1906">Workmen's Compensation Act 1906</a> – Granted compensation for injury at work.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_Shipping_Act_1906" title="Merchant Shipping Act 1906">Merchant Shipping Act 1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_(Provision_of_Meals)_Act_1906" title="Education (Provision of Meals) Act 1906">Education (Provision of Meals) Act 1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_(Administrative_Provisions)_Act_1907" title="Education (Administrative Provisions) Act 1907">Education (Administrative Provisions) Act 1907</a> – created school medical inspections.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_Causes_Act_1907" title="Matrimonial Causes Act 1907">Matrimonial Causes Act 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Mines_Regulation_Act_1908" title="Coal Mines Regulation Act 1908">Coal Mines Regulation Act 1908</a> – Miners now worked 8-hour days.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_Act_1908" title="Children Act 1908">Children and Young Persons Act 1908</a> (<a href="/wiki/Children_Act_1908" title="Children Act 1908">Children's Charter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Age_Pensions_Act_1908" title="Old Age Pensions Act 1908">Old Age Pensions Act 1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Exchanges_Act_1909" title="Labour Exchanges Act 1909">Labour Exchanges Act 1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Boards_Act_1909" title="Trade Boards Act 1909">Trade Boards Act 1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_and_Town_Planning_Act_1909" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing and Town Planning Act 1909">Housing and Town Planning Act 1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Insurance_Act_1911" title="National Insurance Act 1911">National Insurance Act 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shops_Act_1911" title="Shops Act 1911">Shops Act 1911</a> – shop workers could now take half a day off work per week.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Mines_(Minimum_Wage)_Act_1912" title="Coal Mines (Minimum Wage) Act 1912">Coal Mines (Minimum Wage) Act 1912</a></li></ul> <p>From 1911 MPs were given a salary of £400 per annum, meaning that it was much easier for working-class people to stand for election.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_welfare_reforms&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the welfare state in the United Kingdom">History of the welfare state in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_welfare_reforms&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFG.R._Searle2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._R._Searle" title="G. 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Clarendon Press. pp. 369–375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198207146" title="Special:BookSources/9780198207146"><bdi>9780198207146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+England%3F%3A+Peace+and+War%2C+1886%E2%80%931918&rft.pages=369-375&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780198207146&rft.au=G.R.+Searle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5SGI2Y8vyC4C%26pg%3DPA369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+welfare+reforms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Searle, pp. 358–365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090507010421/http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/britain1906to1918/g1/background.htm">"The National Archives Learning Curve | Britain 1906–18 | Liberal Welfare Reforms 1906–11: Gallery Background"</a>. 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Gullifer, "Opposition to the 1902 Education Act," <i>Oxford Review of Education</i> (1982) 8#1 pp. 83–98 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1050168">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David M. Fahey, "The Politics of Drink: Pressure Groups and the British Liberal Party, 1883–1908." <i>Social Science</i> (1979): 76–85. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41886377">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald Read, <i>Edwardian England, 1901–15: society and politics</i> (1972) p 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin Cross, <i>The Liberals in Power, 1905–1914</i> (1963) pp. 69–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Jennings, "Liquor Licensing and the Local Historian: The Victorian Public House". <i>Local Historian</i> 41 (2011): 121–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N.D. Daglish, "A 'difficult and somewhat thankless task': politics, religion and the Education Bill of 1908." <i>Journal of educational administration and history</i> 31.1 (1999): 19–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilbert, <i>David Lloyd George</i> (1987) pp.215–266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John F. Glaser, "English Nonconformity and the Decline of Liberalism," <i>American Historical Review</i> 63#2 (1958), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1849549">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">S.J. Curtis and M.E.A. Boultwood, <i>An Introductory History of English Education Since 1800</i> (1960) p.175. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductoryhist0000curt_w6a6">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mastering Economic and Social History</i> by David Taylor</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.co.uk-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilders,_E.2012" class="citation book cs1">Childers, E. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zAOWzvytDL8C&pg=PT230"><i>The Framework of Home Rule</i></a>. tredition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783847202035" title="Special:BookSources/9783847202035"><bdi>9783847202035</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Framework+of+Home+Rule&rft.pub=tredition&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9783847202035&rft.au=Childers%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzAOWzvytDL8C%26pg%3DPT230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+welfare+reforms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whigs,_Radicals_1914-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whigs,_Radicals_1914_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whigs,_Radicals_1914_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whigs,_Radicals_1914_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whigs,_Radicals_1914_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Whigs, Radicals, and Liberals, 1815–1914</i>, by Duncan Watts</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeggie2008" class="citation journal cs1">Heggie, Vanessa (1 April 2008). "Lies, Damn Lies, and Manchester's Recruiting Statistics: Degeneration as an "Urban Legend" in Victorian and Edwardian Britain". <i>Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences</i>. <b>63</b> (2): 178–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhmas%2Fjrm032">10.1093/jhmas/jrm032</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5045">0022-5045</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17965445">17965445</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36890365">36890365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Medicine+and+Allied+Sciences&rft.atitle=Lies%2C+Damn+Lies%2C+and+Manchester%27s+Recruiting+Statistics%3A+Degeneration+as+an+%22Urban+Legend%22+in+Victorian+and+Edwardian+Britain&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=178-216&rft.date=2008-04-01&rft.issn=0022-5045&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36890365%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17965445&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhmas%2Fjrm032&rft.aulast=Heggie&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+welfare+reforms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Foundations of the Welfare State</i> by <a href="/wiki/Pat_Thane" title="Pat Thane">Pat Thane</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Britain, 1846–1919</i> by Jocelyn Hunt</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/britain/liberalreformsrev2.shtml">"GCSE Bitesize – History | Modern World History | Britain 1905–1951 | The important reforms"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GCSE+Bitesize+%E2%80%93+History+%26%23124%3B+Modern+World+History+%26%23124%3B+Britain+1905%E2%80%931951+%26%23124%3B+The+important+reforms&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fschools%2Fgcsebitesize%2Fhistory%2Fmwh%2Fbritain%2Fliberalreformsrev2.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+welfare+reforms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaterson,_L.2003" class="citation book cs1">Paterson, L. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scottish+Education+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780748615902&rft.au=Paterson%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMnL7ik_nSQUC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+welfare+reforms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Between soft and hard law: the impact of international social security standards on national social security law</i> by Frans Pennings, International Labour Organisation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A companion to early twentieth-century Britain</i> by Chris Wrigley</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Eugenics and politics in Britain, 1900–1914</i> by Geoffrey Russell Searle</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc2_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc2_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/bitesize/higher/history/liberal/impact1_rev.shtml">"Education Scotland – Higher Bitesize Revision – History – Liberal – Impact: Revision 1"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Education+Scotland+%E2%80%93+Higher+Bitesize+Revision+%E2%80%93+History+%E2%80%93+Liberal+%E2%80%93+Impact%3A+Revision+1&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fscotland%2Feducation%2Fbitesize%2Fhigher%2Fhistory%2Fliberal%2Fimpact1_rev.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+welfare+reforms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liberal Government and Politics, 1905–15 by Ian Packer</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Old-age pensions. Official Statistics" The Times (38862, 21 January 1909</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Liberals, radicals, and social politics, 1892–1914</i> by Hugh Vincent Emy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718140917/http://www.swcc.beds.sch.uk/studentresources/History/RoyalCommission1905.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swcc.beds.sch.uk/studentresources/History/RoyalCommission1905.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swcc.beds.sch.uk%2Fstudentresources%2FHistory%2FRoyalCommission1905.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+welfare+reforms" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google2-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google2_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner,_D.2003" class="citation book cs1">Tanner, D. 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(Great Britain), p. 101 <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Government's record, 1906-1913: seven years of Liberal legislation and administration by Liberal Publication Dept. (Great Britain), p. 102 <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151109182435/http://staging.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/1951/51B09_11_engl.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Page and Richard Silburn</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/britain1906to1918/g2/cs1/g2cs1s2.htm">"The National Archives Learning Curve | Britain 1906–18 | Achievements of Liberal Welfare Reforms: Critics: Source 2"</a>. Learningcurve.gov.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Learningcurve.gov.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+National+Archives+Learning+Curve+%26%23124%3B+Britain+1906%E2%80%9318+%26%23124%3B+Case+Study%3A+Critics&rft.pub=Learningcurve.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.learningcurve.gov.uk%2Fbritain1906to1918%2Fg2%2Fcs1%2Fg2cs1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+welfare+reforms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. H. Greenleaf, <i>The British Political Tradition. Volume Two: The Ideological Heritage</i> (London: Methuen, 1983), pp. 95–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenleaf, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_the_Official_Report_(Hansard),_House_of_Lords,_Westminster2000" class="citation web cs1">Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Lords, Westminster (2 February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/ldhansrd/vo000202/text/00202-03.htm">"Lords Hansard text for 2 February 2000 (200202-03)"</a>. Publications.parliament.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GCSE+Bitesize+%E2%80%93+History+%26%23124%3B+Modern+World+History+%26%23124%3B+Britain+1905%E2%80%931951+%26%23124%3B+Reforms+and+reasons&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fschools%2Fgcsebitesize%2Fhistory%2Fmwh%2Fbritain%2Fliberalreformsrev3.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+welfare+reforms" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_welfare_reforms&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlewett1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neal_Blewett" title="Neal Blewett">Blewett, Neal</a> (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peerspartiespeop0000blew/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Peers, the Parties and the People: The British General Elections of 1910</i></a></span>. Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-1838-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-1838-6"><bdi>0-8020-1838-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peers%2C+the+Parties+and+the+People%3A+The+British+General+Elections+of+1910&rft.place=Toronto+and+Buffalo&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-8020-1838-6&rft.aulast=Blewett&rft.aufirst=Neal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeerspartiespeop0000blew%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberal+welfare+reforms" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briggs,_Asa" class="mw-redirect" title="Briggs, Asa">Briggs, Asa</a>. "The Political Scene" in Simon Nowell-Smith, ed. <i>Edwardian England, 1901–14</i> (1964), 43–102.</li> <li>Brown, Kenneth D. "The Labour Party and the Unemployment Question, 1906–1910." <i>Historical Journal</i> 14#3 (1971): 599–616.</li> <li>Byrne, Mike. <i>Britain 1895-1918</i> (Access to History, 2005), textbook.</li> <li>Cregier, Don M. <i>Bounder from Wales: Lloyd George's Career Before the First World War</i> (U of Missouri Press, 1976).</li> <li>Cross, Colin. <i>The Liberals in Power, 1905-1914</i> (1963) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/liberalsinpower10000coli/page/n7/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li>Daglish, N. D. "A 'difficult and somewhat thankless task': politics, religion and the Education Bill of 1908." <i>Journal of educational administration and history</i> 31.1 (1999): 19–35.</li> <li>Gilbert, Bentley Brinkerhoff. "David Lloyd George: Land, The Budget, and Social Reform." <i>American Historical Review</i> 81.5 (1976): 1058–1066. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cooperative-individualism.org/gilbert-bentley_david-lloyd-george-land-the-budget-1976-dec.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Gilbert, Bentley B. "David Lloyd George: the reform of British landholding and the budget of 1914." <i>Historical Journal</i> 21.1 (1978): 117–141. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638451">online</a>.</li> <li>Grigg, John. <i>Lloyd George: The People's Champion, 1902–1911</i> (1978). biography <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lloydgeorgepeopl0000grig_j0a7">online</a></li> <li>Halévy, Elie. <i>History of the English People, 1905-1914</i> (1934), 686pp. a major political history; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/halevyshistoryof0000na/page/n4/mode/1up">online</a></li> <li>Harris, Bernard. <i>The origins of the British welfare state: social welfare in England and Wales, 1800–1945</i> (Palgrave, 2004).</li> <li>Häusermann, Silja, Georg Picot, and Dominik Geering. "Review article: Rethinking party politics and the welfare state–recent advances in the literature." <i>British Journal of Political Science</i> 43#1 (2013): 221–240. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0007123412000336">online</a></li> <li>Hawkins, Alun. "Edwardian Liberalism", <i>History Workshop</i> (1977) No. 4 pp. 143–61</li> <li>Hay, James Roy. <i>Origins of the Liberal Welfare Reforms, 1906–14</i> (1975) 78pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history-books.weebly.com/uploads/6/9/9/0/6990231/liberal_welfare_reforms_jr_hay_1.pdf">complete online</a></li> <li>Jenkins, Roy. <i>Asquith: portrait of a man and an era</i> (1964) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asquithportraito0000jenk">online</a></li> <li>Mommsen, Wolfgang J., and Wolfgang Mock, eds. <i>The emergence of the welfare state in Britain and Germany, 1850–1950</i> (Taylor & Francis, 1981).</li> <li>Murray, Bruce K. <i>The People's Budget, 1909–1910: Lloyd George and Liberal Politics</i> (1980).</li> <li>Packer, Ian. <i>Liberal government and politics, 1905–15</i> (Springer, 2006).</li> <li>Packer, Ian. <i>Lloyd George, liberalism and the land: The land issue and party politics in England, 1906–1914</i> (Boydell & Brewer, 2001).</li> <li>Pelling, Henry. <i>Winston Churchill</i> ()1974 pp. 110–146 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/winstonchurchill0000pell_y6o1">online</a></li> <li>Quinault, Roland. "Asquith's Liberalism." <i>History</i> 77.249 (1992): 33–49. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24420531">online</a></li> <li>Russell, A. K. <i>Liberal landslide: the general election of 1906</i> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/liberallandslide0000russ">online</a></li> <li>Stephenson, Charles. <i>Churchill as Home Secretary: Suffragettes, Strikes, and Social Reform 1910-11</i> (2023)</li> <li>Thompson, James. "The Genesis of the 1906 Trades Disputes Act: Liberalism, Trade Unions, and the Law." <i>Twentieth Century British History</i> 9.2 (1998): 175–200.</li> <li>Weiler, Peter. <i>The New Liberalism: Liberal Social Theory in Great Britain, 1889–1914</i> (Routledge, 2016).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_welfare_reforms&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Liberal year book: 1906</i> (1906); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/liberalyearbook01britgoog/page/n5/mode/1up">online</a></li> <li><i>The Liberal year book: 1907</i> (1907); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/liberalyearbook00assogoog">online</a></li> <li><i>The Liberal Year Book: 1908</i> (1908); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/liberalyearbook01unkngoog">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_welfare_reforms&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506233226/http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/britain1906to1918/g1/gallery1.htm">The National Archives Learning Curve: Liberal Welfare Reforms, 1906–11</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/bitesize/higher/history/liberal/motives_rev.shtml">BBC site assessing reasons for the Liberal reforms</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.library.wales/digital-exhibitions-space/digital-exhibitions/the-life-and-work-of-david-lloyd-george/the-peoples-budget-and-the-welfare-state/">The People's Budget and the Welfare State</a> David Lloyd George Exhibition, National Library of Wales</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sochealth.co.uk/health-law/national-insurance-act-1911/">National Insurance Act 1911</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/File:Workhouse_Nantwich.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nantwich workhouse"><img alt="Nantwich workhouse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Workhouse_Nantwich.jpg/120px-Workhouse_Nantwich.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Workhouse_Nantwich.jpg/180px-Workhouse_Nantwich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Workhouse_Nantwich.jpg/240px-Workhouse_Nantwich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="924" /></a></span><br /><small>Nantwich workhouse</small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old Poor Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vagabonds_and_Beggars_Act_1494" title="Vagabonds and Beggars Act 1494">Vagabonds and Beggars Act 1494</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_poor_laws" title="Tudor poor laws">Tudor poor laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Relief_Act_1597" title="Poor Relief Act 1597">Poor Relief Act 1597</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Relief_Act_1601" title="Poor Relief Act 1601">Poor Relief Act 1601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Relief_Act_1662" title="Poor Relief Act 1662">Poor Relief Act 1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_the_Poor_Act_1696" title="Relief of the Poor Act 1696">Relief of the Poor Act 1696</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Relief_Act_1722" title="Poor Relief Act 1722">Poor Relief Act 1722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_the_Poor_Act_1782" title="Relief of the Poor Act 1782">Relief of the Poor Act 1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_correction" title="House of correction">House of correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseer_of_the_poor" title="Overseer of the poor">Overseer of the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_rate" title="Poor rate">Poor rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_relief" title="Poor relief">Poor relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttock_mail" title="Buttock mail">Buttock mail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relief systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_relief" title="Outdoor relief">Outdoor relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speenhamland_system" title="Speenhamland system">Speenhamland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Rate" title="Labour Rate">Labour Rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundsman_System" title="Roundsman System">Roundsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Relief_of_the_Black_Poor" title="Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor">Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Poor Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_into_the_Operation_of_the_Poor_Laws_1832" title="Royal Commission into the Operation of the Poor Laws 1832">Royal commission (1832)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Amendment_Act_1834" title="Poor Law Amendment Act 1834">Poor Law Amendment Act 1834</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_(Scotland)_Act_1845" title="Poor Law (Scotland) Act 1845">Poor Law (Scotland) Act 1845</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Less_eligibility" title="Less eligibility">Less eligibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">Workhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workhouse_test" title="Workhouse test">Workhouse test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_guardians" title="Board of guardians">Board of guardians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_Labour_Test_Order" title="Outdoor Labour Test Order">Outdoor Labour Test Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_Relief_Prohibitory_Order" title="Outdoor Relief Prohibitory Order">Outdoor Relief Prohibitory Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_law_union" title="Poor law union">Poor law unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_English_Poor_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the English Poor Laws">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Murder" title="Book of Murder">Book of Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_poorhouse" title="Scottish poorhouse">Scottish poorhouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_policy_after_the_New_Poor_Law" title="Poor Law policy after the New Poor Law">Changes after 1834</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Commission" title="Poor Law Commission">Poor Law Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Board" title="Poor Law Board">Poor Law Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Board" title="Local Government Board">Local Government Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andover_workhouse_scandal" title="Andover workhouse scandal">Andover workhouse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huddersfield_workhouse_scandal" title="Huddersfield workhouse scandal">Huddersfield workhouse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Chargeability_Act_1865" title="Union Chargeability Act 1865">Union Chargeability Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_abolition_of_the_poor_law_system" title="Decline and abolition of the poor law system">Decline and abolition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liberal welfare reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Poor_Laws_and_Relief_of_Distress_1905%E2%80%931909" title="Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress 1905–1909">Royal Commission (1905–09)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_report_(Poor_Law)" title="Majority report (Poor Law)">Majority Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_report_(Poor_Law)" title="Minority report (Poor Law)">Minority Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_unemployment_and_poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Interwar unemployment and poverty in the United Kingdom">Interwar poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assistance_Act_1948" title="National Assistance Act 1948">National Assistance Act 1948</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_in_the_Workhouse" title="Christmas Day in the Workhouse">Christmas Day in the Workhouse</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Poor_Laws" title="Historiography of the Poor Laws">Historiography of the Poor Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Poor_Law_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the English Poor Law system">Timeline of the English Poor Law system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Relief_Act" title="Poor Relief Act">Poor Relief Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poor_law_unions_in_England" title="List of poor law unions in England">List of poor law unions in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poor_law_unions_in_Wales" title="List of poor law unions in Wales">List of poor law unions in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_poor_law_unions" title="List of Irish poor law unions">List of Irish poor law unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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