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<li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1894–1901" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1894–1901"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1894–1901</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1894–1901-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buganda_administrators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buganda_administrators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Buganda administrators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buganda_administrators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War_era_military_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War_era_military_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>First World War era military forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War_era_military_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1920_to_1961" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920_to_1961"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1920 to 1961</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920_to_1961-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_politics_in_Buganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_politics_in_Buganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Power politics in Buganda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_politics_in_Buganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Protectorate of Uganda</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="محمية أوغندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محمية أوغندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorat_d%27Uganda" title="Protectorat d'Uganda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Protectorat d'Uganda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protektor%C3%A1t_Uganda" title="Protektorát Uganda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Protektorát Uganda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorado_de_Uganda" title="Protectorado de Uganda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protectorado de Uganda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_Protektorato" title="Uganda Protektorato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Uganda Protektorato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandako_protektoratua" title="Ugandako protektoratua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ugandako protektoratua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorat_de_l%27Ouganda" title="Protectorat de l'Ouganda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Protectorat de l'Ouganda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protektorat_Uganda" title="Protektorat Uganda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Protektorat Uganda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אוגנדה הבריטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוגנדה הבריטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandos_protektoratas" title="Ugandos protektoratas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ugandos protektoratas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectoraat_Oeganda" title="Protectoraat Oeganda – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Protectoraat Oeganda" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E9%A0%98" title="ウガンダ保護領 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウガンダ保護領" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protektorat_Ugandy" title="Protektorat Ugandy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Protektorat Ugandy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protetorado_de_Uganda" title="Protetorado de Uganda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Protetorado de Uganda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Уганда (протекторат) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уганда (протекторат)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandan_protektoraatti" title="Ugandan protektoraatti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ugandan protektoraatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandaprotektoratet" title="Ugandaprotektoratet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ugandaprotektoratet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_Protektoras%C4%B1" title="Uganda Protektorası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uganda Protektorası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uganda_Protectorate&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda Protectorate</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British protectorate in Africa from 1894 to 1962</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Protectorate of Uganda</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1894–1962</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Uganda"><img alt="Flag of Uganda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Uganda" title="Flag of Uganda">Flag of the Protectorate of Uganda</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Badge_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Badge of Uganda"><img alt="Badge of Uganda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Badge_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg/85px-Badge_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Badge_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg/128px-Badge_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Badge_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg/170px-Badge_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="503" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Uganda" title="Coat of arms of Uganda">Badge</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen" class="mw-redirect" title="God Save the Queen">God Save the Queen</a> (1894–1901, 1952–1962)<br /><a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a> (1901–1952)<div 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Uganda_Protectorate_from_Harrison_and_Sons.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Protectorate of Uganda in 1906"><img alt="Map of Protectorate of Uganda in 1906" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Map_of_Uganda_Protectorate_from_Harrison_and_Sons.jpg/250px-Map_of_Uganda_Protectorate_from_Harrison_and_Sons.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Map_of_Uganda_Protectorate_from_Harrison_and_Sons.jpg/375px-Map_of_Uganda_Protectorate_from_Harrison_and_Sons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Map_of_Uganda_Protectorate_from_Harrison_and_Sons.jpg/500px-Map_of_Uganda_Protectorate_from_Harrison_and_Sons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="817" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map of Protectorate of Uganda in 1906</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">British protectorate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Entebbe" title="Entebbe">Entebbe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (official)<br /><a href="/wiki/Luganda" title="Luganda">Luganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Luo" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Luo">Southern Luo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nkore_language" title="Nkore language">Nkore</a> widely spoken</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Uganda" title="Politics of Uganda">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Protectorate</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Legislative_Council" title="Uganda Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Protectorate established</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 June 1894</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Self government </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1961</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 October 1962</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Uganda" title="Demographics of Uganda">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1911<sup id="cite_ref-unstats.un.org_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unstats.un.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,466,325</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1921<sup id="cite_ref-unstats.un.org_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unstats.un.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,854,608</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1931<sup id="cite_ref-unstats.un.org_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unstats.un.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,542,281</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1948<sup id="cite_ref-unstats.un.org_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unstats.un.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,958,520</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1959<sup id="cite_ref-unstats.un.org_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unstats.un.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,449,558</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cowrie" title="Cowrie">Cowrie</a> (precolonial era–1906)<br /><a href="/wiki/East_African_rupee" title="East African rupee">East African rupee</a> (1906–1920)<br /><a href="/wiki/East_African_florin" title="East African florin">East African florin</a> (1920–1921)<br /><a href="/wiki/East_African_shilling" title="East African shilling">East African shilling</a> (1921–1962)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:UG" title="ISO 3166-2:UG">UG</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_the_Imperial_British_East_Africa_Company.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Imperial_British_East_Africa_Company.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_the_Imperial_British_East_Africa_Company.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Imperial_British_East_Africa_Company.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_the_Imperial_British_East_Africa_Company.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Imperial_British_East_Africa_Company.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_British_East_Africa_Company" title="Imperial British East Africa Company">Imperial British East Africa Company</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Uganda_(1962%E2%80%931963)" title="Uganda (1962–1963)">Dominion of Uganda</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/20px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/30px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/40px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Uganda" title="Category:History of Uganda">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uganda" title="History of Uganda">History of <span class="fn org label">Uganda</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;padding:0.5em 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Insigne_Ugandae.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arms of Uganda"><img alt="Arms of Uganda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Insigne_Ugandae.svg/50px-Insigne_Ugandae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Insigne_Ugandae.svg/75px-Insigne_Ugandae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Insigne_Ugandae.svg/100px-Insigne_Ugandae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> Chronology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Uganda" title="Early history of Uganda">Early history</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> pre-1894</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">British rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1894–1962</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uganda_(1962%E2%80%931963)" title="Uganda (1962–1963)">Early independence</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1962–1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Uganda_(1963%E2%80%931971)" title="History of Uganda (1963–1971)">First Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963–1971</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Republic_of_Uganda" title="Second Republic of Uganda">Second Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1971–1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Uganda_(1979%E2%80%931986)" title="History of Uganda (1979–1986)">Third Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1979–1986</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Since 1986</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1986–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> Special themes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Asians_from_Uganda" title="Expulsion of Asians from Uganda">Expulsion of Asians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1972</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1978–1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Bush War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1981–1986</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/War_in_Uganda_(1986%E2%80%931994)" title="War in Uganda (1986–1994)">1986–1994 civil war</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1986–1994</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">LRA insurgency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> By topic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buganda" title="History of Buganda">Buganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Uganda" title="Economic history of Uganda">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Uganda" title="Military history of Uganda">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/16px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/24px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/32px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Uganda" title="Portal:Uganda">Uganda portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Uganda" title="Template:History of Uganda"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Uganda" title="Template talk:History of Uganda"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Uganda" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Uganda"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Protectorate of Uganda</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> from 1894 to 1962. In 1893 the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_British_East_Africa_Company" title="Imperial British East Africa Company">Imperial British East Africa Company</a> transferred its administration rights of territory consisting mainly of the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda">Buganda</a> to the British government. </p><p>In 1894 the Uganda Protectorate was established, and the territory was extended beyond the borders of Buganda to an area that roughly corresponds to that of present-day <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_of_Uganda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_of_Uganda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mid-1880s, the Kingdom of Buganda was divided between four religious factions – Adherents of Uganda's Native Religion, <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> – each vying for political control.<sup id="cite_ref-Bishop_Alfred_Tucker_and_the_Establishment_of_a_British_Protectorate_in_Uganda_1890-94_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bishop_Alfred_Tucker_and_the_Establishment_of_a_British_Protectorate_in_Uganda_1890-94-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1888, <a href="/wiki/Mwanga_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mwanga II">Mwanga II</a> was ousted in a coup led by the Muslim faction, who installed <a href="/wiki/Kalema_of_Buganda" title="Kalema of Buganda">Kalema</a> as leader. The following year, a Protestant and Catholic coalition formed to remove Kalema and return <a href="/wiki/Mwanga_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mwanga II">Mwanga II</a> to power. This coalition secured an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_British_East_Africa_Company" title="Imperial British East Africa Company">Imperial British East Africa Company</a> (IBEAC), and succeeded in ousting Kalema and reinstating Mwanga in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-Bishop_Alfred_Tucker_and_the_Establishment_of_a_British_Protectorate_in_Uganda_1890-94_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bishop_Alfred_Tucker_and_the_Establishment_of_a_British_Protectorate_in_Uganda_1890-94-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The IBEAC sent <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lugard" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Lugard">Frederick Lugard</a> to Uganda in 1890 as its chief representative and to help maintain the peace between the competing factions. In 1891, Mwanga concluded a treaty with Lugard whereby Mwanga would place his land and tributary states under the protection of the IBEAC.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1892, having subdued the Muslim faction, the Protestants and Catholics resumed their struggle for supremacy which led to civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-Bishop_Alfred_Tucker_and_the_Establishment_of_a_British_Protectorate_in_Uganda_1890-94_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bishop_Alfred_Tucker_and_the_Establishment_of_a_British_Protectorate_in_Uganda_1890-94-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, the British government extended their support for the IBEAC to remain in Uganda until 1893. Despite strong opposition to getting involved in Uganda, the government felt that withdrawal of British influence would lead to war and the threat of a fellow European power encroaching on Britain's sphere of influence in East Africa it shared with Germany in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-Bishop_Alfred_Tucker_and_the_Establishment_of_a_British_Protectorate_in_Uganda_1890-94_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bishop_Alfred_Tucker_and_the_Establishment_of_a_British_Protectorate_in_Uganda_1890-94-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 March 1893, the IBEAC formally ended its involvement in Uganda. Missionaries, led by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Tucker" title="Alfred Tucker">Alfred Tucker</a>, lobbied the British government to take over the administration of Uganda in place of the IBEAC, arguing that British withdrawal would lead to a continuance of the civil war between the different religious factions.<sup id="cite_ref-Bishop_Alfred_Tucker_and_the_Establishment_of_a_British_Protectorate_in_Uganda_1890-94_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bishop_Alfred_Tucker_and_the_Establishment_of_a_British_Protectorate_in_Uganda_1890-94-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Gerald_Portal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Gerald Portal">Sir Gerald Portal</a>, a representative of the British government on the ground in Uganda, proposed a plan of double chieftainships – whereby every chieftainship would have one Protestant and one Catholic chief. On 19 April 1893, the British government and the chiefs of Uganda signed a treaty giving effect to this plan.<sup id="cite_ref-Bishop_Alfred_Tucker_and_the_Establishment_of_a_British_Protectorate_in_Uganda_1890-94_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bishop_Alfred_Tucker_and_the_Establishment_of_a_British_Protectorate_in_Uganda_1890-94-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 June 1894, the British government declared that <a href="/wiki/Second_Republic_of_Uganda" title="Second Republic of Uganda">Uganda</a> would come under British protection as a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1894–1901"><span id="1894.E2.80.931901"></span>1894–1901</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_of_Uganda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1894–1901"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Agreement_of_1900" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Agreement of 1900">Uganda Agreement of 1900</a> solidified the power of the largely Protestant 'Bakungu' client-chiefs, led by Kagwa. London sent only a few officials to administer the country, relying primarily on the 'Bakungu' chiefs. For decades they were preferred because of their political skills, their Christianity, their friendly relations with the British, their ability to collect taxes, and the proximity of <a href="/wiki/Entebbe" title="Entebbe">Entebbe</a> (the Ugandan colonial capital) to the Buganda capital. By the 1920s, the British administrators were more confident and had less need for military or administrative support. Colonial officials taxed cash crops produced by the peasants. There was popular discontent among the <a href="/wiki/Baganda" title="Baganda">Baganda</a> rank-and-file, which weakened the position of their leaders. In 1912, Kagwa moved to solidify 'Bakungu' power by proposing a second 'Lukiko' for Buganda with himself as president and the 'Bakungu' as a sort of hereditary aristocracy. British officials vetoed the idea when they discovered widespread popular opposition. Instead, British officials began some reforms and attempted to make the 'Lukiko' a genuine representative assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_White_Elephant,_Punch_103.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_White_Elephant%2C_Punch_103.png/220px-The_White_Elephant%2C_Punch_103.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_White_Elephant%2C_Punch_103.png/330px-The_White_Elephant%2C_Punch_103.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_White_Elephant%2C_Punch_103.png/440px-The_White_Elephant%2C_Punch_103.png 2x" data-file-width="2460" data-file-height="1873" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a></i> cartoon depicting Uganda personified as a <a href="/wiki/White_elephant" title="White elephant">White elephant</a> which the <a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="East Africa Company">East Africa Company</a> is attempting to sell to Britain (1892)</figcaption></figure> <p>Although momentous change occurred during the colonial era in Uganda, some characteristics of late-nineteenth-century African society survived to reemerge at the time of independence. The status of <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a> had significantly different consequences for Uganda than had the region been made a colony like neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, insofar as Uganda retained a degree of self-government that would have otherwise been limited under a full colonial administration. </p><p>Colonial rule, however, affected local economic systems dramatically, in part because the first concern of the British was financial. Quelling the 1897 sudanese mutiny (see <a href="/wiki/Uganda_before_1900" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda before 1900">Uganda before 1900</a>) under the leadership of protectorate commissioner <a href="/wiki/George_Wilson_(Chief_Colonial_Secretary_of_Uganda)" title="George Wilson (Chief Colonial Secretary of Uganda)">George Wilson CB</a> had been costly—units of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> had been transported to Uganda at considerable expense. The new commissioner of Uganda in 1900, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Johnston" title="Harry Johnston">Sir Harry H. Johnston</a>, had orders to establish an efficient administration and to levy taxes as quickly as possible. Johnston approached the chiefs in <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> with offers of jobs in the colonial administration in return for their collaboration. </p><p>The chiefs were more interested in preserving Uganda as a self-governing entity, continuing the royal line of <a href="/wiki/Kabaka_of_Buganda" title="Kabaka of Buganda">Kabakas</a>, and securing private land tenure for themselves and their supporters. Hard bargaining ensued, but the chiefs ended up with everything they wanted, including one-half of all the land in Buganda. The half left to the British as "Crown Land" was later found to be largely swamp and scrub. </p><p>Johnston's <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Agreement_of_1900" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Agreement of 1900">Uganda Agreement of 1900</a> imposed a tax on huts and guns, designated the chiefs as tax collectors, and testified to the continued alliance of British and Baganda interests. The British signed much less generous treaties with the other kingdoms (<a href="/wiki/Toro_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toro (kingdom)">Toro</a> in 1900, <a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a> in 1901, and <a href="/wiki/Bunyoro" title="Bunyoro">Bunyoro</a> in 1933) without the provision of large-scale private land tenure. The smaller chiefdoms of <a href="/wiki/Busoga" title="Busoga">Busoga</a> were ignored. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buganda_administrators">Buganda administrators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_of_Uganda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Buganda administrators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Baganda immediately offered their services to the British as administrators over their recently conquered neighbours, an offer which was attractive to the economy-minded colonial administration. Baganda agents fanned out as local tax collectors and labour organizers in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Kigezi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kigezi">Kigezi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mbale" title="Mbale">Mbale</a>, and, significantly, Bunyoro. This sub-imperialism and Ganda cultural chauvinism was resented by the people being administered. </p><p>Wherever they went, Baganda insisted on the exclusive use of their language, <a href="/wiki/Luganda" title="Luganda">Luganda</a>, and they planted <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a> as the only proper food worth eating. They regarded their traditional dress—long cotton gowns called <a href="/wiki/Kanzu" title="Kanzu">kanzus</a>—as civilized; all else was barbarian. They also encouraged and engaged in mission work, attempting to convert locals to their form of Christianity or Islam. In some areas, the resulting backlash aided the efforts of religious rivals — for example, Catholics won converts in areas where oppressive rule was identified with a Protestant <a href="/wiki/Muganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Muganda">Muganda</a> chief. </p><p>The people of <a href="/wiki/Bunyoro" title="Bunyoro">Bunyoro</a> were particularly aggrieved, having fought the Baganda and the British; having a substantial section of their heartland annexed to Buganda as the "lost counties", and finally having "arrogant" Baganda administrators issuing orders, collecting taxes, and forcing unpaid labour. In 1907 the Banyoro rose in a rebellion called <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyangire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyangire (page does not exist)">nyangire</a></i>, or "refusing", and succeeded in having the Baganda subimperial agents withdrawn. </p><p>Meanwhile, in 1901 the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Railway" title="Uganda Railway">Uganda Railway</a> from the coast at <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> port of <a href="/wiki/Kisumu" title="Kisumu">Kisumu</a> moved colonial authorities to encourage the growth of cash crops to help pay the railway's operating costs. Another result of the railway construction was the 1902 decision to transfer the eastern section of the Uganda Protectorate to the <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya Colony</a>, then called the <a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa Protectorate</a>, to keep the entire line under one local colonial administration. Because the railway experienced cost overruns in Kenya, the British decided to justify its exceptional expense and pay its operating costs by introducing large-scale European settlement in a vast tract of land that became a centre of cash-crop agriculture known as the "<a href="/wiki/White_Highlands" title="White Highlands">White Highlands</a>". A major part of the territory eventually left out of the "East Africa Protectorate" was the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Scheme" title="Uganda Scheme">Uganda Scheme</a>, in which the British Empire offered to create a Jewish nation-state. The offer was made to the <a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">Zionist movement</a> which rejected it, refusing to accept anything other than the ancient <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>. </p><p>In many areas of Uganda, by contrast, agricultural production was placed in the hands of Africans, if they responded to the opportunity. Cotton was the crop of choice, largely because of pressure by the <a href="/wiki/British_Cotton_Growing_Association" title="British Cotton Growing Association">British Cotton Growing Association</a>, textile manufacturers who urged the colonies to provide raw materials for British mills. This was done by cash cropping the land. Even the <a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">CMS</a> joined the effort by launching the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uganda_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uganda Company (page does not exist)">Uganda Company</a> (managed by a former missionary) to promote cotton planting and to buy and transport the produce. </p><p>Buganda, with its strategic location on the lakeside, reaped the benefits of cotton growing. The advantages of this crop were quickly recognized by the Baganda chiefs who had newly acquired freehold estates, which came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Mailo" title="Mailo">mailo</a> because they were measured in square miles. In 1905 the initial baled cotton export was valued at £200; in 1906, £1,000; in 1907; £11,000; and in 1908, £52,000. By 1915 the value of cotton exports had climbed to £369,000, and Britain was able to end its subsidy of colonial administration in Uganda, while in Kenya the white settlers required continuing subsidies by the home government. </p><p>The income generated by cotton sales made the Uganda kingdom relatively prosperous, compared with the rest of colonial Uganda, although before <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> cotton was also being grown in the eastern regions of <a href="/wiki/Busoga" title="Busoga">Busoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lango_sub-region" title="Lango sub-region">Lango</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Teso_sub-region" title="Teso sub-region">Teso</a>. Many Baganda spent their new earnings on imported clothing, bicycles, metal roofing, and even cars. They also invested in their children's education. The Christian missions emphasized literacy skills, and African converts quickly learned to read and write. By 1911 two popular journals, <i>Ebifa</i> (News) and <i>Munno</i> (Your Friend), were published monthly in Luganda. </p><p>Heavily supported by African funds, new schools were soon turning out graduating classes at Mengo High School, St. Mary's Kisubi, Namilyango, Gayaza, and <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Budo" class="mw-redirect" title="King's College Budo">King's College Budo</a> — all in Buganda. The chief minister of the Buganda kingdom, Sir <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Kaggwa" title="Apollo Kaggwa">Apollo Kaggwa</a>, personally awarded a bicycle to the top graduate at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Budo" class="mw-redirect" title="King's College Budo">King's College Budo</a>, together with the promise of a government job. The schools, in fact, had inherited the educational function formerly performed in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabaka_of_Uganda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabaka of Uganda (page does not exist)">Kabaka</a>'s palace, where generations of young pages had been trained to become chiefs. Now the qualifications sought were literacy and skills, including typing and English translation. </p><p>Two important principles of precolonial political life carried over into the colonial era: clientage, whereby ambitious younger officeholders attached themselves to older high-ranking chiefs, and generational conflict, which resulted when the younger generation sought to expel their elders from office in order to replace them. After World War I, the younger aspirants to high office in Buganda became impatient with the seemingly perpetual tenure of Sir Apollo and his contemporaries, who lacked many of the skills that members of the younger generation had acquired through schooling. Calling themselves the <a href="/wiki/Young_Baganda_Association" title="Young Baganda Association">Young Baganda Association</a>, members of the new generation attached themselves to the young Kabaka, <a href="/wiki/Daudi_Chwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Daudi Chwa">Daudi Chwa</a>, who was the figurehead ruler of Buganda under indirect rule. But Kabaka Daudi never gained real political power, and after a short and frustrating reign, he died at the relatively young age of forty-three. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_World_War_era_military_forces">First World War era military forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_of_Uganda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First World War era military forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early on in the Protectorate's history of occupation the British colonial government had recognised the need for a local defence force.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1895 the British colonial armed force in the Protectorate was the Uganda Rifles, who were formed as an internal security force (i.e. keeping the peace in tribal areas rather than defending against external aggression).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late nineteenth century the local defence force was largely composed of Sudanese troops brought in by the British, these troops were commanded by a mix of British and Sudanese officers, local tribes were not that evident in this force defending the interests of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_British_East_Africa_Company" title="Imperial British East Africa Company">Imperial British East Africa Company</a>. Unfortunately the Sudanese grew resentful of their conditions of service and the Uganda Rifles mutinied in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-Uganda_Army_History_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uganda_Army_History-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 January 1902<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the somewhat irregular armed force in Uganda was reformed (with far fewer Sudanese and more local tribes in its ranks)<sup id="cite_ref-Uganda_Army_History_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uganda_Army_History-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and re-titled the 4th Battalion the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_African_Rifles" title="King's African Rifles">King's African Rifles</a> (KAR). It was with this defensive structure that was in place at the outbreak of hostilities in 1914, although there had been cuts in the KAR in 1911 stretching the force structure of the regiment even further.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the Great War the Ugandan contingent in the KAR had grown considerably and they had become an effective fighting force built out of Ugandans rather than outsiders and had enjoyed success against the German forces in East Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Protectorate also developed an emergency response for the intelligence collection on German activities and performing political-military liaison with allies in East Africa; according to UK National Archive records this organisation (known as the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Intelligence_Department" title="Uganda Intelligence Department">Uganda Intelligence Department</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was about 20 strong and included European officers and African soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of this recruitment was done from the northern part of the protectorate especially the Acholi sub-region. The British colonial administration had also fought with the Lamogi clan of the Acholi people in what that culminated in to the Lamogi Rebellion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920_to_1961">1920 to 1961</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_of_Uganda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1920 to 1961"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Uganda_Protectorate_British_administration.png/300px-Uganda_Protectorate_British_administration.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Uganda_Protectorate_British_administration.png/450px-Uganda_Protectorate_British_administration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Uganda_Protectorate_British_administration.png/600px-Uganda_Protectorate_British_administration.png 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="751" usemap="#ImageMap_bb7dd77b45fcd498" resource="/wiki/File:Uganda_Protectorate_British_administration.png" /></span><map name="ImageMap_bb7dd77b45fcd498"><area href="/wiki/Buganda" shape="poly" coords="140,141,181,158,193,178,201,203,199,213,183,222,171,222,137,238,137,242,126,276,99,276,96,265,98,262,95,216,99,210,97,207,92,207,79,202,62,187,59,182,62,176,66,176,77,181,87,180,100,176,112,167,124,167,135,162" alt="Buganda" title="Buganda" /><area href="/wiki/Ankole" shape="poly" coords="94,223,93,235,98,276,74,277,69,281,55,280,51,285,46,286,38,279,36,278,36,271,33,263,34,251,27,247,31,238,33,237,44,232,56,239,61,225,70,222,82,222" alt="Ankole" title="Ankole" /><area href="/wiki/Kigezi" shape="poly" coords="27,247,33,252,32,262,36,270,36,277,40,281,41,283,47,286,51,286,43,296,33,300,29,294,16,296,15,273,18,271,19,251" alt="Kigezi" title="Kigezi" /><area href="/wiki/Toro_Kingdom" shape="poly" coords="60,167,61,174,61,177,59,182,62,187,78,201,92,207,98,207,99,210,95,215,94,223,76,221,65,223,58,230,56,238,45,232,34,235,28,235,22,231,24,227,23,223,25,219,29,209,35,202,34,195,35,186,44,182,50,170,54,168" alt="Toro" title="Toro" /><area href="/wiki/Bunyoro" shape="poly" coords="106,119,131,116,142,121,146,132,140,141,135,162,123,167,112,167,99,175,86,180,76,181,66,177,73,167,84,152,90,149,95,149,108,125" alt="Bunyoro" title="Bunyoro" /><area href="/wiki/Lango_sub-region" shape="poly" coords="140,108,152,108,153,103,171,104,173,102,180,104,184,103,187,104,212,104,218,109,215,118,212,119,210,124,209,128,203,130,186,146,185,150,171,153,141,141,147,133,143,121,139,119" alt="Lango" title="Lango" /><area href="/wiki/Teso_sub-region" shape="poly" coords="219,111,250,126,250,164,248,168,223,162,212,162,205,161,195,157,193,153,186,149,186,147,192,142,203,129,210,128,211,124,212,120,215,118" alt="Teso" title="Teso" /><area href="/wiki/Busoga" shape="poly" coords="182,157,204,163,210,168,211,173,238,195,236,198,237,207,237,214,232,217,224,218,217,218,205,215,201,204,193,179" alt="Busoga" title="Busoga" /><area href="/wiki/Bukedi" shape="poly" coords="223,162,247,169,246,178,248,184,253,188,253,189,252,193,250,195,246,197,244,207,238,214,236,197,239,195,212,172,213,163" alt="Bukedi" title="Bukedi" /><area href="/wiki/Bagisu" shape="poly" coords="249,153,257,153,257,155,256,166,264,169,264,172,262,172,260,182,258,187,255,188,249,184,247,179,247,175,247,171,250,166" alt="Bugisu" title="Bugisu" /><area href="/wiki/Sebei" shape="poly" coords="258,152,266,151,270,154,276,156,278,158,279,164,278,167,272,167,268,169,266,173,265,172,264,168,256,167,258,158" alt="Sebei" title="Sebei" /><area href="/wiki/Karamoja" shape="poly" coords="237,17,247,34,260,45,275,85,281,98,285,104,288,131,288,144,285,149,281,156,277,158,276,156,270,154,267,152,250,153,249,126,219,109,213,104,211,97,214,90,210,62,217,62,223,57,223,52,222,50,217,49,213,40" alt="Karamoja" title="Karamoja" /><area href="/wiki/Acholiland" shape="poly" coords="188,34,196,40,212,40,216,49,222,50,223,52,223,57,219,60,210,62,214,90,211,98,212,104,187,104,184,103,180,104,173,102,171,104,152,103,152,108,141,108,140,120,131,116,120,117,107,120,105,115,110,108,113,104,108,97,108,91,108,84,110,73,118,58,118,54,125,49,132,49,135,50,140,49,141,51,147,52,147,47,158,41,173,40" alt="Acholi" title="Acholi" /><area href="/wiki/West_Nile_sub-region" shape="poly" coords="127,37,134,48,140,48,135,50,130,49,125,49,118,54,118,57,111,68,107,79,107,84,108,91,108,98,109,109,103,114,101,118,96,116,98,113,89,113,91,111,88,106,84,108,82,110,80,111,79,106,74,104,75,101,75,97,81,86,80,80,76,76,79,65,83,58,84,52,80,52,86,44,89,43,96,38,102,38,114,45,122,43" alt="West Nile" title="West Nile" /></map><figcaption>Subdivisions under the Ugandan Protectorate (1926 borders). (Click area to go to article.) The areas in red and blue hues had centralized kingdoms prior to British arrival, while the colonialists introduced centralized rule on the Baganda model to areas in yellow. Areas in khaki never had centralized kingdoms.</figcaption></figure> <p>Far more promising as a source of political support were the British colonial officers, who welcomed the typing and translation skills of school graduates and advanced the careers of their favourites. The contest was decided after World War I, when an influx of British ex-military officers, now serving as district commissioners, began to feel that self-government was an obstacle to good government. Specifically, they accused Sir Apollo and his generation of inefficiency, abuse of power, and failure to keep adequate financial accounts—charges that were not hard to document. </p><p>Sir Apollo resigned in 1926, at about the same time that a host of elderly Baganda chiefs were replaced by a new generation of officeholders. The Buganda treasury was also audited that year for the first time. Although it was not a nationalist organization, the Young Baganda Association claimed to represent popular African dissatisfaction with the old order. As soon as the younger Baganda had replaced the older generation in office, however, their objections to privilege accompanying power ceased. The pattern persisted in Ugandan politics up to and after independence. </p><p>The commoners, who had been labouring on the cotton estates of the chiefs before World War I, did not remain servile. As time passed, they bought small parcels of land from their erstwhile landlords. This land fragmentation was aided by the British, who in 1927 forced the chiefs to limit severely the rents and obligatory labour they could demand from their tenants. Thus the oligarchy of landed chiefs who had emerged with the Uganda Agreement of 1900 declined in importance, and agricultural production shifted to independent <a href="/wiki/Smallholders" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallholders">smallholders</a>, who grew cotton, and later coffee, for the export market. </p><p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanganyika (territory)">Tanganyika</a>, which was devastated during the prolonged fighting between Britain and Germany in the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign of World War I">East African Campaign of World War I</a>, Uganda prospered from wartime agricultural production. After the population losses from disease during the era of conquest and at the turn of the century (particularly the devastating <a href="/wiki/Sleeping_sickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleeping sickness">sleeping sickness</a> epidemic of 1900–1906), Uganda's population was growing again. Even the 1930s depression seemed to affect smallholder cash farmers in Uganda less severely than it did the white settler producers in Kenya. Ugandans simply grew their own food until rising prices made export crops attractive again. </p><p>Two issues continued to create grievance through the 1930s and 1940s. The colonial government strictly regulated the buying and processing of cash crops, setting prices and reserving the role of intermediary for Asians, who were thought to be more efficient. The British and Asians firmly repelled African attempts to break into cotton ginning. In addition, on the Asian-owned sugar plantations established in the 1920s, labour for sugar-cane and other cash crops was increasingly provided by migrants from peripheral areas of Uganda and even from outside Uganda. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_of_Uganda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1949, discontented Baganda rioted and burned down the houses of pro-government chiefs. The rioters had three demands: the right to bypass government price controls on the export sales of cotton, the removal of the Asian monopoly over cotton ginning, and the right to have their own representatives in local government replace chiefs appointed by the British. They were critical as well of the young Kabaka, <a href="/wiki/Mutesa_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutesa II">Frederick Walugembe Mutesa II</a> (also known as "King Freddie" or "Kabaka Freddie"), for his inattention to the needs of his people. The British governor, <a href="/wiki/John_Hathorn_Hall" title="John Hathorn Hall">Sir John Hall</a>, regarded the riots as the work of communist-inspired agitators and rejected the suggested reforms. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BEA-KUT_1958_MiNr0094I_pm_B002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/BEA-KUT_1958_MiNr0094I_pm_B002.jpg/200px-BEA-KUT_1958_MiNr0094I_pm_B002.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/BEA-KUT_1958_MiNr0094I_pm_B002.jpg/300px-BEA-KUT_1958_MiNr0094I_pm_B002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/BEA-KUT_1958_MiNr0094I_pm_B002.jpg/400px-BEA-KUT_1958_MiNr0094I_pm_B002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="917" /></a><figcaption>Stamp of British East Africa with a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Far from leading the people into confrontation, Uganda's would-be agitators were slow to respond to popular discontent. Nevertheless, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uganda_African_Farmers_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uganda African Farmers Union (page does not exist)">Uganda African Farmers Union</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/I.K._Musazi" class="mw-redirect" title="I.K. Musazi">I.K. Musazi</a> in 1947, was blamed for the riots and was banned by the British. Musazi's <a href="/wiki/Uganda_National_Congress" title="Uganda National Congress">Uganda National Congress</a> replaced the farmers union in 1952 when it was set up with <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mayanja" title="Abu Mayanja">Abu Mayanja</a> as its first Secretary General, but because the Congress remained a casual discussion group more than an organized political party, it stagnated and came to an end just two years after its inception. </p><p>Meanwhile, the British began to move ahead of the Ugandans in preparing for independence. The effects of Britain's postwar withdrawal from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the march of nationalism in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, and a more liberal philosophy in the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a> geared toward future self-rule all began to be felt in Uganda. The embodiment of these issues arrived in 1952 in the person of a new and energetic reformist governor, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cohen_(statesman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Cohen (statesman)">Sir Andrew Cohen</a> (formerly undersecretary for African affairs in the Colonial Office). </p><p>Cohen set about preparing Uganda for independence. On the economic side, he removed obstacles to African cotton ginning, rescinded price discrimination against African-grown coffee, encouraged cooperatives, and established the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Development_Corporation" title="Uganda Development Corporation">Uganda Development Corporation</a> to promote and finance new projects. On the political side, he reorganized the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Legislative_Council" title="Uganda Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a>, which had consisted of an unrepresentative selection of interest groups heavily favouring the European community, to include African representatives elected from districts throughout Uganda. This system became a prototype for the future <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Uganda" title="Parliament of Uganda">Parliament of Uganda</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Power_politics_in_Buganda">Power politics in Buganda</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_of_Uganda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Power politics in Buganda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The prospect of elections caused a sudden proliferation of new political parties. This development alarmed the old-guard leaders within the Ugandan kingdoms, because they realized that the centre of power would be at the national level. The spark that ignited wider opposition to Governor Cohen's reforms was a 1953 speech in London in which the secretary of state for colonies referred to the possibility of a federation of the three East African territories (Kenya, Uganda, and Tanganyika), similar to that established in <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a>. </p><p>Many Ugandans were aware of the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Central African Federation">Central African Federation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>) and its domination by white settler interests. Ugandans deeply feared the prospect of an East African federation dominated by the settlers of Kenya, which was then in the midst of the bitter <a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Mau Mau uprising">Mau Mau uprising</a>. They had vigorously resisted a similar suggestion by the 1930 <a href="/wiki/Hilton_Young_Commission" title="Hilton Young Commission">Hilton Young Commission</a>. Confidence in Cohen vanished just as the Governor was preparing to urge Buganda to recognize that its special status would have to be sacrificed in the interests of a new and larger nation-state. </p><p>Kabaka Mutesa II, who had been regarded by his subjects as uninterested in their welfare, now refused to cooperate with Cohen's plan for an integrated Buganda. Instead, he demanded that Buganda be separated from the rest of the protectorate and transferred to Foreign Office jurisdiction. Cohen's response to this crisis was to deport the Kabaka to a comfortable exile in London. His forced departure made the Kabaka an instant martyr in the eyes of the Baganda, whose latent separatism and anticolonial sentiments set off a storm of protest. Cohen's action had backfired, and he could find no one among the Baganda prepared or able to mobilize support for his schemes. After two frustrating years of unrelenting Ganda hostility and obstruction, Cohen was forced to reinstate <a href="/wiki/Kabaka_Mutesa_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabaka Mutesa II">Kabaka Mutesa II</a>. </p><p>The negotiations leading to the Kabaka's return had an outcome similar to the negotiations of Commissioner Johnston in 1900; although appearing to satisfy the British, they were a resounding victory for the Baganda. Cohen secured the Kabaka's agreement not to oppose independence within the larger Ugandan framework. Not only was the Kabaka reinstated in return, but for the first time since 1889, the monarch was given the power to appoint and dismiss his chiefs (Buganda government officials) instead of acting as a mere figurehead while they conducted the affairs of government. </p><p>The Kabaka's new power was cloaked in the misleading claim that he would be only a "constitutional monarch", while in fact he was a leading player in deciding how Uganda would be governed. A new grouping of Baganda calling themselves "the King's Friends" rallied to the Kabaka's defence. They were conservative, fiercely loyal to Buganda as a kingdom, and willing to entertain the prospect of participation in an independent Uganda only if it were headed by the Kabaka as head of state. Baganda politicians who did not share this vision or who were opposed to the "King's Friends" found themselves branded as the "King's Enemies", which meant political and social ostracism. </p><p>The major exception to this rule were the Roman Catholic Baganda who had formed their own party, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Uganda)" title="Democratic Party (Uganda)">Democratic Party</a> (DP), led by <a href="/wiki/Benedicto_Kiwanuka" title="Benedicto Kiwanuka">Benedicto Kiwanuka</a>. Many Catholics had felt excluded from the Protestant-dominated establishment in Buganda ever since Lugard's Maxim had turned the tide in 1892. The Kabaka had to be Protestant, and he was invested in a coronation ceremony modelled on that of British monarchs (who are invested by the Church of England's Archbishop of Canterbury) that took place at the main Protestant church. Religion and politics were equally inseparable in the other kingdoms throughout Uganda. The DP had Catholic as well as other adherents and was probably the best organized of all the parties preparing for elections. It had printing presses and the backing of the popular newspaper, Munno, which was published at the St. Mary's Kisubi mission. </p><p>Elsewhere in Uganda, the emergence of the Kabaka as a political force provoked immediate hostility. Political parties and local interest groups were riddled with divisions and rivalries, but they shared one concern: they were determined not to be dominated by Buganda. In 1960 a political organizer from Lango, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Obote" title="Milton Obote">Milton Obote</a>, seized the initiative and formed a new party, the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Congress" title="Uganda People's Congress">Uganda People's Congress</a> (UPC), as a coalition of all those outside the Roman Catholic-dominated DP who opposed Buganda hegemony. </p><p>The steps Cohen had initiated to bring about the independence of a unified Ugandan state had led to a polarization between factions from Buganda and those opposed to its domination. Buganda's population in 1959 was 2 million, out of Uganda's total of 6 million. Even discounting the many non-Baganda resident in Buganda, there were at least 1 million people who owed allegiance to the Kabaka — too many to be overlooked or shunted aside, but too few to dominate the country as a whole. </p><p>At the <a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Conference_of_1960&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="London Conference of 1960 (page does not exist)">London Conference of 1960</a>, it was obvious that Buganda autonomy and a strong unitary government were incompatible, but no compromise emerged, and the decision on the form of government was postponed. The British announced that elections would be held in March 1961 for "responsible government", the next-to-last stage of preparation before the formal granting of independence. It was assumed that those winning the election would gain valuable experience in office, preparing them for the probable responsibility of governing after independence. </p><p>In Buganda the "King's Friends" urged a total boycott of the election because their attempts to secure promises of future autonomy had been rebuffed. Consequently, when the voters went to the polls throughout Uganda to elect eighty-two <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Uganda">National Assembly</a> members, in Buganda only the Roman Catholic supporters of the DP braved severe public pressure and voted, capturing twenty of Buganda's twenty-one allotted seats. This artificial situation gave the DP a majority of seats, although they had a minority of 416,000 votes nationwide versus 495,000 for the UPC. Benedicto Kiwanuka became the new chief minister of Uganda. </p><p>Shocked by the results, the Baganda separatists, who formed a political party called <a href="/wiki/Kabaka_Yekka" title="Kabaka Yekka">Kabaka Yekka</a>, had second thoughts about the wisdom of their election boycott. They quickly welcomed the recommendations of a British commission that proposed a future federal form of government. According to these recommendations, Buganda would enjoy a measure of internal autonomy if it participated fully in the national government. </p><p>For its part, the UPC was equally anxious to eject its DP rivals from government before they became entrenched. Obote reached an understanding with Kabaka Freddie and the KY, accepting Buganda's special federal relationship and even a provision by which the kabaka could appoint Buganda's representatives to the National Assembly, in return for a strategic alliance to defeat the DP. The Kabaka was also promised the largely ceremonial position of Head of state of Uganda, which was of great symbolic importance to the Baganda. </p><p>This marriage of convenience between the UPC and the KY made inevitable the defeat of the DP interim administration. In the aftermath of the April 1962 final election leading up to independence, Uganda's national assembly consisted of forty-three UPC members, twenty-four KY members, and twenty-four DP members. The new UPC-KY coalition led Uganda into independence in October 1962, with Obote as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Uganda" title="Prime Minister of Uganda">Prime Minister of Uganda</a>, and the Kabaka becoming <a href="/wiki/President_of_Uganda" title="President of Uganda">President of Uganda</a> a year later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_of_Uganda&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-unstats.un.org-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unstats.un.org_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unstats.un.org_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unstats.un.org_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unstats.un.org_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unstats.un.org_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/wphc/Uganda/UGA-2016-05-23.pdf">The National Population and Housing Census 2014 – Main Report</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Kampala: Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+National+Population+and+Housing+Census+2014+%E2%80%93+Main+Report&rft.place=Kampala&rft.pub=Uganda+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fdemographic%2Fsources%2Fcensus%2Fwphc%2FUganda%2FUGA-2016-05-23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+of+Uganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bishop_Alfred_Tucker_and_the_Establishment_of_a_British_Protectorate_in_Uganda_1890-94-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bishop_Alfred_Tucker_and_the_Establishment_of_a_British_Protectorate_in_Uganda_1890-94_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bishop_Alfred_Tucker_and_the_Establishment_of_a_British_Protectorate_in_Uganda_1890-94_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bishop_Alfred_Tucker_and_the_Establishment_of_a_British_Protectorate_in_Uganda_1890-94_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bishop_Alfred_Tucker_and_the_Establishment_of_a_British_Protectorate_in_Uganda_1890-94_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bishop_Alfred_Tucker_and_the_Establishment_of_a_British_Protectorate_in_Uganda_1890-94_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bishop_Alfred_Tucker_and_the_Establishment_of_a_British_Protectorate_in_Uganda_1890-94_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Griffiths, Tudor. "Bishop Alfred Tucker and the Establishment of a British Protectorate in Uganda 1890–94." Journal of Religion in Africa, vol. 31, no. 1, 2001, pp. 92–114. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1581815.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray, John, and Carl Peters. "Anglo-German Relations in Uganda, 1890–1892." The Journal of African History, vol. 1, no. 2, 1960, pp. 281–297. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/180246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Twaddle, "The Bakungu chiefs of Buganda under British colonial rule, 1900–1930." <i>Journal of African History</i> 10#2 (1969): 309–322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLwanga-Luwyiigo1987" class="citation journal cs1">Lwanga-Luwyiigo, Sanwiri (25 September 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/1412/ISIC%2017-The%20colonial%20roots%20of%20internal%20conflict%20in%20Uganda%20-%20331408.pdf?sequence=1">"The Colonial Roots of Internal Conflict in Uganda"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Makerere University): 8<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Colonial+Roots+of+Internal+Conflict+in+Uganda&rft.issue=Makerere+University&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1987-09-25&rft.aulast=Lwanga-Luwyiigo&rft.aufirst=Sanwiri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopendocs.ids.ac.uk%2Fopendocs%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F1412%2FISIC%252017-The%2520colonial%2520roots%2520of%2520internal%2520conflict%2520in%2520Uganda%2520-%2520331408.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+of+Uganda" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmara-Otunnu1987" class="citation book cs1">Omara-Otunnu, Amii (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I9evCwAAQBAJ&q=%22Uganda+Rifles%22&pg=PA19"><i>Politics and the Military in Uganda, 1890–1985</i></a>. Springer. pp. 19–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349187362" title="Special:BookSources/9781349187362"><bdi>9781349187362</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+the+Military+in+Uganda%2C+1890%E2%80%931985&rft.pages=19-21&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9781349187362&rft.aulast=Omara-Otunnu&rft.aufirst=Amii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI9evCwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Uganda%2BRifles%2522%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+of+Uganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLwanga-Luwyiigo1987" class="citation journal cs1">Lwanga-Luwyiigo, Sanwiri (25 September 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/1412/ISIC%2017-The%20colonial%20roots%20of%20internal%20conflict%20in%20Uganda%20-%20331408.pdf?sequence=1">"The Colonial Roots of Internal Conflict in Uganda"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Makerere University): 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Colonial+Roots+of+Internal+Conflict+in+Uganda&rft.issue=Makerere+University&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1987-09-25&rft.aulast=Lwanga-Luwyiigo&rft.aufirst=Sanwiri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopendocs.ids.ac.uk%2Fopendocs%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F1412%2FISIC%252017-The%2520colonial%2520roots%2520of%2520internal%2520conflict%2520in%2520Uganda%2520-%2520331408.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+of+Uganda" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uganda_Army_History-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Uganda_Army_History_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uganda_Army_History_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPike" class="citation web cs1">Pike, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/uganda/army-history.htm">"Uganda Army History"</a>. <i>www.globalsecurity.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gweaa.com&rft.atitle=The+4th+Battalion+of+the+4th+Regiment+%28Uganda%29+of+the+Kings+African+Rifles+in+the+Great+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgweaa.com%2Fth-battalion-of-th-regiment-uganda-of-kings-african-rifles-great-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+of+Uganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchives" class="citation web cs1">Archives, The National. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C7247337">"The Discovery Service"</a>. <i>discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+Discovery+Service&rft.aulast=Archives&rft.aufirst=The+National&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fr%2FC7247337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+of+Uganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchives" class="citation web cs1">Archives, The National. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/results/r?_fn=&_ln=&_no=&_crp=Uganda+Intelligence&_ttl=&discoveryCustomSearch=true&_cr1=WO+372&_dt=M&_col=200&_hb=tna">"The Discovery Service"</a>. <i>discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+Discovery+Service&rft.aulast=Archives&rft.aufirst=The+National&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fresults%2Fr%3F_fn%3D%26_ln%3D%26_no%3D%26_crp%3DUganda%2BIntelligence%26_ttl%3D%26discoveryCustomSearch%3Dtrue%26_cr1%3DWO%2B372%26_dt%3DM%26_col%3D200%26_hb%3Dtna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+of+Uganda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/about-this-collection/"><i>Country Studies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+Studies&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Fcountry-studies%2Fabout-this-collection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtectorate+of+Uganda" class="Z3988"></span> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ugtoc.html">Uganda</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_of_Uganda&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Amone, Charles, and Okullu Muura. "British Colonialism and the Creation of Acholi Ethnic Identity in Uganda, 1894 to 1962." <i>Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History</i> 42.2 (2014): 239–257.</li> <li>Bennett, Alison. "Diplomatic Gifts: Rethinking Colonial Politics in Uganda through Objects." <i>History in Africa</i> 45 (2018): 193–220.</li> <li>Martel, Gordon. "Cabinet politics and African partition: The Uganda debate reconsidered." <i>Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History</i> 13.1 (1984): 5–24.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protectorate_of_Uganda&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/21px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Uganda_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Uganda_topics" title="Template:Uganda topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Uganda_topics" title="Template talk:Uganda topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uganda_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uganda topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Uganda_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Uganda-related_articles" title="Index of Uganda-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uganda" title="History of Uganda">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Uganda" title="Early history of Uganda">Early (pre-1894)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Uganda_under_Egyptian_rule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Uganda under Egyptian rule (page does not exist)">Egyptian rule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">British rule (1894–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uganda_(1962%E2%80%9371)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Uganda (1962–71)">Early independence (1962–1971)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Republic_of_Uganda" title="Second Republic of Uganda">Idi Amin (1971–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uganda_(1979%E2%80%931986)" title="History of Uganda (1979–1986)">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda since 1986</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Uganda" title="Coat of arms of Uganda"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_arms_of_Uganda.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_arms_of_Uganda.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_arms_of_Uganda.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="549" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uganda" title="Geography of Uganda">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Uganda" title="List of cities and towns in Uganda">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Uganda" title="Conservation in Uganda">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Uganda" title="List of lakes of Uganda">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Uganda" title="Category:Mountains of Uganda">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Protected_Areas_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Protected Areas in Uganda">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Uganda" title="List of rivers of Uganda">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Uganda" title="Wildlife of Uganda">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Uganda" title="Politics of Uganda">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Uganda" title="Administrative divisions of Uganda">Administrative divisions</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Uganda" title="Constitution of Uganda">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Uganda" title="Corruption in Uganda">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Uganda" title="Elections in Uganda">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Uganda" title="Foreign relations of Uganda">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_Uganda" title="Category:Government of Uganda">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Uganda" title="President of Uganda">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Uganda" title="Prime Minister of Uganda">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Uganda" title="Cabinet of Uganda">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Uganda" title="Human rights in Uganda">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Uganda" title="Intersex rights in Uganda">Intersex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Uganda">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defence_Force" title="Uganda People's Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Police_Force" title="Uganda Police Force">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Uganda" title="List of political parties in Uganda">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rebel_groups_in_Uganda" title="Category:Rebel groups in Uganda">Rebel groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uganda" title="Economy of Uganda">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Uganda" title="Agriculture in Uganda">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Uganda" title="Banking in Uganda">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Uganda" title="Bank of Uganda">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Uganda" title="Conservation in Uganda">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Uganda" title="Energy in Uganda">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Uganda">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Uganda" title="Forestry in Uganda">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Uganda" title="Poverty in Uganda">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_shilling" title="Ugandan shilling">Shilling <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Securities_Exchange" title="Uganda Securities Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Uganda">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Uganda" title="Tourism in Uganda">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Uganda" title="Trade unions in Uganda">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Uganda" title="Transport in Uganda">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Uganda" title="Category:Society of Uganda">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Uganda" title="Abortion in Uganda">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Uganda" title="Climate change in Uganda">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Uganda" title="Demographics of Uganda">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Uganda" title="Domestic violence in Uganda">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uganda" title="Education in Uganda">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Uganda" title="Health in Uganda">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Uganda" title="Human trafficking in Uganda">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Uganda" title="Languages of Uganda">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Uganda" title="Polygamy in Uganda">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Uganda" title="Prostitution in Uganda">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Uganda" title="Squatting in Uganda">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Uganda" title="Terrorism in Uganda">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Uganda" title="Water supply and sanitation in Uganda">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uganda" title="Women in Uganda">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Uganda" title="Youth in Uganda">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Uganda" title="Culture of Uganda">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uganda" title="Cinema of Uganda">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_cuisine" title="Ugandan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomesi" title="Gomesi"><i>Gomesi</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(dress)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanzu" title="Kanzu"><i>Kanzu</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(robe)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Uganda">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uganda" title="Music of Uganda">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Uganda" title="Public holidays in Uganda">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Uganda">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Uganda" title="Outline of Uganda">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Uganda-related_articles" title="Index of Uganda-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Uganda" title="Category:Uganda">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Uganda" title="Portal:Uganda">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Legend</span></dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd><b>Current territory</b></dd> <dd>*Current <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd><sup>†</sup>Current member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></b> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> 1542–1800 <span style="font-size:85%;">(integrated into the UK)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a><sup>13</sup> 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a><sup>15</sup> 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a><sup>12</sup> 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><sup>14</sup> 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a><sup>13</sup> 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>12</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><sup>13</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li><sup>15</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></b> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)<sup>26</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a><sup>18</sup> 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a><sup>19</sup> 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a><sup>19</sup> 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>18</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><sup>19</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li><sup>26</sup>Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></b> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></b> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></b> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">MassachusettsBay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></b> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></b> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></b> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a><sup>21</sup> 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></b> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a><sup>22</sup> 1892–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a><sup>20</sup> 1900–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>20</sup>Now part of the <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li><sup>21</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><sup>22</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and <sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a><sup>4</sup> 1670–1688</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1833</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>4</sup>Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><sup>5</sup>Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b> since 1833</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>)</span> 1841–1933</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>)</span> 1841–1947</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></b><sup>24</sup> since 1908</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>25</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>23</sup>Since 2009 part of <b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></b>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li><sup>24</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li><sup>25</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> culture</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1097943#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td 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id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Uganda_Protectorate" title="Category:Uganda Protectorate">Uganda Protectorate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_British_colonies_and_protectorates_in_Africa" title="Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa">Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1894" title="Category:States and territories established in 1894">States and territories established in 1894</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_1962" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in 1962">States and territories disestablished in 1962</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1894_establishments_in_Uganda" title="Category:1894 establishments in Uganda">1894 establishments in Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1962_disestablishments_in_Uganda" title="Category:1962 disestablishments in Uganda">1962 disestablishments in Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1894_establishments_in_the_British_Empire" title="Category:1894 establishments in the British Empire">1894 establishments in the British Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1962_disestablishments_in_the_British_Empire" title="Category:1962 disestablishments in the British Empire">1962 disestablishments in the British Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Africa_Protectorate" title="Category:East Africa Protectorate">East Africa Protectorate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th_century_in_Uganda" title="Category:19th century in Uganda">19th century in Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th_century_in_Uganda" title="Category:20th century in Uganda">20th century in Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Uganda_and_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" 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