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selflink">Anti-austerity protests</a> in the<br /><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border: 1px solid #000000; font:#FFFFFF;"> <small>By member state</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content mw-collapsible"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Greece" title="Anti-austerity movement in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Ireland" title="Anti-austerity movement in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Portugal" title="Anti-austerity movement in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Spain" title="Anti-austerity movement in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-austerity movement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border: 1px solid #000000; font:#FFFFFF;"> <small>Principal protest parties</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content mw-collapsible"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_Bloc_(Portugal)" title="Left Bloc (Portugal)">Left Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podemos_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Podemos (Spanish political party)">Podemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Ireland)" title="Solidarity (Ireland)">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriza" title="Syriza">Syriza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Star_Movement" title="Five Star Movement">Five Star Movement</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><small><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/48px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 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.navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-austerity_movement_in_the_European_Union" title="Template:Anti-austerity movement in the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-austerity_movement_in_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:Anti-austerity movement in the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-austerity_movement_in_the_European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-austerity movement in the European Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>anti-austerity movement</b> refers to the mobilisation of <a href="/wiki/Street_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="Street protest">street protests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> campaigns that has happened across various countries, especially in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, since the onset of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>. </p><p>Anti-<a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a> actions are varied and ongoing, and can be either sporadic and loosely organised or longer-term and tightly organised. They continue as of the present day. The global <a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a> has arguably been the most noticeable physical enactment of anti-austerity and <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a> sentiment. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_impact">Political impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-austerity_movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Political impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_Greece_Uprising.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/2011_Greece_Uprising.jpg/220px-2011_Greece_Uprising.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/2011_Greece_Uprising.jpg/330px-2011_Greece_Uprising.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/2011_Greece_Uprising.jpg/440px-2011_Greece_Uprising.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>100,000 anti-austerity protesters in front of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Greek parliament</a> in 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe" title="Great Recession in Europe">economic recession in Europe</a>, the political establishment response has increasingly focused on austerity: attempts to bring down budget deficits and control the rise of debt.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anti-austerity movement has responded by giving rise to a wave of anti-establishment political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opposition to austerity is seen as the force behind the rise of <a href="/wiki/Podemos_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Podemos (Spanish political party)">Podemos</a> in Spain, Italy's <a href="/wiki/Five_Star_Movement" title="Five Star Movement">Five Star Movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syriza" title="Syriza">Syriza</a> party in Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ahead of the <a href="/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="2014 Scottish independence referendum">Scottish independence referendum</a> in 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a> pledged to end austerity in an independent Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a> welcomed the political reaction to austerity, saying the rise of anti-austerity parties is "good news for Europe". According to Piketty, European countries tried to get rid of their deficits too quickly, resulting in a situation where "their citizens have suffered the consequences in the shape of austerity policies. It's good to reduce deficits, but at a rate that's commensurate with growth and economic recovery, but here growth has been killed off."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-austerity_movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Anti-austerity_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Anti-austerity movement">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Anti-austerity+movement%22">"Anti-austerity movement"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Anti-austerity+movement%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Anti-austerity+movement%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Anti-austerity+movement%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Anti-austerity+movement%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Anti-austerity+movement%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The global <a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Greek_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2010–2011 Greek protests">May–July 2011 Greek protests</a>, also known as the "Indignant Citizens Movement" or the "Greek indignados", started demonstrating throughout Greece on 25 May 2011;<sup id="cite_ref-SKAI_xnaria_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKAI_xnaria-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the movement's largest demonstration was on 5 June, with 300,000 people gathering in front of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Parliament">Greek Parliament</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Proto_Thema_5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proto_Thema_5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the organizers put the number to 500,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Skai_5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skai_5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protests lasted for over a month without any violent incidents, while on 29 June 2011, amid a violent police crackdown and accusations of <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">police brutality</a> by international media and <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_police_brutality_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_police_brutality-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_police_brutality_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_police_brutality-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_police_brutality_2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_police_brutality_2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Amnesty_International_police_brutality_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_International_police_brutality-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Amnesty_International_police_brutality2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_International_police_brutality2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNN_iReport_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN_iReport-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the square was evacuated but demonstrations continued the next day despite the crackdown;<sup id="cite_ref-Agelioforos_30_June_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agelioforos_30_June-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skai_30_June_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skai_30_June-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they officially ended on 7 August 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-Proto_Thema_7_Avgoustou_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proto_Thema_7_Avgoustou-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but resumed in October.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/2011_Spanish_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Spanish protests">2011 Spanish protests</a>, whose participants are sometimes referred to as the "<i>indignados</i>", are a series of ongoing anti-austerity demonstrations in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> that rose to prominence beginning on 15 May 2011; thus, the movement is also sometimes referred to as the <i>May 15</i> or <i>M-15</i> movement as well. It is a collection of several different instances of continuous demonstrations countrywide, with a common origin in internet <a href="/wiki/Social_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networks">social networks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Democracia_Real_Ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracia Real Ya">Democracia Real Ya</a> web presence, along with 200 other small associations.<sup id="cite_ref-art1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In late March 2011 the Portuguese Prime Minister resigned a few hours after the latest austerity bill he backed was rejected by the rest of government. The government called that particular austerity round unacceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his resignation speech, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_S%C3%B3crates" title="José Sócrates">José Sócrates</a> expressed concern that an IMF bailout akin to Greece and Ireland would now be unavoidable.</li> <li>In mid-March 2011 the <a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Association" title="British Medical Association">British Medical Association</a> held an emergency meeting at which it broadly decided to emphatically oppose pending legislation in the <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliament</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Health_and_Social_Care_Bill_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Health and Social Care Bill 2011">Health and Social Care Bill</a>, that would overhaul the functioning of the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a>. Dr Layla Jader, a public health physician, said: "The NHS needs evolution not revolution - these reforms are very threatening to the future of the NHS. If they go through, our children will look back and say how could you allow this to happen?" And Dr Barry Miller, an anaesthetist from <a href="/wiki/Bolton" title="Bolton">Bolton</a>, added: "The potential to do phenomenal damage is profound. I haven't seen any evidence these proposals will improve healthcare in the long-term."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have also been various grassroots groups of UK citizenry virulently opposing the pending new bill, including NHS Direct Action,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 38 Degrees,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> <a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Union" title="Unite the Union">Unite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/2010_UK_student_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 UK student protests">2010 UK student protests</a> mark the coming into force of one of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>'s most severe austerity measures. On 9 December 2010 spending for <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> and tuition subsidies and assistance in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities">universities</a> — historically rather substantial in scale — was cut by a total of 80%.<sup id="cite_ref-Mulholland_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mulholland-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That announcement and its implications, which included a near-tripling of student tuition fees from their previous levels<sup id="cite_ref-thisisleicestershire.co.uk_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thisisleicestershire.co.uk-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> up to a new ceiling of £9000/year, led to a huge backlash amongst students who almost immediately took to the streets over various non-sequential days against this announcement, squaring off with police on several occasions including an instance where some students angrily entered the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> headquarters and smashed windows and destroyed its interior.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the day of the passage of the measure itself, there was an explosion of street violence by enraged students and their allies, especially in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. There is an ongoing law enforcement investigation into, and even active pursuing of,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the participants of the violence over the various protest days, with particular attention focusing on the moments when a number of protesters successfully attacked a royal car driving on its way to a London event,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although they did not injure its occupants. Shouts of "off with their heads" were reportedly heard.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 March 2011, Charlie Gilmour, son of <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a> guitarist <a href="/wiki/David_Gilmour" title="David Gilmour">David Gilmour</a>, became one of the more high-profile individuals to be officially charged in relation to those events.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of these protests, a number of groups formed to combat the austerity measures that began with the cuts to higher education. One such example is Bloomsbury Fightback!, which is a group of radical students and workers in <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury, London">Bloomsbury, London</a>, centred on the Bloomsbury Colleges in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a> and focusing on organising around education and employment issues, of which many are the result of the austerity measures.</li> <li>The group <a href="/wiki/UK_Uncut" title="UK Uncut">UK Uncut</a> is one outgrowth of the anger felt by average citizens at austerity, albeit the group focuses not so much on combating the cuts themselves as on demanding that the rich, rather than the poor, pay the shortfalls causing the austerity in the first place — a sort of "tax the rich" movement. UK Uncut attempts to organise <a href="/wiki/Flash_mob" title="Flash mob">flash mob</a> protests inside the highest-profile buildings of the businesses of the rich people avoiding tax or paying less than they should.</li> <li>Around the same time as the heating-up of the England protests (but before the passing of the bill), students in Italy occupied the <a href="/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa" title="Leaning Tower of Pisa">Leaning Tower of Pisa</a> in a similar protest regarding its own educational system.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 27 November 2010, a massive protest against pending austerity took place in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Examiner" class="mw-redirect" title="The Irish Examiner">The Irish Examiner</a></i> news service also reports on a 7 December 2010 clash around the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il" class="mw-redirect" title="Dáil">Dáil</a> where protesters threw smoke bombs and flares at police.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/La_Scala" title="La Scala">La Scala</a> in Italy experienced a clash on 8 December 2010 including scuffles with police.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>More generally, throughout 2009 and 2010, workers and students in Greece and other European countries demonstrated against cuts to pensions, public services and education spending as a result of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> austerity measures.<sup id="cite_ref-Thestar_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thestar-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a brief airport strike in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> in December 2010, and assorted brief "general strike"-like actions in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> have taken place, particularly around the very controversial plan of the French government to raise the retirement age from 60 to 62, a proposal which eventually successfully passed.</li> <li>Further protests <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Greek_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2010–2011 Greek protests">taken place in Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/2011_Portuguese_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Portuguese protests">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-austerity movement in the United Kingdom">the UK</a> have continued throughout 2011 and 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> with major large street clashes against the withdrawal of <a href="/wiki/Fuel_subsidy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel subsidy">fuel subsidies</a>. There was also a major protest in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> by UK groups from across that country on 26 March 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> centred on a protest call initially made by the <a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a> but subsequently involving many other groups.</li> <li>Participants in more militant forms of protest engaged in during 26 March demonstration, who in total only comprised 1,500 people out of the estimated 250,000-500,000 total participants, have been relentlessly attacked by the government as "mindless thugs"<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the UK's <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_media" title="Mainstream media">mainstream media</a> including the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> generally supporting this perception. This remains the case even though the fundamental seriousness of damage thus far remains debatable; much reporting seems to have focused on the smashing of a <a href="/wiki/Santander_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Santander Group">Santander bank</a> branch's glass entranceway doors by largely <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> activists, who would have also been behind the simultaneous destruction of several <a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">automated teller machines</a> and the scrawling of "<a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class war</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> on neighbouring walls.</li> <li>By July 2014 there was still anger and protests in Greece about the austerity measures implemented there, with a 24-hour strike among government workers on 9 July 2014, timed to coincide with an audit by inspectors from the International Monetary Fund, the European Union and European Central Bank.<sup id="cite_ref-GreekStrike_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreekStrike-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%9314_Irish_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2008–14 Irish protests">Protests</a> continued and, indeed, escalated in Ireland in 2014, as the government attempted to implement additional water taxes to its austerity program, with at least one senior politician, the deputy prime minister, even being "kidnapped".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-austerity_movement_Montreal_Quebec_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Anti-austerity_movement_Montreal_Quebec_2016.jpg/220px-Anti-austerity_movement_Montreal_Quebec_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Anti-austerity_movement_Montreal_Quebec_2016.jpg/330px-Anti-austerity_movement_Montreal_Quebec_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Anti-austerity_movement_Montreal_Quebec_2016.jpg/440px-Anti-austerity_movement_Montreal_Quebec_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2350" data-file-height="2350" /></a><figcaption>Flag commonly used in demonstrations against austerity in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> in 2015 and 2016</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>8 March 2015 – On International Women's Day, feminist groups got together in <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Québec City">Québec City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> to protest against the <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a> measures announced by the Couillard government.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goal of the protest was to raise awareness about the impact of austerity policies in reinforcing gender inequalities in the economy. Since the economic crisis of 2008, 23 billion $ were cut from the Québec economy.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study conducted by IRIS (Institut de recherche et d’informations socio-économiques) showed that 13 billion dollars of these cuts impacted women more specifically, in comparison to 3 billion dollars for men.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protestors claimed that government investment privilege sectors dominated by men like construction and resources by accelerating the PQI (Quebec Infrastructure Plan) and by introducing the <a href="/wiki/Plan_Nord" title="Plan Nord">Plan Nord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The areas where the most cuts can be noticed are in the ones that hold the most female workers including health care, education and public services.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protest was held in front of the Treasury Board offices. Women from the CRMMF (Coalition régionale de la marche mondiale des femmes) threw hundreds of belts at the office doors to symbolise that women are tired of having to tighten their belts.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the protest <a href="/wiki/Alexa_Conradi" title="Alexa Conradi">Alexa Conradi</a>, President of the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_des_femmes_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Fédération des femmes du Québec">Fédération des femmes du Québec</a>, argued that austerity policies needed to be re-evaluated to prevent women's status to regress like it did in <a href="/w/index.php?title=England,_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="England, France (page does not exist)">England, France</a> and Greece where similar programs were put in place.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>19 March 2015 – German demonstrators clashed with police at an anti-austerity protest during the inauguration ceremony for the European Central Bank's new headquarters in Frankfurt. Police put up barricades and barbed wire around the bank headquarters as they braced for demonstrations against government austerity measures and capitalism. Protesters targeted the ECB because of the bank's role in supervising efforts to restrain spending and reduce debt in financially troubled countries such as Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-aljazeera_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>20 June 2015 – "Westminster was gripped by dissent on Saturday, as around a quarter of a million protestors poured onto the streets of London, condemning austerity’s assault on human rights, the economy and the environment..." Jo Michell, lecturer in economics at the University of the West of England, told RT that "None of this [Austerity] is necessary. There is no debt crisis. Austerity is being used as a smokescreen to cover an ideologically-driven attack on the majority of the British public." <i>‘End Austerity Now’: Protesters speak out as '250k' decry savage Westminster cuts. Russia Today, 21 June 2015</i></li> <li>31 March 2016 – <a href="/wiki/Nuit_debout" title="Nuit debout">Nuit debout</a>, a French social movement that emerged from opposition to the 2016 neoliberal labor reforms known as the <a href="/wiki/El_Khomri_law" title="El Khomri law">El Khomri law</a>, began on 31 March 2016.</li> <li>May 2019 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bn1magazine.co.uk/mybrighton-hove-photo-project-unframed-lives-comes-to-brighton-fringe/">Unframed Lives</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a photographic exhibition, panel event and installation for Brighton Fringe. It’s a creative collaboration between people who have experienced homelessness under austerity as a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-33/october-2020/unframed-lives">resistance project.</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It shows the use of art and research as a community dialogue to reflect on the lived experience of homeless people under austerity.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-austerity_march_-_JPS_2563a-sm_2017_july_35630694256.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Anti-austerity_march_-_JPS_2563a-sm_2017_july_35630694256.jpg/220px-Anti-austerity_march_-_JPS_2563a-sm_2017_july_35630694256.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Anti-austerity_march_-_JPS_2563a-sm_2017_july_35630694256.jpg/330px-Anti-austerity_march_-_JPS_2563a-sm_2017_july_35630694256.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Anti-austerity_march_-_JPS_2563a-sm_2017_july_35630694256.jpg/440px-Anti-austerity_march_-_JPS_2563a-sm_2017_july_35630694256.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4642" /></a><figcaption>Anti-austerity march in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, 2017</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perspectives">Perspectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-austerity_movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Perspectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some economists, like <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> winning <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a> economist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a>, argue that austerity measures tend to be counterproductive when applied to the populations and programs they are usually applied to.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that the political sphere has been so heavily influenced by a paper known as "<a href="/wiki/Growth_in_a_Time_of_Debt" title="Growth in a Time of Debt">Growth in a Time of Debt</a>" based on flawed methodology has led Krugman to argue:<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>What the Reinhart–Rogoff affair shows is the extent to which austerity has been sold on false pretenses. For three years, the turn to austerity has been presented not as a choice but as a necessity. Economic research, austerity advocates insisted, showed that terrible things happen once debt exceeds 90 percent of G.D.P. But "economic research" showed no such thing; a couple of economists made that assertion, while many others disagreed. Policy makers abandoned the unemployed and turned to austerity because they wanted to, not because they had to.</p></blockquote> <p>In October 2012, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> announced that its forecasts for countries which implemented austerity programs have been consistently overoptimistic.<sup id="cite_ref-PlumerIMF_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlumerIMF-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-austerity_movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201119025338/https://www.ssrp.cshss.cam.ac.uk/projects/austerity">"The consequences of the politics of austerity in the European Union"</a>. 11 September 2014. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9%22%3A+%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%82+%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE+%CF%83%CE%B5+%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B1+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%82+%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82&rft.pub=skai.gr&rft.date=2011-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skai.gr%2Fnews%2Fgreece%2Farticle%2F171424%2Faganaktismenoi-protofanis-summetohi-se-athina-kai-alles-poleis-%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-austerity+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_police_brutality-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_police_brutality_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13960947">"Greece passes key austerity vote"</a>. <i>bbc.co.uk</i>. 29 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110630043411/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13960947">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629112740/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/blog/2011/jun/29/greece-austerity-vote-demonstrations">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The New York Times. 18 April 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PlumerIMF-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PlumerIMF_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brad Plumer (12 October 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/wp/2012/10/12/imf-austerity-is-much-worse-for-the-economy-than-we-thought/">"IMF: Austerity is much worse for the economy than we thought"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311083234/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/wp/2012/10/12/imf-austerity-is-much-worse-for-the-economy-than-we-thought/">Archived</a> 11 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Washington Post</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-austerity_movement&oldid=1240780209">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-austerity_movement&oldid=1240780209</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-austerity_protests_in_the_European_Union" title="Category:Anti-austerity protests in the European Union">Anti-austerity protests in the European Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austerity" title="Category:Austerity">Austerity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protests" title="Category:Protests">Protests</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_economics" title="Category:Public economics">Public economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welfare_state" title="Category:Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welfare_in_Europe" title="Category:Welfare in Europe">Welfare in Europe</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Greek-language_sources_(el)" title="Category:CS1 Greek-language sources (el)">CS1 Greek-language sources (el)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Greek-language_script_(el)" title="Category:CS1 uses Greek-language script (el)">CS1 uses Greek-language script (el)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2015" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2015">Use dmy dates from January 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2021">Articles needing additional references from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 August 2024, at 11:27<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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