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<div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rochester, New York (disambiguation)">Rochester, New York (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>Rochester (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈrɒtʃɛstər, -ɪs-/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ROCH-ess-tər, -⁠iss-</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/City_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="City (New York)">city</a> in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and the <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_New_York" title="Monroe County, New York">Monroe County</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_New_York" title="List of municipalities in New York">fourth-most populous city</a> and 10th most-populated municipality<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> in New York, with a population of 211,328 at the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The city forms the core of the larger <a href="/wiki/Rochester_metropolitan_area,_New_York" title="Rochester metropolitan area, New York">Rochester metropolitan area</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_New_York" title="Western New York">Western New York</a>, with a population of just over 1 million residents. Throughout its history, Rochester has acquired several nicknames based on local industries; it has been known as "<a href="/wiki/History_of_Rochester,_New_York#Rochesterville_and_The_Flour_City" title="History of Rochester, New York">the Flour City</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/History_of_Rochester,_New_York#The_Flower_City" title="History of Rochester, New York">the Flower City</a>" for its dual role in flour production and floriculture,<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a> and as the "Imaging Capital of the World" for its association with film, optics, and photography.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Rochester</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="City (New York)">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Downtown_Rochester%2C_NY_HDR_by_patrickashley.jpg/288px-Downtown_Rochester%2C_NY_HDR_by_patrickashley.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Downtown_Rochester%2C_NY_HDR_by_patrickashley.jpg/432px-Downtown_Rochester%2C_NY_HDR_by_patrickashley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Downtown_Rochester%2C_NY_HDR_by_patrickashley.jpg/576px-Downtown_Rochester%2C_NY_HDR_by_patrickashley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Rochester" title="Downtown Rochester">Downtown Rochester</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:178px;max-width:178px"><div style="height:131px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:RushRheesLibraryOnTheEveOfGraduation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/RushRheesLibraryOnTheEveOfGraduation.jpg/176px-RushRheesLibraryOnTheEveOfGraduation.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/RushRheesLibraryOnTheEveOfGraduation.jpg/264px-RushRheesLibraryOnTheEveOfGraduation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/RushRheesLibraryOnTheEveOfGraduation.jpg/352px-RushRheesLibraryOnTheEveOfGraduation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:110px;max-width:110px"><div style="height:131px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:2._Grove_Place.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/2._Grove_Place.jpg/108px-2._Grove_Place.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/2._Grove_Place.jpg/162px-2._Grove_Place.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/2._Grove_Place.jpg/216px-2._Grove_Place.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1856" data-file-height="2260"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Grove_Place_Historic_District" title="Grove Place Historic District">Grove Place</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Building_on_George_Eastman_House_Grounds_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Building_on_George_Eastman_House_Grounds_03.jpg/153px-Building_on_George_Eastman_House_Grounds_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Building_on_George_Eastman_House_Grounds_03.jpg/230px-Building_on_George_Eastman_House_Grounds_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Building_on_George_Eastman_House_Grounds_03.jpg/306px-Building_on_George_Eastman_House_Grounds_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3763" data-file-height="2402"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/George_Eastman_Museum" title="George Eastman Museum">George Eastman Museum</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_Art_Gallery_main_entrance.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Memorial_Art_Gallery_main_entrance.JPG/131px-Memorial_Art_Gallery_main_entrance.JPG" decoding="async" width="131" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Memorial_Art_Gallery_main_entrance.JPG/197px-Memorial_Art_Gallery_main_entrance.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Memorial_Art_Gallery_main_entrance.JPG/262px-Memorial_Art_Gallery_main_entrance.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Art_Gallery" title="Memorial Art Gallery">Memorial Art Gallery</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div style="height:101px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:External_view_of_Museum_of_Play.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/External_view_of_Museum_of_Play.jpg/135px-External_view_of_Museum_of_Play.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/External_view_of_Museum_of_Play.jpg/203px-External_view_of_Museum_of_Play.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/External_view_of_Museum_of_Play.jpg/270px-External_view_of_Museum_of_Play.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/The_Strong_National_Museum_of_Play" title="The Strong National Museum of Play">The Strong National Museum of Play</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:151px;max-width:151px"><div style="height:101px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:1874_Gate_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/1874_Gate_House.jpg/149px-1874_Gate_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/1874_Gate_House.jpg/224px-1874_Gate_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/1874_Gate_House.jpg/298px-1874_Gate_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4820" data-file-height="3264"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hope_Cemetery_(Rochester)" title="Mount Hope Cemetery (Rochester)">Mount Hope Cemetery</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Rochester,_New_York.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Rochester"><img alt="Flag of Rochester" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_Rochester%2C_New_York.svg/150px-Flag_of_Rochester%2C_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_Rochester%2C_New_York.svg/225px-Flag_of_Rochester%2C_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_Rochester%2C_New_York.svg/300px-Flag_of_Rochester%2C_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="281"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Rochester,_New_York" title="Flag of Rochester, New York">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Rochester,_New_York.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Rochester"><img alt="Official seal of Rochester" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Seal_of_Rochester%2C_New_York.svg/100px-Seal_of_Rochester%2C_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Seal_of_Rochester%2C_New_York.svg/150px-Seal_of_Rochester%2C_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Seal_of_Rochester%2C_New_York.svg/200px-Seal_of_Rochester%2C_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="175"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_Rochester,_New_York.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Rochester"><img alt="Official logo of Rochester" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Logo_of_Rochester%2C_New_York.svg/80px-Logo_of_Rochester%2C_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Logo_of_Rochester%2C_New_York.svg/120px-Logo_of_Rochester%2C_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Logo_of_Rochester%2C_New_York.svg/160px-Logo_of_Rochester%2C_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="267"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Logo</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"The Flour City", "The Flower City", "The World's Image Center"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 290px; height: 290px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="290" data-height="290" data-zoom="10" data-lat="43.1656" data-lon="-77.6114" data-overlays='["_084dd7253c579485b4538c2a917eab7e61bf359d"]' href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/43.1656/-77.6114/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,43.1656,-77.6114,290x290.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Rochester%2C_New_York&revid=1257361361&groups=_084dd7253c579485b4538c2a917eab7e61bf359d" width="290" height="290" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,43.1656,-77.6114,290x290@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Rochester%2C_New_York&revid=1257361361&groups=_084dd7253c579485b4538c2a917eab7e61bf359d 2x" alt="Map"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map outlining Rochester</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_New_York_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rochester is located in New York"><img alt="Rochester is located in New York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/USA_New_York_relief_location_map.svg/250px-USA_New_York_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/USA_New_York_relief_location_map.svg/375px-USA_New_York_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/USA_New_York_relief_location_map.svg/500px-USA_New_York_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1569" data-file-height="1276"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.689%;left:28.722%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Rochester" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Rochester</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of New York</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Rochester is located in the United States"><img alt="Rochester is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/250px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/375px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/500px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.156%;left:78.908%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Rochester" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Rochester</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of the United States</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rochester,_New_York&params=43_09_56_N_77_36_58_W_type:city(219000)_region:US-NY">43°09′56″N 77°36′58″W / 43.16556°N 77.61611°W / 43.16556; -77.61611</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Western_New_York" title="Western New York">Western New York</a>; <a href="/wiki/Genesee_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesee Valley">Genesee Valley</a>; <a href="/wiki/Finger_Lakes" title="Finger Lakes">Finger Lakes Region</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Metro</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rochester_metropolitan_area,_New_York" title="Rochester metropolitan area, New York">Rochester metropolitan area</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_New_York" title="List of counties in New York">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_New_York" title="Monroe County, New York">Monroe</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1788; 236 years ago (1788)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated (village)</th><td class="infobox-data">March 21, 1817; 207 years ago (1817-03-21) (as Rochesterville)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated (city)</th><td class="infobox-data">April 28, 1834; 190 years ago (1834-04-28)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Rochester" title="Nathaniel Rochester">Nathaniel Rochester</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor–council">Mayor–council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Rochester,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Rochester, New York">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malik_Evans" title="Malik Evans">Malik Evans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • City council</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding: 0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left;display:none;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">At-Large Members</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">President:</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Miguel Meléndez (D)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">East District - Vice President:</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Mary Lupien (D)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Other At-Large:</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Wilie Lightfoot (D)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Mitchell D. Gruber (D)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Stanley Martin (D)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Kim Smith (D)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Northeast District:</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Michael A. Patterson (D)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">South District:</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• LaShay Harris (D)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Northwest District:</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Jose Peo (D)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-TigerWebMapServer-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/City_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="City (New York)">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">37.17 sq mi (96.27 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">35.76 sq mi (92.62 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">1.41 sq mi (3.65 km2) 3.6%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">702 ft (214 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">230 ft (70 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 United States Census">2020</a>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/City_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="City (New York)">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">211,328</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">108th</a> NY: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_York_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in New York (state)">4th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">5,909.45/sq mi (2,281.62/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">704,327 (US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">62nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,413.5/sq mi (931.9/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,067,486 (US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Metropolitan_Statistical_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas">52nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Rochesterian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC−05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00" title="UTC−04:00">UTC−04:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ZIP_code" class="mw-redirect" title="ZIP code">ZIP codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">146xx (14604=downtown)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Numbering_Plan" title="North American Numbering Plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_code_585" title="Area code 585">585</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standards" title="Federal Information Processing Standards">FIPS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">36-63000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">GNIS</a> feature ID</th><td class="infobox-data">979426<a href="#cite_note-gnis-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityofrochester.gov">cityofrochester.gov</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The city was one of the United States' first <a href="/wiki/Boomtown" title="Boomtown">boomtowns</a>, initially due to the fertile <a href="/wiki/Genesee_River" title="Genesee River">Genesee River</a> valley which gave rise to numerous flour mills, and then as a manufacturing center, which spurred further rapid population growth.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Rochester has also played a key part in US history as a hub for social and political movements, especially <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolitionism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Suffrage in the United States">women's rights movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Rochester is the birthplace and/or home of many notable companies including <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Kodak" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastman Kodak">Eastman Kodak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bausch_%26_Lomb" title="Bausch & Lomb">Bausch & Lomb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wegmans" title="Wegmans">Wegmans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gannett" title="Gannett">Gannett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paychex" title="Paychex">Paychex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a>, and the region became a global center for science, technology, and research and development. This has been aided by the presence of several internationally renowned universities, notably the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Institute_of_Technology" title="Rochester Institute of Technology">Rochester Institute of Technology</a>, and their research programs; these schools, along with many other smaller colleges, have played an increasingly large role in its economy.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The city experienced significant population decline due to <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">deindustrialization</a> in the late 20th century, although less severely than its <a href="/wiki/Rust_Belt" title="Rust Belt">Rust Belt</a> peers. The Rochester metropolitan area is the third-largest regional economy in New York, after <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buffalo%E2%80%93Niagara_Falls_metropolitan_area" title="Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area">Buffalo-Niagara Falls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Rochester is also known for its culture; in particular, the <a href="/wiki/Eastman_School_of_Music" title="Eastman School of Music">Eastman School of Music</a>, one of the most prestigious conservatories in the world, and the <a href="/wiki/Rochester_International_Jazz_Festival" title="Rochester International Jazz Festival">Rochester International Jazz Festival</a> anchor a vibrant music industry.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> It is the site of several museums such as <a href="/wiki/The_Strong" title="The Strong">The Strong National Museum of Play</a> and the <a href="/wiki/George_Eastman_Museum" title="George Eastman Museum">George Eastman Museum</a>, which houses the oldest photography collection in the world.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Nineteenth_century">1.1 Nineteenth century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Twentieth_century">1.2 Twentieth century</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Geography">2 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Neighborhoods">2.1 Neighborhoods</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#19th_Ward">2.1.1 19th Ward</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Browncroft">2.1.2 Browncroft</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Charlotte">2.1.3 Charlotte</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Corn_Hill">2.1.4 Corn Hill</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Edgerton">2.1.5 Edgerton</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Maplewood">2.1.6 Maplewood</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Marketview_Heights">2.1.7 Marketview Heights</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Park_Avenue">2.1.8 Park Avenue</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#South_Wedge">2.1.9 South Wedge</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Climate">2.2 Climate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Demographics">3 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#2020_census">3.1 2020 census</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Economy">4 Economy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Arts_and_culture">5 Arts and culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Architecture">5.1 Architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Museums">5.2 Museums</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Festivals">5.3 Festivals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Cuisine">5.4 Cuisine</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Sports">6 Sports</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Professional_sports">6.1 Professional sports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Collegiate">6.2 Collegiate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Parks_and_recreation">7 Parks and recreation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Government">8 Government</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Federal_representation">8.1 Federal representation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#State_representation">8.2 State representation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#County_representation">8.3 County representation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Courts">8.4 Courts</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#Rochester_City_Court">8.4.1 Rochester City Court</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Education">9 Education</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Primary_and_secondary_education">9.1 Primary and secondary education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Colleges_and_universities">9.2 Colleges and universities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Libraries">9.3 Libraries</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Media">10 Media</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#Infrastructure">11 Infrastructure</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Transportation">11.1 Transportation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-41"><a href="#Maritime">11.1.1 Maritime</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-42"><a href="#Air">11.1.2 Air</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-43"><a href="#Rails_and_mass_transit">11.1.3 Rails and mass transit</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-44"><a href="#Major_highways_and_roads">11.1.4 Major highways and roads</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Public_safety">11.2 Public safety</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Healthcare">11.3 Healthcare</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#Notable_people">12 Notable people</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#Sister_cities">13 Sister cities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="#See_also">14 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="#Notes">15 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="#References">16 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-52"><a href="#Further_reading">17 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-53"><a href="#External_links">18 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Rochester,_New_York" title="History of Rochester, New York">History of Rochester, New York</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nineteenth_century">Nineteenth century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nineteenth century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a> tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquois Confederacy">Iroquois Confederacy</a> lived around Rochester prior to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, and used the area as a hunting ground.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Allied with the British, the Seneca were forced to cede or sell most of their land in New York after the war. The area now occupied by Rochester was ceded in the <a href="/wiki/Phelps_and_Gorham_Purchase" title="Phelps and Gorham Purchase">Phelps and Gorham Purchase</a> of 1788. As a reward for their loyalty to the British crown, the Iroquois were given a large <a href="/wiki/Haldimand_Proclamation" title="Haldimand Proclamation">land grant</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Grand_River_(Ontario)" title="Grand River (Ontario)">Grand River</a> in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Rochester was founded shortly after by a wave of English-Puritan-descended immigrants from <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, who were looking for new agricultural land. They were the dominant cultural group in Rochester for over a century.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> On November 8, 1803, three men from <a href="/wiki/Hagerstown,_Maryland" title="Hagerstown, Maryland">Hagerstown, Maryland</a>, purchased a 100-acre (40-<a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">ha</a>) tract from <a href="/wiki/The_Pulteney_Association" title="The Pulteney Association">the Pulteney Estate</a> along the Genesee River: Major Charles Carroll, Colonel William Fitzhugh Jr, and Colonel <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Rochester" title="Nathaniel Rochester">Nathaniel Rochester</a>, the namesake of the city. They chose the site because its three <a href="/wiki/Waterfall#Types_of_waterfalls" title="Waterfall">cataracts</a> on the Genesee offered great potential for water power. Beginning in 1811, and with a population of 15, the three founders surveyed the land and laid out streets and tracts.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 1817, the Brown brothers and other landowners joined their lands with the Hundred Acre Tract to form the village of Rochesterville. This name was unpopular, and in 1822 it was shortened to Rochester.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> By 1821, Rochesterville became the seat of Monroe County.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In 1823, the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a> aqueduct over the Genesee River was completed, connecting the city to the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> to the east.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> New commerce from the canal turned the village into America's first <a href="/wiki/Boomtown" title="Boomtown">boomtown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> By 1830, Rochester's population had grown to 9,200,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> and in 1834, it was rechartered as a city.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Rochester was first known as "the Young Lion of the West", and then as the "Flour City". By 1838, it was the largest flour-producing city in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a> A series of religious revivals occurred in the as part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a>, including a particularly notable revival led by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grandison_Finney" title="Charles Grandison Finney">Charles Grandison Finney</a> which inspired local social reform movements.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> During the mid-19th century, as the center of the wheat-processing industry moved west with population and agriculture, the city became home to an expanding <a href="/wiki/Plant_nursery" title="Plant nursery">nursery</a> business, giving rise to the city's second nickname, the Flower City. Nurseries ringed the city, the most famous of which was started in 1840 by immigrants <a href="/wiki/George_Ellwanger" title="George Ellwanger">George Ellwanger</a> from Germany and <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Barry_(horticulturist)" title="Patrick Barry (horticulturist)">Patrick Barry</a> from Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoemaking" title="Shoemaking">Shoemaking</a> also became a major local industry as the city began to industrialize.<a href="#cite_note-industry-28">[28]</a> In 1847, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> founded <a href="/wiki/The_North_Star_(anti-slavery_newspaper)" title="The North Star (anti-slavery newspaper)">The North Star</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> newspaper, in Rochester. A former slave and an antislavery speaker and writer, he gained a circulation of over 4,000 readers in the United States, Europe, and the Caribbean.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Douglass lived in Rochester until his home was destroyed in a fire in 1872, and a historical marker was erected at the site on South Avenue.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Many other prominent abolitionists operated in the area and operated on the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_James_(minister)" title="Thomas James (minister)">Thomas James</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austin_Steward" title="Austin Steward">Austin Steward</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Around the same time, the nearby Finger Lakes region was the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">women's suffrage movement</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">critical suffragettes' convention</a> was held in 1848 in nearby Seneca Falls, and Rochester was the home of <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a> along with other notable Suffragettes such as <a href="/wiki/Abigail_Bush" title="Abigail Bush">Abigail Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amy_Post" title="Amy Post">Amy Post</a>. The city itself played host to the <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Women%27s_Rights_Convention_of_1848" title="Rochester Women's Rights Convention of 1848">Rochester Women's Rights Convention of 1848</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, in 1920, which guaranteed the right of women to vote, was known as the Susan B. Anthony Amendment because of her work toward its passage, which she did not live to see.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Anthony's home is a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_House" title="Susan B. Anthony House">National Susan B. Anthony Museum and House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twentieth_century">Twentieth century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Twentieth century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Rochester saw an expansion of new industries in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Irish immigrant James Cunningham founded the <a href="/wiki/Carriagemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Carriagemaker">carriagemaker</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Cunningham,_Son_and_Company" title="James Cunningham, Son and Company">James Cunningham, Son and Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> James Cunningham and Sons later founded the <a href="/wiki/Cunningham_Car_Company" title="Cunningham Car Company">Cunningham Car Company</a>, a pioneer automobile maker.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> German immigrants <a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Bausch" title="John Jacob Bausch">John Jacob Bausch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lomb" title="Henry Lomb">Henry Lomb</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Bausch_%26_Lomb" title="Bausch & Lomb">Bausch & Lomb</a> in 1861 and inventor and entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/George_Eastman" title="George Eastman">George Eastman</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Kodak" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastman Kodak">Eastman Kodak</a> in 1892. <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a> was founded in Rochester in 1906 as the Haloid Company.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In the early 20th century, Rochester became a center of the garment industry, particularly men's fashions. It was the base of <a href="/wiki/Bond_Clothing_Stores" title="Bond Clothing Stores">Bond Clothing Stores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fashion_Park_Clothes" title="Fashion Park Clothes">Fashion Park Clothes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hickey_Freeman" title="Hickey Freeman">Hickey Freeman</a>, and Stein-Bloch and Co.<a href="#cite_note-industry-28">[28]</a> The Erie Canal was rerouted south of Rochester by 1918 to allow widening as part of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Barge_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Barge Canal">Barge Canal</a>'s construction.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The short-lived <a href="/wiki/Rochester_subway" title="Rochester subway">Rochester subway</a> was constructed in the abandoned canal bed and operated from 1927 to 1956.<a href="#cite_note-subway-39">[39]</a> The dawn of the 20th century in Rochester saw rapid growth, driven by waves of immigrants arriving from Germany, Italy, Poland, and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The city also grew in area, annexing suburban neighborhoods from the surrounding towns to arrive at its present borders.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The population reached 62,386 in 1870, 162,608 in 1900, and 295,750 in 1920. By 1950, the population had reached a high of 332,488.<a href="#cite_note-census1-42">[42]</a> The surge in new arrivals, along with increased <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>, resulted in the city becoming a hotbed of labor activism.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> From the 1920s and continuing into the post-war era Rochester grew into a power center for newly formed industrial unions.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> It was one of the very few American cities where the labor movement was powerful enough to mount a successful <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> when in 1946 an estimated 50,000 workers across multiple sectors walked off in support of hundreds of city employees who had been fired for attempting to unionize.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rochester_Downtown_-_Late_1930s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Rochester_Downtown_-_Late_1930s.jpg/220px-Rochester_Downtown_-_Late_1930s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="420"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Rochester_Downtown_-_Late_1930s.jpg/220px-Rochester_Downtown_-_Late_1930s.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Rochester_Downtown_-_Late_1930s.jpg/330px-Rochester_Downtown_-_Late_1930s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Rochester_Downtown_-_Late_1930s.jpg/440px-Rochester_Downtown_-_Late_1930s.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Rochester in the late 1930s</figcaption></figure> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Rochester factories produced a variety of goods for the war effort, including fuel tanker ships, optical equipment, and radio proximity fuses, amounting to <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>1,200,000,000 of military orders.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Following the war, the city began engaging in <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">urban renewal</a> projects to revitalize downtown, including the construction of <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Plaza_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="Midtown Plaza (Rochester, New York)">Midtown Plaza</a> and freeways like the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Loop_(Rochester)" title="Inner Loop (Rochester)">Inner Loop</a>, and the demolition of the Front Street neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> By the 1970s, the city experienced highway revolts against new projects,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> and in the 2010s, the city began filling in the Inner Loop to restore older neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In 1950, the Census Bureau reported Rochester's population as 97.6% White and 2.3% Black.<a href="#cite_note-census1-42">[42]</a> Rochester's black population tripled to more than 25,000 during the 1950s. Casually employed by the city's major industries, most African Americans in the city held low-pay and low-skill jobs, and lived in substandard housing. Discontent exploded in the three-day <a href="/wiki/1964_Rochester_race_riot" title="1964 Rochester race riot">1964 Rochester race riot</a>, which resulted in five deaths, 350 injuries, nearly a thousand arrests, and 204 stores looted or damaged.<a href="#cite_note-Goodman_2014-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In the wake of the riot, the Rochester Area Churches, together with black civil rights leaders, invited <a href="/wiki/Saul_Alinsky" title="Saul Alinsky">Saul Alinsky</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Areas_Foundation" title="Industrial Areas Foundation">Industrial Areas Foundation</a> to help the community organize. With the Reverend <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Florence" title="Franklin Florence">Franklin Florence</a>, they established FIGHT (Freedom, Integration, God, Honor, Today), which successfully brought pressure to bear on Eastman Kodak to help open up employment and city governance.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> With industrial restructuring in the later 20th century, Rochester's manufacturing workforce shrank.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Kodak, long the city's largest employer, conducted massive layoffs prior to a 2012 bankruptcy. By 2022, the city's population had declined to 209,352 (although the metropolitan area was considerably larger) with 45.1% recorded as White and 38.4% as Black or African American.<a href="#cite_note-census2018-56">[56]</a> Although the total population declined, new arrivals continued to move to the city and change its demographic profile. Thousands of Puerto Ricans moved to the city after World War II,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> and the city became a major destination for refugees in the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GeneseeMist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/GeneseeMist.jpg/220px-GeneseeMist.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/GeneseeMist.jpg/220px-GeneseeMist.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/GeneseeMist.jpg/330px-GeneseeMist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/GeneseeMist.jpg/440px-GeneseeMist.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Genesee_River" title="Genesee River">Genesee River</a> in 2013</figcaption></figure> Rochester is located in <a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">Upstate New York</a>,<a href="#cite_note-GR1-59">[59]</a> on the southern shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Genesee_River" title="Genesee River">Genesee River</a> bisects the city. According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, the city has a total area of 37.1 square miles (96 km2), of which 35.8 square miles (93 km2) are land and 1.3 square miles (3.4 km2) are covered by water (3.42%).<a href="#cite_note-TigerWebMapServer-1">[1]</a> Rochester borders the towns of <a href="/wiki/Irondequoit,_New_York" title="Irondequoit, New York">Irondequoit</a> to the north and northeast, <a href="/wiki/Brighton,_Monroe_County,_New_York" title="Brighton, Monroe County, New York">Brighton</a> to the southeast and south, <a href="/wiki/Chili,_New_York" title="Chili, New York">Chili</a> to the southwest, <a href="/wiki/Gates,_New_York" title="Gates, New York">Gates</a> to the west, and <a href="/wiki/Greece,_New_York" title="Greece, New York">Greece</a> to the northwest. Rochester's landscape was formed by the <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheets</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> epoch. The retreating ice sheets reached a standstill at what is now the southern border of the city, melting at the same rate as they were advancing, depositing sediment along the southern edge of the ice mass. This created a line of hills, including (from west to east) Mt. Hope, the hills of Highland Park, Pinnacle Hill, and Cobb's Hill. Because the sediment of these hills was deposited into a proglacial lake, they are stratified and classified as a "<a href="/wiki/Kame" title="Kame">kame delta</a>". A brief retreat and readvance of the ice sheet onto the delta deposited unstratified material there, creating a rare hybrid structure called "<a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">kame moraine</a>".<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-61">[61]</a> The ice sheets also created Lake Ontario, the <a href="/wiki/Glacial_geology_of_the_Genesee_River" title="Glacial geology of the Genesee River">Genesee River</a> with its waterfalls and <a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">gorges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irondequoit_Bay" title="Irondequoit Bay">Irondequoit Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodus_Bay" title="Sodus Bay">Sodus Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Braddock_Bay" title="Braddock Bay">Braddock Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mendon_Ponds_Park" title="Mendon Ponds Park">Mendon Ponds</a>, numerous local streams and ponds, <a href="/wiki/Ridge_Road_(Western_New_York)" title="Ridge Road (Western New York)">the Ridge</a>, and the nearby <a href="/wiki/Finger_Lakes" title="Finger Lakes">Finger Lakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-61">[61]</a> Water to the city is sourced from <a href="/wiki/Hemlock_Lake" title="Hemlock Lake">Hemlock Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadice_Lake" title="Canadice Lake">Canadice Lake</a>, and Lake Ontario.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Neighborhoods" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Celebrate City Living, a partnership program between the city government and Rochester Coalition for Neighborhood Living, defines 35 neighborhoods in Rochester. Among these are the 14621 Community, 19th Ward, Beechwood, Browncroft, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Rochester,_New_York" title="Charlotte, Rochester, New York">Charlotte</a>, Cobbs Hill, Corn Hill, <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Rochester" title="Downtown Rochester">downtown Rochester</a>, Dutchtown, <a href="/wiki/Edgerton_(neighborhood)" title="Edgerton (neighborhood)">Edgerton</a>, EMMA (East Main, Mustard & Atlantic Avenue), High Falls, Highland Park, Homestead Heights, JOSANA (Jay-Orchard Street Area), Lincoln Park, Lyell-Otis, Maplewood, Marketview Heights, Mayor's Heights, Monroe Village, NOTA (Neighborhood of the Arts), North Winton Village, Northland-Lyceum, Park Avenue, Plymouth-Exchange, South Wedge, Susan B. Anthony, Swillburg, Upper Falls, Upper Monroe, and Upper Mount Hope.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:RochesterSkyline2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Center City and the Frederick Douglass–Susan B. Anthony Memorial Bridge"><noscript><img alt="Center City and the Frederick Douglass–Susan B. Anthony Memorial Bridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/RochesterSkyline2017.jpg/225px-RochesterSkyline2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4978" data-file-height="3982"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/RochesterSkyline2017.jpg/225px-RochesterSkyline2017.jpg" data-alt="Center City and the Frederick Douglass–Susan B. Anthony Memorial Bridge" data-width="150" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/RochesterSkyline2017.jpg/338px-RochesterSkyline2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/RochesterSkyline2017.jpg/450px-RochesterSkyline2017.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Center City and the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass%E2%80%93Susan_B._Anthony_Memorial_Bridge" title="Frederick Douglass–Susan B. Anthony Memorial Bridge">Frederick Douglass–Susan B. Anthony Memorial Bridge</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Corn_Hill_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Townhouses in Corn Hill"><noscript><img alt="Townhouses in Corn Hill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Corn_Hill_2.jpg/157px-Corn_Hill_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1930" data-file-height="2210"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 105px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Corn_Hill_2.jpg/157px-Corn_Hill_2.jpg" data-alt="Townhouses in Corn Hill" data-width="105" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Corn_Hill_2.jpg/236px-Corn_Hill_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Corn_Hill_2.jpg/314px-Corn_Hill_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Townhouses in Corn Hill</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxford_Street_Homes_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oxford Street Houses"><noscript><img alt="Oxford Street Houses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Oxford_Street_Homes_1.jpg/309px-Oxford_Street_Homes_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2584" data-file-height="1508"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 206px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Oxford_Street_Homes_1.jpg/309px-Oxford_Street_Homes_1.jpg" data-alt="Oxford Street Houses" data-width="206" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Oxford_Street_Homes_1.jpg/463px-Oxford_Street_Homes_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Oxford_Street_Homes_1.jpg/617px-Oxford_Street_Homes_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Oxford Street Houses</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Park_and_Oxford_Intersection.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Park and Oxford"><noscript><img alt="Park and Oxford" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Park_and_Oxford_Intersection.jpg/336px-Park_and_Oxford_Intersection.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1392"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 224px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Park_and_Oxford_Intersection.jpg/336px-Park_and_Oxford_Intersection.jpg" data-alt="Park and Oxford" data-width="224" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Park_and_Oxford_Intersection.jpg/503px-Park_and_Oxford_Intersection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Park_and_Oxford_Intersection.jpg/671px-Park_and_Oxford_Intersection.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Park and Oxford</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><a href="/wiki/File:EastEndApartments.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apartments in Rochester's East End"><noscript><img alt="Apartments in Rochester's East End" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/EastEndApartments.jpg/120px-EastEndApartments.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/EastEndApartments.jpg/120px-EastEndApartments.jpg" data-alt="Apartments in Rochester's East End" data-width="80" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/EastEndApartments.jpg/179px-EastEndApartments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/EastEndApartments.jpg/239px-EastEndApartments.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Apartments in Rochester's East End</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rochouse_wintercolours_(8458281227).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Houses on Park Avenue"><noscript><img alt="Houses on Park Avenue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Rochouse_wintercolours_%288458281227%29.jpg/331px-Rochouse_wintercolours_%288458281227%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3261" data-file-height="1773"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 221px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Rochouse_wintercolours_%288458281227%29.jpg/331px-Rochouse_wintercolours_%288458281227%29.jpg" data-alt="Houses on Park Avenue" data-width="221" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Rochouse_wintercolours_%288458281227%29.jpg/497px-Rochouse_wintercolours_%288458281227%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Rochouse_wintercolours_%288458281227%29.jpg/663px-Rochouse_wintercolours_%288458281227%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Houses on Park Avenue</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rochester_aerial_aug_17_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An aerial image of the city of Rochester taken in August 2007"><noscript><img alt="An aerial image of the city of Rochester taken in August 2007" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Rochester_aerial_aug_17_2007.jpg/361px-Rochester_aerial_aug_17_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2468" data-file-height="1231"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 241px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Rochester_aerial_aug_17_2007.jpg/361px-Rochester_aerial_aug_17_2007.jpg" data-alt="An aerial image of the city of Rochester taken in August 2007" data-width="241" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Rochester_aerial_aug_17_2007.jpg/542px-Rochester_aerial_aug_17_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Rochester_aerial_aug_17_2007.jpg/722px-Rochester_aerial_aug_17_2007.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An aerial image of the city of Rochester taken in August 2007</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th_Ward">19th Ward</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 19th Ward" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The 19th Ward is a southwest neighborhood bordered by Genesee Street, West Avenue, and the Erie Canal, and is across the river from the University of Rochester. The neighborhood is one of the largest in Rochester.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Now known by its slogan "Urban by Choice",<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> in the early 19th century, the area was known as Castle Town, after Castle Inn, a tavern run by <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a> Isaac Castle. By the early 1820s, however, the area was overshadowed by developments in the north that would become downtown Rochester. Due to a tumultuous bend in the Genesee, the area was home to skilled boatsmen who assisted boats traveling north to Rochester and the area was consequently known during this time as "The Rapids".<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In the 1890s, as Rochester expanded, the area rapidly urbanized. By 1930, it was a booming residential area for doctors, lawyers, and other skilled workers. Homes in the originally upper-class neighborhood typically have gumwood trim, leaded glass, fireplaces, hardwood floors, and open porches. In the 1960s, property values fell as the population of Rochester did, the area experienced <a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">white flight</a> accelerated by school busing, <a href="/wiki/Blockbusting" title="Blockbusting">blockbusting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_riots" title="List of ethnic riots">race riots</a> downtown, and crime increased, with violence, <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">drug use</a>, and neglected property further diminishing property values.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In recent years, neighborhood revitalization has come from the "Brooks Landing" development along the Genesee River.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">Gentrification</a> has occurred in the 19th Ward and adjacent Plymouth-Exchange area from the conversion of housing stock to student housing for the University of Rochester.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Located in the 19th Ward are the <a href="/wiki/Arvine_Heights_Historic_District" title="Arvine Heights Historic District">Arvine Heights Historic District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chili%E2%80%93West_Historic_District" title="Chili–West Historic District">Chili–West Historic District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inglewood_and_Thurston_Historic_District" title="Inglewood and Thurston Historic District">Inglewood and Thurston Historic District</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sibley%E2%80%93Elmdorf_Historic_District" title="Sibley–Elmdorf Historic District">Sibley–Elmdorf Historic District</a>, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<a href="#cite_note-nps-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-nps1-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-nps2-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Browncroft">Browncroft</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Browncroft" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Browncroft neighborhood is built on the former nursery grounds of the Brown Brothers nursery, between the town of Brighton and Winton Road.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Many Tudor and Colonial houses are contained within, and the business district situated on Winton Road has a mix of restaurants and shops.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Browncroft_Historic_District" title="Browncroft Historic District">Browncroft Historic District</a> was listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-nris-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charlotte">Charlotte</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Charlotte" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RocNightAqueduct.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/RocNightAqueduct.jpg/220px-RocNightAqueduct.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1364"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/RocNightAqueduct.jpg/220px-RocNightAqueduct.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/RocNightAqueduct.jpg/330px-RocNightAqueduct.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/RocNightAqueduct.jpg/440px-RocNightAqueduct.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Genesee_River" title="Genesee River">Genesee River</a> and the historic Aqueduct <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Rochester" title="Downtown Rochester">Downtown</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Rochester,_New_York" title="Charlotte, Rochester, New York">Charlotte</a> is a lakefront community in Rochester bordering Lake Ontario. It is home to Ontario Beach Park,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> commonly known as Charlotte Beach, which is a popular summer destination for Rochesterians. A new terminal was built in 2004 for the <a href="/wiki/HSC_Dolphin_Jet" class="mw-redirect" title="HSC Dolphin Jet">Rochester-to-Toronto ferry service</a> and was later sold after the ferry ceased operations in 2005. The Port of Rochester terminal still exists, but multiple attempts by the city to make additions have failed since 2016.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Corn_Hill">Corn Hill</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Corn Hill" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Corn Hill is located in the city's old Third Ward, and best known today for the annual Corn Hill arts festival. Many of the city's wealthiest residents lived in the neighborhood during the 19th century, but they relocated to the East End and suburbs after the turn of the century.<a href="#cite_note-cornhill-81">[81]</a> The neighborhood experienced decline, and much of the Third Ward was demolished for the construction of I-490 in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Revival began in the late 1960s, as several of the Victorian homes in the neighborhood were restored by the Genesee Landmarks Foundation. In 1969 the Corn Hill arts festival was held and became an annual feature.<a href="#cite_note-cornhill-81">[81]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Third_Ward_Historic_District_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="Third Ward Historic District (Rochester, New York)">Third Ward Historic District</a> was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-nris-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Edgerton">Edgerton</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Edgerton" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Edgerton_(neighborhood)" title="Edgerton (neighborhood)">Edgerton</a> neighborhood is in the city's northwest quadrant, along Lake Avenue.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Historically an Italian-American neighborhood, the area around Lyell Avenue has been a target for the formation of a designated Little Italy neighborhood, although few Italian Americans live there today.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-86">[86]</a> The neighborhood is known for struggling with a high crime rate. Residents have pursued a number of strategies to improve the neighborhood in recent years, including the construction of housing for the homeless.<a href="#cite_note-:5-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The neighborhood features Edgerton Park, which was once home to most of the city's professional sports teams.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maplewood">Maplewood</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Maplewood" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RidgeRdRochesterNY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/RidgeRdRochesterNY.jpg/220px-RidgeRdRochesterNY.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/RidgeRdRochesterNY.jpg/220px-RidgeRdRochesterNY.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/RidgeRdRochesterNY.jpg/330px-RidgeRdRochesterNY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/RidgeRdRochesterNY.jpg/440px-RidgeRdRochesterNY.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A commercial part of Ridge Road in Maplewood</figcaption></figure> Maplewood is located in the northwest quadrant, centered around Lake Avenue and Maplewood Park. <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Business_Park" title="Eastman Business Park">Eastman Business Park</a> is located on its north edge. The neighborhood once contained both mansions for the wealthy and worker housing for nearby factories like Kodak's.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Many of the neighborhood's old mansions have been converted to multi-family housing.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Due to its diverse architectural heritage, the <a href="/wiki/Maplewood_Historic_District" title="Maplewood Historic District">Maplewood Historic District</a> was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-nris-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marketview_Heights">Marketview Heights</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Marketview Heights" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Marketview Heights neighborhood is northeast of downtown Rochester, running east from Union Street just north of Atlantic Ave.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> It is best known as the location of the Public Market, which first opened in 1905 and offers a variety of groceries and other goods from farms and shops from surrounding areas, primarily on the weekends.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In the late twentieth century, the neighborhood experienced a severe decline, and roughly half of residents lived below the poverty line in 2000. Public investment was made in the neighborhood after 2008 to implement a number of community proposals.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> A second round of proposals are being explored currently for the planned removal of the Inner Loop in the southern end of the neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Park_Avenue">Park Avenue</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Park Avenue" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Park Avenue is centered on the eponymous street southeast of downtown. It originally functioned as a service street with businesses that catered to wealthy residents who lived on nearby East Avenue.<a href="#cite_note-parkavenue-96">[96]</a> Between 1894 and 1975, it was also home to Park Avenue Hospital.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Today, the neighborhood is one of the most desirable in the city, highly valued for its walkability and density of bars, clubs, and restaurants.<a href="#cite_note-parkavenue-96">[96]</a> The city's annual pride parade is hosted in the neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The Park Avenue Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Wedge">South Wedge</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: South Wedge" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The South Wedge is a wedge-shaped neighborhood centered on South Avenue between the Genesee River and Interstate 490. It began as the home of several families involved in trades on the Erie Canal. In the 1840s, the Ellwanger and Barry nursery was built on South Avenue, introducing greenery to the neighborhood and drawing tourists. Frederick Douglass lived in a house in the neighborhood. The area fell on hard times after World War II, when residents moved to the suburbs and several homes and businesses were abandoned. The South Wedge Planning Committee was established in 1973 to revitalize the neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Today, the neighborhood is a hub of small businesses.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The <a href="/wiki/South_Wedge_Historic_District" title="South Wedge Historic District">South Wedge Historic District</a> was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013, and the Gregory Tract Historic District was listed in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-nris-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Rochester lies in the <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> zone (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Dfa)<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> and has four distinct seasons. Winters are cold (temperatures drop to 0 °F (−18 °C) on 4.2 nights annually). Like much of the eastern Great Lakes, Rochester is very cloudy and overcast in winter. Rochester normally receives heavy snow in winter (primarily <a href="/wiki/Lake_effect_snow" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake effect snow">lake effect snow</a> resulting from its location on the southern shores of Lake Ontario), ranking among the snowiest large cities on earth<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> and occasionally setting records for annual snowfall among large US metros.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The 30-year annual average snowfall is just above 100 in (2.5 m).<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-105">[105]</a> Spring sees plentiful rain with the rising temperatures, and occasional late snowstorms depending on the year. Summers are warm and sunny; there are occasional short periods of high heat and humidity but in general, Rochester is set apart from most of the continental US by comparatively cool, comfortable summers (ranking among the top five coolest summers among large metros alongside <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>, and neighboring Buffalo<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a>). Autumn features brilliant foliage colors, cooling temperatures and occasionally an excess of rain depending on the year, though precipitation is generally plentiful and dispersed fairly evenly throughout the year. <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Rochester, New York (<a href="/wiki/Greater_Rochester_International_Airport" title="Greater Rochester International Airport">Greater Rochester Int'l</a>), 1991–2020 normals,<a href="#cite_note-107">[a]</a> extremes 1871−present<a href="#cite_note-108">[b]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74 (23) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73 (23) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86 (30) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93 (34) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94 (34) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">100 (38) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">102 (39) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99 (37) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99 (37) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91 (33) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81 (27) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72 (22) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">102 (39) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.2 (14.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.1 (12.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.1 (19.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.9 (26.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.7 (30.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.5 (32.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.1 (33.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.4 (32.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.7 (30.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.0 (26.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.5 (20.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.5 (14.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">93.4 (34.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4 (0.8) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2 (1.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.6 (6.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.5 (13.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.4 (20.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.9 (25.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.5 (28.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.5 (26.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.6 (23.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.2 (16.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.1 (9.5) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.5 (3.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">58.5 (14.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2 (−3.2) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4 (−2.6) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2 (1.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.8 (8.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.8 (14.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.6 (19.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.3 (22.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.7 (21.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.6 (17.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.2 (11.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.5 (5.3) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">49.5 (9.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0 (−7.2) </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6 (−6.9) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8 (−2.9) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.1 (2.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.2 (9.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.4 (14.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.2 (16.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.0 (16.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.6 (12.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.3 (6.3) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0 (1.1) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (−3.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.6 (4.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8 (−18.2) </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 (−17.5) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 (−13.1) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1 (−4.4) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4 (1.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.9 (6.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.7 (10.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.2 (9.6) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.6 (4.2) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7 (−1.3) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6 (−7.4) </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 (−13.5) </td> <td style="background: #7B7BFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−3.7 (−19.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−17 (−27) </td> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−22 (−30) </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9 (−23) </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 (−14) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26 (−3) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35 (2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42 (6) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36 (2) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28 (−2) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19 (−7) </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 (−17) </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−16 (−27) </td> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−22 (−30) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.55 (65) </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.13 (54) </td> <td style="background: #A1FFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.49 (63) </td> <td style="background: #89FF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.99 (76) </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.86 (73) </td> <td style="background: #7AFF7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.37 (86) </td> <td style="background: #78FF78; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.56 (90) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.31 (84) </td> <td style="background: #82FF82; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.18 (81) </td> <td style="background: #84FF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.22 (82) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.76 (70) </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.67 (68) </td> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">35.09 (891) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">27.4 (70) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">23.1 (59) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.9 (45) </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (7.6) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.25) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.25) </td> <td style="background: #0000BA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8.1 (21) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">22.3 (57) </td> <td style="background: #0000B6; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">102.0 (259) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) </th> <td style="background: #0D0DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19.6 </td> <td style="background: #2020FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.4 </td> <td style="background: #4040FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.4 </td> <td style="background: #5454FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.4 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.4 </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #5353FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.9 </td> <td style="background: #4141FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.9 </td> <td style="background: #1F1FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.1 </td> <td style="background: #4E4EFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">168.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) </th> <td style="background: #2525FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.6 </td> <td style="background: #3333FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.0 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 </td> <td style="background: #5858FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.5 </td> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">65.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.0 </td> <td style="background: #8CFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.1 </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.0 </td> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.0 </td> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.2 </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.4 </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.7 </td> <td style="background: #8CFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.3 </td> <td style="background: #88FF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.8 </td> <td style="background: #8CFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.5 </td> <td style="background: #89FF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.3 </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.5 </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">72.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3 (−8.7) </td> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (−8.2) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0 (−3.9) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0 (1.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.1 (7.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.0 (12.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.9 (15.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.7 (15.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.4 (11.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.3 (5.7) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3 (0.7) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8 (−5.1) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.7 (3.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #B0B080; color:#000000;" class="notheme">108.3 </td> <td style="background: #BABA45; color:#000000;" class="notheme">118.1 </td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">177.7 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">216.5 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">266.5 </td> <td style="background: #F0F00F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">297.6 </td> <td style="background: #F1F113; color:#000000;" class="notheme">314.4 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">273.4 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">212.3 </td> <td style="background: #C6C601; color:#000000;" class="notheme">154.4 </td> <td style="background: #999999; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.5 </td> <td style="background: #8D8D8D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.5 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,298.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40 </td> <td style="background: #FBFB2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF70; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">52 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point, and sun 1961–1990)<a href="#cite_note-RochesterNOAA-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_txt-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-RochesterNOAAsun-111">[109]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style>Note</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1810_United_States_census" title="1810 United States census">1810</a></th><td>1,001</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_census" title="1820 United States census">1820</a></th><td>1,502</td><td></td><td>50.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census">1830</a></th><td>9,207</td><td></td><td>513.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">1840</a></th><td>20,191</td><td></td><td>119.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td>36,403</td><td></td><td>80.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td>48,204</td><td></td><td>32.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td>62,386</td><td></td><td>29.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td>89,366</td><td></td><td>43.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>133,896</td><td></td><td>49.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>162,608</td><td></td><td>21.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>218,149</td><td></td><td>34.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>295,750</td><td></td><td>35.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>328,132</td><td></td><td>10.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>324,975</td><td></td><td>−1.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>332,488</td><td></td><td>2.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>318,611</td><td></td><td>−4.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>296,233</td><td></td><td>−7.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>241,741</td><td></td><td>−18.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>231,636</td><td></td><td>−4.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>219,474</td><td></td><td>−5.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>210,565</td><td></td><td>−4.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>211,328</td><td></td><td>0.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2023 (est.)</th><td class="us-census-pop-estimate">207,274</td><td></td><td>−1.9%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote" style="text-align: center">Historical Population Figures<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> U.S. Decennial Census<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> As of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 United States census</a>, the population of Rochester was 211,328. Like most <a href="/wiki/Rust_Belt" title="Rust Belt">Rust Belt</a> cities, the city has experienced a sustained population decline over the last 60 years. In 2020, for the first time in 200 years, Rochester dropped to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in New York">fourth most populous city</a> in the state behind <a href="/wiki/Yonkers,_New_York" title="Yonkers, New York">Yonkers</a>. However, in 2020, an increase in the city's population was reported for the first time since the <a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950 Census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsed collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Historical racial composition</th> <th>2020<a href="#cite_note-census-115">[113]</a></th> <th>2010<a href="#cite_note-census-115">[113]</a></th> <th>1990<a href="#cite_note-census1-42">[42]</a></th> <th>1970<a href="#cite_note-census1-42">[42]</a></th> <th>1950<a href="#cite_note-census1-42">[42]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White</a></td> <td>35%</td> <td>43.7%</td> <td>61.1%</td> <td>82.4%</td> <td>97.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>—Non-Hispanic</td> <td>33%</td> <td>37.6%</td> <td>58.3%</td> <td>80.2%<a href="#cite_note-fifteen-116">[c]</a></td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">Black or African American</a></td> <td>38%</td> <td>41.7%</td> <td>31.5%</td> <td>16.8%</td> <td>2.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (of any race)</td> <td>19.8%</td> <td>16.4%</td> <td>8.7%</td> <td>2.8%<a href="#cite_note-fifteen-116">[c]</a></td> <td>(X) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a></td> <td>3.9%</td> <td>3.1%</td> <td>1.8%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>− </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_census">2020 census</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2020 census" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Rochester city, New York – Racial and ethnic composition <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) </th> <th>Pop 2000<a href="#cite_note-2000CensusP004-117">[114]</a> </th> <th>Pop 2010<a href="#cite_note-2010CensusP2-118">[115]</a> </th> <th style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Pop 2020<a href="#cite_note-2020CensusP2-119">[116]</a> </th> <th>% 2000 </th> <th>% 2010 </th> <th style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">% 2020 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino whites">White</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>97,395 </td> <td>79,178 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">69,792 </td> <td>44.32% </td> <td>37.60% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">33.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans">Black or African American</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>82,267 </td> <td>83,346 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">80,459 </td> <td>37.43% </td> <td>39.58% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">38.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska Native">Alaska Native</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>809 </td> <td>666 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">490 </td> <td>0.37% </td> <td>0.32% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.23% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>4,867 </td> <td>6,350 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">8,403 </td> <td>2.21% </td> <td>3.02% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">3.98% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>61 </td> <td>77 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">62 </td> <td>0.03% </td> <td>0.04% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Some Other Race alone (NH) </td> <td>474 </td> <td>392 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">1,004 </td> <td>0.22% </td> <td>0.19% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.48% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Mixed race or Multiracial</a> (NH) </td> <td>5,868 </td> <td>6,100 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">9,249 </td> <td>2.67% </td> <td>2.90% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">4.38% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (any race) </td> <td>28,032 </td> <td>34,456 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">41,869 </td> <td>12.75% </td> <td>16.36% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">19.81% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>219,773 </td> <td>210,565 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">211,328 </td> <td>100.00% </td> <td>100.00% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">100.00% </td></tr></tbody></table> As of the 2020 Census, 38.0% of Rochester residents were non-Hispanic Black, 33.0% were non-Hispanic White, 19.8% were Hispanic/Latino, 3.9% were Asian, 0.2% were Native American or Pacific Islander, and 5.1% were mixed or other.<a href="#cite_note-Census2020-120">[117]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Race_and_ethnicity_2020_Rochester,_NY.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Race_and_ethnicity_2020_Rochester%2C_NY.png/220px-Race_and_ethnicity_2020_Rochester%2C_NY.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2404"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Race_and_ethnicity_2020_Rochester%2C_NY.png/220px-Race_and_ethnicity_2020_Rochester%2C_NY.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Race_and_ethnicity_2020_Rochester%2C_NY.png/330px-Race_and_ethnicity_2020_Rochester%2C_NY.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Race_and_ethnicity_2020_Rochester%2C_NY.png/440px-Race_and_ethnicity_2020_Rochester%2C_NY.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of racial distribution in Rochester, NY 2020 U.S. Census. Each dot is one person: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>⬤ White <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Black <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Asian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Hispanic <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Multiracial <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Native American/Other</figcaption></figure> In 2020, there were 91,500 households, of which 18.8% were married couples living together, 9.9% were unmarried co-habitating couples, 42.3% had a female householder with no partner present, and 29.0% had a male householder with no partner present. Of all households, 41.3% were made up of individuals, 25.3% had children under 18 living with them, and 9.2% had someone living alone 65 or older. 33.1% of housing units were owner-occupied, and 66.9% were rented. The age distribution was 18.8% under 18, 15.4% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.4% who were 65 or older. The <a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">median age</a> was 32.9. For every 100 females, there were 93.6 males.<a href="#cite_note-Census2020-120">[117]</a> According to 2020 <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a> estimates, The median income for a city household was $37,395, and for a family was $43,873. Males had a median income of $30,379, versus $28,260 for females. The <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">per capita income</a> for the city was $24,916. About 25.5% of families and 30.4% of the population were below the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">poverty line</a>, including 48.2% of those under age 18 and 17.3% of those age 65 or over.<a href="#cite_note-Census2020-120">[117]</a> Although losing population since 1950, over the course of the past 70 years Rochester has become a major center for immigration, particularly for arrivals from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. Rochester had the highest percentage of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Ricans</a> of any major city in the United States in 2013,<a href="#cite_note-factfinder2.census.gov-121">[118]</a> one of the four largest <a href="/wiki/Turkish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish American">Turkish American</a> communities,<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican American">Jamaican American</a> communities in any major U.S. city<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> and a large concentration of <a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish Americans</a> along with nearby Buffalo, New York.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> Rochester's <a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhutanese people">Bhutanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepalis" title="Nepalis">Nepalese</a> communities are among the largest (top 3) in the United States, concentrated primarily in Jones Square and Edgerton with growth fueled by recently arrived migrants and refugees.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> In addition, Rochester was ranked number 9 in the nation for the largest Italian population in the United States in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> Rochester has been reported to have the largest per capita <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">deaf</a> population in the United States by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> because it is home to the <a href="/wiki/National_Technical_Institute_for_the_Deaf" title="National Technical Institute for the Deaf">National Technical Institute for the Deaf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> A 2012 report by the NTID concluded 3.7% of the Rochester metropolitan area is deaf or hard-of-hearing, compared to a national rate of 3.5%.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> Rochester has the largest deaf and hard-of-hearing population per capita when analyzing the working-age population, but may not have the largest per capita deaf population among all cities, due to deafness being much more prevalent in the elderly. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York_metropolitan_area#Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rochester, New York metropolitan area">Rochester, New York metropolitan area § Economy</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:90%; text-align:center; margin:1em;"> <caption>Top private-sector Rochester area employers, 2023 Source: The City of Rochester, New York<a href="#cite_note-2023report-130">[127]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Employer</th> <th>Employees </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a></td> <td>31,940 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Regional_Health" title="Rochester Regional Health">Rochester Regional Health</a></td> <td>17,297 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wegmans" title="Wegmans">Wegmans</a></td> <td>13,211 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paychex" title="Paychex">Paychex</a></td> <td>4,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Institute_of_Technology" title="Rochester Institute of Technology">Rochester Institute of Technology</a></td> <td>4,045 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/L3Harris_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="L3Harris Technologies">L3Harris Technologies</a></td> <td>3,746 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Heritage Christian Services</td> <td>2,417 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Lifetime Healthcare Companies<a href="#cite_note-Excellus-131">[d]</a></td> <td>2,209 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Angels in Your Home</td> <td>2,082 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tops_Markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Tops Markets">Tops Markets</a></td> <td>1,998 </td></tr></tbody></table> Like many Rust Belt cities, Rochester was traditionally a manufacturing center, home to companies such as <a href="/wiki/Bausch_%26_Lomb" title="Bausch & Lomb">Bausch & Lomb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a>. In the 21st century, <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">deindustrialization</a> has occurred. Xerox and Kodak each laid off thousands of workers in the 1990s and 2000s, causing the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a> to become the city's top employer in 2005, a title it holds today.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bausch_%26_Lomb" title="Bausch & Lomb">Bausch & Lomb</a> moved to Bridgewater, New Jersey, in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gannett_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Gannett Company">Gannett</a> newspaper company and <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a> were founded in Rochester by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gannett" title="Frank Gannett">Frank Gannett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Sibley" title="Hiram Sibley">Hiram Sibley</a>, respectively, but have since moved to other cities. Today, the city's top employers are its educational and medical institutions. After the University of Rochester, major employers in these fields include <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Regional_Health" title="Rochester Regional Health">Rochester Regional Health</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Institute_of_Technology" title="Rochester Institute of Technology">Rochester Institute of Technology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carestream_Health" title="Carestream Health">Carestream Health</a>. In recent years, a <a href="/wiki/High_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="High technology">high technology</a> industry has grown in Rochester, fostered in part by collaborations between private <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">startup enterprises</a> and the local higher learning institutions.<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> Other organizations such as High Tech Rochester provide local startups with mentorship, office space, and other resources.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> Like its legacy manufacturers, Rochester's modern technological focus is on imaging and <a href="/wiki/Optical_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical science">optical science</a> among the industry and universities.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Institute_of_Optics" class="mw-redirect" title="The Institute of Optics">The Institute of Optics</a> of the University of Rochester and the Rochester Institute of Technology have popular imaging programs,<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> and a research hub for <a href="/wiki/Photonics" title="Photonics">photonics</a> has operated in the city since 2015 following federal and state investment.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> Rochester is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> beverage company <a href="/wiki/Constellation_Brands" title="Constellation Brands">Constellation Brands</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fortune_1000" title="Fortune 1000">Fortune 1000</a> company <a href="/wiki/Paychex" title="Paychex">Paychex</a> (Fortune #681)<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> and the supermarket chain <a href="/wiki/Wegmans" title="Wegmans">Wegmans</a>. The median single-family house price was $247,000 in the third quarter of 2023 in greater Rochester, an increase of 10.3% from a year earlier, according to the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Realtors" title="National Association of Realtors">National Association of Realtors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Arts_and_culture">Arts and culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Arts and culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rochester_-_Geva_Theatre_-_Rear_Angle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rochester_-_Geva_Theatre_-_Rear_Angle.jpg/220px-Rochester_-_Geva_Theatre_-_Rear_Angle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1556"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rochester_-_Geva_Theatre_-_Rear_Angle.jpg/220px-Rochester_-_Geva_Theatre_-_Rear_Angle.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rochester_-_Geva_Theatre_-_Rear_Angle.jpg/330px-Rochester_-_Geva_Theatre_-_Rear_Angle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rochester_-_Geva_Theatre_-_Rear_Angle.jpg/440px-Rochester_-_Geva_Theatre_-_Rear_Angle.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Geva_Theatre_Center" title="Geva Theatre Center">Geva Theatre Center</a> in downtown Rochester</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LittleTheatreRochesterNewYork.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/LittleTheatreRochesterNewYork.JPG/220px-LittleTheatreRochesterNewYork.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/LittleTheatreRochesterNewYork.JPG/220px-LittleTheatreRochesterNewYork.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/LittleTheatreRochesterNewYork.JPG/330px-LittleTheatreRochesterNewYork.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/LittleTheatreRochesterNewYork.JPG/440px-LittleTheatreRochesterNewYork.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Little_Theatre_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="Little Theatre (Rochester, New York)">Little Theatre</a> in the East End</figcaption></figure> The city of Rochester is home to numerous cultural institutions. These include the <a href="/wiki/Garth_Fagan" title="Garth Fagan">Garth Fagan</a> Dance, the <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra">Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester_City_Ballet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rochester City Ballet (page does not exist)">Rochester City Ballet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Contemporary_Art_Center" title="Rochester Contemporary Art Center">Rochester Contemporary Art Center</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester_Broadway_Theater_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rochester Broadway Theater League (page does not exist)">Rochester Broadway Theater League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hochstein_School_of_Music_%26_Dance" title="Hochstein School of Music & Dance">Hochstein School of Music & Dance</a>, the Auditorium Theater, and numerous arts organizations. <a href="/wiki/Geva_Theatre_Center" title="Geva Theatre Center">Geva Theatre Center</a> is the city's largest professional theater. The East End Theater is on East Main Street in the theater district. The <a href="/wiki/Eastman_School_of_Music" title="Eastman School of Music">Eastman School of Music</a>, one of the top musical institutes in the nation, and its auditorium are also within the East End neighborhood. The <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Theatre" title="Eastman Theatre">Eastman Theatre</a> is host to the <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra">Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra</a> and other musical/drama events.The Rochester Association of Performing Arts is a non-profit organization that provides educational theater classes to the community. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Architecture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Several churches are among Rochester's architectural features, including <a href="/wiki/Asbury_First_United_Methodist_Church" title="Asbury First United Methodist Church">Asbury First United Methodist Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Church_and_Rectory_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="St. Joseph's Church and Rectory (Rochester, New York)">St. Joseph's Church and Rectory</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/First_Unitarian_Church_of_Rochester_(building)" title="First Unitarian Church of Rochester (building)">First Unitarian Church of Rochester</a>, which was designed by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Louis Kahn</a> and described by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Goldberger" title="Paul Goldberger">Paul Goldberger</a> as one of "the most significant works of religious architecture of the century".<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> Significant <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> buildings include the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_Theater_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="Cinema Theater (Rochester, New York)">Cinema Theater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Times_Square_Building_(Rochester)" title="Times Square Building (Rochester)">Times Square Building</a>, noted for its 42' tall "Wings of Progress" sculpture. The <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Plaza_(Rochester)" class="mw-redirect" title="Midtown Plaza (Rochester)">Midtown Plaza</a>, the nation's first downtown shopping mall, first opened in 1962, and remains partially standing today. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Museums" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Museums in the Rochester area include the <a href="/wiki/Genesee_Country_Village_and_Museum" title="Genesee Country Village and Museum">Genesee Country Village and Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Eastman_Museum" title="George Eastman Museum">George Eastman Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Art_Gallery" title="Memorial Art Gallery">Memorial Art Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Museum_and_Science_Center" title="Rochester Museum and Science Center">Rochester Museum and Science Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strasenburgh_Planetarium" title="Strasenburgh Planetarium">Strasenburgh Planetarium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_House" title="Susan B. Anthony House">Susan B. Anthony House</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Museum_of_Transportation" title="New York Museum of Transportation">New York Museum of Transportation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rochester_%26_Genesee_Valley_Railroad_Museum" title="Rochester & Genesee Valley Railroad Museum">Rochester & Genesee Valley Railroad Museum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Strong_National_Museum_of_Play" title="The Strong National Museum of Play">The Strong National Museum of Play</a>. In 2023, plans were announced for a museum dedicated to the life of Frederick Douglass in the city.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Festivals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Rochester hosts a number of cultural festivals every year. The <a href="/wiki/Lilac_Festival_(Rochester)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilac Festival (Rochester)">Lilac Festival</a> at <a href="/wiki/Highland_Park,_Rochester,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland Park, Rochester, New York">Highland Park</a> is attended by hundreds of thousands annually. Established after an 1898 gathering, it features the largest collection of lilac varieties in North America, a parade, and dozens of musical acts and food vendors.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rochester_International_Jazz_Festival" title="Rochester International Jazz Festival">Rochester International Jazz Festival</a> was established in 2002 and is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_festivals" title="List of jazz festivals">jazz festivals</a> in the United States. It takes place in late June at dozens of clubs, concert halls and free outdoor stages throughout <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Rochester" title="Downtown Rochester">Downtown Rochester</a>, regularly drawing over 200,000 visitors.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> Other notable annual festivals in Rochester include the <a href="/wiki/Rochester_International_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Rochester International Film Festival">Rochester International Film Festival</a> in June,<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> the Corn Hill Arts Festival in July,<a href="#cite_note-cornhill-81">[81]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Fringe_Festival" title="Rochester Fringe Festival">Rochester Fringe Festival</a> in September.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cuisine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_brewing_in_Rochester,_New_York" title="History of brewing in Rochester, New York">History of brewing in Rochester, New York</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nick_Tahou%27s_Garbage_Plate.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Nick_Tahou%27s_Garbage_Plate.JPG/220px-Nick_Tahou%27s_Garbage_Plate.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1342" data-file-height="963"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Nick_Tahou%27s_Garbage_Plate.JPG/220px-Nick_Tahou%27s_Garbage_Plate.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Nick_Tahou%27s_Garbage_Plate.JPG/330px-Nick_Tahou%27s_Garbage_Plate.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Nick_Tahou%27s_Garbage_Plate.JPG/440px-Nick_Tahou%27s_Garbage_Plate.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A white hot <a href="/wiki/Garbage_Plate" title="Garbage Plate">Garbage Plate</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nick_Tahou_Hots" title="Nick Tahou Hots">Nick Tahou Hots</a></figcaption></figure> One food product Rochester calls its own is the "<a href="/wiki/White_hot" title="White hot">white hot</a>", a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Hot_dog" title="Hot dog">hot dog</a> or smoked <a href="/wiki/Bratwurst" title="Bratwurst">bratwurst</a> made by the local <a href="/wiki/Zweigle%27s" title="Zweigle's">Zweigle's</a> company and other companies.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> Another local specialty is the <a href="/wiki/Garbage_Plate" title="Garbage Plate">Garbage Plate</a>, a trademark of <a href="/wiki/Nick_Tahou_Hots" title="Nick Tahou Hots">Nick Tahou Hots</a> that traditionally includes macaroni salad, home fries, and two hot dogs or cheeseburgers topped with mustard, onions, and their famous meat hot sauce. Many area restaurants feature copies or variations with the word "plate" commonly used as a general term.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chicken_Francese" title="Chicken Francese">Chicken Francese</a> was first popularized by Rochester's Italian American community.<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Genesee_Brewing_Company" title="Genesee Brewing Company">Genesee Brewing Company</a> is headquartered in Rochester, where it holds an annual December tradition of assembling a tower of beer kegs in the shape of a Christmas tree.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> Other local franchises include <a href="/wiki/Abbott%27s_Frozen_Custard" title="Abbott's Frozen Custard">Abbott's Frozen Custard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gray%27s" title="Bill Gray's">Bill Gray's</a>, <a href="/wiki/DiBella%27s" title="DiBella's">DiBella's</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wahl%27s" title="Tom Wahl's">Tom Wahl's</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Bar-B-Que" title="Dinosaur Bar-B-Que">Dinosaur Bar-B-Que</a>, which originated in Syracuse, also operates its second franchise downtown in the former <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_Railroad_Station_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="Lehigh Valley Railroad Station (Rochester, New York)">Lehigh Valley Railroad station</a> on the Genesee River. The <a href="/wiki/Rag%C3%BA" title="Ragú">Ragú</a> brand of pasta sauce used to be produced in Rochester. Some of the original facility still exists and produces products for other labels (including Newman's Own) as Private Label Foods.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> Rochester was also the original home of <a href="/wiki/French%27s" title="French's">French's</a> Mustard, whose address was 1 Mustard Street.<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Rochester,_New_York" title="Sports in Rochester, New York">Sports in Rochester, New York</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_sports">Professional sports</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Professional sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Rochester has several professional sports teams:<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frontier_Field_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Frontier_Field_2.jpg/220px-Frontier_Field_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Frontier_Field_2.jpg/220px-Frontier_Field_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Frontier_Field_2.jpg/330px-Frontier_Field_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Frontier_Field_2.jpg/440px-Frontier_Field_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontier Field">Frontier Field</a>, including the Rochester skyline</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PAETEC_Park_overview.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/PAETEC_Park_overview.JPG/220px-PAETEC_Park_overview.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/PAETEC_Park_overview.JPG/220px-PAETEC_Park_overview.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/PAETEC_Park_overview.JPG/330px-PAETEC_Park_overview.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/PAETEC_Park_overview.JPG/440px-PAETEC_Park_overview.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Community_Sports_Complex_Stadium" title="Rochester Community Sports Complex Stadium">Rochester Community Sports Complex Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Club </th> <th>Sport </th> <th>Began play </th> <th>League </th> <th>Venue </th> <th>Titles </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Red_Wings" title="Rochester Red Wings">Rochester Red Wings</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> </td> <td>1899 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/International_League" title="International League">IL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontier Field">Frontier Field</a> </td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rochester Royal Ballers </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> </td> <td>2023 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Basketball_Association_(2000%E2%80%93present)" title="American Basketball Association (2000–present)">ABA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Wesleyan_University" title="Roberts Wesleyan University">Roberts Wesleyan University</a> </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rochester Royal Ballers </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> </td> <td>2024 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_American_Basketball_Association" title="Women's American Basketball Association">WABA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Wesleyan_University" title="Roberts Wesleyan University">Roberts Wesleyan University</a> </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Americans" title="Rochester Americans">Rochester Americans</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a> </td> <td>1956 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Hockey_League" title="American Hockey League">AHL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blue_Cross_Arena" title="Blue Cross Arena">Blue Cross Arena</a> </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Knighthawks" title="Rochester Knighthawks">Rochester Knighthawks</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Box_lacrosse" title="Box lacrosse">Indoor lacrosse</a> </td> <td>2019 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Lacrosse_League" title="National Lacrosse League">NLL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blue_Cross_Arena" title="Blue Cross Arena">Blue Cross Arena</a> </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flower_City_Union" title="Flower City Union">Flower City Union</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Soccer</a> </td> <td>2021 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Independent_Soccer_Association" title="National Independent Soccer Association">NISA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Community_Sports_Complex_Stadium" title="Rochester Community Sports Complex Stadium">Rochester Community Sports Complex Stadium</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr></tbody></table> The Rochester Royals (now the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Kings" title="Sacramento Kings">Sacramento Kings</a>) were a professional basketball team in Rochester from 1945 to 1957 with roots as an amateur team dating back to 1923. They won the NBA title in <a href="/wiki/1951_NBA_playoffs" title="1951 NBA playoffs">1951</a>, defeating the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Knicks" title="New York Knicks">New York Knicks</a> in 7 games. Rochester and its surrounding area also has a rich <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a> history and has hosted numerous professional tournaments on its local golf courses, most recently the <a href="/wiki/2023_PGA_Championship" title="2023 PGA Championship">2023 PGA Championship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collegiate">Collegiate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Collegiate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">NCAA Division I</a> teams include the <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Institute_of_Technology" title="Rochester Institute of Technology">RIT</a> <a href="/wiki/RIT_Tigers_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="RIT Tigers men's ice hockey">men's</a> and <a href="/wiki/RIT_Tigers_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="RIT Tigers women's ice hockey">women's</a> ice hockey teams, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a> men's squash team, which has ranked top 5 in Division I. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Parks_and_recreation">Parks and recreation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Parks and recreation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stairshighlandparkrochester2001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Stairshighlandparkrochester2001.JPG/170px-Stairshighlandparkrochester2001.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Stairshighlandparkrochester2001.JPG/170px-Stairshighlandparkrochester2001.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Stairshighlandparkrochester2001.JPG/255px-Stairshighlandparkrochester2001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Stairshighlandparkrochester2001.JPG/340px-Stairshighlandparkrochester2001.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Highland Park</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RushRheesLibraryFromMountHopeCemeteryB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/RushRheesLibraryFromMountHopeCemeteryB.jpg/220px-RushRheesLibraryFromMountHopeCemeteryB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/RushRheesLibraryFromMountHopeCemeteryB.jpg/220px-RushRheesLibraryFromMountHopeCemeteryB.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/RushRheesLibraryFromMountHopeCemeteryB.jpg/330px-RushRheesLibraryFromMountHopeCemeteryB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/RushRheesLibraryFromMountHopeCemeteryB.jpg/440px-RushRheesLibraryFromMountHopeCemeteryB.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mount Hope Cemetery</figcaption></figure> Notable cemeteries include the Victorian-era <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hope_Cemetery,_Rochester" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Hope Cemetery, Rochester">Mount Hope Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Sepulchre_Cemetery_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="Holy Sepulchre Cemetery (Rochester, New York)">Holy Sepulchre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Cemetery_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="Riverside Cemetery (Rochester, New York)">Riverside Cemetery</a>. Mount Hope became a popular picnicking destination during the late nineteenth century, and the city began to develop public parks.<a href="#cite_note-LegacyOlmstead-162">[158]</a> Rochester's park system was initially designed by landscape architect <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted" title="Frederick Law Olmsted">Frederick Law Olmsted</a> in the 1890s. Olmsted intended to preserve natural landscapes for the city residents to enjoy. The system included four major parks: <a href="/wiki/Genesee_Valley_Park" title="Genesee Valley Park">Genesee Valley Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highland_Park_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="Highland Park (Rochester, New York)">Highland Park</a>, Maplewood Park, and Seneca Park,<a href="#cite_note-LegacyOlmstead-162">[158]</a> the last of which is today home to the <a href="/wiki/Seneca_Park_Zoo" title="Seneca Park Zoo">Seneca Park Zoo</a>. The park system was expanded in the early twentieth century with Cobb's Hill Park and <a href="/wiki/Durand_Eastman_Park" title="Durand Eastman Park">Durand Eastman Park</a> in 1908, Edgerton Park in 1911, and Ontario Beach Park in the early 1920s. The Park Commission also constructed new facilities in all parks, filling them with playgrounds, pavilions, and sports facilities. Modern additions to the park system include Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Park, Turning Point Park, and Tryon Park, which are located on former industrial and urban sites, in contrast to the early parks.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> Most of the city's parks lie on the Genesee River and can be accessed by the Genesee Riverway Trail, which runs for the river's entire length through the city.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> Current city facilities include 12 full-time recreation centers, 48 playgrounds, two artificial ice rinks, 74 softball/baseball fields, 42 tennis courts, four soccer fields, and 45 outdoor basketball courts.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Rochester,_New_York" title="List of mayors of Rochester, New York">List of mayors of Rochester, New York</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FederalBuildingRochesterNewYorkFrontView.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/FederalBuildingRochesterNewYorkFrontView.JPG/220px-FederalBuildingRochesterNewYorkFrontView.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/FederalBuildingRochesterNewYorkFrontView.JPG/220px-FederalBuildingRochesterNewYorkFrontView.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/FederalBuildingRochesterNewYorkFrontView.JPG/330px-FederalBuildingRochesterNewYorkFrontView.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/FederalBuildingRochesterNewYorkFrontView.JPG/440px-FederalBuildingRochesterNewYorkFrontView.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rochester_City_Hall_(New_York)" title="Rochester City Hall (New York)">Rochester City Hall</a></figcaption></figure> Rochester is governed by a <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a> serving as chief executive of city government and a city council consisting of four district members and five at-large members.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> Rochester has had a <a href="/wiki/Strong_Mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong Mayor">Strong mayor-council</a> form of government since the approval of its current charter in a referendum in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-strongmayor-167">[163]</a> Administrative officers are appointed by the mayor and confirmed by the city council.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> All city legislation is proposed and passed by the council, and subject to a <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a> by the mayor, unless a majority of two-thirds approved it.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> The current mayor is <a href="/wiki/Malik_Evans" title="Malik Evans">Malik Evans</a>, serving since January 1, 2022. Upon the city's charter in 1834, the mayor had few powers and most power was vested in the city council, which was composed of alderman representing individual wards.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> The charter was frequently modified during the 19th century to expand or reduce the mayor's powers, until an 1898 act by the New York State Legislature centralized all appointments under the mayor. The city abolished the mayor's office and adopted a city manager system in a 1925 referendum, after which the mayor became a minor position and the city manager assumed executive authority, with both being chosen by the members of the city council.<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> A 1984 referendum restored the Strong mayor system.<a href="#cite_note-strongmayor-167">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_A._Johnson_Jr." title="William A. Johnson Jr.">William A. Johnson</a>, the city's first African American mayor, served from 1994 to 2005. <a href="/wiki/Lovely_Warren" title="Lovely Warren">Lovely Warren</a>, the city's first female mayor, served from 2014 to 2021. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_representation">Federal representation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Federal representation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The city is covered by <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_25th_congressional_district" title="New York's 25th congressional district">New York's 25th congressional district</a> currently represented by Democrat <a href="/wiki/Joseph_D._Morelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph D. Morelle">Joe Morelle</a> of <a href="/wiki/Irondequoit,_New_York" title="Irondequoit, New York">Irondequoit, Monroe County</a>, in Congress. From 1987 until 2018, the city was represented by longtime Democrat <a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">Louise M. Slaughter</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fairport,_New_York" title="Fairport, New York">Fairport, Monroe County</a>, in Congress. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_representation">State representation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: State representation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After redistricting based on the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 United States census</a>, the city was split between two state senate districts: <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>District</th> <th>Area of the city</th> <th>Senator</th> <th>Party</th> <th>First took office</th> <th>Residence </th></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_55th_State_Senate_district" title="New York's 55th State Senate district">55</a></td> <td>Eastern<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samra_Brouk" title="Samra Brouk">Samra Brouk</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>2021</td> <td>Rochester, Monroe County </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_56th_State_Senate_district" title="New York's 56th State Senate district">56</a></td> <td>Western<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Cooney" title="Jeremy Cooney">Jeremy Cooney</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>2021</td> <td>Rochester, Monroe County </td></tr></tbody></table> After redistricting based on the 2020 census, the city was split between three state assembly districts: <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>District</th> <th>Areas of the city</th> <th>Assemblyperson</th> <th>Party</th> <th>First took office</th> <th>Residence </th></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td>136</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brighton,_Monroe_County,_New_York" title="Brighton, Monroe County, New York">Brighton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irondequoit,_New_York" title="Irondequoit, New York">Irondequoit</a>, northwest portion and easternmost tip of the City of Rochester<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Clark_(politician)" title="Sarah Clark (politician)">Sarah Clark</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>2020</td> <td>Rochester, Monroe County </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td>137</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gates,_New_York" title="Gates, New York">Gates</a>, center of the City of Rochester<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demond_Meeks" title="Demond Meeks">Demond Meeks</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>2020</td> <td>Rochester, Monroe County </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td>138</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chili,_New_York" title="Chili, New York">Chili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henrietta,_New_York" title="Henrietta, New York">Henrietta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riga,_New_York" title="Riga, New York">Riga</a>, and the Southeast portion of the City of Rochester<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harry_Bronson" title="Harry Bronson">Harry B. Bronson</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>2011</td> <td>Rochester, Monroe County </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="County_representation">County representation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: County representation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_New_York#Government_and_politics" title="Monroe County, New York">Monroe County, New York § Government and politics</a></div> Rochester is represented by districts 7, 16, and 21–29 in the Monroe County legislature (a 29-seat body with legislators elected to two-year terms).<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> Rochester is also under the jurisdiction of the county executive (currently Democrat Adam Bello) along with the rest of Monroe County. The District Attorney is also elected at the county level along with several other offices (such as Sheriff and Clerk) which in part govern the city. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courts">Courts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Courts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Rochester is part of the 7th Judicial District of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court" title="New York Supreme Court">New York Supreme Court</a> and the 4th Department of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court,_Appellate_Division" title="New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division">New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rochester_City_Court">Rochester City Court</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Rochester City Court" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Rochester City Court is part of the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_New_York" title="Judiciary of New York">New York State Unified Court System</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> and consists of ten full-time judges, each of whom is elected to a 10-year term. Each judge must be a city resident and must have been an attorney in New York for at least five years.<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> Judges have a mandatory retirement age of 70. Vacancies on the court are filled by the mayor, and judges so appointed must run for a full term at the next general election.<a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> In New York State, the 61 <a href="/wiki/City_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="City courts">city courts</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a> outside of New York City handle the arraignment of felonies, try misdemeanors and lesser offenses, and try civil lawsuits involving claims of up to $15,000. Rochester City Court also hears small claims matters up to $5,000.<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> Rules of practice and procedure within all city courts are prescribed by the Uniform City Court Act.<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a> Rochester City Court, like all city courts, follows the individual assignment system ("IAS"). This means that each case is assigned to a judge when the case is first initiated, and, with a few exceptions, stays under the supervision of that particular judge until the case is resolved.<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> Created in 1876, the Court was initially named the "Municipal Court of the City of Rochester" and had two judges.<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> Originally, city courts throughout the state were self-regulating, and prescribed their own rules of procedure and bounds of jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-auto-186">[182]</a> Rochester City Court was governed by the Rochester City Court Act, which was a part of the Charter of the City of Rochester.<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> In 1935, Judge Jacob Gitelman introduced weekend sentencing. He was the first judge in New York State to do so.<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> In 1964, the New York State Constitution was amended to require uniform jurisdiction, practice, and procedure for the city courts, to be regulated by the state legislature.<a href="#cite_note-auto-186">[182]</a> The court's first African-American judge, Reuben K. Davis, was appointed to the city court bench in March 1967.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> In the 1980s, the court heard cases involving the prosecution of the "Topfree Seven," women who intentionally bared their chests once a year in order to protest the criminalization of female nudity. Judge Herman J. Walz ruled that the women could not be prosecuted under New York's public nudity statute because their act of going topless in order to protest the law was imbued with First Amendment protections.<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> The decision was later affirmed by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals" title="New York Court of Appeals">New York Court of Appeals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> By 1995, Rochester City Court had eight judges. A ninth was added in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> The Court was brought to its current complement of ten judges in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_education">Primary and secondary education</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_Facade_of_James_Monroe_High_School,_Rochester,_NY_2009-07-28.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Front_Facade_of_James_Monroe_High_School%2C_Rochester%2C_NY_2009-07-28.JPG/220px-Front_Facade_of_James_Monroe_High_School%2C_Rochester%2C_NY_2009-07-28.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Front_Facade_of_James_Monroe_High_School%2C_Rochester%2C_NY_2009-07-28.JPG/220px-Front_Facade_of_James_Monroe_High_School%2C_Rochester%2C_NY_2009-07-28.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Front_Facade_of_James_Monroe_High_School%2C_Rochester%2C_NY_2009-07-28.JPG/330px-Front_Facade_of_James_Monroe_High_School%2C_Rochester%2C_NY_2009-07-28.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Front_Facade_of_James_Monroe_High_School%2C_Rochester%2C_NY_2009-07-28.JPG/440px-Front_Facade_of_James_Monroe_High_School%2C_Rochester%2C_NY_2009-07-28.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe_High_School_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="James Monroe High School (Rochester, New York)">James Monroe High School</a></figcaption></figure> The City of Rochester is served by the <a href="/wiki/Rochester_City_School_District" title="Rochester City School District">Rochester City School District</a>, which encompasses all public primary and secondary education. During the 2022–23 school year, 22,238 students were enrolled in the district, with an average expenditure per student of <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>23,266 and a four-year graduation rate of 71%.<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a> The district is governed by a popularly elected seven-member board of education.<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> The Rochester City School District operates 14 public secondary schools, each serving grades 7 through 12.<a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Dr. Alice Holloway Young School of Excellence (7–8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_High_School_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="East High School (Rochester, New York)">East Lower School</a> (6–8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_High_School_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="East High School (Rochester, New York)">East Upper School</a> (9–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Technical_School" title="Edison Technical School">Edison Career & Technology High School</a> (9–12)</li> <li>Franklin Lower School (7–8)</li> <li>Franklin Upper School (9–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe_High_School_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="James Monroe High School (Rochester, New York)">James Monroe Lower School</a> (7–8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe_High_School_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="James Monroe High School (Rochester, New York)">James Monroe Upper School</a> (9–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Magnet_High_School" title="Wilson Magnet High School">Joseph C. Wilson Magnet High School</a> (9–12)</li> <li>Northeast College Preparatory High School (9–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_College_Preparatory_School" title="Northwest College Preparatory School">Northwest Junior High at Douglass</a> (7–8)</li> <li>Rochester Early College International High School (9–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Arts_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="School of the Arts (Rochester, New York)">School of the Arts</a> (7–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_Without_Walls_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="School Without Walls (Rochester, New York)">School Without Walls</a> (9–12)</li></ul> </div> For the 2022–23 school year, Rochester additionally had fourteen free <a href="/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">charter schools</a> serving grades Kindergarten through 12.<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> Other private schools include <a href="/wiki/McQuaid_Jesuit_High_School" title="McQuaid Jesuit High School">McQuaid Jesuit High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquinas_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquinas Institute">Aquinas Institute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Kearney_High_School_(Irondequoit,_New_York)" title="Bishop Kearney High School (Irondequoit, New York)">Bishop Kearny High School</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Colleges and universities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a complete list of institutions of higher learning in the metropolitan area, see <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York_metropolitan_area#Colleges_and_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Rochester, New York metropolitan area">Rochester, New York metropolitan area § Colleges and universities</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RushRhees.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RushRhees.jpg/220px-RushRhees.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RushRhees.jpg/220px-RushRhees.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RushRhees.jpg/330px-RushRhees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RushRhees.jpg/440px-RushRhees.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rush_Rhees_Library" title="Rush Rhees Library">Rush Rhees Library</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colgate_Rochester_Crozer_Divinity_School1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Colgate_Rochester_Crozer_Divinity_School1.jpg/220px-Colgate_Rochester_Crozer_Divinity_School1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2379" data-file-height="1987"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 184px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Colgate_Rochester_Crozer_Divinity_School1.jpg/220px-Colgate_Rochester_Crozer_Divinity_School1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="184" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Colgate_Rochester_Crozer_Divinity_School1.jpg/330px-Colgate_Rochester_Crozer_Divinity_School1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Colgate_Rochester_Crozer_Divinity_School1.jpg/440px-Colgate_Rochester_Crozer_Divinity_School1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Colgate_Rochester_Crozer_Divinity_School" title="Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School">Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School</a></figcaption></figure> Rochester and the surrounding region host a high concentration of colleges and universities, which drive much of the economic growth in the five-county area. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a> is the only large research institution primarily within the city limits, although <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Community_College" title="Monroe Community College">Monroe Community College</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_at_Brockport" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York at Brockport">SUNY Brockport</a> operate campuses <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Rochester" title="Downtown Rochester">downtown</a>. The Highland Park neighborhood was home to <a href="/wiki/Colgate_Rochester_Crozer_Divinity_School" title="Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School">Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School</a> (part of whose facility is leased by <a href="/wiki/Ithaca_College" title="Ithaca College">Ithaca College</a>'s Department of Physical Therapy) and an office maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_School_of_Industrial_and_Labor_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations">Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations</a>. The University of Rochester is the metropolitan area's oldest and most prominent institution of higher learning, and one of the country's top research centers. It includes a nursing school, the <a href="/wiki/William_E._Simon_Graduate_School_of_Business_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration">Simon School of Business</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Eastman_School_of_Music" title="Eastman School of Music">Eastman School of Music</a>. It was founded and endowed by <a href="/wiki/George_Eastman" title="George Eastman">George Eastman</a> in his years as a <a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">philanthropist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> He also contributed greatly to the University of Rochester from wealth based on the success of Eastman Kodak. Five institutions began operations in the city and later moved to Rochester's inner-ring suburbs: the <a href="/wiki/Empire_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire State College">Empire State College</a> Rochester Learning Center,<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Community_College" title="Monroe Community College">Monroe Community College</a>,<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Institute_of_Technology" title="Rochester Institute of Technology">Rochester Institute of Technology</a>,<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Bernard%27s_School_of_Theology_and_Ministry" title="St. Bernard's School of Theology and Ministry">St. Bernard's School of Theology and Ministry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazareth_University" title="Nazareth University">Nazareth University</a>. Rochester was the host of the <a href="/wiki/Barleywood_Female_University" title="Barleywood Female University">Barleywood Female University</a>, a short-lived women's college from 1852 to 1853. The Lutheran seminary that became <a href="/wiki/Wagner_College" title="Wagner College">Wagner College</a> was established in the city in 1883 and remained for some 35 years before moving to Staten Island.<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries">Libraries</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Libraries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Rochester Public Library is headquartered at the Central Library of Rochester & Monroe County, which is located in the <a href="/wiki/Rundel_Memorial_Library" title="Rundel Memorial Library">Rundel Memorial Library</a> building and the adjacent Bausch & Lomb Public Library Building in downtown Rochester. The city is part of the larger Monroe County Library System. Library cards are freely available to residents of Monroe County and valid at the eleven branch libraries in the city and other branches in the county.<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Media" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Rochester,_New_York" title="Media in Rochester, New York">Media in Rochester, New York</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Democrat_and_Chronicle" title="Democrat and Chronicle">Democrat and Chronicle</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gannett" title="Gannett">Gannett</a> newspaper, is Rochester's main daily newspaper. Other local publications exist which cater to special interests, such as the Rochester Business Journal<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> and the Minority Reporter.<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> Former publications serving the city include Insider magazine, the Rochester Post Express,<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> the Rochester Evening Journal,<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Times-Union" title="Rochester Times-Union">Times-Union</a>. Rochester is also served by several local television and radio stations, with <a href="/wiki/WROC-TV" title="WROC-TV">WROC-TV</a> as the oldest television station serving the Rochester metro area.<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> The <a href="/wiki/WXXI_Public_Broadcasting_Council" title="WXXI Public Broadcasting Council">WXXI Public Broadcasting Council</a> is a non-profit organization in Rochester which provides public television and community radio programs. WXXI owns or operates several radio stations, the television station <a href="/wiki/WXXI-TV" title="WXXI-TV">WXXI-TV</a>, the alternative weekly publication <a href="/wiki/City_Newspaper" title="City Newspaper">City</a> Magazine, and the <a href="/wiki/Little_Theatre_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="Little Theatre (Rochester, New York)">Little Theater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> Several movies have been filmed at least in part in Rochester, including <a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Spiderman_2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Amazing Spiderman 2">The Amazing Spiderman 2</a> (2014) and <a href="/wiki/The_Tomorrow_Man" title="The Tomorrow Man">The Tomorrow Man</a> (2019).<a href="#cite_note-imdb.com-212">[208]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Infrastructure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Transportation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maritime">Maritime</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Maritime" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RochesterCanal_RochesterNY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/RochesterCanal_RochesterNY.jpg/220px-RochesterCanal_RochesterNY.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1402"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/RochesterCanal_RochesterNY.jpg/220px-RochesterCanal_RochesterNY.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/RochesterCanal_RochesterNY.jpg/330px-RochesterCanal_RochesterNY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/RochesterCanal_RochesterNY.jpg/440px-RochesterCanal_RochesterNY.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Packet boats on the <a href="/wiki/Genesee_River" title="Genesee River">Genesee River</a></figcaption></figure> There is marine freight service at the <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Rochester,_New_York" title="Charlotte, Rochester, New York">Port of Rochester</a> on Lake Ontario, which is connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Seaway" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence Seaway">Saint Lawrence Seaway</a>. The Erie Canal intersects the Genesee River on the south side of the city. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, a number of passenger ferries operated on Lake Ontario between the Port of Rochester and Canada. Service ended in 1950 when the Ontario I and Ontario II ended their route between Rochester and <a href="/wiki/Cobourg" title="Cobourg">Cobourg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a> A new ferry, the <a href="/wiki/HSC_Virgen_de_Coromoto" title="HSC Virgen de Coromoto">Spirit of Ontario I</a>, operated between Rochester and Toronto from June 17, 2004, to December 12, 2005. The ferry suffered from numerous issues, including two separate pier collisions that damaged it. The initial operator, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_American_Transportation_Systems" title="Canadian American Transportation Systems">Canadian American Transportation Systems</a> (CATS), went bankrupt by the end of the 2004 season. The city of Rochester then purchased the ferry and signed a contract with <a href="/wiki/Bay_Ferries_Great_Lakes" title="Bay Ferries Great Lakes">Bay Ferries Great Lakes</a> to resume operations in 2005. The resumption of service was delayed until summer, causing the ferry to continue to operate at a loss. In 2006, the operation was shut down and the ferry was sold.<a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air">Air</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Air" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greater_Rochester_International_Airport" title="Greater Rochester International Airport">Greater Rochester International Airport</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Rochester_International_Airport_May_2007_Aerial_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greater_Rochester_International_Airport_May_2007_Aerial_View.jpg/220px-Greater_Rochester_International_Airport_May_2007_Aerial_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2208" data-file-height="1508"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greater_Rochester_International_Airport_May_2007_Aerial_View.jpg/220px-Greater_Rochester_International_Airport_May_2007_Aerial_View.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greater_Rochester_International_Airport_May_2007_Aerial_View.jpg/330px-Greater_Rochester_International_Airport_May_2007_Aerial_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greater_Rochester_International_Airport_May_2007_Aerial_View.jpg/440px-Greater_Rochester_International_Airport_May_2007_Aerial_View.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Aerial View of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Rochester_International_Airport" title="Greater Rochester International Airport">Greater Rochester International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> Rochester is served by the Frederick Douglass Greater Rochester International Airport (GRIA). Scheduled air service is provided by <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allegiant_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegiant Airlines">Allegiant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frontier_Airlines" title="Frontier Airlines">Frontier</a>, <a href="/wiki/JetBlue_Airways" class="mw-redirect" title="JetBlue Airways">JetBlue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Airlines" title="Southwest Airlines">Southwest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spirit_Airlines" title="Spirit Airlines">Spirit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/FedEx" title="FedEx">FedEx</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Smith" title="Frederick W. Smith">Fred Smith</a> has stated in several articles that <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a>'s development of the copier, and its need to quickly get parts to customers, was one of the economic issues that led him to pioneer the overnight delivery business in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> Because Xerox manufactured its copiers in Rochester,<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a> the city was one of the original 25 cities FedEx served on its first night of operations on April 17, 1973.<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a> In 2016, Governor <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Andrew Cuomo</a> announced a $63.4 million project to renovate the GRIA.<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> The renovations include a large canopy extending over both main entrances, solar panels, a rainwater collection system, and modern communication and security enhancements.<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a> All construction was completed by October 2018.<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rails_and_mass_transit">Rails and mass transit</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Rails and mass transit" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Louise_M._Slaughter_Rochester_Station" title="Louise M. Slaughter Rochester Station">Louise M. Slaughter Rochester Station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Subway" class="mw-redirect" title="Rochester Subway">Rochester Subway</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rochester_platform_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Rochester_platform_2019.jpg/220px-Rochester_platform_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Rochester_platform_2019.jpg/220px-Rochester_platform_2019.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Rochester_platform_2019.jpg/330px-Rochester_platform_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Rochester_platform_2019.jpg/440px-Rochester_platform_2019.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Platform at the <a href="/wiki/Louise_M._Slaughter_Rochester_Station" title="Louise M. Slaughter Rochester Station">Louise M. Slaughter Rochester Station</a></figcaption></figure> Local bus service in Rochester and its county suburbs is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Rochester-Genesee_Regional_Transportation_Authority" title="Rochester-Genesee Regional Transportation Authority">Rochester-Genesee Regional Transportation Authority</a> (RGRTA) via its Regional Transit Service (RTS) subsidiary. RTS also provides suburban service outside the immediate Rochester area and runs smaller transportation systems in outlying counties, such as WATS (Wayne Area Transportation System). All RTS routes are based out of the RTS Transit Center on Mortimer Street. Rochester has intercity and transcontinental bus service via <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_Lines" title="Greyhound Lines">Greyhound</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trailways_Transportation_System" title="Trailways Transportation System">Trailways</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Rail service to Rochester is provided by the Louise M. Slaughter Rochester Station, served by <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Empire_Service" title="Empire Service">Empire Service</a> between New York City and Niagara Falls, the <a href="/wiki/Maple_Leaf_(train)" title="Maple Leaf (train)">Maple Leaf</a> between New York City and Toronto, and the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Shore_Limited" title="Lake Shore Limited">Lake Shore Limited</a> between New York City/Boston and Chicago. Prior to 1965, Rochester had a smaller station reminiscent of New York City's "<a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Terminal" title="Grand Central Terminal">Grand Central Terminal</a>". It was among <a href="/wiki/Claude_Fayette_Bragdon" title="Claude Fayette Bragdon">Claude Fayette Bragdon</a>'s best works in Rochester.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The current station is modeled after Bragdon's work and named in honor of former longtime congresswoman <a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">Louise Slaughter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a> Rochester used to be a major stop on several railroad lines. The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Central_Railroad" title="New York Central Railroad">New York Central Railroad</a> provided service to Chicago and Buffalo to the west and Albany and New York City to the east and southeast. The <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_Rochester_and_Pittsburgh_Railway" title="Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway">Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway</a> (absorbed by the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad" title="Baltimore and Ohio Railroad">Baltimore and Ohio Railroad</a>) served Buffalo and Pittsburgh until 1955. A rail route to Salamanca in southern New York State afforded connections in <a href="/wiki/Salamanca,_New_York" title="Salamanca, New York">Salamanca</a> to southwestern and southeastern New York State.<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The last long-distance train was the Northern Express/Southern Express, operated by the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">Pennsylvania Railroad</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Genesee_Valley_Canal_Railroad" title="Genesee Valley Canal Railroad">Genesee Valley Canal Railroad</a>, that went to <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg, Pennsylvania</a> via Canandaigua, Elmira and Williamsport; service ended in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a> Also serving Rochester were the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Railroad" title="Erie Railroad">Erie Railroad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_Railroad" title="Lehigh Valley Railroad">Lehigh Valley Railroad</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rochester_NY_Broad_Street_Bridge_Subway_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Rochester_NY_Broad_Street_Bridge_Subway_2001.jpg/220px-Rochester_NY_Broad_Street_Bridge_Subway_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Rochester_NY_Broad_Street_Bridge_Subway_2001.jpg/220px-Rochester_NY_Broad_Street_Bridge_Subway_2001.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Rochester_NY_Broad_Street_Bridge_Subway_2001.jpg/330px-Rochester_NY_Broad_Street_Bridge_Subway_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Rochester_NY_Broad_Street_Bridge_Subway_2001.jpg/440px-Rochester_NY_Broad_Street_Bridge_Subway_2001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Broad Street Aqueduct was used as a <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Subway" class="mw-redirect" title="Rochester Subway">subway tunnel</a> in the mid-20th century.</figcaption></figure> From 1927 to 1956, Rochester had a <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> underground transit system called the <a href="/wiki/Rochester_subway" title="Rochester subway">Rochester subway</a>, which was first operated by <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Railways" title="New York State Railways">New York State Railways</a> and later by the <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Transit_Corporation" title="Rochester Transit Corporation">Rochester Transit Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-subway-39">[39]</a> Rochester was the smallest city in the world to have such a system.<a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a> After the subway was shut down in 1956, the eastern half of the subway past Court Street became the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Expressway">Eastern Expressway</a>, and the western end of the open cut was filled in 1976. The tunnel was last used for freight service by <a href="/wiki/Gannett_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Gannett Company">Gannett Company</a> to bring paper to the printing presses for the <a href="/wiki/Democrat_and_Chronicle" title="Democrat and Chronicle">Democrat and Chronicle</a> in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a> In the years since, the tunnel has become a hub for <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> artists. Several proposals have been made to completely fill the remaining tunnel, redevelop the underground space, or convert the bridge to a pedestrian crossing. Portions have been filled in at the western end and the eastern end for new above-ground development.<a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Broad_Street_Bridge_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="Broad Street Bridge (Rochester, New York)">Broad Street aqueduct</a>, which contains part of the tunnel, was added to the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Major_highways_and_roads">Major highways and roads</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Major highways and roads" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RocNight_Rochester_at_Night,_October_1st_2016_(30057483855).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/RocNight_Rochester_at_Night%2C_October_1st_2016_%2830057483855%29.jpg/220px-RocNight_Rochester_at_Night%2C_October_1st_2016_%2830057483855%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3375"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/RocNight_Rochester_at_Night%2C_October_1st_2016_%2830057483855%29.jpg/220px-RocNight_Rochester_at_Night%2C_October_1st_2016_%2830057483855%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/RocNight_Rochester_at_Night%2C_October_1st_2016_%2830057483855%29.jpg/330px-RocNight_Rochester_at_Night%2C_October_1st_2016_%2830057483855%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/RocNight_Rochester_at_Night%2C_October_1st_2016_%2830057483855%29.jpg/440px-RocNight_Rochester_at_Night%2C_October_1st_2016_%2830057483855%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass%E2%80%93Susan_B._Anthony_Memorial_Bridge" title="Frederick Douglass–Susan B. Anthony Memorial Bridge">Frederick Douglass–Susan B. Anthony Memorial Bridge</a> on <a href="/wiki/Interstate_490_(New_York)" title="Interstate 490 (New York)">Interstate 490</a></figcaption></figure> Three exits off the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Thruway" title="New York State Thruway">New York State Thruway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interstate_90_in_New_York" title="Interstate 90 in New York">I-90</a>) serve Rochester. Rochester's expressway system, conceived in the 1950s, was designed as two concentric circles with feeder expressways from the west, south and east. The system allows for quick travel within the metropolitan area and a lack of the traffic gridlock typically found in cities of comparable size; in part this is because the system was designed to accommodate rapid travel between the suburbs and downtown,<a href="#cite_note-232">[228]</a> and also because it was built when the city's population was over 330,000, whereas today it is a full third less.<a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Route_47" title="New York State Route 47">Outer Loop</a> circles just outside the city limits while the former <a href="/wiki/Inner_Loop_(Rochester)" title="Inner Loop (Rochester)">Inner Loop</a> once circled around the immediate downtown area within the city (the easternmost sector was closed in 2015). From the west are <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario_State_Parkway" title="Lake Ontario State Parkway">Lake Ontario State Parkway</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Route_531" title="New York State Route 531">NY 531</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_490_(New_York)" title="Interstate 490 (New York)">I-490</a>; <a href="/wiki/Interstate_390" title="Interstate 390">I-390</a> feeds from the south; and <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Route_104" title="New York State Route 104">NY 104</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Route_441" title="New York State Route 441">NY 441</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_490_(New_York)" title="Interstate 490 (New York)">I-490</a> approach from the east. In the early 1970s, the Genesee Expressway Task Force, City leaders, and the New York State Department of Transportation studied the feasibility of connecting the outer and inner Loops with a new southern expressway. The proposed route extended north from the I-390 and I-590 interchange in Brighton, cutting through Rochester's Swillburg neighborhood. In 1972, consultants Berger Lehman Associates recommended a new 'Busway', an expressway with dedicated bus lanes, similar to Bus Rapid Transit.<a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a> The expressway extension was never built. In 2016, the City of Rochester launched the <a href="/wiki/Pace_Car_Program" title="Pace Car Program">Pace Car Program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a> <a href="/wiki/File:I-390.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/I-390.svg/25px-I-390.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/I-390.svg/25px-I-390.svg.png" data-width="25" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/I-390.svg/38px-I-390.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/I-390.svg/50px-I-390.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_390" title="Interstate 390">I-390</a> (Genesee Expressway) <ul><li>I-390 runs south–north, crossing <a href="/wiki/Interstate_90_in_New_York" title="Interstate 90 in New York">I-90</a> (exit 46) and routing north through Rochester's western suburbs. Its northern end is at <a href="/wiki/Interstate_490_(New_York)" title="Interstate 490 (New York)">I-490</a>, however, it continues north as <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Route_390" title="New York State Route 390">NY 390</a> until it merges into the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario_State_Parkway" title="Lake Ontario State Parkway">Lake Ontario State Parkway</a>. South of I-90, I-390 runs to <a href="/wiki/Avoca,_New_York" title="Avoca, New York">Avoca</a>, where it meets with <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_15_in_New_York" title="U.S. Route 15 in New York">US 15</a> and the Southern Tier Expressway, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_86_(Pennsylvania-New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 86 (Pennsylvania-New York)">I-86</a>.</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/File:I-490.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/I-490.svg/25px-I-490.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/I-490.svg/25px-I-490.svg.png" data-width="25" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/I-490.svg/38px-I-490.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/I-490.svg/50px-I-490.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_490_(New_York)" title="Interstate 490 (New York)">I-490</a> (Western/Eastern Expressway) <ul><li>I-490 runs west–east through Rochester, starting at <a href="/wiki/Le_Roy,_New_York" title="Le Roy, New York">Le Roy</a> and ending in <a href="/wiki/Victor,_New_York" title="Victor, New York">Victor</a>. It interchanges with the two other Interstates in Rochester: I-390 at the western city limit and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_590" title="Interstate 590">I-590</a> at the eastern limit, as well as connecting at both ends with the Thruway, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_90_in_New_York" title="Interstate 90 in New York">I-90</a> (exits 47 and 45). In July 2007, a new bridge over the <a href="/wiki/Genesee_River" title="Genesee River">Genesee River</a> was completed and named the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass%E2%80%93Susan_B._Anthony_Memorial_Bridge" title="Frederick Douglass–Susan B. Anthony Memorial Bridge">Frederick Douglass–Susan B. Anthony Memorial Bridge</a>.</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/File:I-590.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/I-590.svg/25px-I-590.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/I-590.svg/25px-I-590.svg.png" data-width="25" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/I-590.svg/38px-I-590.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/I-590.svg/50px-I-590.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_590" title="Interstate 590">I-590</a> <ul><li>I-590 runs south–north through Rochester's eastern suburbs. Its southern end is at I-390, while the northern terminus is at <a href="/wiki/Interstate_490_(New_York)" title="Interstate 490 (New York)">I-490</a>; the highway continues north to the shore of Lake Ontario as <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Route_590" title="New York State Route 590">NY 590</a>.</li> <li>In decreasing usage is the term "<a href="/wiki/Can_of_Worms_(interchange)" title="Can of Worms (interchange)">Can of Worms</a>", referring to the previously dangerous at-grade intersection of <a href="/wiki/Interstate_490_(New_York)" title="Interstate 490 (New York)">I-490</a> and expressway <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Route_590" title="New York State Route 590">NY 590</a> on the eastern edge of the Rochester city limits, bordering the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Brighton,_Monroe_County,_New_York" title="Brighton, Monroe County, New York">Brighton</a>. In the 1980s, a multimillion-dollar project created a system of overpasses and ramps that reduced the danger but resulted in the loss of certain exits.</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/File:NY-104.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/NY-104.svg/25px-NY-104.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/NY-104.svg/25px-NY-104.svg.png" data-width="25" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/NY-104.svg/38px-NY-104.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/NY-104.svg/50px-NY-104.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Route_104" title="New York State Route 104">NY 104</a> (Irondequoit-Wayne County Expressway, West Ridge Road) <ul><li>NY 104 – Just east of the NY 590 interchange, NY 104 becomes the Irondequoit-Wayne County Expressway and crosses the <a href="/wiki/Irondequoit_Bay_Bridge" title="Irondequoit Bay Bridge">Irondequoit Bay Bridge</a>. On the other side of the Bay Bridge, in the town of Webster, NY 104 has exits before returning to an at-grade highway at Basket Road.</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/File:NY-390.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/NY-390.svg/25px-NY-390.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/NY-390.svg/25px-NY-390.svg.png" data-width="25" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/NY-390.svg/38px-NY-390.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/NY-390.svg/50px-NY-390.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Route_390" title="New York State Route 390">NY 390</a> <ul><li>NY 390 is an extension of Interstate 390 from the I-390/I-490 interchange in Gates. The northern terminus is at the Lake Ontario State Parkway in Greece, less than a mile from the Lake Ontario shoreline.</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/File:NY-590.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/NY-590.svg/25px-NY-590.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/NY-590.svg/25px-NY-590.svg.png" data-width="25" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/NY-590.svg/38px-NY-590.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/NY-590.svg/50px-NY-590.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Route_590" title="New York State Route 590">NY 590</a> <ul><li>NY 590 is a limited-access extension of Interstate 590 that runs from an interchange between Interstate 490 and I-590 on the Brighton/Rochester border. The northern terminus is at Culver Road in Irondequoit, near Sea Breeze (the western shore of Irondequoit Bay at Lake Ontario).</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/File:Rochester_Inner_Loop.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Rochester_Inner_Loop.svg/25px-Rochester_Inner_Loop.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="1022"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Rochester_Inner_Loop.svg/25px-Rochester_Inner_Loop.svg.png" data-width="25" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Rochester_Inner_Loop.svg/38px-Rochester_Inner_Loop.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Rochester_Inner_Loop.svg/50px-Rochester_Inner_Loop.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Inner_Loop_(Rochester)" title="Inner Loop (Rochester)">Inner Loop</a> <ul><li>The Inner Loop Runs from I-490 to Main Street on the north end and from 490 to Monroe Avenue at the south end. Formerly a loop, the eastern end was demolished and replaced with a surface road between 2014 and 2017. Unsigned reference NY 940T begins and ends at I-490, and the rest of the Loop is part of I-490 between exits 13 and 15, including the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass%E2%80%93Susan_B._Anthony_Memorial_Bridge" title="Frederick Douglass–Susan B. Anthony Memorial Bridge">Frederick Douglass–Susan B. Anthony Memorial Bridge</a>. This expressway is commonly used to define the borders of Downtown Rochester.</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Ontario_State_Pkwy_Shield.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lake_Ontario_State_Pkwy_Shield.svg/25px-Lake_Ontario_State_Pkwy_Shield.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 25px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lake_Ontario_State_Pkwy_Shield.svg/25px-Lake_Ontario_State_Pkwy_Shield.svg.png" data-width="25" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lake_Ontario_State_Pkwy_Shield.svg/38px-Lake_Ontario_State_Pkwy_Shield.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lake_Ontario_State_Pkwy_Shield.svg/50px-Lake_Ontario_State_Pkwy_Shield.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario_State_Parkway" title="Lake Ontario State Parkway">Lake Ontario State Parkway</a> <ul><li>Lake Ontario State Parkway travels from <a href="/wiki/Lakeside_Beach_State_Park" title="Lakeside Beach State Park">Lakeside Beach State Park</a> in Carlton, Orleans County. The eastern end is at Lake Avenue in the city of Rochester in Monroe County.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_safety">Public safety</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Public safety" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Fire protection and <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">EMS</a> services are provided by the Rochester Fire Department. The department employs 509 personnel<a href="#cite_note-firebudget-236">[232]</a> and operates thirteen engines, six trucks, and heavy rescue from fifteen <a href="/wiki/Fire_station" title="Fire station">fire stations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a> In FY 2021–22, the department responded to 38,876 incidents.<a href="#cite_note-firebudget-236">[232]</a> The current fire chief is Stefano Napolitano.<a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a> Law enforcement services are provided by the <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Police_Department" title="Rochester Police Department">Rochester Police Department</a>. The current chief of police is David Smith.<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a> Independent oversight of the department is provided by the Police Accountability Board, established in 2019 to investigate and discipline officers for misconduct. In 2023, the New York Court of Appeals ruled that the board could not enforce disciplinary actions on any officers in the department, as it would violate the contract between the city and police union.<a href="#cite_note-240">[236]</a> In 2019, Rochester had 1,540 reported violent crimes. That same year, Rochester had 7,142 property crime incidents. These included 33 <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murders</a>, 429 robberies, 976 <a href="/wiki/Aggravated_assault" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggravated assault">aggravated assaults</a>, 1,269 <a href="/wiki/Burglary" title="Burglary">burglaries</a>, 5,222 <a href="/wiki/Larceny" title="Larceny">larceny</a> thefts, 102 forcible <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rapes</a>, 651 <a href="/wiki/Auto_theft" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto theft">auto thefts</a>, and 83 acts of <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-crime-241">[237]</a> On November 12, 2021, Rochester Mayor <a href="/wiki/Lovely_Warren" title="Lovely Warren">Lovely Warren</a> declared a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> due to a rising violent crime rate in the city, which produced the highest number of homicides of any year on record. Additional law enforcement assistance was requested from, and granted by, the state government.<a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a> On July 21, 2022, Rochester Mayor <a href="/wiki/Malik_Evans" title="Malik Evans">Malik Evans</a> declared another state of emergency due to ongoing gun violence.<a href="#cite_note-243">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Healthcare" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Most healthcare services in the Rochester area are provided by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester_Medical_Center" title="University of Rochester Medical Center">University of Rochester Medical Center</a> (URMC) and <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Regional_Health" title="Rochester Regional Health">Rochester Regional Health</a> (RRH). Major hospitals in the Rochester area include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Hospital_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="Highland Hospital (Rochester, New York)">Highland Hospital</a>, a URMC facility with 261 beds. Highland is a level 1 perinatal center and a primary stroke center.<a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_General_Hospital" title="Rochester General Hospital">Rochester General Hospital</a>, a RRH facility with 528 beds. Rochester General is a comprehensive stroke center and level 2 perinatal center.<a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester_Psychiatric_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rochester Psychiatric Center (page does not exist)">Rochester Psychiatric Center</a>, a psychiatric hospital operated by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Mental_Hygiene" title="New York State Department of Mental Hygiene">New York State Department of Mental Hygiene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a> The hospital's campus contains the abandoned <a href="/wiki/Terrence_Building" title="Terrence Building">Terrence Building</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_Memorial_Hospital" title="Strong Memorial Hospital">Strong Memorial Hospital</a>, a URMC facility with 886 beds. Strong is home to the <a href="/wiki/Golisano_Children%27s_Hospital_(Rochester,_NY)" title="Golisano Children's Hospital (Rochester, NY)">Golisano Children's Hospital</a> for pediatric care, and is an AIDS center, burn center, comprehensive Stroke center, level I trauma center for both pediatric and adult care, and regional perinatal center.<a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Hospital" title="Unity Hospital">Unity Hospital</a>, a RRH facility with 311 beds. Unity is a regional perinatal center and primary stroke center.<a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a></li></ul> In 2023, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> reported that Rochester was becoming a desirable community for <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> individuals due to its network of gender-affirming care providers, such as Trillium Health.<a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Notable people" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <dl><dd>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Rochester,_New_York" title="List of people from Rochester, New York">List of people from Rochester, New York</a></dd></dl> Notable individuals who were born in or lived in Rochester include American social reformer and women's rights activist <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a>, African-American social reformer and abolitionist <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a> founder <a href="/wiki/George_Eastman" title="George Eastman">George Eastman</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Sister cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> Rochester has twelve <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">sister cities</a>, as designated by <a href="/wiki/Sister_Cities_International" title="Sister Cities International">Sister Cities International</a>. They are all dedicated by a branched concrete walkway over the Genesee River, dubbed the Sister Cities Bridge (known as the Frank and Janet Lamb Bridge since October 2006):<a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a> Rochester's sister cities are:<a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><noscript><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="France" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>, France (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><noscript><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="Germany" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>, Germany (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><noscript><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="Italy" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Caltanissetta" title="Caltanissetta">Caltanissetta</a>, Italy (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><noscript><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" data-alt="Israel" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Rehovot" title="Rehovot">Rehovot</a>, Israel (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><noscript><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" data-alt="Poland" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, Poland (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><noscript><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" data-alt="Mali" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a>, Mali (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><noscript><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" data-alt="Republic of Ireland" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Waterford" title="Waterford">Waterford</a>, Ireland (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><noscript><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Russia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Veliky Novgorod</a>, Russia (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><noscript><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" data-alt="Japan" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Hamamatsu" title="Hamamatsu">Hamamatsu</a>, Japan (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic"><noscript><img alt="Dominican Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" data-alt="Dominican Republic" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Plata,_Dominican_Republic" title="Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic">Puerto Plata</a>, Dominican Republic (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><noscript><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="China" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a>, China (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><noscript><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" data-alt="Lithuania" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Alytus" title="Alytus">Alytus</a>, Lithuania (2009)</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Rochester" title="USS Rochester">USS Rochester</a>, 3 ships</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Kent" title="Rochester, Kent">Rochester, Kent</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Official records for Rochester kept January 1871 to September 1940 at downtown and at Greater Rochester Int'l since October 1940. For more information, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://threadex.rcc-acis.org">Threadex</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-fifteen-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fifteen_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fifteen_116-1">b</a> From a 15% sample. </li> <li id="cite_note-Excellus-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Excellus_131-0">^</a> Including <a href="/wiki/Excellus_BlueCross_BlueShield" class="mw-redirect" title="Excellus BlueCross BlueShield">Excellus BlueCross BlueShield</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-TigerWebMapServer-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TigerWebMapServer_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TigerWebMapServer_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer">"ArcGIS REST Services Directory"</a>. 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PublicAffairs. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/locavoresdilemma0000desr/page/68">68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-940-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-940-3"><bdi>978-1-58648-940-3</bdi></a>. <q>flour producing cities 1838.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Locavore%27s+Dilemma%3A+In+Praise+of+the+10%2C000-mile+Diet&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2012-06-05&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-940-3&rft.aulast=Desrochers&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.au=Shimizu%2C+Hiroko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flocavoresdilemma0000desr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARochester%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151011213617/http://www.visitrochester.com/see%26do/photography-film/">"Photography & Film"</a>. 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Retrieved February 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=carriagemuseumlibrary.org&rft.atitle=James+Cunningham+Son+%26+Co&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarriagemuseumlibrary.org%2Fhome%2Flibrary-archives%2Fcarriage-manufacturers%2Fjames-cunningham-son-co%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARochester%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Like many early companies, its production was small, about 400 a year including <a href="/wiki/Hearse" title="Hearse">hearses</a>, designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volney_Lacey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volney Lacey (page does not exist)">Volney Lacey</a>. <a href="/wiki/G.N._Georgano" class="mw-redirect" title="G.N. Georgano">G.N. Georgano</a> Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityofrochester.gov/mayor/NewsReleases/index.cfm?release=2257">the original</a> on January 11, 2007. Retrieved June 10, 2007. <q>Mayor Robert J. Duffy conducted a ceremony today on the Sister Cities Bridge, officially renaming it the Frank and Janet Lamb Sister Cities Bridge.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+Cities+Bridge+Renamed+%22Frank+and+Janet+Lamb+Sister+Cities+Bridge%22&rft.pub=City+of+Rochester%2C+New+York&rft.date=2006-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofrochester.gov%2Fmayor%2FNewsReleases%2Findex.cfm%3Frelease%3D2257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARochester%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitrochester.com/plan-your-trip/faqs/rochester-sister-cities/">"Rochester's Sister Cities"</a>. Visit Rochester. Retrieved April 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rochester%27s+Sister+Cities&rft.pub=Visit+Rochester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitrochester.com%2Fplan-your-trip%2Ffaqs%2Frochester-sister-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARochester%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <ul><li>Keene, Michael. Folklore and Legends of Rochester: The Mystery of Hoodoo Corner and Other Tales (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1609491904/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>McKelvey, Blake. Rochester on the Genesee: The Growth of a City (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GJD6xfqgzxAC">excerpt and text search</a>; 292 pp; a brief history by the leading specialist</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelsey1854" class="citation book cs1">Kelsey, John (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zi4VAAAAYAAJ">The Lives and Reminiscences of the Pioneers of Rochester and Western New York</a>. Rochester: J. Kelsey. Retrieved May 22, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+and+Reminiscences+of+the+Pioneers+of+Rochester+and+Western+New+York&rft.place=Rochester&rft.pub=J.+Kelsey&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Kelsey&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZi4VAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARochester%2C+New+York" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(18)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-18 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-18"> <style 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&oldid=1257361361">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&oldid=1257361361</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester,_New_York&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 14 November 2024, at 14:45 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rochester, New York" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_(%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83)" title="روتشستر (نيويورك) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روتشستر (نيويورك)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="راچستر، نیویورک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="راچستر، نیویورک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0,_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="রচেস্টার, নিউ ইয়র্ক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রচেস্টার, নিউ ইয়র্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_(New_York)" title="Rochester (New York) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Rochester (New York)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E-%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA)" title="Рочестер (Нью-Йорк) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рочестер (Нью-Йорк)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_(%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E-%D0%81%D1%80%D0%BA)" title="Рочэстэр (Нью-Ёрк) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рочэстэр (Нью-Ёрк)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_(%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E-%D0%81%D1%80%D0%BA)" title="Рочэстэр (Нью-Ёрк) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рочэстэр (Нью-Ёрк)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_(%D0%9D%D1%8E_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA)" title="Рочестър (Ню Йорк) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рочестър (Ню Йорк)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_(New_York)" title="Rochester (New York) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rochester (New York)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_(Nova_York)" title="Rochester (Nova York) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rochester (Nova York)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_(kapital_sa_kondado_sa_Tinipong_Bansa,_New_York)" title="Rochester (kapital sa kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, New York) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Rochester (kapital sa kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, New York)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_(New_York)" title="Rochester (New York) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rochester (New York)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_Efrog_Newydd" title="Rochester, Efrog Newydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rochester, Efrog Newydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_(New_York)" title="Rochester (New York) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rochester (New York)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_Nei_Yarrick" title="Rochester, Nei Yarrick – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Rochester, Nei Yarrick" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_(New_York)" title="Rochester (New York) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rochester (New York)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_(New_Yorgi_osariik)" title="Rochester (New Yorgi osariik) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rochester (New Yorgi osariik)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81_(%CE%9D%CE%AD%CE%B1_%CE%A5%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B7)" title="Ρότσεστερ (Νέα Υόρκη) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρότσεστερ (Νέα Υόρκη)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_(Nueva_York)" title="Rochester (Nueva York) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rochester (Nueva York)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C4%89estro_(Nov-Jorkio)" title="Roĉestro (Nov-Jorkio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Roĉestro (Nov-Jorkio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_(New_York)" title="Rochester (New York) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rochester (New York)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="راچستر، نیویورک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راچستر، نیویورک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_(New_York)" title="Rochester (New York) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rochester (New York)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_Nua-Eabhrac" title="Rochester, Nua-Eabhrac – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rochester, Nua-Eabhrac" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_Eabhraig_Nuadh" title="Rochester, Eabhraig Nuadh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Rochester, Eabhraig Nuadh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_Nova_York" title="Rochester, Nova York – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rochester, Nova York" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Rochester, New York" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_(%D9%86%D9%8A%DB%8A%DB%8C%D8%A4%D8%B1%DA%A9)" title="راچستر (نيۊیؤرک) – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="راچستر (نيۊیؤرک)" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%B2%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0_(%EB%89%B4%EC%9A%95%EC%A3%BC)" title="로체스터 (뉴욕주) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로체스터 (뉴욕주)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%B9%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80_(%D5%86%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%85%D5%B8%D6%80%D6%84)" title="Ռոչեստեր (Նյու Յորք) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոչեստեր (Նյու Յորք)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="रोचेस्टर, न्यूयॉर्क – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोचेस्टर, न्यूयॉर्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rochester, New York" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_Nova-York" title="Rochester, Nova-York – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rochester, Nova-York" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rochester, New York" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E-%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA)" title="Рочестер (Нью-Йорк) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Рочестер (Нью-Йорк)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_(New_York)" title="Rochester (New York) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rochester (New York)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_(New_York)" title="Rochester (New York) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rochester (New York)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A6%27%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8" title="רוצ'סטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוצ'סטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_Evrek_Nowydh" title="Rochester, Evrek Nowydh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Rochester, Evrek Nowydh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Rochester, New York" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Rochester, New York" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_(New_York)" title="Rochester (New York) – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Rochester (New York)" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roffa_(Novum_Eboracum)" title="Roffa (Novum Eboracum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Roffa (Novum Eboracum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C4%8Destera" title="Ročestera – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ročestera" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C4%8Desteris" title="Ročesteris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ročesteris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_(New_York,_Monroe_megye)" title="Rochester (New York, Monroe megye) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rochester (New York, Monroe megye)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%8A%D1%83%D1%98%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA)" title="Рочестер (Њујорк) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рочестер (Њујорк)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester" title="Rochester – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rochester" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC" title="റോച്ചസ്റ്റർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോച്ചസ്റ്റർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95)" title="रॉचेस्टर (न्यू यॉर्क) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रॉचेस्टर (न्यू यॉर्क)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_(%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83)" title="روتشستر (نيو يورك) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روتشستر (نيو يورك)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_(New_York)" title="Rochester (New York) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rochester (New York)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC_(%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E5%B7%9E)" title="ロチェスター (ニューヨーク州) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロチェスター (ニューヨーク州)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E-%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA)" title="Рочестер (Нью-Йорк) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Рочестер (Нью-Йорк)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester" title="Rochester – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Rochester" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_(New_York)" title="Rochester (New York) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rochester (New York)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_i_New_York" title="Rochester i New York – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rochester i New York" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester" title="Rochester – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rochester" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%86%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1" title="روچسٹر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روچسٹر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_(New_York)" title="Rochester (New York) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Rochester (New York)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_(Nowy_Jork)" title="Rochester (Nowy Jork) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rochester (Nowy Jork)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_(Nova_Iorque)" title="Rochester (Nova Iorque) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rochester (Nova Iorque)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rochester, New York" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E-%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA)" title="Рочестер (Нью-Йорк) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рочестер (Нью-Йорк)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rochester, New York" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rochester, New York" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_(New_York)" title="Rochester (New York) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rochester (New York)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_(Nowy_Jork)" title="Rochester (Nowy Jork) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Rochester (Nowy Jork)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%DA%86%DB%8E%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%86%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="ڕۆچێستەر، نیویۆرک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆچێستەر، نیویۆرک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%8A%D1%83%D1%98%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA)" title="Рочестер (Њујорк) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рочестер (Њујорк)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rochester, New York" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_(New_York)" title="Rochester (New York) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rochester (New York)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rochester, New York" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rochester, New York" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D,_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="இரோசெச்டர், நியூ யோர்க் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரோசெச்டர், நியூ யோர்க்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E-%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA)" title="Рочестер (Нью-Йорк) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рочестер (Нью-Йорк)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_(%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81)" title="รอเชสเตอร์ (รัฐนิวยอร์ก) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รอเชสเตอร์ (รัฐนิวยอร์ก)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80,%D0%9D%D1%8E-%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Рочестер,Ню-Йорк – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Рочестер,Ню-Йорк" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rochester, New York" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E-%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA)" title="Рочестер (Нью-Йорк) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рочестер (Нью-Йорк)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="روچیسٹر، نیو یارک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روچیسٹر، نیو یارک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rochester, New York" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_(New_York)" title="Rochester (New York) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Rochester (New York)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rochester, New York" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%88%87%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%EF%BC%88%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E5%B7%9E%EF%BC%89" title="罗切斯特（纽约州） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗切斯特（纽约州）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="羅徹斯特 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羅徹斯特" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9_(%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E5%B7%9E)" title="羅徹斯特 (紐約州) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="羅徹斯特 (紐約州)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 November 2024, at 14:45 (UTC).</li> <li 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