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cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutarchy</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Plutarch_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Plutarch (disambiguation)">Plutarch (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Plutarch (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈpluːtɑːrk/</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Πλούταρχος, Ploútarchos; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈplúːtarkʰos]</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 46 – after AD 119)<a href="#cite_note-eb-1">[1]</a> was a Greek <a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Platonist">Middle Platonist</a> philosopher,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_(Delphi)" title="Temple of Apollo (Delphi)">Temple of Apollo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>. He is known primarily for his <a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a>, a series of biographies of illustrious Greeks and Romans, and <a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia">Moralia</a>, a collection of essays and speeches.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Upon becoming a <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman citizen">Roman citizen</a>, he was possibly named Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus (Λούκιος Μέστριος Πλούταρχος).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2012-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> <table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Plutarch</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_philosopher,_maybe_Plutarch,_2nd_century_BC,_AM_Delphi,_0135.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Portrait_of_a_philosopher%2C_maybe_Plutarch%2C_2nd_century_BC%2C_AM_Delphi%2C_0135.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_a_philosopher%2C_maybe_Plutarch%2C_2nd_century_BC%2C_AM_Delphi%2C_0135.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Portrait_of_a_philosopher%2C_maybe_Plutarch%2C_2nd_century_BC%2C_AM_Delphi%2C_0135.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_a_philosopher%2C_maybe_Plutarch%2C_2nd_century_BC%2C_AM_Delphi%2C_0135.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Portrait_of_a_philosopher%2C_maybe_Plutarch%2C_2nd_century_BC%2C_AM_Delphi%2C_0135.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_a_philosopher%2C_maybe_Plutarch%2C_2nd_century_BC%2C_AM_Delphi%2C_0135.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1199"></a><div class="infobox-caption">2nd century AD bust from Delphi sometimes identified as Plutarch</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 46 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Chaeronea" title="Chaeronea">Chaeronea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">after AD 119 (aged 73–74) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phocis_(ancient_region)" title="Phocis (ancient region)">Phocis</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Biographer, <a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">essayist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a> <a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia">Moralia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Life">1 Life</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_life">1.1 Early life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Work_as_magistrate_and_ambassador">1.2 Work as magistrate and ambassador</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Late_period:_priest_at_Delphi">1.3 Late period: priest at Delphi</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Portrait">1.4 Portrait</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Works">2 Works</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Lives_of_the_Roman_emperors">2.1 Lives of the Roman emperors</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Parallel_Lives">2.2 Parallel Lives</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Life_of_Alexander">2.2.1 Life of Alexander</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Life_of_Caesar">2.2.2 Life of Caesar</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Life_of_Pyrrhus">2.2.3 Life of Pyrrhus</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Moralia">2.3 Moralia</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Spartan_lives_and_sayings">2.3.1 Spartan lives and sayings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Questions">2.3.2 Questions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#%22On_the_Malice_of_Herodotus%22">2.3.3 "On the Malice of Herodotus"</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Other_works">2.4 Other works</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Lost_works">2.5 Lost works</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Philosophy">3 Philosophy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Influence">4 Influence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Translations_of_Lives_and_Moralia">5 Translations of Lives and Moralia</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#French_translations">5.1 French translations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#English_translations">5.2 English translations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Italian_translations">5.3 Italian translations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Latin_translations">5.4 Latin translations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#German_translations">5.5 German translations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Hieronymus_Emser">5.5.1 Hieronymus Emser</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Gottlob_Benedict_von_Schirach">5.5.2 Gottlob Benedict von Schirach</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Johann_Friedrich_Salomon_Kaltwasser">5.5.3 Johann Friedrich Salomon Kaltwasser</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Subsequent_German_translations">5.5.4 Subsequent German translations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Hebrew_translations">5.6 Hebrew translations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Pseudo-Plutarch">6 Pseudo-Plutarch</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Notes">8 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Bibliography">10 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Plutarch was born to a prominent family in the small town of <a href="/wiki/Chaeronea" title="Chaeronea">Chaeronea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStadter201413-6">[5]</a> about 30 kilometres (19 mi) east of <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>, in the Greek region of <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>. His family was long established in the town; his father was named Autobulus and his grandfather was named <a href="/wiki/Lamprias" title="Lamprias">Lamprias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2012-4">[4]</a> His name is a compound of the Greek words <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%BF%E1%BF%A6%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:πλοῦτος">πλοῦτος</a>, ('wealth') and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CF%81%CF%87%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀρχός">ἀρχός</a>, ('ruler, leader'). In the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_personal_names" title="Ancient Greek personal names">traditional aspirational Greek naming convention</a> the whole name means something like "prosperous leader". His brothers, Timon and Lamprias, are frequently mentioned in his essays and dialogues, which speak of Timon in particular in the most affectionate terms. <a href="/wiki/Joannes_Rualdus" title="Joannes Rualdus">Rualdus</a>, in his 1624 work Life of Plutarchus, recovered the name of Plutarch's wife, Timoxena, from internal evidence afforded by his writings. A letter is still extant, addressed by Plutarch to his wife, bidding her not to grieve too much at the death of their two-year-old daughter, who was named Timoxena after her mother. He hinted at a belief in <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> in that letter of consolation.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Plutarch studied <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ammonius_of_Athens" title="Ammonius of Athens">Ammonius</a> from AD 66 to 67.<a href="#cite_note-eb-1">[1]</a> He attended the games of Delphi where the emperor <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> competed and possibly met prominent Romans, including future emperor <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStadter201414-8">[7]</a> Plutarch and Timoxena had at least four sons and one daughter, although two died in childhood. The loss of his daughter and a young son, Chaeron, are mentioned in his letter to Timoxena.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> Two sons, named Autoboulos and Plutarch, appear in a number of Plutarch's works; Plutarch's treatise on Plato's <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a> is dedicated to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones197111-10">[9]</a> It is likely that a third son, named Soklaros after Plutarch's confidant Soklaros of Tithora, survived to adulthood as well, although he is not mentioned in Plutarch's later works; a Lucius Mestrius Soclarus, who shares Plutarch's Latin family name, appears in an inscription in Boeotia from the time of <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> Traditionally, the surviving catalog of Plutarch's works is ascribed to another son, named Lamprias after Plutarch's grandfather;<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> most modern scholars believe this tradition is a later interpolation.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Plutarch's treatise on marriage questions, addressed to Eurydice and Pollianus,<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> seems to speak of the former as having recently lived in his house, but without any clear evidence on whether she was his daughter or not.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart-Long-15">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delfi_Apollons_tempel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Delfi_Apollons_tempel.jpg/220px-Delfi_Apollons_tempel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Delfi_Apollons_tempel.jpg/220px-Delfi_Apollons_tempel.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Delfi_Apollons_tempel.jpg/330px-Delfi_Apollons_tempel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Delfi_Apollons_tempel.jpg/440px-Delfi_Apollons_tempel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_(Delphi)" title="Temple of Apollo (Delphi)">Temple of Apollo at Delphi</a>, where Plutarch served as one of the priests responsible for interpreting the predictions of the <a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Pythia</a>.</figcaption></figure> Plutarch was either the uncle or grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Sextus_of_Chaeronea" title="Sextus of Chaeronea">Sextus of Chaeronea</a> who was one of the teachers of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>, and who may have been the same person as the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a>. His family remained in Greece down to at least the fourth century, producing a number of philosophers and authors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones197111-10">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a>, the author of <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Ass" title="The Golden Ass">The Golden Ass</a>, made his fictional protagonist a descendant of Plutarch.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> Plutarch was a <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian">vegetarian</a>, although how long and how strictly he adhered to this diet is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-chrysopoulos-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-newmyer-18">[17]</a> He wrote about the <a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_meat-eating" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics of meat-eating">ethics of meat-eating</a> in two discourses in Moralia.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> At some point, Plutarch received <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a>. His sponsor was <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mestrius_Florus" title="Lucius Mestrius Florus">Lucius Mestrius Florus</a>, who was an associate of the new emperor Vespasian, as evidenced by his new name, Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStadter201414-8">[7]</a> As a Roman citizen, Plutarch would have been of the <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian (Roman)">equestrian</a> order, he visited Rome some time <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 70 with Florus, who served also as a historical source for his Life of Otho.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStadter201414-8">[7]</a> Plutarch was on familiar terms with a number of Roman nobles, particularly the consulars <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Sosius_Senecio" title="Quintus Sosius Senecio">Quintus Sosius Senecio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titus_Avidius_Quietus" title="Titus Avidius Quietus">Titus Avidius Quietus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arulenus_Rusticus" title="Arulenus Rusticus">Arulenus Rusticus</a>, all of whom appear in his works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones197120-27-21">[20]</a> He lived most of his life at Chaeronea, and was initiated into the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">mysteries</a> of the Greek god <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>. He probably took part in the <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> During his visit to Rome, he may have been part of a municipal embassy for <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>: around the same time, Vespasian granted Delphi various municipal rights and privileges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStadter201415-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_as_magistrate_and_ambassador">Work as magistrate and ambassador</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Work as magistrate and ambassador" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In addition to his duties as a priest of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_(Delphi)" title="Temple of Apollo (Delphi)">Delphic temple</a>, Plutarch was also a <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrate</a> at Chaeronea and he represented his home town on various missions to foreign countries during his early adult years. Plutarch held the office of <a href="/wiki/Archon" title="Archon">archon</a> in his native municipality, probably only an annual one which he likely served more than once.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> Plutarch was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epimeletes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epimeletes (page does not exist)">epimeletes</a> (manager) of the <a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> for at least five terms, from 107 to 127, in which role he was responsible for organising the <a href="/wiki/Pythian_Games" title="Pythian Games">Pythian Games</a>. He mentions this service in his work, Whether an Old Man Should Engage in Public Affairs (17 = Moralia 792f).<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> Greek encyclopedia, states that <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> made Plutarch <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Roman)">procurator</a> of <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a>; most historians consider this unlikely, since Illyria was not a procuratorial province.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> According to the 8th/9th-century historian <a href="/wiki/George_Syncellus" title="George Syncellus">George Syncellus</a>, late in Plutarch's life, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> appointed him nominal <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(ancient_Rome)" title="Procurator (ancient Rome)">procurator</a> of <a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea</a> – which entitled him to wear the vestments and ornaments of a consul.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_period:_priest_at_Delphi">Late period: priest at Delphi</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Late period: priest at Delphi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutarch_and_herm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Plutarch_and_herm.jpg/220px-Plutarch_and_herm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2726"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 172px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Plutarch_and_herm.jpg/220px-Plutarch_and_herm.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Plutarch_and_herm.jpg/330px-Plutarch_and_herm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Plutarch_and_herm.jpg/440px-Plutarch_and_herm.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Portrait of a philosopher and a <a href="/wiki/Herm_(sculpture)" title="Herm (sculpture)">hermaic</a> <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Delphi_Archaeological_Museum" title="Delphi Archaeological Museum">Delphi Archaeological Museum</a></figcaption></figure> Some time <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 95, Plutarch was made one of the two sanctuary priests for the temple of Apollo at Delphi; the site had declined considerably since the classical Greek period. Around the same time in the 90s, Delphi experienced a construction boom, financed by Greek patrons and possible imperial support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStadter201420-29">[28]</a> His priestly duties connected part of his literary work with the Pythian oracle at Delphia: one of his most important works is the "Why Pythia does not give oracles in verse"<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> ("Περὶ τοῦ μὴ χρᾶν ἔμμετρα νῦν τὴν Πυθίαν").<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Even more important is the dialogue "On the 'E' at Delphi" ("Περὶ τοῦ Εἶ τοῦ ἐν Δελφοῖς"),<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> which features <a href="/wiki/Ammonius_of_Athens" title="Ammonius of Athens">Ammonius</a>, a Platonic philosopher and teacher of Plutarch, and Lambrias, Plutarch's brother.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to Ammonius, the letter E written on the temple of Apollo in Delphi originated from the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages of Greece</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Delphic_maxims" title="Delphic maxims">maxims</a> were also written on the walls of the vestibule of the temple and were not seven but actually five: <a href="/wiki/Chilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilon">Chilon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thales" class="mw-redirect" title="Thales">Thales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bias_of_Priene" title="Bias of Priene">Bias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pittakos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittakos">Pittakos</a>. The tyrants <a href="/wiki/Cleobulus" title="Cleobulus">Cleobulos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Periandros" class="mw-redirect" title="Periandros">Periandros</a> used their political power to be incorporated in the list. Thus, the E, which was <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">used to represent the number</a> 5, constituted an acknowledgement that the Delphic maxims actually originated from only five genuine wise men.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portrait">Portrait</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Portrait" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There was a portrait bust dedicated to Plutarch for his efforts in helping to revive the Delphic shrines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2012-4">[4]</a> The portrait of a philosopher exhibited at the exit of the <a href="/wiki/Delphi_Archaeological_Museum" title="Delphi Archaeological Museum">Archaeological Museum of Delphi</a>, dates to the 2nd century; due to its inscription, in the past it had been identified with Plutarch. The man, although bearded, is depicted at a relatively young age: His hair and beard are rendered in coarse volumes and thin incisions. The gaze is deep, due to the heavy eyelids and the incised pupils.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> A fragmentary <a href="/wiki/Herm_(sculpture)" title="Herm (sculpture)">hermaic</a> <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> next to the portrait probably did once bear a portrait of Plutarch, since it is inscribed, "The Delphians, along with the Chaeroneans, dedicated this (image of) Plutarch, following the precepts of the Amphictyony" ("Δελφοὶ Χαιρωνεῦσιν ὁμοῦ Πλούταρχον ἔθηκαν | τοῖς Ἀμφικτυόνων δόγμασι πειθόμενοι").<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Plutarch's surviving works were intended for Greek speakers throughout the Roman Empire, not just Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lives_of_the_Roman_emperors">Lives of the Roman emperors</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lives of the Roman emperors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_f_111r_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_111r_3.png/220px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_111r_3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="224" data-file-height="303"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 298px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_111r_3.png/220px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_111r_3.png" data-width="220" data-height="298" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_111r_3.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Plutarch in the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a> </figcaption></figure> Plutarch's first biographical works were the Lives of the Roman Emperors from <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a>. Of these, only the Lives of <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a> survive. The Lives of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> are extant only as fragments, provided by Damascius (Life of Tiberius, cf. his Life of Isidore),<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> as well as Plutarch himself (Life of Nero, cf. Galba 2.1), respectively. These early emperors' biographies were probably published under the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a> or during the reign of Nerva (AD 96–98). There is reason to believe that the two Lives still extant, those of Galba and Otho, "ought to be considered as a single work."<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> Therefore, they do not form a part of the Plutarchian canon of single biographies – as represented by the Life of <a href="/wiki/Aratus_of_Sicyon" title="Aratus of Sicyon">Aratus of Sicyon</a> and the Life of <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes II of Persia">Artaxerxes II</a> (the biographies of <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crates_(comic_poet)" title="Crates (comic poet)">Crates</a> and Daiphantus were lost). Unlike in these biographies, in Galba-Otho the individual characters of the persons portrayed are not depicted for their own sake but instead serve as an illustration of an abstract principle; namely the adherence or non-adherence to Plutarch's morally founded ideal of governing as a <a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">Princeps</a> (cf. Galba 1.3; Moralia 328D–E).<a href="#cite_note-Cf._Holzbach,_op._cit.,_24,_67%E2%80%9383-38">[37]</a> Arguing from the perspective of Platonic political philosophy (cf. Republic 375E, 410D-E, 411E-412A, 442B-C), in Galba-Otho Plutarch reveals the constitutional principles of the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a> in the time of the civil war after Nero's death. While morally questioning the behavior of the autocrats, he also gives an impression of their tragic destinies, ruthlessly competing for the throne and finally destroying each other.<a href="#cite_note-Cf._Holzbach,_op._cit.,_24,_67%E2%80%9383-38">[37]</a> "The Caesars' house in Rome, the Palatium, received in a shorter space of time no less than four Emperors", Plutarch writes, "passing, as it were, across the stage, and one making room for another to enter" (Galba 1).<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Galba-Otho was handed down through different channels. It can be found in the appendix to Plutarch's Parallel Lives as well as in various Moralia manuscripts, most prominently in <a href="/wiki/Maximus_Planudes" title="Maximus Planudes">Maximus Planudes</a>' edition where Galba and Otho appear as Opera XXV and XXVI. Thus it seems reasonable to maintain that Galba-Otho was from early on considered as an illustration of a moral-ethical approach, possibly even by Plutarch himself.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parallel_Lives">Parallel Lives</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Parallel Lives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutarch_Han.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Plutarch_Han.jpg/220px-Plutarch_Han.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="805"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 323px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Plutarch_Han.jpg/220px-Plutarch_Han.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="323" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Plutarch_Han.jpg/330px-Plutarch_Han.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Plutarch_Han.jpg/440px-Plutarch_Han.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The start of <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pacini_da_Todi" title="Antonio Pacini da Todi">Antonio Pacini's</a> Latin translation of the life of Theseus (1440s), dedicated to Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Acciapaccia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicola Acciapaccia">Nicola Acciapaccia</a>. Shown here from the 1470 <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Han" title="Ulrich Han">Ulrich Han</a> printing of Plutarch's <a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a>.</figcaption></figure> Plutarch's best-known work is the Parallel Lives, a series of <a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">biographies</a> of illustrious Greeks and Romans, arranged in pairs to illuminate their common <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral</a> virtues and vices, thus it being more of an insight into human nature than a <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">historical</a> account.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> The surviving Lives contain 23 pairs, each with one Greek life and one Roman life, as well as four unpaired single lives. As is explained in the opening paragraph of his Life of Alexander, Plutarch was not concerned with history so much as the influence of character, good or bad, on the lives and destinies of men. Whereas sometimes he barely touched on epoch-making events, he devoted much space to charming anecdote and incidental triviality, reasoning that this often said far more for his subjects than even their most famous accomplishments. He sought to provide rounded portraits, likening his craft to that of a painter; indeed, he went to tremendous lengths (often leading to tenuous comparisons) to draw <a href="/wiki/Physiognomy" title="Physiognomy">parallels between physical appearance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">moral character</a>. In many ways, he must be counted amongst the earliest <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">moral philosophers</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some of the Lives, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epaminondas" title="Epaminondas">Epaminondas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Scipio Africanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Aemilianus" title="Scipio Aemilianus">Scipio Aemilianus</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Numidicus" title="Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus">Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus</a> no longer exist; many of the remaining Lives are truncated, contain obvious <a href="/wiki/Lacuna_(manuscripts)" title="Lacuna (manuscripts)">lacunae</a> or have been tampered with by later writers. Extant Lives include those on <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristides" title="Aristides">Aristides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agesilaus_II" title="Agesilaus II">Agesilaus II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicias" title="Nicias">Nicias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelopidas" title="Pelopidas">Pelopidas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philopoemen" title="Philopoemen">Philopoemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timoleon" title="Timoleon">Timoleon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dion_of_Syracuse" title="Dion of Syracuse">Dion of Syracuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eumenes" title="Eumenes">Eumenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus of Epirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marcius_Coriolanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Marcius Coriolanus">Coriolanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aemilius_Paullus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aemilius Paullus">Aemilius Paullus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gracchus" title="Tiberius Gracchus">Tiberius Gracchus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Gracchus" title="Gaius Gracchus">Gaius Gracchus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Gaius Marius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Cornelius Sulla">Sulla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sertorius" class="mw-redirect" title="Sertorius">Sertorius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucullus" title="Lucullus">Lucullus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Marcus Junius Brutus</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Life_of_Alexander">Life of Alexander</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Life of Alexander" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Plutarch's Life of Alexander, written as a parallel to that of Julius Caesar, is one of five extant tertiary sources on the Macedonian conqueror <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. It includes <a href="/wiki/Anecdote" title="Anecdote">anecdotes</a> and descriptions of events that appear in no other source, just as Plutarch's portrait of <a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a>, the putative second king of Rome, holds much that is unique on the early <a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman calendar</a>. Plutarch devotes a great deal of space to Alexander's drive and desire, and strives to determine how much of it was presaged in his youth. He also draws extensively on the work of <a href="/wiki/Lysippos" title="Lysippos">Lysippos</a>, Alexander's favourite <a href="/wiki/Sculptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sculptor">sculptor</a>, to provide what is probably the fullest and most accurate description of the conqueror's physical appearance. When it comes to his character, Plutarch emphasizes his unusual degree of self-control and scorn for luxury: "He desired not pleasure or wealth, but only excellence and glory." As the narrative progresses, the subject incurs less admiration from his biographer and the deeds that it recounts become less savoury. The murder of <a href="/wiki/Cleitus_the_Black" title="Cleitus the Black">Cleitus the Black</a>, which Alexander instantly and deeply regretted, is commonly cited to this end.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Life_of_Caesar">Life of Caesar</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Life of Caesar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Together with <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Caesars" title="The Twelve Caesars">The Twelve Caesars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a>'s own works <a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">de Bello Gallico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Civili" title="Commentarii de Bello Civili">de Bello Civili</a>, the Life of Caesar is the main account of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s feats by ancient historians. Plutarch starts by telling of the audacity of Caesar and his refusal to dismiss <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Cinna" title="Lucius Cornelius Cinna">Cinna's</a> daughter, <a href="/wiki/Cornelia_(wife_of_Caesar)" title="Cornelia (wife of Caesar)">Cornelia</a>. Other important parts are those containing his military deeds, accounts of battles and Caesar's capacity of inspiring the soldiers. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">His soldiers showed such good will and zeal in his service that those who in their previous campaigns had been in no way superior to others were invincible and irresistible in confronting every danger to enhance Caesar's fame. Such a man, for instance, was Acilius, who, in the sea-fight at Massalia, boarded a hostile ship and had his right hand cut off with a sword, but clung with the other hand to his shield, and dashing it into the faces of his foes, routed them all and got possession of the vessel. Such a man, again, was Cassius Scaeva, who, in the battle at Dyrrhachium, had his eye struck out with an arrow, his shoulder transfixed with one javelin and his thigh with another, and received on his shield the blows of one hundred and thirty missiles. In this plight, he called the enemy to him as though he would surrender. Two of them, accordingly, coming up, he lopped off the shoulder of one with his sword, smote the other in the face and put him to flight, and came off safely himself with the aid of his comrades. Again, in Britain, when the enemy had fallen upon the foremost centurions, who had plunged into a watery marsh, a soldier, while Caesar in person was watching the battle, dashed into the midst of the fight, displayed many conspicuous deeds of daring, and rescued the centurions, after the Barbarians had been routed. Then he himself, making his way with difficulty after all the rest, plunged into the muddy current, and at last, without his shield, partly swimming and partly wading, got across. Caesar and his company were amazed and came to meet the soldier with cries of joy; but he, in great dejection, and with a burst of tears, cast himself at Caesar's feet, begging pardon for the loss of his shield. Again, in Africa, Scipio captured a ship of Caesar's in which Granius Petro, who had been appointed quaestor, was sailing. Of the rest of the passengers Scipio made booty, but told the quaestor that he offered him his life. Granius, however, remarking that it was the custom with Caesar's soldiers not to receive but to offer mercy, killed himself with a blow of his sword.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Life of Caesar, XVI</cite></div></blockquote> Plutarch's life shows few differences from Suetonius' work and Caesar's own works (see <a href="/wiki/De_Bello_Gallico" class="mw-redirect" title="De Bello Gallico">De Bello Gallico</a> and <a href="/wiki/De_Bello_Civili" class="mw-redirect" title="De Bello Civili">De Bello Civili</a>). Sometimes, Plutarch quotes directly from the De Bello Gallico and even tells us of the moments when Caesar was dictating his works. In the final part of this life, Plutarch recounts details of <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">Caesar's assassination</a>. It ends by telling the destiny of his murderers, just after a detailed account of the scene when a <a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">phantom</a> appeared to <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Brutus</a> at night.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Life_of_Pyrrhus">Life of Pyrrhus</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Life of Pyrrhus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Plutarch's Life of Pyrrhus is a key text because it is the main historical account on Roman history for the period from 293 to 264 BCE, for which both <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius</a>' and <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>'s texts are lost.<a href="#cite_note-TJCornell-43">[42]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "It is not histories I am writing, but lives; and in the most glorious deeds there is not always an indication of virtue or vice, indeed a small thing like a phrase or a jest often makes a greater revelation of a character than battles where thousands die." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Life of Alexander </cite> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moralia">Moralia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Moralia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia">Moralia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutarchus_-_Moralia._De_placitis_philosophorum,_1531_-_3020537.tif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Plutarchus_-_Moralia._De_placitis_philosophorum%2C_1531_-_3020537.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Plutarchus_-_Moralia._De_placitis_philosophorum%2C_1531_-_3020537.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2307" data-file-height="3048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 291px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Plutarchus_-_Moralia._De_placitis_philosophorum%2C_1531_-_3020537.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Plutarchus_-_Moralia._De_placitis_philosophorum%2C_1531_-_3020537.tif.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="291" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Plutarchus_-_Moralia._De_placitis_philosophorum%2C_1531_-_3020537.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Plutarchus_-_Moralia._De_placitis_philosophorum%2C_1531_-_3020537.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Plutarchus_-_Moralia._De_placitis_philosophorum%2C_1531_-_3020537.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Plutarchus_-_Moralia._De_placitis_philosophorum%2C_1531_-_3020537.tif.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Moralia, 1531</figcaption></figure> The remainder of Plutarch's surviving work is collected under the title of the Moralia (loosely translated as Customs and Mores). It is an eclectic collection of seventy-eight essays and transcribed speeches, including "Concerning the Face Which Appears in the Orb of the Moon" (a dialogue on the possible causes for such an appearance and a source for Galileo's own work),<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> "On Fraternal Affection" (a discourse on honour and affection of siblings toward each other), "On the Fortune or the Virtue of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>" (an important adjunct to his Life of the great king), and "On the Worship of <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>" (a crucial source of information on <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">ancient Egyptian religion</a>);<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> more philosophical treatises, such as "On the Decline of the Oracles", "On the Delays of the Divine Vengeance", and "On Peace of Mind"; and lighter fare, such as "<a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> and Gryllus", a humorous <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a> between <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s Odysseus and one of <a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a>'s enchanted pigs. The Moralia was composed first, while writing the Lives occupied much of the last two decades of Plutarch's life.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spartan_lives_and_sayings">Spartan lives and sayings</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Spartan lives and sayings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Since Spartans wrote no history prior to the Hellenistic period – their only extant literature is fragments of 7th-century lyrics – Plutarch's five Spartan lives and "Sayings of Spartans" and "Sayings of Spartan Women", rooted in sources that have since disappeared, are some of the richest sources for historians of <a href="/wiki/Laconia_(ancient_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laconia (ancient region)">Lacedaemonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pomeroy,_Sarah_B._1999-46">[45]</a> While they are important, they are also controversial. Plutarch lived centuries after the Sparta he writes about (and a full millennium separates him from the earliest events he records); and even though he visited Sparta, many of the ancient customs he reports had been long abandoned, so he never actually saw what he wrote about.<a href="#cite_note-Pomeroy,_Sarah_B._1999-46">[45]</a> Plutarch's sources themselves can be problematic. As the historians <a href="/wiki/Sarah_B._Pomeroy" title="Sarah B. Pomeroy">Sarah Pomeroy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_M._Burstein" title="Stanley M. Burstein">Stanley Burstein</a>, Walter Donlan, and Jennifer Tolbert Roberts have written, "Plutarch was influenced by histories written after the decline of Sparta and marked by nostalgia for a happier past, real or imagined."<a href="#cite_note-Pomeroy,_Sarah_B._1999-46">[45]</a> Turning to Plutarch himself, they write, "the admiration writers like Plutarch and Xenophon felt for Spartan society led them to exaggerate its monolithic nature, minimizing departures from ideals of equality and obscuring patterns of historical change."<a href="#cite_note-Pomeroy,_Sarah_B._1999-46">[45]</a> Thus, the Spartan egalitarianism and superhuman immunity to pain that have seized the popular imagination are likely myths, and their main architect is Plutarch. While flawed, Plutarch is nonetheless indispensable as one of the only ancient sources of information on Spartan life. Pomeroy et al. conclude that Plutarch's works on Sparta, while they must be treated with skepticism, remain valuable for their "large quantities of information" and these historians concede that "Plutarch's writings on Sparta, more than those of any other ancient author, have shaped later views of Sparta", despite their potential to misinform. He was also referenced in saying unto Sparta, "The beast will feed again."<a href="#cite_note-Pomeroy,_Sarah_B._1999-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Questions">Questions</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Questions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Book IV of the Moralia contains the Roman and Greek Questions (Αἰτίαι Ῥωμαϊκαί and Αἰτίαι Ἑλλήνων). The customs of Romans and Greeks are illuminated in little essays that pose questions such as "Why were patricians not permitted to live on the Capitoline?" (no. 91),<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> and then suggests answers to them.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id='"On_the_Malice_of_Herodotus"'>"On the Malice of Herodotus"</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=15" title='Edit section: "On the Malice of Herodotus"' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herodotus_Massimo_Inv124478.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Herodotus_Massimo_Inv124478.jpg/220px-Herodotus_Massimo_Inv124478.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2130" data-file-height="2650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 274px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Herodotus_Massimo_Inv124478.jpg/220px-Herodotus_Massimo_Inv124478.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="274" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Herodotus_Massimo_Inv124478.jpg/330px-Herodotus_Massimo_Inv124478.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Herodotus_Massimo_Inv124478.jpg/440px-Herodotus_Massimo_Inv124478.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A bust of the early Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, whom Plutarch criticized in "On the Malice of Herodotus"</figcaption></figure> In "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Malice_of_Herodotus" title="On the Malice of Herodotus">On the Malice of Herodotus</a>", Plutarch criticizes the historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> for all manner of prejudice and misrepresentation. It has been called the "first instance in literature of the slashing review".<a href="#cite_note-NewCriterion-48">[47]</a> The 19th century English historian <a href="/wiki/George_Grote" title="George Grote">George Grote</a> considered this essay a serious attack upon the works of Herodotus, and speaks of the "honourable frankness which Plutarch calls his malignity".<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Plutarch makes some palpable hits, catching Herodotus out in various errors, but it is also probable that it was merely a rhetorical exercise, in which Plutarch plays <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/devil%27s_advocate" class="extiw" title="wikt:devil's advocate">devil's advocate</a> to see what could be said against so favourite and well-known a writer.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart-Long-15">[14]</a> According to Barrow (1967), Herodotus' real failing in Plutarch's eyes was to advance any criticism at all of the city-states that saved Greece from Persia. Barrow concluded that "Plutarch is fanatically biased in favor of the Greek cities; they can do no wrong."<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_works">Other works</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Symposiacs<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> (Συμποσιακά); <a href="/w/index.php?title=Convivium_Septem_Sapientium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Convivium Septem Sapientium (page does not exist)">Convivium Septem Sapientium</a>.</li> <li>Dialogue on Love (Ερωτικος); Latin name = Amatorius.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lost_works">Lost works</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lost works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">lost works</a> of Plutarch are determined by references in his own texts to them and from other authors' references over time. Parts of the Lives and what would be considered parts of the Moralia have been lost. The 'Catalogue of Lamprias', an ancient list of works attributed to Plutarch, lists 227 works, of which 78 have come down to us.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> The Romans loved the Lives. Enough copies were written out over the centuries so that a copy of most of the lives has survived to the present day, but there are traces of twelve more Lives that are now lost.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Plutarch's general procedure for the Lives was to write the life of a prominent Greek, then cast about for a suitable Roman parallel, and end with a brief comparison of the Greek and Roman lives. Currently, only 19 of the parallel lives end with a comparison, while possibly they all did at one time. Also missing are many of his Lives which appear in a list of his writings: those of Hercules, the first pair of Parallel Lives, <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Scipio Africanus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epaminondas" title="Epaminondas">Epaminondas</a>, and the companions to the four solo biographies. Even the lives of such important figures as <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> have not been found and may be lost forever.<a href="#cite_note-NewCriterion-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Lost works that would have been part of the Moralia include "Whether One Who <a href="/wiki/Epoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoche">Suspends Judgment on Everything</a> Is Condemned to Inaction", "On <a href="/wiki/Pyrrho" title="Pyrrho">Pyrrho</a>'s Ten Modes", and "On the Difference between the <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Academic_Skepticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic Skepticism">Academics</a>".<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Philosophy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "The <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>, being eternal, after <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a> is like a caged bird that has been released. If it has been a long time in the body, and has become tame by many affairs and long habit, the soul will immediately take another body and once again become involved in the troubles of the world. The worst thing about old age is that the soul's memory of the other world grows dim, while at the same time its attachment to things of this world becomes so strong that the soul tends to retain the form that it had in the body. But that soul which remains only a short time within a body, until liberated by the higher powers, quickly recovers its fire and goes on to higher things." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Plutarch ("The Consolation", Moralia) </cite> </div> Plutarch was a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Platonist</a>, but was open to the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Peripatetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripatetics">Peripatetics</a>, and in some details even to <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a> despite his criticism of their principles.<a href="#cite_note-zeller306-56">[55]</a> He rejected only <a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a> absolutely.<a href="#cite_note-zeller306-56">[55]</a> He attached little importance to theoretical questions and doubted the possibility of ever solving them.<a href="#cite_note-zeller307-57">[56]</a> He was more interested in moral and religious questions.<a href="#cite_note-zeller307-57">[56]</a> In opposition to Stoic materialism and Epicurean atheism he cherished a pure idea of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> that was more in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>.<a href="#cite_note-zeller307-57">[56]</a> He adopted a second principle (<a href="/wiki/Dyad_(Greek_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyad (Greek philosophy)">Dyad</a>) in order to explain the phenomenal world.<a href="#cite_note-zeller307-57">[56]</a> This principle he sought, however, not in any indeterminate matter but in the evil <a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">world-soul</a> which has from the beginning been bound up with matter, but in the creation was filled with reason and arranged by it.<a href="#cite_note-zeller307-57">[56]</a> Thus it was transformed into the divine soul of the world, but continued to operate as the source of all evil.<a href="#cite_note-zeller307-57">[56]</a> He elevated God above the finite world, and thus <a href="/wiki/Daemon_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daemon (mythology)">daemons</a> became for him agents of God's influence on the world. He strongly defends freedom of the will, and the immortality of the soul.<a href="#cite_note-zeller307-57">[56]</a> Platonic-Peripatetic <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> were upheld by Plutarch against the opposing theories of the Stoics and Epicureans.<a href="#cite_note-zeller307-57">[56]</a> The most characteristic feature of Plutarch's ethics is its close connection with religion.<a href="#cite_note-zeller308-58">[57]</a> However pure Plutarch's idea of God is, and however vivid his description of the vice and corruption which superstition causes, his warm religious feelings and his distrust of human powers of knowledge led him to believe that God comes to our aid by direct revelations, which we perceive the more clearly the more completely that we refrain in "enthusiasm" from all action; this made it possible for him to justify popular belief in <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> in the way which had long been usual among the Stoics.<a href="#cite_note-zeller308-58">[57]</a> His attitude to popular religion was similar. The gods of different peoples are merely different names for one and the same divine Being and the powers that serve it.<a href="#cite_note-zeller308-58">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">myths</a> contain philosophical truths which can be interpreted allegorically.<a href="#cite_note-zeller308-58">[57]</a> Thus, Plutarch sought to combine the philosophical and religious conception of things and to remain as close as possible to tradition.<a href="#cite_note-zeller308-58">[57]</a> Plutarch was the teacher of <a href="/wiki/Favorinus" title="Favorinus">Favorinus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Influence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:North%27s_translation_of_Plutarch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/North%27s_translation_of_Plutarch.jpg/210px-North%27s_translation_of_Plutarch.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="341" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 210px;height: 341px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/North%27s_translation_of_Plutarch.jpg/210px-North%27s_translation_of_Plutarch.jpg" data-width="210" data-height="341" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/North%27s_translation_of_Plutarch.jpg/315px-North%27s_translation_of_Plutarch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/North%27s_translation_of_Plutarch.jpg/420px-North%27s_translation_of_Plutarch.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><noscript><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" data-alt="video icon" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/161028814">Shakespeare: Metamorphosis – Plutarch's "Lives" (1579)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senate_House_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate House Library">Senate House Library</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutarch_of_Chaeronea-03_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Plutarch_of_Chaeronea-03_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Plutarch_of_Chaeronea-03_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="929"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 262px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Plutarch_of_Chaeronea-03_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Plutarch_of_Chaeronea-03_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="262" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Plutarch_of_Chaeronea-03_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Plutarch_of_Chaeronea-03_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Plutarch_of_Chaeronea-03_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Plutarch_of_Chaeronea-03_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Modern portrait at <a href="/wiki/Chaeronea" title="Chaeronea">Chaeronea</a>, based on the bust from Delphi</figcaption></figure> Plutarch's writings had an enormous influence on <a href="/wiki/English_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="English Literature">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">French literature</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> paraphrased parts of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_North" title="Thomas North">Thomas North</a>'s translation of selected Lives in <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_plays" title="Shakespeare's plays">his plays</a>, and occasionally quoted from them verbatim.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> quotes from Plutarch in the 1762 <a href="/wiki/Emile,_or_On_Education" title="Emile, or On Education">Emile, or On Education</a>, a treatise on the education of the whole person for citizenship. Rousseau introduces a passage from Plutarch in support of his position against eating meat: "'You ask me', said Plutarch, 'why <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> abstained from eating the flesh of beasts...'"<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendentalists">transcendentalists</a> were greatly influenced by the Moralia and in his glowing introduction to the five-volume, 19th-century edition, he called the Lives "a bible for heroes".<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> He also opined that it was impossible to "read Plutarch without a tingling of the blood; and I accept the saying of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a>: 'A sage is the instructor of a hundred ages. When the manners of Loo are heard of, the stupid become intelligent, and the wavering, determined.'"<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Essays_(Montaigne)" title="Essays (Montaigne)">Essays</a> draw extensively on Plutarch's Moralia and are consciously modelled on the Greek's easygoing and discursive inquiries into science, manners, customs and beliefs. Essays contains more than 400 references to Plutarch and his works.<a href="#cite_note-NewCriterion-48">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Boswell" title="James Boswell">James Boswell</a> quoted Plutarch on writing lives, rather than biographies, in the introduction to his own <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Samuel_Johnson" title="Life of Samuel Johnson">Life of Samuel Johnson</a>. Other admirers included <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_De_Maistre" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph De Maistre">Joseph De Maistre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_L%27amour" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis L'amour">Louis L'amour</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>, as well as such disparate figures as <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Mather" title="Cotton Mather">Cotton Mather</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Browning" title="Robert Browning">Robert Browning</a>. Plutarch's influence declined in the 19th and 20th centuries, but it remains embedded in the popular ideas of Greek and Roman history. One of his most famous quotes was one that he included in one of his earliest works. "The world of man is best captured through the lives of the men who created history."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Translations_of_Lives_and_Moralia">Translations of Lives and Moralia</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Translations of Lives and Moralia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> There are translations, from the original <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>. British classical scholar H. J. Rose writes "One advantage to a modern reader who is not well acquainted with Greek is, that being but a moderate stylist, Plutarch is almost as good in a translation as in the original."<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_translations">French translations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: French translations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Amyot" title="Jacques Amyot">Jacques Amyot</a>'s translations brought Plutarch's works to Western Europe. He went to Italy and studied the Vatican text of Plutarch, from which he published a French translation of the Lives in 1559 and Moralia in 1572, which were widely read by educated Europe.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Amyot's translations had as deep an impression in England as France, because Thomas North later published his English translation of the Lives in 1579 based on Amyot's French translation instead of the original Greek.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_translations">English translations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: English translations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Plutarch's Lives were translated into English, from Amyot's version, by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas North">Sir Thomas North</a> in 1579. The complete Moralia was first translated into English from the original Greek by <a href="/wiki/Philemon_Holland" title="Philemon Holland">Philemon Holland</a> in 1603. In 1683, <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a> began a life of Plutarch and oversaw a translation of the Lives by several hands and based on the original Greek. This translation has been reworked and revised several times, most recently in the 19th century by the English poet and classicist <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hugh_Clough" title="Arthur Hugh Clough">Arthur Hugh Clough</a> (first published in 1859). One contemporary publisher of this version is <a href="/wiki/Modern_Library" title="Modern Library">Modern Library</a>. Another is Encyclopædia Britannica in association with the University of Chicago, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85229-163-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85229-163-9">0-85229-163-9</a>, 1952, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/55010323">55-10323</a>. In 1770, English brothers <a href="/wiki/John_Langhorne_(poet)" title="John Langhorne (poet)">John</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Langhorne_(clergyman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Langhorne (clergyman) (page does not exist)">William Langhorne</a> published "Plutarch's Lives from the original Greek, with notes critical and historical, and a new life of Plutarch" in 6 volumes and dedicated to Lord Folkestone. Their translation was re-edited by Archdeacon Wrangham in the year 1813.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] From 1901 to 1912, an American classicist, <a href="/wiki/Bernadotte_Perrin" title="Bernadotte Perrin">Bernadotte Perrin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> produced a new translation of the Lives for the <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>. The Moralia is also included in the Loeb series, translated by various authors. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a> began a series of translations by various scholars in 1958 with The Fall of the Roman Republic, which contained six Lives and was translated by Rex Warner.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Penguin continues to revise the volumes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_translations">Italian translations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Italian translations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Note that only the main translations from the second half of 15th century are given.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <ul><li>Battista Alessandro Iaconelli, Vite di Plutarcho traducte de Latino in vulgare in Aquila, L'Aquila, 1482.</li> <li>Dario Tiberti, Le Vite di Plutarco ridotte in compendio, per M. Dario Tiberto da Cesena, e tradotte alla commune utilità di ciascuno per L. Fauno, in buona lingua volgare, Venice, 1543.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodovico_Domenichi" title="Lodovico Domenichi">Lodovico Domenichi</a>, Vite di Plutarco. Tradotte da m. Lodouico Domenichi, con gli suoi sommarii posti dinanzi a ciascuna vita..., Venice, 1560.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Sansovino" title="Francesco Sansovino">Francesco Sansovino</a>, Le vite de gli huomini illustri greci e romani, di Plutarco Cheroneo sommo filosofo et historico, tradotte nuovamente da M. Francesco Sansovino..., Venice, 1564.</li> <li>Marcello Adriani il Giovane, Opuscoli morali di Plutarco volgarizzati da Marcello Adriani il giovane, Florence, 1819–1820.</li> <li>Girolamo Pompei, Le Vite Di Plutarco, Verona, 1772–1773.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_translations">Latin translations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Latin translations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There are multiple translations of Parallel Lives into Latin, most notably the one titled "Pour le Dauphin" (French for "for the Prince") written by a scribe in the court of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">Louis XV of France</a> and a 1470 <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Han" title="Ulrich Han">Ulrich Han</a> translation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_translations">German translations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: German translations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hieronymus_Emser">Hieronymus Emser</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Hieronymus Emser" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1519, Hieronymus Emser translated De capienda ex inimicis utilitate (wie ym eyner seinen veyndt nutz machen kan, Leipzig). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gottlob_Benedict_von_Schirach">Gottlob Benedict von Schirach</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Gottlob Benedict von Schirach" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The biographies were translated by Gottlob Benedict von Schirach (1743–1804) and printed in Vienna by Franz Haas (1776–1780). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Johann_Friedrich_Salomon_Kaltwasser">Johann Friedrich Salomon Kaltwasser</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Johann Friedrich Salomon Kaltwasser" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Plutarch's Lives and Moralia were translated into German by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Friedrich_Salomon_Kaltwasser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Friedrich Salomon Kaltwasser (page does not exist)">Johann Friedrich Salomon Kaltwasser</a>: <ul><li>Vitae parallelae. Vergleichende Lebensbeschreibungen. 10 Bände. Magdeburg 1799–1806.</li> <li>Moralia. Moralische Abhandlungen. 9 Bde. Frankfurt a.M. 1783–1800.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subsequent_German_translations">Subsequent German translations</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Subsequent German translations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Lives <ul><li>Große Griechen und Römer. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrat_Ziegler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konrat Ziegler (page does not exist)">Konrat Ziegler</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrat_Ziegler" class="extiw" title="de:Konrat Ziegler">de</a>], 6 vols. Zürich 1954–1965. (Bibliothek der alten Welt).</li></ul></li> <li>Moralia <ul><li>Plutarch. Über Gott und Vorsehung, Dämonen und Weissagung, Zürich: Konrat Ziegler, 1952. (Bibliothek der alten Welt)</li> <li>Plutarch. Von der Ruhe des Gemüts – und andere Schriften, Zürich: Bruno Snell, 1948. (Bibliothek der alten Welt)</li> <li>Plutarch. Moralphilosophische Schriften, Stuttgart: <a href="/wiki/Hans-Josef_Klauck" title="Hans-Josef Klauck">Hans-Josef Klauck</a>, 1997. (Reclams Universal-Bibliothek)</li> <li>Plutarch. Drei Religionsphilosophische Schriften, Düsseldorf: <a href="/wiki/Herwig_G%C3%B6rgemanns" title="Herwig Görgemanns">Herwig Görgemanns</a>, 2003. (Tusculum)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hebrew_translations">Hebrew translations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Hebrew translations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Following some Hebrew translations of selections from Plutarch's Parallel Lives published in the 1920s and the 1940s, a complete translation was published in three volumes by the <a href="/wiki/Bialik_Institute" title="Bialik Institute">Bialik Institute</a> in 1954, 1971 and 1973. The first volume, Roman Lives, first published in 1954, presents the translations of Joseph G. Liebes to the biographies of <a href="/wiki/Coriolanus" title="Coriolanus">Coriolanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Maximus_Verrucosus" title="Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus">Fabius Maximus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gracchus" title="Tiberius Gracchus">Tiberius Gracchus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Gracchus" title="Gaius Gracchus">Gaius Gracchus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato the Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Younger" title="Cato the Younger">Cato the Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Gaius Marius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sertorius" class="mw-redirect" title="Sertorius">Sertorius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucullus" title="Lucullus">Lucullus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Crassus">Crassus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brutus" class="mw-redirect" title="Brutus">Brutus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Anthony</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The second volume, Greek Lives, first published in 1971 presents A. A. Halevy's translations of the biographies of <a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_of_Sparta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycurgus of Sparta">Lycurgus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristides" title="Aristides">Aristides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cimon" title="Cimon">Cimon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicias" title="Nicias">Nicias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysander" title="Lysander">Lysander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agesilaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Agesilaus">Agesilaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelopidas" title="Pelopidas">Pelopidas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dion_of_Syracuse" title="Dion of Syracuse">Dion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timoleon" title="Timoleon">Timoleon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eumenes" title="Eumenes">Eumenes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phocion" title="Phocion">Phocion</a>. Three more biographies presented in this volume, those of <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a> were translated by M. H. Ben-Shamai.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The third volume, Greek and Roman Lives, published in 1973, presented the remaining biographies and parallels as translated by Halevy. Included are the biographies of <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius I of Macedon">Demetrius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agis_IV" title="Agis IV">Agis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleomenes_III" title="Cleomenes III">Cleomenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aratus" title="Aratus">Aratus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes I of Persia">Artaxerxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philopoemen" title="Philopoemen">Philopoemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Furius_Camillus" title="Marcus Furius Camillus">Camillus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus" title="Marcus Claudius Marcellus">Marcellus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flamininus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flamininus">Flamininus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aemilius_Paulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aemilius Paulus">Aemilius Paulus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poplicola" class="mw-redirect" title="Poplicola">Poplicola</a>. It completes the translation of the known remaining biographies. In the introduction to the third volume Halevy explains that originally the Bialik Institute intended to publish only a selection of biographies, leaving out mythological figures and biographies that had no parallels. Thus, to match the first volume in scope the second volume followed the same path and the third volume was required.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Pseudo-Plutarch">Pseudo-Plutarch</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Pseudo-Plutarch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Plutarch" title="Pseudo-Plutarch">Pseudo-Plutarch</a></div> Some editions of the Moralia include several works now known to have been <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">falsely attributed</a> to Plutarch. Among these are the Lives of the Ten Orators, a series of biographies of the <a href="/wiki/Attic_orators" title="Attic orators">Attic orators</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Caecilius_of_Calacte" title="Caecilius of Calacte">Caecilius of Calacte</a>; On the Opinions of the Philosophers, On Fate, and On Music.<a href="#cite_note-Blank-71">[70]</a> These works are all attributed to a single, unknown author, referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Plutarch" title="Pseudo-Plutarch">Pseudo-Plutarch</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Blank-71">[70]</a> Pseudo-Plutarch lived sometime between the third and fourth centuries AD. Despite being falsely attributed, the works are still considered to possess historical value.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6615_Plutarchos" title="6615 Plutarchos">6615 Plutarchos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numenius_of_Apamea" title="Numenius of Apamea">Numenius of Apamea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarchia_(wasp)" title="Plutarchia (wasp)">Plutarchia (wasp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarchia_(plant)" title="Plutarchia (plant)">Plutarchia (plant)</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> The name Mestrius or Lucius Mestrius was taken by Plutarch, as was common Roman practice, from his patron for <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">citizenship</a> in the empire.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-eb-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eb_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_1-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaleyMitchell1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Apthorp_Paley" title="Frederick Apthorp Paley">Paley, Frederick Apthorp</a>; Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Plutarch">"Plutarch" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). pp. 857–860.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plutarch&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=857-860&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Paley&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Apthorp&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+John+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Dillon, John M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aJQ9dvgh6BwC&dq=Plutarch+middle+platonist&source=gbs_navlinks_s%7CThe">Middle Platonists: 80 BC to AD 220</a>. Cornell University Press, 1996. pp. 184 ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Plutarch". Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plutarch&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Philosophy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2012-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2012_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2012_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2012_4-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell2012">Russell 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStadter201413-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStadter201413_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStadter2014">Stadter 2014</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch1959" class="citation book cs1">Plutarch (1959). "Consolatio ad Uxorem". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Consolatio_ad_uxorem*.html">Moralia</a>. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by De Lacy, Phillip H; Einarson, Benedict. Harvard University Press. pp. 575–605. Retrieved 17 March 2018 – via LacusCurtius.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Consolatio+ad+Uxorem&rft.btitle=Moralia&rft.series=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.pages=575-605&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.au=Plutarch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FPlutarch%2FMoralia%2FConsolatio_ad_uxorem%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStadter201414-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStadter201414_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStadter201414_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStadter201414_8-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStadter2014">Stadter 2014</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0310:section=5">"Plutarch, Consolatio ad uxorem, section 5"</a>. Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Plutarch%2C+Consolatio+ad+uxorem%2C+section+5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0310%3Asection%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones197111-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones197111_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones197111_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1971">Jones 1971</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> The inscription is in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epigraphy.packhum.org/text/42003?bookid=8&location=1698">Inscriptiones Graecae, 9.1.61</a>, see the note in Jones, Plutarch and Rome, 22. Older scholarship tended assume Soklaros was not a son or died young because he did not appear in any dedications. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/lambda/96">"Lamprias"</a>. Suda. Translated by Whitehead, David. 8 September 2001. Retrieved 7 May 2024 – via Department of Computer Science at the University of Kentucky.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lamprias&rft.btitle=Suda&rft.date=2001-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.uky.edu%2F~raphael%2Fsol%2Fsol-entries%2Flambda%2F96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiegler1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ziegler, Konrat (1964). Plutarchos von Chaironeia (in German). Stuttgart: Alfred Druckenmuller. p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plutarchos+von+Chaironeia&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Alfred+Druckenmuller&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Ziegler&rft.aufirst=Konrat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Coniugalia_praecepta*.html">"Plutarch • Conjugalia Praecepta"</a>. penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Plutarch+%E2%80%A2+Conjugalia+Praecepta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FPlutarch%2FMoralia%2FConiugalia_praecepta%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart-Long-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart-Long_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart-Long_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewartLong1894" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Aubrey; Long (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14033/14033.txt">"Life of Plutarch"</a>. Plutarch's Lives. Vol. 1. George Bell & Sons. Retrieved 3 January 2007 – via Gutenberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life+of+Plutarch&rft.btitle=Plutarch%27s+Lives&rft.pub=George+Bell+%26+Sons&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Aubrey&rft.au=Long&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F14033%2F14033.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> The Golden Ass 1.2 </li> <li id="cite_note-chrysopoulos-17"><a href="#cite_ref-chrysopoulos_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrysopoulos" class="citation web cs1">Chrysopoulos, Philip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greece.greekreporter.com/2016/03/16/ancient-greek-historian-plutarch-might-have-been-the-first-vegetarian/">"Ancient Greek Historian Plutarch Might Have Been the First Vegetarian"</a>. Greek Reporter. Retrieved 5 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greek+Reporter&rft.atitle=Ancient+Greek+Historian+Plutarch+Might+Have+Been+the+First+Vegetarian&rft.aulast=Chrysopoulos&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreece.greekreporter.com%2F2016%2F03%2F16%2Fancient-greek-historian-plutarch-might-have-been-the-first-vegetarian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newmyer-18"><a href="#cite_ref-newmyer_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewmyer1992" class="citation journal cs1">Newmyer, Stephen (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.co.za/content/scholia/1/1/EJC128293">"Plutarch on Justice Toward Animals: Ancient Insights on a Modern Debate"</a>. Scholia: Studies in Classical Antiquity. 1 (1): 38–54. Retrieved 5 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scholia%3A+Studies+in+Classical+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Plutarch+on+Justice+Toward+Animals%3A+Ancient+Insights+on+a+Modern+Debate&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38-54&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Newmyer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.co.za%2Fcontent%2Fscholia%2F1%2F1%2FEJC128293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch" class="citation book cs1">Plutarch. "On the Eating of Flesh". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/plutarch-eating_flesh/1957/pb_LCL406.539.xml">Moralia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Eating+of+Flesh&rft.btitle=Moralia&rft.au=Plutarch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loebclassics.com%2Fview%2Fplutarch-eating_flesh%2F1957%2Fpb_LCL406.539.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Plutarch, Otho 14.1 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones197120-27-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones197120-27_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1971">Jones 1971</a>, p. 20-27. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/32/the-eleusinian-mysteries-the-rites-of-demeter/">"The Eleusinian Mysteries: The Rites of Demeter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a>. 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Classical Philology. 23 (3): 262–267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F361044">10.1086/361044</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-837X">0009-837X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/263715">263715</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161334831">161334831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Achaean+Prosopography+and+Chronology&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=262-267&rft.date=1928&rft.issn=0009-837X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161334831%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F263715%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F361044&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Allen+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Gianakaris, C. 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New York: Scribner, 1973. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStadter201420-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStadter201420_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStadter2014">Stadter 2014</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch" class="citation book cs1">Plutarch. <a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia">Moralia</a>. 11.</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BC%CE%B7_%CF%87%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AF%CE%B1%CE%BD_(%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82)">"Περί του μη χραν έμμετρα νυν την Πυθίαν (Πλούταρχος) - Βικιθήκη"</a>. el.wikisource.org. Retrieved 17 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=el.wikisource.org&rft.atitle=%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%BC%CE%B7+%CF%87%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD+%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1+%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%BD+%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CE%A0%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AF%CE%B1%CE%BD+%28%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82%29+-+%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fel.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F%25CE%25A0%25CE%25B5%25CF%2581%25CE%25AF_%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CF%2585_%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B7_%25CF%2587%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD_%25CE%25AD%25CE%25BC%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B5%25CF%2584%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1_%25CE%25BD%25CF%2585%25CE%25BD_%25CF%2584%25CE%25B7%25CE%25BD_%25CE%25A0%25CF%2585%25CE%25B8%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD_%28%25CE%25A0%25CE%25BB%25CE%25BF%25CF%258D%25CF%2584%25CE%25B1%25CF%2581%25CF%2587%25CE%25BF%25CF%2582%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Plutarch. "On the 'E' at "Delphi"". <a class="external text" href="https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%95%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%B5%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%BF%CE%AF%CF%82">Moralia</a> (in Ancient Greek).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+%27E%27+at+%22Delphi%22&rft.btitle=Moralia&rft.au=Plutarch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fel.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F%25CE%2597%25CE%25B8%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AC%2F%25CE%25A0%25CE%25B5%25CF%2581%25CE%25AF_%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CF%2585_%25CE%2595%25CE%25B9_%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CF%2585_%25CE%25B5%25CE%25BD_%25CE%2594%25CE%25B5%25CE%25BB%25CF%2586%25CE%25BF%25CE%25AF%25CF%2582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://delphi.culture.gr/museum/selected-exhibits/">"SELECTED EXHIBITS - Archaeological Site of Delphi - Museum of Delphi"</a>. Delphi.culture.gr. Delphi Archaeological Museum. 11 December 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Delphi.culture.gr&rft.atitle=SELECTED+EXHIBITS+-+Archaeological+Site+of+Delphi+-+Museum+of+Delphi&rft.date=2019-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdelphi.culture.gr%2Fmuseum%2Fselected-exhibits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Syll.3 843=CID 4, no. 151 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStadter2015" class="citation book cs1">Stadter, Philip A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ExCaBQAAQBAJ">Plutarch and His Roman Readers</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871833-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871833-8"><bdi>978-0-19-871833-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 February 2015. <q>Although Plutarch wrote in Greek and with a Greek point of view, [...] he was thinking of a Roman as well as a Greek audience.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plutarch+and+His+Roman+Readers&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-871833-8&rft.aulast=Stadter&rft.aufirst=Philip+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DExCaBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Ziegler, Konrad, Plutarchos von Chaironeia (Stuttgart 1964), 258. Citation translated by the author. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Cf. among others, Holzbach, M.-C.(2006). Plutarch: Galba-Otho und die Apostelgeschichte : ein Gattungsvergleich. Religion and Biography, 14 (ed. by Detlev Dormeyer et al.). Berlin London: LIT, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cf._Holzbach,_op._cit.,_24,_67–83-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cf._Holzbach,_op._cit.,_24,_67%E2%80%9383_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cf._Holzbach,_op._cit.,_24,_67%E2%80%9383_38-1">b</a> Cf. Holzbach, op. cit., 24, 67–83 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> The citation from Galba was extracted from the Dryden translation as given at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/galba.html">MIT Internet Classics Archive</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Cf. Holzbach, op. cit., 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch" class="citation book cs1">Plutarch. 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Isis. 111 (2): 217–238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F709138">10.1086/709138</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2066%2F219256">2066/219256</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219925047">219925047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Motion+to+the+Center+or+Motion+to+the+Whole%3F+Plutarch%27s+Views+on+Gravity+and+Their+Influence+on+Galileo&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=217-238&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2066%2F219256&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219925047%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F709138&rft.au=Bakker+%26+Palmerino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1086%2F709138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> (but which according to Erasmus referred to the Thessalonians)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch" class="citation web cs1">Plutarch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080914104237/http://altreligion.about.com/library/texts/bl_isisandosiris.htm">"Isis and Osiris"</a>. 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(1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Amyot,_Jacques">"Amyot, Jacques" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 01 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 901. <q>He was thus enabled to go to Italy to study the Vatican text of Plutarch, on the translation on whose Lives (1559; 1565) he had been some time engaged.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amyot%2C+Jacques&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=901&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Denton, John. “Renaissance Translation Strategies and the Manipulation of a Classical Text. Plutarch from Jacques Amyot to Thomas North”. Europe Et Traduction, edited by Michel Ballard, Artois Presses Université, 1998, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.4000/books.apu.6433">https://doi.org/10.4000/books.apu.6433</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation archive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/resources/3985">Bernadotte Perrin papers</a>. Manuscripts and Archives Repository, Yale University.</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> The Age of Alexander, rev. ed. (Penguin, 2012), "Penguin Plutarch". </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Virgilio Costa, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4825458/Sulle_prime_traduzioni_italiane_a_stampa_delle_opere_di_Plutarco_secc._XV-XVI_">Sulle prime traduzioni italiane a stampa delle opere di Plutarco (secc. XV–XVI)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blank-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blank_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blank_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlank2011" class="citation book cs1">Blank, D. (2011). "'Plutarch' and the Sophistry of 'Noble Lineage'". In Martínez, J. (ed.). Fakes and Forgers of Classical Literature. Madrid: Ediciones Clásicas. pp. 33–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Plutarch%27+and+the+Sophistry+of+%27Noble+Lineage%27&rft.btitle=Fakes+and+Forgers+of+Classical+Literature&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=33-60&rft.pub=Ediciones+Cl%C3%A1sicas&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Blank&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarietta1998" class="citation book cs1">Marietta, Don E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gz-8PsrT32AC">Introduction to Ancient Philosophy</a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0216-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0216-9"><bdi>978-0-7656-0216-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Ancient+Philosophy&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0216-9&rft.aulast=Marietta&rft.aufirst=Don+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGz-8PsrT32AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburn1994" class="citation book cs1">Blackburn, Simon (1994). Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford, UK: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Philosophy&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Dillon" title="John M. Dillon">Dillon, J.M.</a> (1996). The Middle Platonists: 80 B.C. to A.D. 220. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8316-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8316-5"><bdi>978-0-8014-8316-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Platonists%3A+80+B.C.+to+A.D.+220&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8316-5&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuff2002" class="citation book cs1">Duff, Timothy (2002) [1999]. Plutarch's Lives: Exploring Virtue and Vice. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925274-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925274-9"><bdi>978-0-19-925274-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plutarch%27s+Lives%3A+Exploring+Virtue+and+Vice&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925274-9&rft.aulast=Duff&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1957" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Edith (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/echoofgreece00edit/page/194">The Echo of Greece</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/echoofgreece00edit/page/194">194</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-00231-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-00231-4"><bdi>0-393-00231-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Echo+of+Greece&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=0-393-00231-4&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fechoofgreece00edit%2Fpage%2F194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonigmann1959" class="citation journal cs1">Honigmann, E.A.J. (1959). "Shakespeare's Plutarch". <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Quarterly" title="Shakespeare Quarterly">Shakespeare Quarterly</a>. 10 (1): 25–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2867020">10.2307/2867020</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2867020">2867020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shakespeare+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Shakespeare%27s+Plutarch&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-33&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2867020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2867020%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Honigmann&rft.aufirst=E.A.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1971" class="citation book cs1">Jones, C.P. (1971). Plutarch and Rome. Oxford, UK: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814363-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814363-5"><bdi>978-0-19-814363-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plutarch+and+Rome&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814363-5&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=C.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelling2002" class="citation book cs1">Pelling, Christopher (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50552352">Plutarch and History: Eighteen studies</a>. Swansea, UK: Classical Press of Wales. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-3128-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7156-3128-4"><bdi>0-7156-3128-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50552352">50552352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plutarch+and+History%3A+Eighteen+studies&rft.place=Swansea%2C+UK&rft.pub=Classical+Press+of+Wales&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50552352&rft.isbn=0-7156-3128-4&rft.aulast=Pelling&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F50552352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2001" class="citation book cs1">Russell, D.A. (2001) [1972]. Plutarch. Duckworth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85399-620-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85399-620-7"><bdi>978-1-85399-620-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plutarch&rft.pub=Duckworth+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85399-620-7&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=D.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Russell, Donald (2012). "Plutarch". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 1165–1166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.5141">10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5141</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8"><bdi>978-0-19-954556-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/959667246">959667246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plutarch&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=1165-1166&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F959667246&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.5141&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954556-8&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStadter2014" class="citation book cs1">Stadter, Philip A. (2014). "Plutarch and Rome". In Beck, Mark (ed.). A Companion to Plutarch. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 13–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9431-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9431-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-9431-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2013028283">2013028283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plutarch+and+Rome&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Plutarch&rft.series=Blackwell+Companions+to+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=13-31&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2013028283&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9431-0&rft.aulast=Stadter&rft.aufirst=Philip+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardman1974" class="citation book cs1">Wardman, Alan (1974). Plutarch's Lives. Elek. p. 274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-236-17622-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-236-17622-6"><bdi>0-236-17622-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plutarch%27s+Lives&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=Elek&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-236-17622-6&rft.aulast=Wardman&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck1996" class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-location-test">Beck, Mark (1996). "Anecdote and the representation of Plutarch's ethos". In van der Stockt, Luc (ed.). Rhetorical theory and praxis in Plutarch. The IVt International Congress of the International Plutarch Society. Collection d'Études Classiques. Vol. 11. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters (published 2000). pp. 15–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Anecdote+and+the+representation+of+Plutarch%27s+ethos&rft.btitle=Rhetorical+theory+and+praxis+in+Plutarch&rft.place=Leuven%2C+Belgium&rft.series=Collection+d%27%C3%89tudes+Classiques&rft.pages=15-32&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2014" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Mark, ed. (2014). A Companion to Plutarch. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Malden, MA / Oxford, UK: Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Plutarch&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA+%2F+Oxford%2C+UK&rft.series=Blackwell+Companions+to+the+Ancient+World&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeneker2012" class="citation book cs1">Beneker, Jeffrey (2012). The passionate Statesman: Eros and politics in Plutarch's Lives. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+passionate+Statesman%3A+Eros+and+politics+in+Plutarch%27s+Lives&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Beneker&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenkRoig_Lanzillotta2023" class="citation book cs1">Brenk, Frederick E.; Roig Lanzillotta, Lautaro (2023). Plutarch on literature, Graeco-Roman religion, Jews and Christians. Leiden; Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004531956" title="Special:BookSources/9789004531956"><bdi>9789004531956</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plutarch+on+literature%2C+Graeco-Roman+religion%2C+Jews+and+Christians&rft.place=Leiden%3B+Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9789004531956&rft.aulast=Brenk&rft.aufirst=Frederick+E.&rft.au=Roig+Lanzillotta%2C+Lautaro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgiadou1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Georgiadou, Aristoula (1992). "Idealistic and realistic portraiture in the Lives of Plutarch". In Haase, Wolfgang (ed.). Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung. Sprache und Literatur: Allgemeines zur Literatur des 2. Jahrhunderts und einzelne Autoren der trajanischen und frühhadrianischen Zeit. Vol. 2.33.6. Berlin, DE / New York, NY: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 4616–4623.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Idealistic+and+realistic+portraiture+in+the+Lives+of+Plutarch&rft.btitle=Aufstieg+und+Niedergang+der+r%C3%B6mischen+Welt%3A+Geschichte+und+Kultur+Roms+im+Spiegel+der+neueren+Forschung&rft.place=Berlin%2C+DE+%2F+New+York%2C+NY&rft.series=Sprache+und+Literatur%3A+Allgemeines+zur+Literatur+des+2.+Jahrhunderts+und+einzelne+Autoren+der+trajanischen+und+fr%C3%BChhadrianischen+Zeit&rft.pages=4616-4623&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Georgiadou&rft.aufirst=Aristoula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill1983" class="citation journal cs1">Gill, Christopher (1983). "The question of character-development: Plutarch and Tacitus". Classical Quarterly. 33 (2): 469–487. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009838800034741">10.1017/S0009838800034741</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170532855">170532855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+question+of+character-development%3A+Plutarch+and+Tacitus&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=469-487&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009838800034741&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170532855%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinestí_Rosell2023" class="citation book cs1">Ginestí Rosell, Anna (2023). Dialogpoetik der Quaestiones Convivales von Plutarch. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783525361566" title="Special:BookSources/9783525361566"><bdi>9783525361566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialogpoetik+der+Quaestiones+Convivales+von+Plutarch&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9783525361566&rft.aulast=Ginest%C3%AD+Rosell&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuerrier2023" class="citation book cs1">Guerrier, Olivier (2023). Visages singuliers du Plutarque humaniste. Autour d'Amyot et de la réception des Moralia et des Vies à la Renaissance. Paris: Les Belles Lettres. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782251454344" title="Special:BookSources/9782251454344"><bdi>9782251454344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visages+singuliers+du+Plutarque+humaniste.+Autour+d%27Amyot+et+de+la+r%C3%A9ception+des+Moralia+et+des+Vies+%C3%A0+la+Renaissance&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Les+Belles+Lettres&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9782251454344&rft.aulast=Guerrier&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumble2010" class="citation book cs1">Humble, Noreen, ed. (2010). Plutarch's Lives: Parallelism and purpose. Swansea, UK: Classical Press of Wales.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plutarch%27s+Lives%3A+Parallelism+and+purpose&rft.place=Swansea%2C+UK&rft.pub=Classical+Press+of+Wales&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcInerney2003" class="citation book cs1">McInerney, Jeremy (2003). "Plutarch's manly women". In Rosen, Ralph M.; Sluiter, Ineke (eds.). Andreia: Studies in manliness and courage in classical Athens. Mnemosyne, Bibliotheca Classica Batava, Supplementum. Vol. 238. Leiden, NL / Boston, MA: Brill. pp. 319–344.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plutarch%27s+manly+women&rft.btitle=Andreia%3A+Studies+in+manliness+and+courage+in+classical+Athens&rft.place=Leiden%2C+NL+%2F+Boston%2C+MA&rft.series=Mnemosyne%2C+Bibliotheca+Classica+Batava%2C+Supplementum&rft.pages=319-344&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=McInerney&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMossman2015" class="citation book cs1">Mossman, Judith (2015). "Dressed for success? Clothing in Plutarch's Demetrius". In Ash, Rhiannon; Mossman, Judith; Titchener, Frances B. (eds.). Fame and infamy: Essays for Christopher Pelling on characterization and Roman biography and historiography. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 149–160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dressed+for+success%3F+Clothing+in+Plutarch%27s+Demetrius&rft.btitle=Fame+and+infamy%3A+Essays+for+Christopher+Pelling+on+characterization+and+Roman+biography+and+historiography&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=149-160&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Mossman&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikolaidis2008" class="citation book cs1">Nikolaidis, Anastasios G., ed. (2008). The unity of Plutarch's work: Moralia themes in the Lives, features of the Lives in the Moralia. Berlin, DE / New York, NY: Walter de Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+unity+of+Plutarch%27s+work%3A+Moralia+themes+in+the+Lives%2C+features+of+the+Lives+in+the+Moralia&rft.place=Berlin%2C+DE+%2F+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoskam2021" class="citation book cs1">Roskam, Geert (2021). Plutarch. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-10822-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-10822-5"><bdi>978-1-009-10822-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plutarch&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-009-10822-5&rft.aulast=Roskam&rft.aufirst=Geert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScardigli1995" class="citation book cs1">Scardigli, Barbara, ed. (1995). Essays on Plutarch's Lives. Oxford, UK: Clarendon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Plutarch%27s+Lives&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStadter1994" class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-location-test">Stadter, Philip (26–28 May 1994). "Anecdotes and the thematic structure of Plutarchean biography". Written at Salamanca, ES. In Fernández Delgado, José Antonio; Pordomingo Pardo, Francisca (eds.). Estudios sobre Plutarco: Aspectos formales. IV Simposio español sobre Plutarco. Madrid, ES: Ediciones Clásicas (published 1996). pp. 291–303.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Anecdotes+and+the+thematic+structure+of+Plutarchean+biography&rft.btitle=Estudios+sobre+Plutarco%3A+Aspectos+formales&rft.place=Madrid%2C+ES&rft.pages=291-303&rft.pub=Ediciones+Cl%C3%A1sicas&rft.date=1994-05-26%2F1994-05-28&rft.aulast=Stadter&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStadter2015" class="citation book cs1">Stadter, Philip A. (2015). "The rhetoric of virtue in Plutarch's Lives". Plutarch and his Roman Readers. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 231–245.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+rhetoric+of+virtue+in+Plutarch%27s+Lives&rft.btitle=Plutarch+and+his+Roman+Readers&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=231-245&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Stadter&rft.aufirst=Philip+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTitchenerZadorojnyi2023" class="citation book cs1">Titchener, Frances B.; Zadorojnyi, Alexei V., eds. (2023). The Cambridge companion to Plutarch. Cambridge New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521766227" title="Special:BookSources/9780521766227"><bdi>9780521766227</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+companion+to+Plutarch&rft.place=Cambridge+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9780521766227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Hoof2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lieve_Van_Hoof" title="Lieve Van Hoof">van Hoof, Lieve</a> (2010). Plutarch's Practical Ethics: The social dynamics of philosophy. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plutarch%27s+Practical+Ethics%3A+The+social+dynamics+of+philosophy&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=van+Hoof&rft.aufirst=Lieve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardman1967" class="citation journal cs1">Wardman, Alan E. (1967). "Description of personal appearance in Plutarch and Suetonius: The use of statues as evidence". Classical Quarterly. 17 (2): 414–420. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009838800028512">10.1017/S0009838800028512</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170633095">170633095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Description+of+personal+appearance+in+Plutarch+and+Suetonius%3A+The+use+of+statues+as+evidence&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=414-420&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009838800028512&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170633095%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wardman&rft.aufirst=Alan+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZadorojnyi2012" class="citation book cs1">Zadorojnyi, Alexei V. (2012). "Mimesis and the (plu)past in Plutarch's Lives". In Grethlein, Jonas; Krebs, Christopher B. (eds.). Time and Narrative in Ancient Historiography: The "plupast" from Herodotus to Appian. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 175–198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mimesis+and+the+%28plu%29past+in+Plutarch%27s+Lives&rft.btitle=Time+and+Narrative+in+Ancient+Historiography%3A+The+%22plupast%22+from+Herodotus+to+Appian&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=175-198&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Zadorojnyi&rft.aufirst=Alexei+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Plutarch" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Plutarch">Plutarch</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Greek <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="el" style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82:%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="s:el:Συγγραφέας:Πλούταρχος">Πλούταρχος</a> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plutarch" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Plutarch">Plutarch</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Plutarch <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Plutarch&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Plutarch">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Plutarch&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Plutarch <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Plutarch&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Plutarch">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Plutarch&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Plutarch's works</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/342">Works by Plutarch</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22Plutarch%22+OR+%22Plutarchus%22%29">Works by or about Plutarch</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/13">Works by Plutarch</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/collection?collection=Perseus:collection:Greco-Roman">Perseus Digital Library</a></li> <li>Plutarch on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/home.html">LacusCurtius</a></li> <li>Didot edition of Plutarch's works in Greek, with Latin translation (1857–1876): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plutarchivitaep00doehgoog">vol. 1 (Lives, pt. 1)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OUYJAQAAIAAJ">vol. 2 (Lives, pt. 2)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee1DAAAAYAAJ">vol. 3 (Moralia, pt. 1)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s56zAAAAMAAJ">vol. 4 (Moralia, pt. 2)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=txNgAAAAMAAJ">vol. 5 (fragmenta et spuria)</a> (also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/Search?adva=1&adv=1&tri=title_sort&t_relation=%22Notice+d%27ensemble+%3A+http%3A%2F%2Fcatalogue.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fcb37341822f%22&q=plutarchi+vitae&lang=en">via BNF</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Secondary material</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaramanolis" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Karamanolis, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plutarch/">"Plutarch"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plutarch&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Karamanolis&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fplutarch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlutarch" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/plutarch/">Plutarch of Chaeronea</a> by Jona Lendering at Livius</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usu.edu/history/ploutarchos/index.htm">The International Plutarch Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511164545/http://www.usu.edu/history/ploutarchos/index.htm">Archived</a> 11 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bennozuiddam.com/Plutarch%20and%20God-eclipse%20in%20Christian%20Theology,%20Ploutarchos%202008,2009.pdf">The relevance of Plutarch's book De Defectu Oraculorum for Christian Theology (Ploutarchos, Journal of the International Plutarch Society)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181008133535/http://bennozuiddam.com/Plutarch%20and%20God-eclipse%20in%20Christian%20Theology,%20Ploutarchos%202008,2009.pdf">Archived</a> 8 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&oldid=1258542250">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&oldid=1258542250</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 20 November 2024, at 07:57 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarchus" title="Plutarchus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Plutarchus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Plutarch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%B3" title="بلوطرخس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلوطرخس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarco" title="Plutarco – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Plutarco" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%84%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Պլուտարքոս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պլուտարքոս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarcu" title="Plutarcu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Plutarcu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarx" title="Plutarx – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Plutarx" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="پلوتارک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پلوتارک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="প্লুতার্ক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্লুতার্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85" title="Плутарх – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Плутарх" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85" title="Плутарх – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Плутарх" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85" title="Плютарх – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Плютарх" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85" title="Плутарх – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Плутарх" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarh" title="Plutarh – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Plutarh" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploutarc%27hos" title="Ploutarc'hos – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ploutarc'hos" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarc_de_Queronea" title="Plutarc de Queronea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plutarc de Queronea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85" title="Плутарх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Плутарх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%BAtarchos" title="Plútarchos – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plútarchos" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarcu" title="Plutarcu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Plutarcu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Plutarch" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Plutarch" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Plutarch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarchos" title="Plutarchos – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Plutarchos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πλούταρχος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πλούταρχος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarco" title="Plutarco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plutarco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutar%C4%A5o" title="Plutarĥo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plutarĥo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarcu" title="Plutarcu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Plutarcu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarko" title="Plutarko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Plutarko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="پلوتارک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پلوتارک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarque" title="Plutarque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plutarque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%BAtarc" title="Plútarc – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Plútarc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarco_de_Queronea" title="Plutarco de Queronea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Plutarco de Queronea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%A3%A8%ED%83%80%EB%A5%B4%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" title="플루타르코스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플루타르코스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%84%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Պլուտարքոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պլուտարքոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="प्लूटार्क – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्लूटार्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarh" title="Plutarh – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plutarh" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarchos" title="Plutarchos – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Plutarchos" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarkhos" title="Plutarkhos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Plutarkhos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarcho" title="Plutarcho – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Plutarcho" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%BAtarkos" title="Plútarkos – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Plútarkos" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarco" title="Plutarco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Plutarco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A1" title="פלוטרכוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלוטרכוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94" title="პლუტარქე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პლუტარქე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85" title="Плутарх – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Плутарх" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85" title="Плутарх – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Плутарх" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85" title="Плутарх – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Плутарх" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarchus" title="Plutarchus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Plutarchus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C5%ABtarhs" title="Plūtarhs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Plūtarhs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarchas" title="Plutarchas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plutarchas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarco" title="Plutarco – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Plutarco" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarkhosz" title="Plutarkhosz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Plutarkhosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85" title="Плутарх – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Плутарх" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotarkosy" title="Plotarkosy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Plotarkosy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="പ്ലൂട്ടാർക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്ലൂട്ടാർക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="प्लूटार्क – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्लूटार्क" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94" title="პლუტარქე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პლუტარქე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83" title="بلوتارك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بلوتارك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploutarkhos" title="Ploutarkhos – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ploutarkhos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarco" title="Plutarco – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Plutarco" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85" title="Плутарх – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Плутарх" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarchus" title="Plutarchus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Plutarchus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B9" title="プルタルコス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プルタルコス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Plutarch" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutark" title="Plutark – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Plutark" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutark" title="Plutark – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Plutark" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarc" title="Plutarc – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Plutarc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarx" title="Plutarx – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Plutarx" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95" title="ਪਲੂਟਾਰਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਲੂਟਾਰਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="پلو ٹارک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پلو ٹارک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="پلوتارک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پلوتارک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Plutarch" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plutarch" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarco" title="Plutarco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Plutarco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarh" title="Plutarh – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Plutarh" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85" title="Плутарх – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плутарх" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarku" title="Plutarku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Plutarku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarcu" title="Plutarcu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Plutarcu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Plutarch" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%BD%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AA" title="پلو ٽارڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پلو ٽارڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploutarchos_(spisovate%C4%BE)" title="Ploutarchos (spisovateľ) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ploutarchos (spisovateľ)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarh" title="Plutarh – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Plutarh" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="پلوتارک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پلوتارک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85" title="Плутарх – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Плутарх" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarh" title="Plutarh – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Plutarh" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarkhos" title="Plutarkhos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Plutarkhos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarchos" title="Plutarchos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Plutarchos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarko" title="Plutarko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Plutarko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="புளூட்டாக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புளூட்டாக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA" title="ปลูตาร์โคส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปลูตาร์โคส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%BCtark" title="Plütark – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Plütark" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85" title="Плутарх – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Плутарх" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="پلو ٹارک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پلو ٹارک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarchus" title="Plutarchus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Plutarchus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B" title="普魯塔克 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="普魯塔克" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarco" title="Plutarco – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Plutarco" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B" title="普鲁塔克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="普鲁塔克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B" title="普魯塔克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="普魯塔克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B" title="普魯塔克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="普魯塔克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 07:57 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a 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data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-mbxg5","wgBackendResponseTime":249,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.739","walltime":"2.151","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15112,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":517115,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":22338,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":303501,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1736.684 1 -total"," 16.40% 284.769 2 Template:Reflist"," 11.38% 197.700 45 Template:Cite_book"," 11.14% 193.546 25 Template:Navbox"," 9.33% 162.044 1 Template:Infobox_philosopher"," 7.18% 124.715 18 Template:Fix"," 5.90% 102.500 1 Template:Lang-grc-gre"," 5.89% 102.304 11 Template:Lang"," 5.83% 101.294 5 Template:Side_box"," 5.55% 96.340 13 Template:Citation_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.990","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21101307,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBakker_\u0026amp;_Palmerino2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrow1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeck1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeck2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeneker2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackburn1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlank2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrenkRoig_Lanzillotta2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChrysopoulos\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClough1864\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornell1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDillon1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuff2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmerson1850\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmerson1870\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorgiadou1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGill1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGinestí_Rosell2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrote2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuerrier2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHonigmann1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumble2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaramanolis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimball\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarietta1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCutchen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcInerney2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMossman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewmyer1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNikolaidis2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaleyMitchell1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPelling2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlutarch\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFPlutarch1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichterJohnson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoskam2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRousseau1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScardigli1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStadter1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStadter2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStadter2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStewartLong1894\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTitchenerZadorojnyi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWardman1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWardman1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZadorojnyi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiegler1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Hoof2010\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"\\\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 2,\n [\"Ancient Greece topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Ancient Rome topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite SEP\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite archive\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 45,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 13,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"External media\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 2,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox philosopher\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"LCCN\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 7,\n [\"Lang-grc-gre\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Platonists\"] = 1,\n [\"Plutarch\"] = 1,\n [\"Quotation\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 12,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Social and political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource author\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisourcelang\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rbglq","timestamp":"20241122140705","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script 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