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member states subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Position_of_member_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Requested_participation_in_enhanced_co-operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Requested_participation_in_enhanced_co-operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Requested participation in enhanced co-operation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Requested_participation_in_enhanced_co-operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposing_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposing_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Opposing countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposing_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Other countries </div> </a> <ul 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.mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tax proposal made by the European Commission</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">Taxation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:10_Percent_Legacy_and_Succession_Duty_Impressed_Duty_Stamp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/10_Percent_Legacy_and_Succession_Duty_Impressed_Duty_Stamp.svg/100px-10_Percent_Legacy_and_Succession_Duty_Impressed_Duty_Stamp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/10_Percent_Legacy_and_Succession_Duty_Impressed_Duty_Stamp.svg/150px-10_Percent_Legacy_and_Succession_Duty_Impressed_Duty_Stamp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/10_Percent_Legacy_and_Succession_Duty_Impressed_Duty_Stamp.svg/200px-10_Percent_Legacy_and_Succession_Duty_Impressed_Duty_Stamp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="496" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> An aspect of <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">fiscal policy</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tax_policy" title="Tax policy">Policies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_revenue" title="Government revenue">Government revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_tax_equalization" title="Property tax equalization">Property tax equalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_revenue" title="Tax revenue">Tax revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-tax_revenue" title="Non-tax revenue">Non-tax revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_law" title="Tax law">Tax law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_bracket" title="Tax bracket">Tax bracket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat_tax" title="Flat tax">Flat tax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_tax_threshold" title="Income tax threshold">Tax threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_exemption" title="Tax exemption">Exemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_credit" title="Tax credit">Credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_deduction" title="Tax deduction">Deduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_shift" title="Tax shift">Tax shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_cut" title="Tax cut">Tax cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_holiday" title="Tax holiday">Tax holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_amnesty" title="Tax amnesty">Tax amnesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_advantage" title="Tax advantage">Tax advantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_incentive" title="Tax incentive">Tax incentive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_reform" title="Tax reform">Tax reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_harmonization" title="Tax harmonization">Tax harmonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_competition" title="Tax competition">Tax competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_withholding" title="Tax withholding">Tax withholding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_taxation" title="Double taxation">Double taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">Representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_groups" title="Taxpayer groups">Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_savings_account" title="Medical savings account">Medical savings account</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tax#Economic_effects" title="Tax">Economics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> General Theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_taxes_and_subsidies_on_price" title="Effect of taxes and subsidies on price">Price effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_burden_of_taxation" title="Excess burden of taxation">Excess burden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_incidence" title="Tax incidence">Tax incidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laffer_curve" title="Laffer curve">Laffer curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimal_tax" title="Optimal tax">Optimal tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_taxation" title="Theories of taxation">Theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimal_capital_income_taxation" title="Optimal capital income taxation">Optimal capital income taxation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Distribution of Tax</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_rate" title="Tax rate">Tax rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_tax" title="Flat tax">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_tax" title="Regressive tax">Regressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_tax" title="Proportional tax">Proportional</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tax_collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax collection">Collection</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_service" title="Revenue service">Revenue service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_stamp" title="Revenue stamp">Revenue stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_assessment" title="Tax assessment">Tax assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxable_income" title="Taxable income">Taxable income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_lien" title="Tax lien">Tax lien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_refund" title="Tax refund">Tax refund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_shield" title="Tax shield">Tax shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_residence" title="Tax residence">Tax residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_preparation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax preparation">Tax preparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_investigation" title="Tax investigation">Tax investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_shelter" title="Tax shelter">Tax shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_collector" title="Tax collector">Tax collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatized_tax_collection" title="Privatized tax collection">Private tax collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_(revenue_leasing)" title="Farm (revenue leasing)">Tax farming</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tax_noncompliance" title="Tax noncompliance">Noncompliance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_avoidance" title="Tax avoidance">Tax avoidance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation_tax_avoidance" title="Repatriation tax avoidance">Repatriation tax avoidance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_shelter" title="Tax shelter">Tax shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debtors%27_prison" title="Debtors' prison">Debtors' prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">Black market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreported_employment" title="Unreported employment">Unreported employment</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Corporate</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">Tax inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_mispricing" title="Transfer mispricing">Transfer mispricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_erosion_and_profit_shifting" title="Base erosion and profit shifting">Base erosion and profit shifting</a> (BEPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Irish_arrangement" title="Double Irish arrangement">Double Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sandwich" title="Dutch Sandwich">Dutch Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Irish_arrangement#Replacement_by_single_malt" title="Double Irish arrangement">Single Malt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Irish_arrangement#Backstop_of_capital_allowances" title="Double Irish arrangement">CAIA</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Locations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax havens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_haven" title="Corporate haven">Corporate havens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">Offshore financial centres</a> (OFCs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_magic_circle" title="Offshore magic circle">Offshore magic circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conduit_and_sink_OFCs" title="Conduit and sink OFCs">Conduit and sink OFCs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">Financial centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Secrecy_Index" title="Financial Secrecy Index">Financial Secrecy Index</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Major examples</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ireland_as_a_tax_haven" title="Ireland as a tax haven">Ireland as a tax haven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple%27s_EU_tax_dispute" title="Apple's EU tax dispute">Ireland v. Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun_economics" title="Leprechaun economics">Leprechaun economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Liechtenstein_tax_affair" title="2008 Liechtenstein tax affair">Liechtenstein tax affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LuxLeaks" title="LuxLeaks">Luxembourg Leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_Leaks" title="Offshore Leaks">Offshore Leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Papers" title="Paradise Papers">Paradise Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers" title="Panama Papers">Panama Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Leaks" title="Swiss Leaks">Swiss Leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_as_a_tax_haven" title="United States as a tax haven">United States as a tax haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_as_a_tax_haven" title="Panama as a tax haven">Panama as a tax haven</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_taxes" title="List of taxes">Types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_tax" title="Direct tax">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_tax" title="Indirect tax">Indirect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_unit_tax" title="Per unit tax">Per unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_valorem_tax" title="Ad valorem tax">Ad valorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_taxation_and_subsidies" title="Aviation taxation and subsidies">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport_improvement_fee" title="Airport improvement fee">Airport improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_fee" title="Landing fee">Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_tax_on_airplane_tickets" title="Solidarity tax on airplane tickets">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_gains_tax" title="Capital gains tax">Capital gains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expatriation_tax" title="Expatriation tax">Expatriation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumption_tax" title="Consumption tax">Consumption</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Departure_tax" title="Departure tax">Departure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel tax">Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_duty" title="Stamp duty">Stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_licence" title="Television licence">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_tax" title="Tourist tax">Tourist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-added_tax" title="Value-added tax">Value-added</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dividend_tax" title="Dividend tax">Dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_tax" title="Environmental tax">Environmental tax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-tariff" title="Eco-tariff">Eco-tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_tax" title="Landfill tax">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_consumption_tax" title="Natural resources consumption tax">Natural resources consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severance_tax" title="Severance tax">Severance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_tax" title="Steering tax">Steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stumpage" title="Stumpage">Stumpage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excise" title="Excise">Excise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_taxes_in_the_United_States" title="Cigarette taxes in the United States">Cigarette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_tax" title="Fat tax">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_tax" title="Meat tax">Meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_tax" title="Sin tax">Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugary_drink_tax" title="Sugary drink tax">Sugary drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Fund" title="Consolidated Fund">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_tax" title="Gift tax">Gift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_receipts_tax" title="Gross receipts tax">Gross receipts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothecated_tax" title="Hypothecated tax">Hypothecated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">Inheritance (estate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">Land value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_tax" title="Luxury tax">Luxury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payroll_tax" title="Payroll tax">Payroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigouvian_tax" title="Pigouvian tax">Pigouvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_rent_tax" title="Resource rent tax">Resource rent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtax" title="Surtax">Surtax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnover_tax" title="Turnover tax">Turnover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_tax" title="Use tax">Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_charge" title="User charge">User charge</a>/<a href="/wiki/User_fee" title="User fee">fee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congestion_pricing" title="Congestion pricing">Congestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tax" title="Fuel tax">Fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_pricing" title="Road pricing">Road</a>/<a href="/wiki/GNSS_road_pricing" title="GNSS road pricing">GNSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_(fee)" title="Toll (fee)">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_miles_traveled_tax" title="Vehicle miles traveled tax">Vehicle miles traveled</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_tax" title="Corporate tax">Corporate profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_profits_tax" title="Excess profits tax">Excess profits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windfall_tax" title="Windfall tax">Windfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_income_tax" title="Negative income tax">Negative (income)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_tax" title="Wealth tax">Wealth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/International_taxation" title="International taxation">International</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_transaction_tax" title="Financial transaction tax">Financial transaction tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Taxation_of_Financial_Transactions_and_for_Citizens%27_Action" title="Association for the Taxation of Financial Transactions and for Citizens' Action">ATTAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_transaction_tax" title="Currency transaction tax">Currency transaction tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Consolidated_Corporate_Tax_Base" title="Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base">European Union Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base</a> (CCCTB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_minimum_corporate_tax_rate" title="Global minimum corporate tax rate">Global minimum corporate tax rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_tax" title="Robin Hood tax">Robin Hood tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobin_tax" title="Tobin tax">Tobin tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spahn_tax" title="Spahn tax">Spahn tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_equalization" title="Tax equalization">Tax equalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_treaty" title="Tax treaty">Tax treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_of_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange of Information">Exchange of Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_establishment" title="Permanent establishment">Permanent establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_pricing" title="Transfer pricing">Transfer pricing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">European Union FTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_against_foreign_revenue_enforcement" title="Rule against foreign revenue enforcement">Foreign revenue rule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">Trade</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">Custom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duty (economics)">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff" 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border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Academic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mihir_A._Desai" title="Mihir A. Desai">Mihir A. Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammika_Dharmapala" title="Dhammika Dharmapala">Dhammika Dharmapala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Hines_Jr." title="James R. Hines Jr.">James R. Hines Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronen_Palan" title="Ronen Palan">Ronen Palan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Slemrod" title="Joel Slemrod">Joel Slemrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman" title="Gabriel Zucman">Gabriel Zucman</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Advocacy groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_on_Taxation_and_Economic_Policy" title="Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy">Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy</a> (ITEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Justice_Network" title="Tax Justice Network">Tax Justice Network</a> (TJN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Policy_Center" title="Tax Policy Center">Tax Policy Center</a> (US)</li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_tax" title="Church tax">Church tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_per_thousand" title="Eight per thousand">Eight per thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teind" title="Teind">Teind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">Tithe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscus_Judaicus" title="Fiscus Judaicus">Fiscus Judaicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leibzoll" title="Leibzoll">Leibzoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_tax" title="Temple tax">Temple tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolerance_tax" title="Tolerance tax">Tolerance tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharaj" title="Kharaj">Kharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisab" title="Nisab">Nisab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxation_by_country" title="Category:Taxation by country">By country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> All Countries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tax_rates" title="List of countries by tax rates">List of countries by tax rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tax_revenue_to_GDP_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by tax revenue to GDP ratio">Tax revenue to GDP ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_rates_in_Europe" title="Tax rates in Europe">Tax rates in Europe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Individual Countries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Albania" title="Taxation in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Algeria" title="Taxation in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Argentina" title="Taxation in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Croatia" title="Taxation in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Denmark" title="Taxation in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Finland" title="Taxation in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_France" title="Taxation in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Germany" title="Taxation in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Greece" title="Taxation in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Taxation in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iceland" title="Taxation in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_India" title="Taxation in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Indonesia" title="Taxation in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran" title="Taxation in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Israel" title="Taxation in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Japan" title="Taxation in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Kazakhstan" title="Taxation in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Lithuania" title="Taxation in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Malta" title="Taxation in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Morocco" title="Taxation in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Namibia" title="Taxation in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Netherlands" title="Taxation in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_New_Zealand" title="Taxation in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Norway" title="Taxation in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Pakistan" title="Taxation in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Taxation in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Peru" title="Taxation in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Philippines" title="Taxation in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Poland" title="Taxation in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Portugal" title="Taxation in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Russia" title="Taxation in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_South_Africa" title="Taxation in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Taxation in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Sweden" title="Taxation in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Switzerland" title="Taxation in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Taiwan" title="Taxation in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Tanzania" title="Taxation in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Taxation in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Uruguay" title="Taxation in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background-color: #efefef;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxation" title="Template:Taxation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Taxation" title="Template talk:Taxation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taxation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Taxation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Union_financial_transaction_tax.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/European_Union_financial_transaction_tax.svg/300px-European_Union_financial_transaction_tax.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/European_Union_financial_transaction_tax.svg/450px-European_Union_financial_transaction_tax.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/European_Union_financial_transaction_tax.svg/600px-European_Union_financial_transaction_tax.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>EU financial transaction tax <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  EU members requesting to participate</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  EU members not participating</div></figcaption></figure> The European Union financial transaction tax (EU FTT) is a proposal made by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> to introduce a <a href="/wiki/Financial_transaction_tax" title="Financial transaction tax">financial transaction tax</a> (FTT) within some of the member states of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU). The proposed EU financial transaction tax would be separate from a <a href="/wiki/Bank_tax#1._Financial_stability_contribution_.28FSC.29.2C_or_.22Bank_tax.22" title="Bank tax">bank levy</a>, or a resolution levy, which some governments are proposing to impose on banks to insure them against the costs of any future bailouts. It was initially claimed the tax, as proposed, would raise 57 billion Euros per year if implemented across the entire EU.<a href="#cite_note-opposing-Nov-2011-1">[1]</a> The first proposal for the whole of the EU was presented by the European Commission in 2011 but did not reach a majority.<a href="#cite_note-Ecofin-2">[2]</a> Instead, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> authorized member states who wished to introduce the EU FTT to use <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_co-operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced co-operation">enhanced co-operation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The Commission proposed a directive for an EU FTT in 2013 but the proposal stalled.<a href="#cite_note-Ecofin-2">[2]</a> In 2019 Germany and France released a proposal based on the French financial transaction tax and the finance ministers of the states participating in the enhanced cooperation came to the consensus that the EU FTT should be negotiated using this proposal.<a href="#cite_note-Ecofin-2">[2]</a> According to early plans, the tax would impact <a href="/wiki/Financial_transactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial transactions">financial transactions</a> between <a href="/wiki/Financial_institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial institutions">financial institutions</a> charging 0.1% against the exchange of <a href="/wiki/Share_(finance)" title="Share (finance)">shares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bonds</a> and 0.01% across <a href="/wiki/Derivative_contract" class="mw-redirect" title="Derivative contract">derivative contracts</a>, if just one of the financial institutions resides in a member state of the EU FTT. To avoid an unwanted negative impact on the real economy, the FTT will not apply to:<a href="#cite_note-ECPROP-4">[4]</a> <ol><li>Day-to-day financial activities of citizens and businesses (e.g. loans, payments, insurance, deposits etc.).</li> <li>Investment banking activities in the context of raising capital.</li> <li>Transactions carried out as part of restructuring operations.</li> <li>Refinancing transactions with central banks and the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">ECB</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Facility" title="European Financial Stability Facility">EFSF</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">ESM</a>, and transactions with EU.</li></ol> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Union_financial_transaction_tax&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> On 28 June 2010, the European Union's executive said it will study whether the European Union should go alone in imposing a tax on financial transactions after <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a> leaders failed to agree on the issue. The following day the European Commission called for <a href="/wiki/Tobin_tax" title="Tobin tax">Tobin-style taxes</a> on the EU's financial sector to generate direct revenue for the European Union. At the same time it suggested to reduce existing levies coming from the 27 member states.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_Commission_proposal">European Commission proposal</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Union_financial_transaction_tax&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: European Commission proposal">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_flag_outside_the_Commission.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/European_flag_outside_the_Commission.jpg/200px-European_flag_outside_the_Commission.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/European_flag_outside_the_Commission.jpg/300px-European_flag_outside_the_Commission.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/European_flag_outside_the_Commission.jpg/400px-European_flag_outside_the_Commission.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The building of the European Commission where the EU FTT proposal was drafted</figcaption></figure> On 28 September 2011, president of the European Commission <a href="/wiki/Jose_Barroso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Barroso">José Barroso</a> officially presented a plan to create a new financial transactions tax "to make the financial sector pay its fair share",<a href="#cite_note-EC-FTT-6">[6]</a> pointing out that the financial sector received 4.6 trillion euros from EU member states during the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In December 2012 the European Commission's State Aid Scoreboard revealed a new figure saying the volume of national support to the financial sector between October 2008 and 31 December 2011 amounted to around 1.6 trillion euros (13% of EU GDP), two-thirds of which came in the form of State guarantees on banks' wholesale funding.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Given 10 EU member states already have a form of a financial transaction tax in place, the proposal would effectively introduce new minimum tax rates and harmonise different existing taxes on financial transactions in the EU. According to the European Commission this would also "help to reduce competitive distortions in the single market, discourage risky trading activities and complement regulatory measures aimed at avoiding future crises". The Commission proposal requires unanimity from the 27 Member States to pass.<a href="#cite_note-harvard-ftt-9">[9]</a> France, Germany, Spain, Belgium, Finland spoke in favor of the EU proposal.<a href="#cite_note-opposing-Nov-2011-1">[1]</a> Austria and Spain are also known to support an EU FTT.<a href="#cite_note-harvard-ftt-9">[9]</a> Nations that oppose the proposal include the United Kingdom, Sweden, the Czech Republic and Bulgaria.<a href="#cite_note-opposing-Nov-2011-1">[1]</a> Particularly the UK government has expressed strong views about the negative impact of the tax and is expected to use its power of veto to block the implementation of this proposal, unless the tax was to be introduced globally. The likelihood of a global FTT is low due to opposition from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-harvard-ftt-9">[9]</a> As a way out, advocates of the FTT such as the finance ministers from Germany, Austria and Belgium have suggested that the tax could initially be implemented only within the 17-nation eurozone, which would exclude reluctant governments like the United Kingdom and Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> If adopted, the EU FTT would have come into effect on 1 January 2014.<a href="#cite_note-EC-FTT-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In October 2012, after discussions failed to establish unanimous support for an EU-wide FTT, the European Commission proposed that the use of <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_co-operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced co-operation">enhanced co-operation</a> should be permitted to implement the tax in the states which wished to participate.<a href="#cite_note-EnhancedCoop-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-indiatimes_09.10.2012-14">[14]</a> The proposal, supported by 11 <a href="/wiki/EU_member_states" class="mw-redirect" title="EU member states">EU member states</a> representing more than 90% of Eurozone GDP<a href="#cite_note-indiatimes_30.03.2012-15">[15]</a> was approved in the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> in December 2012<a href="#cite_note-ECPARL-16">[16]</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> in January 2013 with 4 EU members abstaining: Czech Republic, Luxembourg, Malta and the UK.<a href="#cite_note-ECENHANCED-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardia-2013-01-22-18">[18]</a> On 14 February, the European Commission put forward a revised proposal outlining the details of the FTT to be enacted under enhanced co-operation, which was only slightly different from its initial proposal in September 2011.<a href="#cite_note-ECPROP-4">[4]</a> The proposal was approved by the European Parliament in July 2013,<a href="#cite_note-PARLVOTE-19">[19]</a> and must now be unanimously approved by the participating states before coming into force.<a href="#cite_note-ECPROP-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-ECPROG-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/EU_member_states" class="mw-redirect" title="EU member states">EU member states</a> which have not signed up to the FTT are able to join the agreement in the future.<a href="#cite_note-join-21">[21]</a> On 14 February 2013, the European Commission put forward a revised proposal outlining the details of the FTT to be enacted under enhanced co-operation, which was only slightly different from its initial proposal in September 2011.<a href="#cite_note-ECPROP-4">[4]</a> The proposal was approved by the European Parliament in July 2013,<a href="#cite_note-PARLVOTE-19">[19]</a> and must now be unanimously approved by the 11 initial participating states before coming into force.<a href="#cite_note-ECPROP-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-ECPROG-20">[20]</a> The legal service of the Council of the European Union concluded in September 2013 that the European Commission's proposal would not tax "systemic risk" activities but only healthy activities, and that it was incompatible with the EU treaty on several grounds while also being illegal because of "exceeding member states' jurisdiction for taxation under the norms of international customary law".<a href="#cite_note-Legal_opinion_of_the_Council-22">[22]</a> The Financial Transaction Tax can no longer be blocked by the Council of the European Union on legal grounds, but each individual EU member state is still entitled to launch legal complaints against the FTT if approved to the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a>, potentially annulling the scheme.<a href="#cite_note-Legal_status_for_the_FTT_in_May_2014-23">[23]</a> On 6 May 2014, ten out of the initial eleven participating member states (all except Slovenia) agreed to seek a "progressive" tax on equities and "some derivatives" by 1 January 2016, and aimed for a final agreement on the details to be negotiated and unanimously agreed upon later in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Status_for_unanimous_FTT_agreement_in_May_2014-24">[24]</a> In June 2013, the commission announced that a January 2014 launch for the FTT was no longer realistic, but that it "could still enter into force towards the middle of 2014."<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The following month, <a href="/wiki/Algirdas_%C5%A0emeta" title="Algirdas Šemeta">Algirdas Šemeta</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Taxation_and_Customs_Union,_Audit_and_Anti-Fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Taxation and Customs Union, Audit and Anti-Fraud">European Commissioner for Taxation and Customs Union, Audit and Anti-Fraud</a>, said that "The Commission is ready to examine the suggestions made for an initial introduction of the tax with lower rates for products of specific market segments" including "both government bonds and pension funds." He left open the possibility the rate for these segments could be increased in the future.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> On 6 May 2014, ten out of the initial eleven participating member states (all except Slovenia) agreed to seek a "progressive" tax on equities and "some derivatives" by 1 January 2016, and aimed for a final agreement on the details to be negotiated and unanimously agreed upon later in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Status_for_unanimous_FTT_agreement_in_May_2014-24">[24]</a> In December 2015, Estonia announced that it no longer supports the financial transactions tax, due to concerns that the latest revised version of the tax would hardly generate any revenue, while at the same time scaring away traders.<a href="#cite_note-uk.reuters.com-27">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">United Kingdom's vote</a> in 2016 to <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">withdraw from the EU</a> would complicate collection of the taxes, which has led to delays in negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scope">Scope</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Union_financial_transaction_tax&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scope">edit</a>]</div> The tax would be levied on all transactions on financial instruments between financial institutions when at least one party to the transaction is located in the EU. It would cover 85% of the transactions between financial institutions (banks, investment firms, insurance companies, pension funds, hedge funds and others). House mortgages, bank loans to small and medium enterprises, contributions to insurance contracts, as well as spot currency exchange transactions and the raising of capital by enterprises or public bodies through the issuance of bonds and shares on the primary market would not be taxed, with the exception of trading bonds on secondary markets.<a href="#cite_note-pros_and_cons-29">[29]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%;"> <caption>Revenue Estimate for EU Financial Transaction Tax<a href="#cite_note-ec-2012-30">[30]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tax base </th> <th>Tax rate </th> <th>Revenue estimate (€ billion) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Securities: </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Shares </td> <td align="center">0.1% </td> <td align="center">6.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Bonds </td> <td align="center">0.1% </td> <td align="center">12.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Derivatives: </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Equity linked </td> <td align="center">0.01% </td> <td align="center">3.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Interest rate linked </td> <td align="center">0.01% </td> <td align="center">29.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Currency linked </td> <td align="center">0.01% </td> <td align="center">4.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">EU total </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center">57.1 </td></tr></tbody></table> Following the "R plus I" (residence plus issuance) solution an institution would pay the tax rate appropriate to the country of its residence, regardless of the location of the actual trade.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In other words, the tax would cover all transactions that involve European firms, no matter whether these transactions take place within the EU or elsewhere in the world. If acting on behalf of a client, e.g., when acting as a broker, it would be able to pass on the tax to the client. Hence, it would be impossible for say French or German banks to avoid the tax by moving their transactions offshore.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tax_rate_and_revenues">Tax rate and revenues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Union_financial_transaction_tax&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tax rate and revenues">edit</a>]</div> Naturally estimated revenues may vary considerably depending on the tax rate but also on the assumed effect of the tax on trading volumes. An official study by the European Commission suggests a flat 0.01% tax would raise between €16.4bn and €43.4bn per year, or 0.13% to 0.35% of GDP. If the tax rate is increased to 0.1%, total estimated revenues were between €73.3bn and €433.9bn, or 0.60% to 3.54% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-impact-summary_28.11.2011-33">[33]</a> The official proposal suggests a differentiated model, where shares and bonds are taxed at a rate of 0.1% and derivative contracts, at a rate of 0.01%. According to the European Commission this could approximately raise €57 billion every year.<a href="#cite_note-impact-summary_30.09.2011-34">[34]</a> Much of the revenue would go directly to member states. The United Kingdom e.g. would receive around €10bn (£8.4bn) in additional taxes.<a href="#cite_note-Semeta_16.02.2012-35">[35]</a> The part of the tax that would be used as an EU own resource would be offset by reductions in national contributions.<a href="#cite_note-Semeta_09.02.2012-36">[36]</a> EU member states may decide to increase their part of the revenues by taxing financial transactions at a higher rate.<a href="#cite_note-EC-FTT-6">[6]</a> The levy that 11 Eurozone countries are expected to introduce could raise as much as €35bn a year.<a href="#cite_note-guardia-2013-01-22-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_challenge">Legal challenge</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Union_financial_transaction_tax&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legal challenge">edit</a>]</div> In March 2013, the UK's European Union Committee of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> urged the British government to challenge the FTT at the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> due to concerns over the impact of the tax on non-participating states such as the UK. <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Harrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Harrison">Lyndon Harrison</a>, chair of the committee, suggested that "although the European Commission denies it, it is our view that UK authorities will be under an obligation to collect the tax."<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> A report, commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London Corporation</a>, which was published in April 2013 claimed that the tax would raise the UK's debt financing costs by £4 billion.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> On 3 April 2013, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Prime Minister">Czech Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Petr_Ne%C4%8Das" title="Petr Nečas">Petr Nečas</a> said that the FTT was unacceptable, and refused to rule out challenging it with the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-necas-39">[39]</a> In April 2013, <a href="/wiki/George_Osborne" title="George Osborne">George Osborne</a>, the UK's <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>, announced that his country had filed a legal challenge of the decision authorizing the use of enhanced cooperation to implement the FTT with the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-case-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-courtchallenge-41">[41]</a> Osborne said that "we're not against financial transaction taxes in principle but we are concerned about the extra-territorial aspects of the Commission's proposal". A Finance Ministry spokesman said that "we will not stand in the way of other countries, but only if the rights of countries not taking part are respected" and that the current Commission proposal "does not meet these requirements."<a href="#cite_note-osborne-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_for_Finances_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers for Finances of Luxembourg">Minister for Finance</a> <a href="/wiki/Luc_Frieden" title="Luc Frieden">Luc Frieden</a> said that his country was "very sympathetic" to the UK's legal challenge and would "bring arguments in support of the case".<a href="#cite_note-luxsup-43">[43]</a> On 30 April 2014, the European Court of Justice dismissed the United Kingdom's action against the authorization of the use of enhanced cooperation,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> but didn't rule out the possibility the UK could challenge the legality of the FTT itself if it is eventually approved.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Osborne has threatened a new challenge if the FTT is approved.<a href="#cite_note-Legal_status_for_the_FTT_in_May_2014-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evaluation_and_reception">Evaluation and reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Union_financial_transaction_tax&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Evaluation and reception">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a general evaluation of financial transaction taxes, see <a href="/wiki/Financial_transaction_tax#Evaluation" title="Financial transaction tax">Financial_transaction_tax § Evaluation</a>.</div> <dl><dt>European Commission</dt></dl> The European Commission itself expects the EU FTT to have the following impact on financial markets and the real economy:<a href="#cite_note-impact-summary_28.11.2011-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-impact-overview-46">[46]</a> <ul><li>Up to a 90 per cent reduction in derivatives transactions (based on the Swedish experience).</li> <li>Slightly negative or positive effect on economic growth depending on the design of the EU FTT. A long-run (20-year) reduction in gross domestic product in the EU by 0.53% if "mitigating effects" take hold, or up to 1.76% if they don't. In May 2012 the EU Commission corrected its analysis and now predicts a slightly smaller negative impact on economic growth of 0.3%, and even a positive impact of at least 0.1% or €15bn if the generated tax revenues are spent on growth enhancing public investments.<a href="#cite_note-SZ-2012-05-12-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Algirdas_Semeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Algirdas Semeta">Algirdas Semeta</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Taxation_and_Customs_Union,_Audit_and_Anti-Fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Taxation and Customs Union, Audit and Anti-Fraud">European Commissioner for taxation, customs, audit and anti-fraud</a> argues that "if the projected €57bn (£47.7bn) per year is put towards consolidating national budgets, reducing other taxes or investing in public services and infrastructure, the direct economic effect of the FTT should be positive for growth and employment in Europe".<a href="#cite_note-Semeta_16.02.2012-35">[35]</a></li> <li>An effective curb on automated <a href="/wiki/High-frequency_trading" title="High-frequency trading">high-frequency trading</a> and highly <a href="/wiki/Leverage_(finance)" title="Leverage (finance)">leveraged</a> derivatives</li> <li>An increase in <a href="/wiki/Capital_costs" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital costs">capital costs</a>, which could be mitigated by excluding primary markets for bonds and shares from the tax</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Real_economy" title="Real economy">real economy</a> could be protected by ensuring the tax is levied only on secondary financial products, thus not affecting transactions such as salary payments, corporate and household loans</li></ul> In its latest study from May 2012 the European Commission also dismissed the belief that financial institutions could avoid the tax by moving their transactions offshore, saying they could only do so by giving up all their European customers.<a href="#cite_note-SZ-2012-05-12-47">[47]</a> <dl><dt>Council of the European Union</dt></dl> In an opinion dated 6 September 2013, the legal service of the Council of the European Union, assessing the European Commission's proposal, stated that it would tax activities that "are not liable to contribute to systemic risk and which are indispensable for the activities of non-financial business entities" and concluded that it was illegal because it "exceeds member states' jurisdiction for taxation under the norms of international customary law" and is not compatible with the EU treaty "as it infringes upon the taxing competences of non-participating member states". The opinion further stated that the tax would be in violation of the EU Treaty because it would be an obstacle to the free movement of capital and services and it would be "discriminatory and likely to lead to distortion of competition to the detriment of non-participating member states".<a href="#cite_note-Legal_opinion_of_the_Council-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Algirdas_Semeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Algirdas Semeta">Algirdas Semeta</a>, European Commissioner, responded to the opinion by stating that the commission would continue working on the FTT and that "the approach which has been taken in the proposal is the correct one and does not breach any provisions of the Treaty."<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> A legal opinion prepared for the Commission which refuted the Council opinion was subsequently leaked. It argued that the FTT was "in conformity both with customary international law and EU primary law".<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The Financial Transaction Tax can no longer be blocked by the Council of the European Union on legal grounds, but each individual EU member state is still entitled to launch legal complaints against the FTT if approved to the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a>, potentially annulling the scheme.<a href="#cite_note-Legal_status_for_the_FTT_in_May_2014-23">[23]</a> <dl><dt>External experts</dt></dl> In February 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Economic_and_Monetary_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs">Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs</a> of the European Parliament discussed the European Commission proposal with financial experts.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Avinash_Persaud" title="Avinash Persaud">Avinash Persaud</a> of Intelligence Capital, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sony_Kapoor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sony Kapoor (page does not exist)">Sony Kapoor</a> of Re-Define and <a href="/wiki/Stephany_Griffith-Jones" title="Stephany Griffith-Jones">Stephany Griffith-Jones</a> of Columbia University have all welcomed the suggested financial transaction tax which, they argued would hit the right players, such as high frequency traders and intermediary financial players, and not the real economy,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> and which could lead to a 0.25% increase in GDP.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Griffith Jones and Persaud estimate the positive impact on economic growth to amount to at least €30bn until 2050.<a href="#cite_note-SZ-2012-05-12-47">[47]</a> At the Committee meeting Griffith-Jones and Persaud presented a report which goes into more detail about this position,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> claiming that an FTT could lead to an 0.25% increase in GDP on the assumption that the FTT would "decrease the probability of crises by a mere 5%".<a href="#cite_note-Stephany_Griffith-Jones_and_Avinash_Persaud-56">[56]</a> However, they do not believe that a Financial Transaction Tax on its own would prevent financial crises. The authors argue: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"the FTT would somewhat reduce systemic risk, and therefore the likelihood of future crises. We are clearly not arguing that on its own, the FTT would reduce the risk of crises, as prudent macroeconomic policies and effective financial regulation as well as supervision also have a major role to play in crisis prevention. However, by significantly reducing the level of noise trading in general and reducing (or eliminating) high frequency trading in particular, the FTT would make some contribution to the reduction of severe misalignments and hence the probability of violent adjustments. Moreover, in financial crises "gross" exposures matter more than the net ones, and financial transaction taxes will reduce the gap between the two. The growth costs of crises are massive. For example, Reinhart (2009) estimates that, from peak to trough, the average fall in per capita GDP, as result of major financial crises, was 9%. The Institute of Fiscal Studies (2011) has recently estimated that for the UK, when comparing the real median income household income in 2009–2010 with 2012–2013, the decline will be 7.4%. Of course for European countries directly hit by the sovereign debt crisis, like Greece, the decline of GDP and incomes will be far higher."<a href="#cite_note-Stephany_Griffith-Jones_and_Avinash_Persaud-56">[56]</a></blockquote> In May 2012, member of the executive board of the European Central Bank <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Asmussen" title="Jörg Asmussen">Jörg Asmussen</a> also spoke out in favour of an EU FTT, citing additional revenues and justice to be the main reasons.<a href="#cite_note-SZ-2012-05-12-47">[47]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> Chief Economist <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rogoff" title="Kenneth Rogoff">Kenneth Rogoff</a> is critical of a FTT, saying "Europeans concluded that an FTT's political advantages outweigh its economic flaws... there certainly is a case to be made that an FTT has so much gut-level popular appeal that politically powerful financial interests could not block it."<a href="#cite_note-reuters-57">[57]</a> Similarly, Oxera,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Riksbank" title="Sveriges Riksbank">Sveriges Riksbank</a> (Swedish National Bank)<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_for_Economic_Policy_Analysis" title="Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis">Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> have all come out with detailed analysis and criticisms of the proposed EU FTT. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Union_financial_transaction_tax&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Public opinion">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a> poll of more than 27,000 people published in January 2011 found that Europeans are strongly in favour of a financial transaction tax by a margin of 61% to 26%. Of those, more than 80% agree that if global agreement cannot be reached – a FTT should, initially, be implemented in just the EU. Support for a FTT, in the UK, is 65%. Another survey published earlier by <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> suggests that more than four out of five people in the UK, France, Germany, Spain and Italy think the financial sector has a responsibility to help repair the damage caused by the economic crisis. The poll also indicated strong support for a FTT among supporters of all the three main UK political parties.<a href="#cite_note-ps-europe-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Position_of_member_states">Position of member states</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Union_financial_transaction_tax&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Position of member states">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Requested_participation_in_enhanced_co-operation">Requested participation in enhanced co-operation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Union_financial_transaction_tax&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Requested participation in enhanced co-operation">edit</a>]</div> The following 10 countries are participating in the proposal of the European Commission to implement a FTT using <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_co-operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced co-operation">enhanced co-operation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ECPARL-16">[16]</a> (Estonia was originally part of the request but subsequently removed itself from the negotiations):<a href="#cite_note-EE-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-EE2-64">[64]</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="French National Assembly">French National Assembly</a> passed a Tobin tax amendment, which was overturned by the <a href="/wiki/French_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="French Senate">French Senate</a> in March 2002.<a href="#cite_note-Fougier-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kim-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ben-Ami-67">[67]</a> On 1 August 2012, newly elected French president <a href="/wiki/Francois_Hollande" class="mw-redirect" title="Francois Hollande">Francois Hollande</a> introduced a <a href="/wiki/Financial_transaction_tax#France" title="Financial transaction tax">0.2 percent FTT</a>, which was expected to generate €170 million in additional revenues for 2012 and another €500 million in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-French-FTT-69">[69]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>An amendment to the law, extending the tax to include intra-day trades was also proposed but in October 2013 it was reported that the French government was opposed to a tax on intra-day transactions, which account for over half the volume of Euronext Paris, the existing French tax having been blamed for loss of business and a negative effect on share prices.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: On 10 December 2009 the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(Federal_Republic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic)">Chancellor of Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> revised her position in favour of an EU FTT.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>: In January 2012, new Italian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Mario_Monti" title="Mario Monti">Mario Monti</a> said Italy had changed track and now backed the push for a FTT, but he also warned countries against going it alone.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Italian ambassador to the EU, Ferdinando Nelli Feroci, said in April 2013 that "transactions on government bonds must be excluded" from the FTT for his country to participate in the tax.<a href="#cite_note-courtchallenge-41">[41]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>: On 6 May 2014, Slovenia was the only state of the 11 FTT participating states which did not sign a declaration on seeking to finalize an agreement on the tax.<a href="#cite_note-Status_for_unanimous_FTT_agreement_in_May_2014-24">[24]</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Alenka_Bratu%C5%A1ek" title="Alenka Bratušek">Alenka Bratušek</a> said the government opposed the latest FTT proposal drafted on 6 May 2014 – and considered withdrawing as a signatory to the enhanced cooperation agreement – since the original plan for a "broad tax base" had been substantially narrowed. Projections for latest FTT proposal were that the country would only receive €3 million of increased tax revenues while facing increased tax collection expenses of around €2 million.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposing_countries">Opposing countries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Union_financial_transaction_tax&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Opposing countries">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>: Bulgaria is opposed to the EU FTT.<a href="#cite_note-opposing-Nov-2011-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-accountancy-74">[74]</a> In 2011, the country's Finance Ministry said that "the introduction of the Financial Transactions Tax on an EU level, before reaching an agreement to introduce it on a global level, will endanger the competitiveness of financial centres in the EU."<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>: The German opposition <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> has stated that Cyprus joining the FTT is a requirement for their support of Cyprus' request for a <a href="/wiki/2012_Cypriot_Financial_Crisis#Bailout_Request_and_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Cypriot Financial Crisis">bailout</a> from the <a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">European Stability Mechanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-irishtimes-76">[76]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Nicos_Anastasiades" title="Nicos Anastasiades">Nicos Anastasiades</a>, <a href="/wiki/2013_Cypriot_presidential_election" title="2013 Cypriot presidential election">elected</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">President of Cyprus</a> in February 2013, is opposed to the FTT<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sarris" title="Michael Sarris">Michael Sarris</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Finance_of_the_Republic_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Finance of the Republic of Cyprus">Minister of Finance of Cyprus</a>, has rejected adopting the FTT.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In March 2013, after reaching an agreement with eurozone leaders on terms for their bailout, Sarris said "we have managed to avoid any tax on financial transactions that would be catastrophic for our economy".<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>: The government of the Czech Republic is opposed to the EU FTT.<a href="#cite_note-opposing-Nov-2011-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-accountancy-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Euractiv-13-3-2012-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Prime Minister">Czech Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Petr_Ne%C4%8Das" title="Petr Nečas">Petr Nečas</a> said in April 2013 that the tax would harm the competitiveness of the EU's financial sector.<a href="#cite_note-necas-39">[39]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Senate of the Czech Republic">Senate of the Czech Republic</a>, which is controlled by the opposition <a href="/wiki/Czech_Social_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Social Democratic Party">Czech Social Democratic Party</a>, has supported the FTT.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In December 2012 the Senate passed a resolution supporting the use of enhanced co-operation to implement the FTT and recommending that the Czech government reconsider joining the tax.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bohuslav_Sobotka" title="Bohuslav Sobotka">Bohuslav Sobotka</a>, the leader of Social Democratic Party which was leading in the polls by October 2012 and could take power after <a href="/wiki/Next_Czech_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Next Czech legislative election">elections no later than May 2014</a>, has stated that his government would support the EU FTT.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mojm%C3%ADr_Hampl" title="Mojmír Hampl">Mojmír Hampl</a>, Vice-Governor of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Bank" title="Czech National Bank">Czech National Bank</a>, has stated that the central bank opposes the FTT due to the potential negative impacts on the economy.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: Denmark opposes a FTT if applied only in the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Margrethe_Vestager" title="Margrethe Vestager">Margrethe Vestager</a>, Minister of the Economy from 2011 till 2014, has stated in October 2013 that Denmark "will not be participating in a strengthened co-operation with a financial transaction tax".<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> While they weren't among the original 11 states who signed up to the enhanced co-operation procedure, they encouraged the participating states to keep the FTT open for them to join in the future, should they decide to adopt the tax.<a href="#cite_note-irishtimes-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>: In December 2011, Prime Minister of Luxembourg, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a>, backed the EU FTT, saying Europe can't refrain from "the justice that needs to be delivered" out of consideration for London's financial industry.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> However, on 13 March 2012 the government officially opposed the EU FTT.<a href="#cite_note-SZ-2012-03-13-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourgs</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_for_Finances_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers for Finances of Luxembourg">Minister for Finance</a> <a href="/wiki/Luc_Frieden" title="Luc Frieden">Luc Frieden</a> has said that his country was "not opposed philosophically" to a FTT, but that it must be implemented globally, and not regionally.<a href="#cite_note-luxsup-43">[43]</a> Luxembourg supports the UK's legal challenge of the FTT.<a href="#cite_note-luxsup-43">[43]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>: Malta opposes a FTT due to concerns, expressed in 2011 by then Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Gonzi" title="Lawrence Gonzi">Lawrence Gonzi</a>, that it would harm the competitiveness of the country's financial sector.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>: The former liberal-conservative government of Sweden opposed a FTT if applied only in the European Union<a href="#cite_note-opposing-Nov-2011-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-SZ-2012-03-13-89">[89]</a> due to their experience when they introduce a <a href="/wiki/Swedish_financial_transaction_tax" title="Swedish financial transaction tax">domestic FTT</a> that resulted in an exodus of capital from their financial sector.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> However, they encouraged the participating states to keep the FTT open for them to join in the future, should they decide to adopt the tax.<a href="#cite_note-FUTURE-92">[92]</a> The current (post September 2014) Social Democrat – Green Party government is open to the idea of a FTT.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> It wants to monitor the effect of the tax in the participating countries and make a later decision based on that.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: The British government supports a FTT only if implemented worldwide. In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Adair_Turner" class="mw-redirect" title="Adair Turner">Adair Turner</a> (chair) and <a href="/wiki/Hector_Sants" title="Hector Sants">Hector Sants</a> (CEO) of the UK <a href="/wiki/Financial_Services_Authority" title="Financial Services Authority">Financial Services Authority</a> both supported the idea of new global taxes on financial transactions.<a href="#cite_note-Stephany-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The governor of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> <a href="/wiki/Mervyn_King_(economist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mervyn King (economist)">Mervyn King</a> dismissed the idea of a "Tobin tax" on 26 January 2010, saying: "Of all the components of radical reform, I think a Tobin tax is bottom of the list ... It’s not thought to be the answer to the '<a href="/wiki/Too_Big_to_Fail" class="mw-redirect" title="Too Big to Fail">Too Big to Fail</a>' problem – there's much more support for the idea of a US-type levy".<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The UK has filed a legal challenge with the ECJ over the FTT.<a href="#cite_note-osborne-42">[42]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Union_financial_transaction_tax&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other countries">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Croatia_to_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Accession of Croatia to the European Union">acceded to the EU</a> in July 2013, making them eligible to participate in the EU FTT.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>: In September 2011, Estonia was among the 11 EU countries that declared seeking a political agreement for financial transaction taxation. However, on 8 December 2015 Estonia declared it would not sign up to the agreement, because of worries that as most of the shares traded by its financial institutions are issued outside the participating group, it would hardly get any revenue. At the same time, its traders would have an incentive to move their business elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-uk.reuters.com-27">[27]</a> It formally withdrew from the FTT enhanced cooperation procedure on 16 March 2016.<a href="#cite_note-EE-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-EE2-64">[64]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> was originally among the nine EU member states pushing for an EU FTT,<a href="#cite_note-9countries-99">[99]</a> but it was not among the states which requested the use of enhanced co-operation.<a href="#cite_note-EC-memo-100">[100]</a> The governing parties of Finland are divided over whether to join the EU FTT.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> is supportive of a FTT,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> and on 16 July 2012 introduced a unilateral 0.1 percent FTT to be implemented in January 2013.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> While they weren't among the original 11 states who signed up to the enhanced co-operation procedure, they encouraged the participating states to keep the FTT open for them to join in the future, should they decide to adopt the tax.<a href="#cite_note-FUTURE-92">[92]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> is in favour of an EU-wide FTT, but not of a Eurozone FTT.<a href="#cite_note-PwC-104">[104]</a> Irish <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Finance_(Ireland)" title="Minister for Finance (Ireland)">Minister of Finance</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Noonan_(Fine_Gael_politician)" title="Michael Noonan (Fine Gael politician)">Michael Noonan</a> has stated that Ireland won't join the EU FTT unless the UK does.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> has been cautious about the FTT due to concerns over loss of competitiveness of their financial sector.<a href="#cite_note-accountancy-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> However, in January 2013 the <a href="/wiki/Saeima" title="Saeima">Saeima</a>'s European Affairs Committee authorized the Latvian Ministry of Finance to express their support for the states seeking to implement the tax and to begin working more closely with them on it.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Subsequently, the Latvian Ministry of Finance welcomed the release of the EC's draft FTT proposal and promised to evaluate it before deciding whether to join.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> originally did not plan on participating in the EU FTT enhanced co-operation,<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> but after a <a href="/wiki/2012_Lithuanian_parliamentary_election" title="2012 Lithuanian parliamentary election">parliamentary election in October 2012</a> new Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Algirdas_Butkevicius" class="mw-redirect" title="Algirdas Butkevicius">Algirdas Butkevicius</a> announced that Lithuania would join the EU FTT by January 2013.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> However, in January the government decided to postpone joining the EU FTT due to uncertainty about the details of the proposed tax.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rimantas_%C5%A0ad%C5%BEius" title="Rimantas Šadžius">Rimantas Šadžius</a>, Lithuania's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Lithuania)" title="Ministry of Finance (Lithuania)">Minister of Finance</a>, stated that "we do not rule out the possibility that in the future, after assessment of the benefits of such a tax and possible risks, Lithuania may decide to participate in this initiative."<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: In October 2011, Dutch prime minister <a href="/wiki/Mark_Rutte" title="Mark Rutte">Mark Rutte</a> said his cabinet supported a FTT but opposed its introduction in only a few countries.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Nevertheless, the country blocked the introduction of EU FTT in March 2012.<a href="#cite_note-SZ-2012-03-13-89">[89]</a> In October 2012 the new coalition government said that it would adopt the proposed EU FTT provided that it was not imposed on pension funds.<a href="#cite_note-Cahill-115">[115]</a> However, when the European Commission's proposal for the FTT was released in February 2013, it did not exclude pensions funds, which led the Dutch Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Jeroen_Dijsselbloem" title="Jeroen Dijsselbloem">Jeroen Dijsselbloem</a> to respond by saying that he was "disappointed with this proposal and will work hard to change it"<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> and that the Netherlands would take some time to decide whether they should join the tax.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Dijsselbloem said in April that "the Dutch would still like to join" the FTT but that "our conditions have not been met".<a href="#cite_note-courtchallenge-41">[41]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> considered joining the EU FTT.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Vincent-Rostowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Vincent-Rostowski">Jan Vincent-Rostowski</a>, the Polish Minister of Finance, decided to maintain neutrality, stating that they would not block the tax and that they would observe it "with benevolent neutrality" to "see if those who claim that financial transactions will not move to other financial centers are right or not."<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> has stated that they would support an EU-wide FTT.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> While they weren't among the original 11 states who signed up to the enhanced co-operation procedure, they encouraged the participating states to keep the FTT open for them to join in the future, should they decide to adopt the tax.<a href="#cite_note-FUTURE-92">[92]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Union_financial_transaction_tax&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATTAC" class="mw-redirect" title="ATTAC"> ATTAC (Association for the Taxation of Financial Transactions for the Aid of Citizens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_tax" title="Bank tax">Bank tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorbitant_privilege" title="Exorbitant privilege">Exorbitant privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial markets">Financial markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate#Fluctuations_in_exchange_rates" title="Exchange rate">Fluctuation in exchange rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_controls" title="Foreign exchange controls">Foreign exchange controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_market" title="Foreign exchange market">Foreign exchange market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_market" title="Money market">Money market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_(economic)" title="Noise (economic)">Noise (economic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_tax" title="Robin Hood tax">Robin Hood tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spahn_tax" title="Spahn tax">Spahn tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">Speculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_attack" title="Speculative attack">Speculative attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobin_tax" title="Tobin tax">Tobin tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_tax" title="Transfer tax">Transfer tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatility_(finance)" title="Volatility (finance)">Volatility (finance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatility_risk" title="Volatility risk">Volatility risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Keynesian_resurgence" title="2008–2009 Keynesian resurgence">2008–2009 Keynesian resurgence</a></li></ul> Related economic crises <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932010" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2010">Financial crisis of 2007–2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_sovereign_debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European sovereign debt crisis">European sovereign debt crisis</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Union_financial_transaction_tax&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 17 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rostowski%3A+Polska+z+%C5%BCyczliwo%C5%9Bci%C4%85+b%C4%99dzie+przygl%C4%85da%C4%87+si%C4%99+FTT&rft.pub=Polska_Agencja_Prasowa_through_Interia.pl&rft.date=2012-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiznes.interia.pl%2Fwiadomosci%2Fnews%2Fpodatek-od-transakcji-finansowych-chetnych-11-krajow%2C1850928%2C4199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union+financial+transaction+tax" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlajan2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Blajan, Anne-Marie (17 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economie.hotnews.ro/stiri-finante_banci-11249002-romania-sustine-introducerea-taxei-tranzactiile-financiare-daca-exista-acord-nivelul.htm">"Romania sustine introducerea taxei pe tranzactiile financiare, daca va exista un acord la nivelul UE"</a> (in Romanian). <a href="/wiki/Hotnews.ro" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotnews.ro">Hotnews.ro</a>. Retrieved 27 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romania+sustine+introducerea+taxei+pe+tranzactiile+financiare%2C+daca+va+exista+un+acord+la+nivelul+UE&rft.pub=Hotnews.ro&rft.date=2012-01-17&rft.aulast=Blajan&rft.aufirst=Anne-Marie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomie.hotnews.ro%2Fstiri-finante_banci-11249002-romania-sustine-introducerea-taxei-tranzactiile-financiare-daca-exista-acord-nivelul.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union+financial+transaction+tax" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Union_financial_transaction_tax&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:52013PC0071">Proposal for a Council Directive 2013</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:52011PC0594">Withdrawn Proposal for a Council Directive 2011</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.europa.eu/eli/dec/2013/52(1)/oj">Council Decision of 22 January 2013 authorising enhanced cooperation in the area of financial transaction tax</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stephanygj.net/papers/FTT.pdf">Financial Transactions Taxes</a> – report presented to the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Economic_and_Monetary_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs">Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs</a> of the European Parliament in February 2012 by external experts <a href="/wiki/Stephany_Griffith-Jones" title="Stephany Griffith-Jones">Stephany Griffith-Jones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avinash_Persaud" title="Avinash Persaud">Avinash Persaud</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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