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Navy (1868–72) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Navy_(1868–72)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boshin_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boshin_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Boshin War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boshin_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Consolidation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_Service_(1872–1882)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_Service_(1872–1882)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Secondary Service (1872–1882) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Secondary_Service_(1872–1882)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Secondary Service (1872–1882) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Secondary_Service_(1872–1882)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_support_and_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_support_and_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 British support and influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_support_and_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_interventions_abroad_(Taiwan_1874,_Korea_1875–76)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_interventions_abroad_(Taiwan_1874,_Korea_1875–76)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 First interventions abroad (Taiwan 1874, Korea 1875–76) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_interventions_abroad_(Taiwan_1874,_Korea_1875–76)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_expansion_(1882–1893)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_expansion_(1882–1893)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Naval expansion (1882–1893) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Naval_expansion_(1882–1893)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Naval expansion (1882–1893) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Naval_expansion_(1882–1893)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_naval_expansion_bill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_naval_expansion_bill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 First naval expansion bill </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_naval_expansion_bill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_of_the_French_"Jeune_École"_(1880s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_the_French_"Jeune_École"_(1880s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Influence of the French "Jeune École" (1880s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_the_French_"Jeune_École"_(1880s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_shipbuilding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_shipbuilding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 British shipbuilding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_shipbuilding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Sino-Japanese_War_(1894–1895)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Sino-Japanese_War_(1894–1895)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Sino-Japanese_War_(1894–1895)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suppression_of_the_Boxer_rebellion_(1900)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suppression_of_the_Boxer_rebellion_(1900)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Suppression of the Boxer rebellion (1900) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suppression_of_the_Boxer_rebellion_(1900)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_buildup_and_tensions_with_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_buildup_and_tensions_with_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Naval buildup and tensions with Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_buildup_and_tensions_with_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russo-Japanese_War_(1904–1905)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russo-Japanese_War_(1904–1905)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russo-Japanese_War_(1904–1905)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Towards_an_autonomous_national_navy_(1905–1914)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towards_an_autonomous_national_navy_(1905–1914)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Towards an autonomous national navy (1905–1914) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towards_an_autonomous_national_navy_(1905–1914)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_(1914–1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_(1914–1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 World War I (1914–1918) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_(1914–1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_years_(1918–1937)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_years_(1918–1937)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Interwar years (1918–1937) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interwar_years_(1918–1937)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Interwar years (1918–1937) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Interwar_years_(1918–1937)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Washington_treaty_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Washington_treaty_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Washington treaty system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Washington_treaty_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_naval_aviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_naval_aviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Development of naval aviation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_naval_aviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_developments_during_the_interwar_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_developments_during_the_interwar_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Naval developments during the interwar years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_developments_during_the_interwar_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doctrinal_debates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctrinal_debates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Doctrinal debates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doctrinal_debates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circle_Plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circle_Plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Circle Plans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circle_Plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Sino-Japanese_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Sino-Japanese_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.6 Second Sino-Japanese War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Sino-Japanese_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Self-Defense_Forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-Defense_Forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Self-Defense Forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-Defense_Forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Imperial Japanese Navy</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" > 47 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japannese_Keiserlike_Vloot" title="Japannese Keiserlike Vloot – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Japannese Keiserlike Vloot" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="البحرية الإمبراطورية اليابانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البحرية الإمبراطورية اليابانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armada_Imperial_Xaponesa" title="Armada Imperial Xaponesa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Armada Imperial Xaponesa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaponiya_%C4%B0mperiya_Donanmas%C4%B1" title="Yaponiya İmperiya Donanması – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yaponiya İmperiya Donanması" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81i_Ji%CC%8Dt-p%C3%BAn_T%C3%A8-kok_H%C3%A1i-kun" title="Tāi Ji̍t-pún Tè-kok Hái-kun – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tāi Ji̍t-pún Tè-kok Hái-kun" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Императорски военноморски флот на Япония – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Императорски военноморски флот на Япония" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morlu_Impalaeriezh_Japan" title="Morlu Impalaeriezh Japan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Morlu Impalaeriezh Japan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Imperial_Japonesa" title="Marina Imperial Japonesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marina Imperial Japonesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonsk%C3%A9_c%C3%ADsa%C5%99sk%C3%A9_n%C3%A1mo%C5%99nictvo" title="Japonské císařské námořnictvo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Japonské císařské námořnictvo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejserlige_japanske_fl%C3%A5de" title="Kejserlige japanske flåde – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kejserlige japanske flåde" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserlich_Japanische_Marine" title="Kaiserlich Japanische Marine – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaiserlich Japanische Marine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%99%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Αυτοκρατορικό Ιαπωνικό Ναυτικό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοκρατορικό Ιαπωνικό Ναυτικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armada_Imperial_Japonesa" title="Armada Imperial Japonesa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Armada Imperial Japonesa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperijapana_%C5%9Ciparmeo" title="Imperijapana Ŝiparmeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Imperijapana Ŝiparmeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japoniar_Itsas_Armada_Inperiala" title="Japoniar Itsas Armada Inperiala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Japoniar Itsas Armada Inperiala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86" title="نیروی دریایی امپراتوری ژاپن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیروی دریایی امپراتوری ژاپن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_imp%C3%A9riale_japonaise" title="Marine impériale japonaise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marine impériale japonaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keizerlike_Japanske_Marine" title="Keizerlike Japanske Marine – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Keizerlike Japanske Marine" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD_%ED%95%B4%EA%B5%B0" title="일본 제국 해군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일본 제국 해군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanska_carska_mornarica" title="Japanska carska mornarica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Japanska carska mornarica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkatan_Laut_Kekaisaran_Jepang" title="Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jepang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jepang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Imperial_Japonese" title="Marina Imperial Japonese – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Marina Imperial Japonese" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_imperiale_giapponese" title="Marina imperiale giapponese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marina imperiale giapponese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99" title="הצי הקיסרי היפני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הצי הקיסרי היפני" 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href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="البحريه الامبراطوريه اليابانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="البحريه الامبراطوريه اليابانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentera_Laut_Imperial_Jepun" title="Tentera Laut Imperial Jepun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tentera Laut Imperial Jepun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanse_Keizerlijke_Marine" title="Japanse Keizerlijke Marine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Japanse Keizerlijke Marine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D" title="大日本帝国海軍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大日本帝国海軍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai-Nippon_Teikoku_Kaigun" title="Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinha_Imperial_Japonesa" title="Marinha Imperial Japonesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marinha Imperial Japonesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Imperial%C4%83_Japonez%C4%83" title="Marina Imperială Japoneză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marina Imperială Japoneză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Императорский флот Японии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Императорский флот Японии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Imperial Japanese Navy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Јапанска царска морнарица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јапанска царска морнарица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keisarillisen_Japanin_laivasto" title="Keisarillisen Japanin laivasto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keisarillisen Japanin laivasto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejserliga_japanska_flottan" title="Kejserliga japanska flottan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kejserliga japanska flottan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Naval branch of the Empire of Japan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the maritime force of Empire of Japan. For the current maritime force of Japan since 1954, see <a href="/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_(Japan)" title="Ministry of the Navy (Japan)">Ministry of the Navy (Japan)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Imperial Japanese Navy</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">大日本帝國海軍 (Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/220px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/330px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/440px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Rising_Sun_Flag" title="Rising Sun Flag">Ensign of the Imperial Japanese Navy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1868</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Disbanded</th><td class="infobox-data">1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor of Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Fleet" title="Combined Fleet">Combined Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Navy Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Land_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Land Forces">Marines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Role</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Naval warfare</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of the Navy of Japan">Ministry of the Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">Navy General Staff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Colors</th><td class="infobox-data">Navy Blue and White</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">March</th><td class="infobox-data">"<a href="/wiki/Gunkan_k%C5%8Dshinkyoku" title="Gunkan kōshinkyoku">Gunkan kōshinkyoku</a>" ("Gunkan March")</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Anniversaries</th><td class="infobox-data">27 May</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Invasion of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Commander-in-chief</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor of Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_(Japan)" title="Ministry of the Navy (Japan)">Minister of the Navy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">See list</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">Chief of the Navy General Staff</a></th><td class="infobox-data">See list</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Insignia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Roundel</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_Japan_(1943).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Roundel_of_Japan_%281943%29.svg/100px-Roundel_of_Japan_%281943%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Roundel_of_Japan_%281943%29.svg/150px-Roundel_of_Japan_%281943%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Roundel_of_Japan_%281943%29.svg/200px-Roundel_of_Japan_%281943%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Ranks</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ranks_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Ranks of the Imperial Japanese Navy">Ranks of the Imperial Japanese Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Aircraft flown</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="List of aircraft of the Imperial Japanese Navy">List of aircraft</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN; <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjitai" title="Kyūjitai">Kyūjitai</a>: 大日本帝國海軍 <a href="/wiki/Shinjitai" title="Shinjitai">Shinjitai</a>: 大日本帝国海軍 <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5e\/Ja-Dai-Nippon_teikoku_kaigun.ogg\/Ja-Dai-Nippon_teikoku_kaigun.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ja-Dai-Nippon teikoku kaigun.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5e/Ja-Dai-Nippon_teikoku_kaigun.ogg/Ja-Dai-Nippon_teikoku_kaigun.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ja-Dai-Nippon_teikoku_kaigun.ogg" title="File:Ja-Dai-Nippon teikoku kaigun.ogg">ⓘ</a> 'Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire', or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun, 'Japanese Navy') was the <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">navy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> from 1868 to 1945, <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">when it was dissolved</a> following <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japan's surrender in World War II</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force</a> (JMSDF) was formed between 1952 and 1954 after the dissolution of the IJN.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920, behind the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> (USN).<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> It was supported by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service</a> for aircraft and airstrike operations from the fleet. It was the primary opponent of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Western Allies</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>. The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy date back to early interactions with nations on the <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian continent</a>, beginning in the early <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan#Feudal_Japan" title="History of Japan">feudal period</a> and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of <a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">cultural exchange</a> with <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Power_(international)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power (international)">powers</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>. After two centuries of stagnation during the country's ensuing <a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">seclusion policy</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōgun">shōgun</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>, Japan's navy was comparatively antiquated when the country was forced open to trade by <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa" title="Convention of Kanagawa">American intervention</a> in 1854. This eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>. Accompanying the re-ascendance of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a> came a period of frantic <a href="/wiki/Modernization" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernization">modernization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>. The IJN saw several successes in combat during the early twentieth century, sometimes against much more powerful enemies, such as in the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">Sino-Japanese War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>, before being largely destroyed in World War II. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Naval history of Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AntokuTennou_Engi.7%268_Dannoura_Kassen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Armed men on small ships, fighting each other" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/AntokuTennou_Engi.7%268_Dannoura_Kassen.jpg/220px-AntokuTennou_Engi.7%268_Dannoura_Kassen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/AntokuTennou_Engi.7%268_Dannoura_Kassen.jpg/330px-AntokuTennou_Engi.7%268_Dannoura_Kassen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/AntokuTennou_Engi.7%268_Dannoura_Kassen.jpg/440px-AntokuTennou_Engi.7%268_Dannoura_Kassen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4233" data-file-height="2744" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dan-no-ura" title="Battle of Dan-no-ura">Battle of Dan-no-ura</a> in 1185</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese-Tokugawa-Ship-Ataka-Maru.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Japanese-Tokugawa-Ship-Ataka-Maru.png/220px-Japanese-Tokugawa-Ship-Ataka-Maru.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Japanese-Tokugawa-Ship-Ataka-Maru.png/330px-Japanese-Tokugawa-Ship-Ataka-Maru.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Japanese-Tokugawa-Ship-Ataka-Maru.png/440px-Japanese-Tokugawa-Ship-Ataka-Maru.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="869" /></a><figcaption>A 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Atakebune" title="Atakebune">atakebune</a> coastal naval war vessel, bearing the <a href="/wiki/Mon_(emblem)" title="Mon (emblem)">crest</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_clan" title="Tokugawa clan">Tokugawa clan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamada_Nagamasa_warship_(1789).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Yamada_Nagamasa_warship_%281789%29.jpg/220px-Yamada_Nagamasa_warship_%281789%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Yamada_Nagamasa_warship_%281789%29.jpg/330px-Yamada_Nagamasa_warship_%281789%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Yamada_Nagamasa_warship_%281789%29.jpg/440px-Yamada_Nagamasa_warship_%281789%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>The warship of <a href="/wiki/Yamada_Nagamasa" title="Yamada Nagamasa">Yamada Nagamasa</a> (1590–1630), a merchant and soldier who traveled to <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a> (Thailand)</figcaption></figure> Japan has a long history of naval interaction with the Asian continent, involving transportation of troops between <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> and Japan, starting at least with the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a> in the 3rd century.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Following the attempts at <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions of Japan</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kubilai Khan</a> in 1274 and 1281, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">wakō</a> became very active in <a href="/wiki/Plunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Plunder">plundering</a> the coast of <a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_China" title="History of China">China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19973-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19974-5">[5]</a> In response to threats of Chinese invasion of Japan, in 1405 the shogun <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_Yoshimitsu" title="Ashikaga Yoshimitsu">Ashikaga Yoshimitsu</a> capitulated to Chinese demands and sent twenty captured Japanese pirates to China, where they were boiled in a cauldron in <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Japan undertook major naval building efforts in the 16th century, during the <a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Warring States period</a> when feudal rulers vying for supremacy built vast coastal navies of several hundred ships. Around that time Japan may have developed one of the first <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclad</a> warships when <a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga" title="Oda Nobunaga">Oda Nobunaga</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyō</a>, had six iron-covered <a href="/wiki/Atakebune" title="Atakebune">Oatakebune</a> made in 1576.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In 1588 <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a> issued a ban on Wakō piracy; the pirates then became vassals of Hideyoshi, and comprised the naval force used in the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%9398)" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)">Japanese invasion of Korea (1592–1598)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19974-5">[5]</a> Japan built her first large ocean-going warships in the beginning of the 17th century, following contacts with the Western nations during the <a href="/wiki/Nanban_trade_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanban trade period">Nanban trade period</a>. In 1613, the daimyō of <a href="/wiki/Sendai,_Miyagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sendai, Miyagi">Sendai</a>, in agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa</a> <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōgun">Bakufu</a>, built <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Bautista_(ship)" title="San Juan Bautista (ship)">Date Maru</a>, a 500-ton <a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">galleon</a>-type ship that transported the Japanese embassy of <a href="/wiki/Hasekura_Tsunenaga" title="Hasekura Tsunenaga">Hasekura Tsunenaga</a> to the Americas, which then continued to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> From 1604 the Bakufu also commissioned about 350 <a href="/wiki/Red_seal_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Red seal ship">Red seal ships</a>, usually armed and incorporating some Western technologies, mainly for <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> trade.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_studies_and_the_end_of_seclusion">Western studies and the end of seclusion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Western studies and the end of seclusion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DaiRokuDaiba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/DaiRokuDaiba.jpg/220px-DaiRokuDaiba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/DaiRokuDaiba.jpg/330px-DaiRokuDaiba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/DaiRokuDaiba.jpg/440px-DaiRokuDaiba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Odaiba" title="Odaiba">No. 6 Odaiba battery</a>, one of the original Edo-era battery islands. These batteries are defensive structures built to withstand naval intrusions.</figcaption></figure> For more than 200 years, beginning in the 1640s, the Japanese policy of seclusion ("<a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">sakoku</a>") forbade contacts with the outside world and prohibited the construction of ocean-going ships on pain of death.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Contacts were maintained, however, with the Dutch through the port of <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, the Chinese also through Nagasaki and the Ryukyus and Korea through intermediaries with Tsushima. The study of Western sciences, called "<a href="/wiki/Rangaku" title="Rangaku">rangaku</a>" through the Dutch enclave of <a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a> in Nagasaki led to the transfer of knowledge related to the Western technological and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific revolution">scientific revolution</a> which allowed Japan to remain aware of naval sciences, such as <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a> and mechanical sciences. Seclusion, however, led to the loss of any naval and maritime traditions the nation possessed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19974-5">[5]</a> Apart from Dutch trade ships, no other Western vessels were allowed to enter Japanese ports. A notable exception was during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic wars">Napoleonic wars</a> when neutral ships flew the Dutch flag. Frictions with the foreign ships, however, started from the beginning of the 19th century. The <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki_Harbour_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagasaki Harbour Incident">Nagasaki Harbour Incident</a> involving <a href="/wiki/HMS_Phaeton_(1782)" title="HMS Phaeton (1782)">HMS Phaeton</a> in 1808, and other subsequent incidents in the following decades, led the shogunate to enact an <a href="/wiki/Edict_to_Repel_Foreign_Vessels" title="Edict to Repel Foreign Vessels">Edict to Repel Foreign Vessels</a>. Western ships, which were increasing their presence around Japan due to whaling and the trade with China, began to challenge the seclusion policy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Morrison_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrison Incident">Morrison Incident</a> in 1837 and news of China's defeat during the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">Opium War</a> led the shogunate to repeal the law to execute foreigners, and instead to adopt the Order for the Provision of Firewood and Water. The shogunate also began to strengthen the nation's coastal defenses. Many Japanese realized that traditional ways would not be sufficient to repel further intrusions, and western knowledge was utilized through the Dutch at Dejima to reinforce Japan's capability to repel the foreigners; field guns, mortars, and firearms were obtained, and coastal defenses reinforced. <a href="/wiki/Sakoku#Challenges_to_seclusion" title="Sakoku">Numerous attempts to open Japan</a> ended in failure, in part to Japanese resistance, until the early 1850s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During 1853 and 1854, American warships under the command of <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Perry_(naval_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Perry (naval officer)">Commodore Matthew Perry</a>, entered <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Bay" title="Tokyo Bay">Edo Bay</a> and made demonstrations of force requesting trade negotiations. After two hundred years of seclusion, the 1854 <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa" title="Convention of Kanagawa">Convention of Kanagawa</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Opening_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Opening of Japan">opening of Japan</a> to international trade and interaction. This was soon followed by the 1858 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_(United_States%E2%80%93Japan)" title="Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–Japan)">Treaty of Amity and Commerce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unequal_Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Unequal Treaties">treaties with other powers</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanjuanbautista.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Replica of the Japanese-built 1613 galleon San Juan Bautista, in Ishinomaki"><img alt="Replica of the Japanese-built 1613 galleon San Juan Bautista, in Ishinomaki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sanjuanbautista.jpg/115px-Sanjuanbautista.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sanjuanbautista.jpg/173px-Sanjuanbautista.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sanjuanbautista.jpg/230px-Sanjuanbautista.jpg 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="898" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Replica of the Japanese-built 1613 <a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">galleon</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_warship_San_Juan_Bautista" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese warship San Juan Bautista">San Juan Bautista</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Ishinomaki" title="Ishinomaki">Ishinomaki</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Seal_Ship_departs_Nagasaki_to_Annam_(Vietnam).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting of a 17th-century Red Seal Ship of the Araki clan, sailing out of Nagasaki for Annam (Vietnam)"><img alt="Painting of a 17th-century Red Seal Ship of the Araki clan, sailing out of Nagasaki for Annam (Vietnam)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Red_Seal_Ship_departs_Nagasaki_to_Annam_%28Vietnam%29.jpg/120px-Red_Seal_Ship_departs_Nagasaki_to_Annam_%28Vietnam%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Red_Seal_Ship_departs_Nagasaki_to_Annam_%28Vietnam%29.jpg/180px-Red_Seal_Ship_departs_Nagasaki_to_Annam_%28Vietnam%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Red_Seal_Ship_departs_Nagasaki_to_Annam_%28Vietnam%29.jpg/240px-Red_Seal_Ship_departs_Nagasaki_to_Annam_%28Vietnam%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4663" data-file-height="3681" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painting of a 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Red_Seal_Ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Seal Ship">Red Seal Ship</a> of the Araki clan, sailing out of <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> for <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Annam</a> (Vietnam)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shohei_Maru_warship_drawing.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The sailing frigate Shōhei Maru (1854) was built from Dutch technical drawings."><img alt="The sailing frigate Shōhei Maru (1854) was built from Dutch technical drawings." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Shohei_Maru_warship_drawing.png/120px-Shohei_Maru_warship_drawing.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Shohei_Maru_warship_drawing.png/180px-Shohei_Maru_warship_drawing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Shohei_Maru_warship_drawing.png/240px-Shohei_Maru_warship_drawing.png 2x" data-file-width="1564" data-file-height="1087" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Sailing_frigate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailing frigate">sailing frigate</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_warship_Shohei_Maru" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese warship Shohei Maru">Shōhei Maru</a> (1854) was built from Dutch technical drawings.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_shogunal_and_domain_naval_forces">Development of shogunal and domain naval forces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development of shogunal and domain naval forces">edit</a>]</div> As soon as Japan opened up to foreign influences, the Tokugawa shogunate recognized the vulnerability of the country from the sea and initiated an active policy of assimilation and adoption of Western naval technologies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19975-12">[12]</a> In 1855, with Dutch assistance, the shogunate acquired its first steam warship, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_barque_Kank%C5%8D_Maru" title="Japanese barque Kankō Maru">Kankō Maru</a>, and began using it for training, establishing a <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki_Naval_Training_Center" title="Nagasaki Naval Training Center">Naval Training Center</a> at Nagasaki.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19975-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a> such as the future Admiral <a href="/wiki/Enomoto_Takeaki" title="Enomoto Takeaki">Enomoto Takeaki</a> (1836–1908) was sent by the shogunate to study in the Netherlands for several years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19975-12">[12]</a> In 1859 the Naval Training Center relocated to <a href="/wiki/Tsukiji" title="Tsukiji">Tsukiji</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>. In 1857 the shogunate acquired its first screw-driven steam warship <a href="/wiki/Kanrin_Maru" title="Kanrin Maru">Kanrin Maru</a> and used it as an escort for the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Embassy_to_the_United_States_(1860)" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Embassy to the United States (1860)">1860 Japanese delegation to the United States</a>. In 1865 the French naval engineer <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9once_Verny" title="Léonce Verny">Léonce Verny</a> was hired to build Japan's first modern naval arsenals, at <a href="/wiki/Yokosuka,_Kanagawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Yokosuka, Kanagawa">Yokosuka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki,_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagasaki, Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESims1998246-13">[13]</a> The shogunate also allowed and then ordered various <a href="/wiki/Han_system" title="Han system">domains</a> to purchase warships and to develop naval fleets,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200515-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma</a>, especially, had petitioned the shogunate to build modern naval vessels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19975-12">[12]</a> A naval center had been set up by the Satsuma domain in Kagoshima, students were sent abroad for training and a number of ships were acquired.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19975-12">[12]</a> The domains of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Domain" title="Chōshū Domain">Chōshū</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hizen_Province" title="Hizen Province">Hizen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tosa_Domain" title="Tosa Domain">Tosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaga_Domain" title="Kaga Domain">Kaga</a> joined Satsuma in acquiring ships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200515-14">[14]</a> These naval elements proved insufficient during the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Kagoshima" title="Bombardment of Kagoshima">Bombardment of Kagoshima</a> in 1863 and the <a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimonoseki Campaign">Allied bombardments of Shimonoseki</a> in 1863–64.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19975-12">[12]</a> By the mid-1860s the shogunate had a fleet of eight warships and thirty-six auxiliaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200515-14">[14]</a> Satsuma (which had the largest domain fleet) had nine steamships,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200516-15">[15]</a> Choshu had five ships plus numerous auxiliary craft, Kaga had ten ships and Chikuzen eight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200516-15">[15]</a> Numerous smaller domains also had acquired a number of ships. However, these fleets resembled maritime organizations rather than actual navies with ships functioning as transports as well as combat vessels;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19975-12">[12]</a> they were also manned by personnel who lacked experienced seamanship except for coastal sailing and who had virtually no combat training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19975-12">[12]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanrinmaru.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The screw-driven steam corvette Kanrin Maru, Japan's first screw-driven steam warship, 1857"><img alt="The screw-driven steam corvette Kanrin Maru, Japan's first screw-driven steam warship, 1857" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kanrinmaru.jpg/120px-Kanrinmaru.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kanrinmaru.jpg/180px-Kanrinmaru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kanrinmaru.jpg/240px-Kanrinmaru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="377" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The screw-driven <a href="/wiki/Steam_corvette" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam corvette">steam corvette</a> <a href="/wiki/Kanrin_Maru" title="Kanrin Maru">Kanrin Maru</a>, Japan's first screw-driven steam warship, 1857</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gunboat_Chiyodagata_anchored_at_Yokosuka.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The gunboat Chiyoda, was Japan's first domestically built steam warship. It was completed in May 1866.[16]"><img alt="The gunboat Chiyoda, was Japan's first domestically built steam warship. It was completed in May 1866.[16]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gunboat_Chiyodagata_anchored_at_Yokosuka.png/120px-Gunboat_Chiyodagata_anchored_at_Yokosuka.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gunboat_Chiyodagata_anchored_at_Yokosuka.png/180px-Gunboat_Chiyodagata_anchored_at_Yokosuka.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gunboat_Chiyodagata_anchored_at_Yokosuka.png/240px-Gunboat_Chiyodagata_anchored_at_Yokosuka.png 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboat</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_gunboat_Chiyodagata" title="Japanese gunboat Chiyodagata">Chiyoda</a>, was Japan's first domestically built steam warship. It was completed in May 1866.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonewall-Kotetsu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The French-built ironclad warship Kōtetsu (ex-CSS Stonewall), Japan's first modern ironclad, 1869"><img alt="The French-built ironclad warship Kōtetsu (ex-CSS Stonewall), Japan's first modern ironclad, 1869" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Stonewall-Kotetsu.jpg/120px-Stonewall-Kotetsu.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Stonewall-Kotetsu.jpg/180px-Stonewall-Kotetsu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Stonewall-Kotetsu.jpg/240px-Stonewall-Kotetsu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="652" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The French-built <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclad warship</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_ironclad_K%C5%8Dtetsu" title="Japanese ironclad Kōtetsu">Kōtetsu</a> (ex-CSS Stonewall), Japan's first modern <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclad</a>, 1869</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Navy_(1868–72)">Creation of the Imperial Japanese Navy (1868–72)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Creation of the Imperial Japanese Navy (1868–72)">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> in 1868 led to the overthrow of the shogunate. From 1868, the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Dajokan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dajokan">Meiji government</a> continued with reforms to centralize and modernize Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200513-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boshin_War">Boshin War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Boshin War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Battle_of_Hakodate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Naval_Battle_of_Hakodate.jpg/220px-Naval_Battle_of_Hakodate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Naval_Battle_of_Hakodate.jpg/330px-Naval_Battle_of_Hakodate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Naval_Battle_of_Hakodate.jpg/440px-Naval_Battle_of_Hakodate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Hakodate" title="Naval Battle of Hakodate">Naval Battle of Hakodate</a>, May 1869; in the foreground, wooden <a href="/wiki/Paddle_steamer" title="Paddle steamer">paddle steamer</a> warship <a href="/wiki/Japanese_corvette_Kasuga" title="Japanese corvette Kasuga">Kasuga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ironclad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironclad">ironclad</a> warship <a href="/wiki/Japanese_ironclad_K%C5%8Dtetsu" title="Japanese ironclad Kōtetsu">Kōtetsu</a> of the Imperial Japanese Navy</figcaption></figure> Although the Meiji reformers had overthrown the Tokugawa shogunate, tensions between the former ruler and the restoration leaders led to the <a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a> (January 1868 to June 1869). The early part of the conflict largely involved land battles, with naval forces playing a minimal role transporting troops from western to eastern Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200511-18">[18]</a> Only the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Awa" title="Battle of Awa">Battle of Awa</a> (28 January 1868) was significant; this also proved one of the few Tokugawa successes in the war. <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Yoshinobu" title="Tokugawa Yoshinobu">Tokugawa Yoshinobu</a> eventually surrendered after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Edo" title="Fall of Edo">fall of Edo</a> in July 1868, and as a result most of Japan accepted the emperor's rule, however resistance continued <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cuetsu_Reppan_D%C5%8Dmei" title="Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei">in the North</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 26 March 1868 the first naval review in Japan took place in <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Bay" title="Osaka Bay">Osaka Bay</a>, with six ships from the private domain navies of <a href="/wiki/Saga_Domain" title="Saga Domain">Saga</a>, Chōshū, <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_han" class="mw-redirect" title="Satsuma han">Satsuma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurume_Domain" title="Kurume Domain">Kurume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumamoto_Domain" title="Kumamoto Domain">Kumamoto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Domain" title="Hiroshima Domain">Hiroshima</a> participating. The total tonnage of these ships was 2,252 tons, which was far smaller than the tonnage of the single foreign vessel (from the French Navy) that also participated. The following year, in July 1869, the Imperial Japanese Navy was formally established, two months after the last combat of the Boshin War.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Enomoto Takeaki, the admiral of the shōgun's navy, refused to surrender all his ships, remitting just four vessels, and escaped to northern <a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshū</a> with the remnants of the shōgun's navy: eight steam warships and 2,000 men. Following the defeat of pro-shogunate resistance on Honshū, Admiral Enomoto Takeaki fled to <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaidō</a>, where he established the breakaway <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ezo" title="Republic of Ezo">Republic of Ezo</a> (27 January 1869). The new Meiji government dispatched a military force to defeat the rebels, culminating with the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Hakodate" title="Naval Battle of Hakodate">Naval Battle of Hakodate</a> in May 1869.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19977-19">[19]</a> The Imperial side took delivery (February 1869) of the French-built ironclad Kotetsu (originally ordered by the Tokugawa shogunate) and used it decisively towards the end of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESondhaus2001100-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation">Consolidation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consolidation">edit</a>]</div> In February 1868 the Imperial government had placed all captured shogunate naval vessels under the Navy Army affairs section.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200511-18">[18]</a> In the following months, military forces of the government came under the control of several organizations which were established and then disbanded until the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of War of Japan">Ministry of War</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of the Navy of Japan">Ministry of the Navy of Japan</a> in 1872. For the first two years (1868–1870) of the Meiji state no national, centrally controlled navy existed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200512-21">[21]</a> – the Meiji government only administered those Tokugawa vessels captured in the early phase of the Boshin War of 1868–1869.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200512-21">[21]</a> All other naval vessels remained under the control of the various domains which had been acquired during the <a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a> period. The naval forces mirrored the political environment of Japan at the time: the domains retained their political as well as military independence from the Imperial government. <a href="/wiki/Katsu_Kaish%C5%AB" title="Katsu Kaishū">Katsu Kaishū</a> a former Tokugawa navy leader, was brought into the government as Vice Minister of the Navy in 1872, and became the first <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_(Japan)" title="Ministry of the Navy (Japan)">Minister of the Navy</a> from 1873 until 1878 because of his naval experience and his ability to control Tokugawa personnel who retained positions in the government naval forces. Upon assuming office Katsu Kaishu recommended the rapid centralization of all naval forces – government and domain – under one agency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200512-21">[21]</a> The nascent Meiji government in its first years did not have the necessary political and military force to implement such a policy and so, like much of the government, the naval forces retained a decentralized structure in most of 1869 through 1870.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The incident involving Enomoto Takeaki's refusal to surrender and his escape to Hokkaidō with a large part of the former Tokugawa Navy's best warships embarrassed the Meiji government politically. The imperial side had to rely on considerable naval assistance from the most powerful domains as the government did not have enough naval power to put down the rebellion on its own.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200512-21">[21]</a> Although the rebel forces in Hokkaidō surrendered, the government's response to the rebellion demonstrated the need for a strong centralized naval force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200513-17">[17]</a> Even before the rebellion the restoration leaders had realized the need for greater political, economic and military centralization and by August 1869 most of the domains had returned their lands and population registers to the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200513-17">[17]</a> In 1871 the domains were abolished altogether and as with the political context the centralization of the navy began with the domains donating their forces to the central government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200513-17">[17]</a> As a result, in 1871 Japan could finally boast a centrally controlled navy, this was also the institutional beginning of the Imperial Japanese Navy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200513-17">[17]</a> In February 1872, the Ministry of War was replaced by a separate Army Ministry and Navy Ministry. In October 1873, Katsu Kaishū became Navy Minister.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19979-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secondary_Service_(1872–1882)">Secondary Service (1872–1882)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Secondary Service (1872–1882)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_ironclad_Fus%C5%8D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Japanese_ironclad_Fus%C5%8D.jpg/220px-Japanese_ironclad_Fus%C5%8D.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Japanese_ironclad_Fus%C5%8D.jpg/330px-Japanese_ironclad_Fus%C5%8D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Japanese_ironclad_Fus%C5%8D.jpg/440px-Japanese_ironclad_Fus%C5%8D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>The ironclad <a href="/wiki/Japanese_ironclad_Fus%C5%8D" title="Japanese ironclad Fusō">Fusō</a>, between 1878 and 1891</figcaption></figure> After the consolidation of the government the new Meiji state set about to build up national strength. The Meiji government honored the treaties with the Western powers signed during the Bakumatsu period with the ultimate goal of revising them, leading to a subsided threat from the sea. This however led to conflict with those disgruntled samurai who wanted to expel the westerners and with groups which opposed the Meiji reforms. Internal dissent – including peasant uprisings – become a greater concern for the government, which curtailed plans for naval expansion as a result. In the immediate period from 1868 many members of the Meiji coalition advocated giving preference to maritime forces over the army and saw naval strength as paramount.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19977-19">[19]</a> In 1870 the new government drafted an ambitious plan to develop a navy with 200 ships organized into ten fleets. The plan was abandoned within a year due to lack of resources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19977-19">[19]</a> Financial considerations were a major factor restricting the growth of the navy during the 1870s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200519-23">[23]</a> Japan at the time was not a wealthy state. Soon, however, domestic rebellions, the <a href="/wiki/Saga_Rebellion" title="Saga Rebellion">Saga Rebellion</a> (1874) and especially the <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a> (1877), forced the government to focus on land warfare, and the army gained prominence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19977-19">[19]</a> Naval policy, as expressed by the slogan Shusei Kokubō (literally: "Static Defense"), focused on coastal defenses,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19977-19">[19]</a> on a standing army (established with the assistance of the second <a href="/wiki/French_Military_Mission_to_Japan_(1872%E2%80%931880)" class="mw-redirect" title="French Military Mission to Japan (1872–1880)">French Military Mission to Japan</a>), and a coastal navy that could act in a supportive role to drive an invading enemy from the coast. The resulting military organization followed the Rikushu Kaijū (Army first, Navy second) principle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19977-19">[19]</a> This meant a defense designed to repel an enemy from Japanese territory, and the chief responsibility for that mission rested upon Japan's army; consequently, the army gained the bulk of the military expenditures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200518-24">[24]</a> During the 1870s and 1880s, the Imperial Japanese Navy remained an essentially coastal-defense force, although the Meiji government continued to modernize it. <a href="/wiki/Jo_Sho_Maru" class="mw-redirect" title="Jo Sho Maru">Jo Sho Maru</a> (soon renamed Ryūjō Maru) commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Blake_Glover" title="Thomas Blake Glover">Thomas Glover</a> was launched at <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> on 27 March 1869.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_support_and_influence">British support and influence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: British support and influence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kongo(1878).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three-masted armoured warship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kongo%281878%29.jpg/220px-Kongo%281878%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kongo%281878%29.jpg/330px-Kongo%281878%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kongo%281878%29.jpg/440px-Kongo%281878%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2778" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ironclad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironclad">ironclad corvette</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_ironclad_Kong%C5%8D" title="Japanese ironclad Kongō">Kongō</a></figcaption></figure> In 1870 an Imperial decree determined that Britain's Royal Navy should serve as the model for development, instead of the Netherlands navy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199712-25">[25]</a> In 1873 a thirty-four-man British naval mission, headed by <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Lucius_Douglas" title="Archibald Lucius Douglas">Lt. Comdr. Archibald Douglas</a>, arrived in Japan. Douglas directed instruction at the Naval Academy at Tsukiji for several years, the mission remained in Japan until 1879, substantially advancing the development of the navy and firmly establishing British traditions within the Japanese navy from matters of seamanship to the style of its uniforms and the attitudes of its officers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199712-25">[25]</a> From September 1870, the English Lieutenant Horse, a former gunnery instructor for the <a href="/wiki/Saga_Prefecture" title="Saga Prefecture">Saga fief</a> during the Bakumatsu period, was put in charge of gunnery practice on board the Ryūjō. In 1871, the ministry resolved to send 16 trainees abroad for training in naval sciences (14 to Great Britain, two to the United States), among whom was Heihachirō Tōgō. In 1879, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Peel_Willan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrence Peel Willan (page does not exist)">Commander L. P. Willan</a> was hired to train naval cadets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199712-25">[25]</a> Ships such as the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_ironclad_Fus%C5%8D" title="Japanese ironclad Fusō">Fusō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_ironclad_Kong%C5%8D" title="Japanese ironclad Kongō">Kongō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_ironclad_Hiei" title="Japanese ironclad Hiei">Hiei</a> were built in British shipyards, and they were the first warships built abroad specifically for the Imperial Japanese Navy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200519-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESondhaus2001133-26">[26]</a> Private construction companies such as <a href="/wiki/Ishikawajima-Harima_Heavy_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries">Ishikawajima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Heavy_Industries,_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.">Kawasaki</a> also emerged around this time.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_interventions_abroad_(Taiwan_1874,_Korea_1875–76)">First interventions abroad (Taiwan 1874, Korea 1875–76)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: First interventions abroad (Taiwan 1874, Korea 1875–76)">edit</a>]</div> During 1873, a plan to invade the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seikanron" title="Seikanron">Seikanron</a> proposal made by <a href="/wiki/Saig%C5%8D_Takamori" title="Saigō Takamori">Saigō Takamori</a>, was narrowly abandoned by decision of the central government in Tokyo.<a href="#cite_note-Kornicki-27">[27]</a> In 1874, the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Expedition_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan Expedition of 1874">Taiwan expedition</a> was the first foray abroad of the new Imperial Japanese Navy and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Army</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Mudan_Incident_of_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudan Incident of 1871">Mudan Incident of 1871</a>, however the navy served largely as a transport force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200518-24">[24]</a> Various interventions in the Korean Peninsula continued in 1875–1876, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Ganghwa_Island_incident" title="Ganghwa Island incident">Ganghwa Island incident</a> provoked by the Japanese gunboat <a href="/wiki/Japanese_gunboat_Un%27y%C5%8D" title="Japanese gunboat Un'yō">Un'yō</a>, leading to the dispatch of a large force of the Imperial Japanese Navy. As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1876" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876</a> was signed, marking the official opening of Korea to foreign trade, and Japan's first example of Western-style interventionism and adoption of "unequal treaties" tactics.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In 1878, the Japanese cruiser Seiki sailed to Europe with an entirely Japanese crew.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naval_expansion_(1882–1893)">Naval expansion (1882–1893)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Naval expansion (1882–1893)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Navy_(1882%E2%80%931893)" title="History of the Imperial Japanese Navy (1882–1893)">History of the Imperial Japanese Navy (1882–1893)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Ironclad_warship_Ryujo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three-masted warship at anchor in a bay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Japanese_Ironclad_warship_Ryujo.jpg/220px-Japanese_Ironclad_warship_Ryujo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Japanese_Ironclad_warship_Ryujo.jpg/330px-Japanese_Ironclad_warship_Ryujo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Japanese_Ironclad_warship_Ryujo.jpg/440px-Japanese_Ironclad_warship_Ryujo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>The British-built steam <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclad warship</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_ironclad_Ry%C5%ABj%C5%8D" title="Japanese ironclad Ryūjō">Ryūjō</a> was the flagship of the Imperial Japanese Navy until 1881.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_naval_expansion_bill">First naval expansion bill</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: First naval expansion bill">edit</a>]</div> After the <a href="/wiki/Imo_Incident" title="Imo Incident">Imo Incident</a> in July 1882, <a href="/wiki/Iwakura_Tomomi" title="Iwakura Tomomi">Iwakura Tomomi</a> submitted a document to the <a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Daijō-kan">daijō-kan</a> titled "Opinions Regarding Naval Expansion" asserting that a strong navy was essential to maintaining the security of Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200526-29">[29]</a> In furthering his argument, Iwakura suggested that domestic rebellions were no longer Japan's primary military concern and that naval affairs should take precedence over army concerns; a strong navy was more important than a sizable army to preserve the Japanese state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200526-29">[29]</a> Furthermore, he justified that a large, modern navy, would have the added potential benefit of instilling Japan with greater international prestige<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200526-29">[29]</a> and recognition, as navies were internationally recognized hallmarks of power and status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200527-30">[30]</a> Iwakura also suggested that the Meiji government could support naval growth by increasing taxes on tobacco, sake, and soy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200527-30">[30]</a> After lengthy discussions, Iwakura eventually convinced the ruling coalition to support Japan's first multi-year naval expansion plan in history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200527-30">[30]</a> In May 1883, the government approved a plan that, when completed, would add 32 warships over eight years at a cost of just over ¥26 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200527-30">[30]</a> This development was very significant for the navy, as the amount allocated virtually equaled the navy's entire budget between 1873 and 1882.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200527-30">[30]</a> The 1882 naval expansion plan succeeded in a large part because of Satsuma power, influence, and patronage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200534-31">[31]</a> Between 19 August and 23 November 1882, Satsuma forces with Iwakura's leadership, worked tirelessly to secure support for the Navy's expansion plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200534-31">[31]</a> After uniting the other Satsuma members of the Dajokan, Iwakura approached the emperor the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji emperor">Meiji emperor</a> arguing persuasively just as he did with the Dajokan, that naval expansion was critical to Japan's security and that the standing army of forty thousand men was more than sufficient for domestic purposes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200534-31">[31]</a> While the government should direct the lion's share of future military appropriations toward naval matters, a powerful navy would legitimize an increase in tax revenue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200535-32">[32]</a> On November 24, the emperor assembled select ministers of the daijō-kan together with military officers, and announced the need for increased tax revenues to provide adequate funding for military expansion, this was followed by an imperial re-script. The following month, in December, an annual ¥7.5-million tax increase on sake, soy, and tobacco was fully approved, in the hopes that it would provide ¥3.5 million annually for warship construction and ¥2.5 million for warship maintenance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200535-32">[32]</a> In February 1883, the government directed further revenues from other ministries to support an increase in the navy's warship construction and purchasing budget. By March 1883, the navy secured the ¥6.5 million required annually to support an eight-year expansion plan, this was the largest that the Imperial Japanese Navy had secured in its young existence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200535-32">[32]</a> However, naval expansion remained a highly contentious issue for both the government and the navy throughout much of the 1880s. Overseas advances in naval technology increased the costs of purchasing large components of a modern fleet, so that by 1885 cost overruns had jeopardized the entire 1883 plan. Furthermore, increased costs coupled with decreased domestic tax revenues, heightened concern and political tension in Japan regarding funding naval expansion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200527-30">[30]</a> In 1883, two large warships were ordered from British shipyards.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Naniwa" title="Japanese cruiser Naniwa">Naniwa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Takachiho" title="Japanese cruiser Takachiho">Takachiho</a> were 3,650 ton ships. They were capable of speeds up to 18 kn (33 km/h; 21 mph) and were armed with 54 to 76 mm (2 to 3 in) deck armor and two 260 mm (10 in) <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a> guns. The naval architect Sasō Sachū designed these on the line of the Elswick class of <a href="/wiki/Protected_cruisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected cruisers">protected cruisers</a> but with superior specifications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199714-33">[33]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a> was taking place with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> however, who equipped herself with two 7,335 ton German-built <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_turret_ship_Dingyuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese turret ship Dingyuan">Ting Yüan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_turret_ship_Zhenyuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese turret ship Zhenyuan">Chen-Yüan</a>). Unable to confront the Chinese fleet with only two modern cruisers, Japan resorted to French assistance to build a large, modern fleet which could prevail in the upcoming conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199714-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_of_the_French_"Jeune_École"_(1880s)">Influence of the French "Jeune École" (1880s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Influence of the French "Jeune École" (1880s)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_cruiser_Matsushima_1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large warship seen from the prow, racing forward through the sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Japanese_cruiser_Matsushima_1896.jpg/220px-Japanese_cruiser_Matsushima_1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Japanese_cruiser_Matsushima_1896.jpg/330px-Japanese_cruiser_Matsushima_1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Japanese_cruiser_Matsushima_1896.jpg/440px-Japanese_cruiser_Matsushima_1896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>The French-built <a href="/wiki/Protected_cruiser" title="Protected cruiser">protected cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Matsushima" title="Japanese cruiser Matsushima">Matsushima</a>, the flagship of the IJN at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yalu_River_(1894)" title="Battle of the Yalu River (1894)">Battle of the Yalu River</a> in 1894</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_cruiser_Hashidate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Japanese_cruiser_Hashidate.jpg/220px-Japanese_cruiser_Hashidate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Japanese_cruiser_Hashidate.jpg/330px-Japanese_cruiser_Hashidate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Japanese_cruiser_Hashidate.jpg/440px-Japanese_cruiser_Hashidate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Protected_cruiser" title="Protected cruiser">protected cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Hashidate" title="Japanese cruiser Hashidate">Hashidate</a>, built domestically at the arsenal of <a href="/wiki/Yokosuka" title="Yokosuka">Yokosuka</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_cruiser_Unebi_1886.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Small warship seen from the side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Japanese_cruiser_Unebi_1886.jpg/220px-Japanese_cruiser_Unebi_1886.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Japanese_cruiser_Unebi_1886.jpg/330px-Japanese_cruiser_Unebi_1886.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Japanese_cruiser_Unebi_1886.jpg/440px-Japanese_cruiser_Unebi_1886.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2002" data-file-height="1242" /></a><figcaption>The Unebi 1886</figcaption></figure> During the 1880s, France took the lead in influence, due to its "<a href="/wiki/Jeune_%C3%89cole" title="Jeune École">Jeune École</a>" ("young school") doctrine, favoring small, fast warships, especially <a href="/wiki/Cruiser_(warship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruiser (warship)">cruisers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">torpedo boats</a>, against bigger units.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199714-33">[33]</a> The choice of France may also have been influenced by the Minister of the Navy, who happened to be Enomoto Takeaki at that time (Navy Minister 1880–1885), a former ally of the French during the Boshin War. Also, Japan was uneasy with being dependent on Great Britain, at a time when Great Britain was very close to China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESims1998250-34">[34]</a> The Meiji government issued its First Naval Expansion bill in 1882, requiring the construction of 48 warships, of which 22 were to be torpedo boats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199714-33">[33]</a> The naval successes of the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> against China in the <a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a> of 1883–85 seemed to validate the potential of torpedo boats, an approach which was also attractive to the limited resources of Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199714-33">[33]</a> In 1885, the new Navy slogan became Kaikoku Nippon (Jp:海国日本, "Maritime Japan").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199719-35">[35]</a> In 1885, the leading French Navy engineer <a href="/wiki/Louis-%C3%89mile_Bertin" title="Louis-Émile Bertin">Émile Bertin</a> was hired for four years to reinforce the Japanese Navy and to direct the construction of the arsenals of <a href="/wiki/Kure,_Hiroshima" title="Kure, Hiroshima">Kure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sasebo,_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasebo, Nagasaki">Sasebo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199714-33">[33]</a> He developed the <a href="/wiki/Matsushima-class_cruiser" title="Matsushima-class cruiser">Sankeikan</a> class of cruisers; three units featuring a single powerful main gun, the 320 mm (13 in) <a href="/wiki/Canet_gun" title="Canet gun">Canet gun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199714-33">[33]</a> Altogether, Bertin supervised the building of more than 20 units. They helped establish the first true modern naval force of Japan. It allowed Japan to achieve mastery in the building of large units, since some of the ships were imported, and some others were built domestically at the arsenal of Yokosuka: <ul><li>3 cruisers: the 4,700 ton <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Matsushima" title="Japanese cruiser Matsushima">Matsushima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Itsukushima" title="Japanese cruiser Itsukushima">Itsukushima</a>, built in France, and the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Hashidate" title="Japanese cruiser Hashidate">Hashidate</a>, built at Yokosuka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESims1998250-34">[34]</a></li> <li>3 coastal warships of 4,278 tons.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>2 small cruisers: the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Chiyoda" title="Japanese cruiser Chiyoda">Chiyoda</a>, a small cruiser of 2,439 tons built in Britain, and the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Yaeyama" title="Japanese cruiser Yaeyama">Yaeyama</a>, 1,800 tons, built at Yokosuka.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>1 <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a>, the 1,600 ton <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Takao_(1888)" title="Japanese cruiser Takao (1888)">Takao</a>, built at Yokosuka.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li> <li>1 <a href="/wiki/Aviso" title="Aviso">aviso</a>: the 726 ton <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Chishima" title="Japanese cruiser Chishima">Chishima</a>, built in France.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>16 torpedo boats of 54 tons each, built in France by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Companie_du_Creusot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Companie du Creusot (page does not exist)">Companie du Creusot</a> in 1888, and assembled in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESims1998250-34">[34]</a></li></ul> This period also allowed Japan "to embrace the revolutionary new technologies embodied in <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a>, torpedo-boats and <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">mines</a>, of which the French at the time were probably the world's best exponents".<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Japan acquired its first torpedoes in 1884, and established a "Torpedo Training Center" at Yokosuka in 1886.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199714-33">[33]</a> These ships, ordered during the fiscal years 1885 and 1886, were the last major orders placed with France. The unexplained sinking of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Unebi" title="Japanese cruiser Unebi">Unebi</a> en route from France to Japan in December 1886, created embarrassment however.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESims1998250-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESims1998354-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_shipbuilding">British shipbuilding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: British shipbuilding">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IJN_torpedo_boat_HAYABUSA_in_1900_at_Kobe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Small warship seen from the side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/IJN_torpedo_boat_HAYABUSA_in_1900_at_Kobe.jpg/220px-IJN_torpedo_boat_HAYABUSA_in_1900_at_Kobe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/IJN_torpedo_boat_HAYABUSA_in_1900_at_Kobe.jpg/330px-IJN_torpedo_boat_HAYABUSA_in_1900_at_Kobe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/IJN_torpedo_boat_HAYABUSA_in_1900_at_Kobe.jpg/440px-IJN_torpedo_boat_HAYABUSA_in_1900_at_Kobe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">torpedo boat</a> <a href="/wiki/Hayabusa-class_torpedo_boat" title="Hayabusa-class torpedo boat">Hayabusa</a></figcaption></figure> Japan turned again to Britain, with the order of a revolutionary torpedo boat, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_torpedo_boat_Kotaka" title="Japanese torpedo boat Kotaka">Kotaka</a>, which was considered the first effective design of a destroyer,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199714-33">[33]</a> in 1887 and with the purchase of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Yoshino" title="Japanese cruiser Yoshino">Yoshino</a>, built at the <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth" title="Armstrong Whitworth">Armstrong</a> works in <a href="/wiki/Elswick,_Tyne_and_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="Elswick, Tyne and Wear">Elswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, the fastest cruiser in the world at the time of her launch in 1892.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199714-33">[33]</a> In 1889, she ordered the <a href="/wiki/River_Clyde" title="River Clyde">Clyde-built</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Chiyoda" title="Japanese cruiser Chiyoda">Chiyoda</a>, which defined the type for <a href="/wiki/Armored_cruiser" title="Armored cruiser">armored cruisers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-milanovich-39">[39]</a> Between 1882 and 1918, ending with the visit of the <a href="/wiki/French_Military_Mission_to_Japan_(1918-1919)" class="mw-redirect" title="French Military Mission to Japan (1918-1919)">French Military Mission to Japan</a>, the Imperial Japanese Navy stopped relying on foreign instructors altogether. In 1886, she manufactured her own <a href="/wiki/Brown_powder" title="Brown powder">prismatic powder</a>, and in 1892 one of her officers invented a powerful explosive, the <a href="/wiki/Shimose_powder" title="Shimose powder">Shimose powder</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Sino-Japanese_War_(1894–1895)">First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></div> Japan continued the modernization of its navy, especially driven by Chinese efforts to construct a powerful modern fleet with foreign (especially German) assistance, and as a result tensions began to rise between the two countries over competing interests in Korea. The Japanese naval leadership was generally cautious and even apprehensive at the prospect of hostilities with China,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199738-40">[40]</a> as the navy had not yet received several modern warships that had been ordered in February 1893, particularly the battleships <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Fuji" title="Japanese battleship Fuji">Fuji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yashima" title="Japanese battleship Yashima">Yashima</a> and the cruiser <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Akashi" title="Japanese cruiser Akashi">Akashi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200581-41">[41]</a> Hence, initiating hostilities at this time was perceived as ill-advised, and the navy was far less confident than their counterparts in the Japanese army about the outcome of a war with China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199738-40">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chen-yuan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Chen-yuan.jpg/220px-Chen-yuan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Chen-yuan.jpg/330px-Chen-yuan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Chen-yuan.jpg/440px-Chen-yuan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>The Chinese <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_battleship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironclad battleship">ironclad battleship</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ironclad_Zhenyuan" title="Chinese ironclad Zhenyuan">Zhenyuan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Fleet" title="Beiyang Fleet">Beiyang Fleet</a> captured by Japan in 1895</figcaption></figure> Japan's main strategy was to swiftly obtain naval superiority, as this was critical to the success of operations on land. An early victory over the Beiyang fleet would allow Japan to transport troops and material to the Korean Peninsula; additionally, the Japanese judged that a protracted war with China would increase the risk of intervention by the European powers with interests in East Asia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199740-42">[42]</a> The army's <a href="/wiki/5th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="5th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)">Fifth Division</a> would land at Chemulpo on the western coast of Korea, both to engage and push Chinese forces northwest up the peninsula and to draw the Beiyang Fleet into the Yellow Sea, where it would be engaged in decisive battle. Depending upon the outcome of this engagement, Japanese decisionmakers anticipated that they would be faced with one of three choices. If the Combined Fleet were to win decisively at sea, the larger part of the Japanese army could immediately land in force on the Korean coast between <a href="/wiki/Shanhaiguan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanhaiguan">Shanhaiguan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> in order to defeat the Chinese army and bring the war to a swift conclusion. If the naval engagement was a draw, and neither side gained decisive control of the sea, army units in Korea would concentrate on maintaining preexisting positions. Lastly, if the Combined Fleet was defeated and consequently lost command of the sea, the bulk of the army would remain in Japan and prepare to repel a Chinese invasion, while the Fifth Division in Korea would be ordered to dig in and fight a rearguard action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199741-43">[43]</a> A Japanese squadron intercepted and defeated a Chinese naval force near Korean island <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pungdo" title="Battle of Pungdo">of Pungdo</a>, damaging a cruiser, sinking a loaded transport, capturing one gunboat and destroying another.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199741-43">[43]</a> This battle occurred before <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">war</a> was officially declared on 1 August 1894.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199741-43">[43]</a> On 10 August, the Japanese ventured into the Yellow Sea to seek out the Beiyang Fleet, and subsequently bombarded both <a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei">Weihaiwei</a> and Port Arthur. Finding only small vessels in both harbors, the Combined Fleet returned to Korea to support further landings off the Chinese coast. The Beiyang Fleet, under the command of Admiral Ding, was initially ordered to remain close to the Chinese coast while reinforcements were sent to Korea by land. However, as Japanese troops swiftly advanced northward from Seoul to Pyongyang, the Chinese decided to rush troops to Korea by sea under a naval escort in mid-September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199742-44">[44]</a> Concurrently, because there not yet been a decisive encounter at sea, the Japanese decided to send more troops to Korea. Early in September, the Japanese navy was directed to initiate further landings and to support the army on Korea's western coast. As Japanese ground forces moved north to attack Pyongyang, Admiral Ito correctly guessed that the Chinese would attempt to reinforce their army in Korea by sea. On 14 September, the Combined Fleet sailed north to search the Korean and Chinese coasts and bring the Beiyang Fleet to battle. On 17 September 1894, the Japanese encountered the Beiyang Fleet off the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Yalu_River" title="Yalu River">Yalu River</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Fleet" title="Beiyang Fleet">Beiyang Fleet</a> was crippled during the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yalu_River_(1894)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yalu River (1894)">battle</a>, in which the Chinese lost eight out of 12 warships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199746-45">[45]</a> The Chinese subsequently withdrew behind the Weihaiwei fortifications. However, they were then surprised by Japanese troops, who had outflanked the harbor's defenses in coordination with the navy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199746-45">[45]</a> The remnants of the Beiyang Fleet were destroyed at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Weihaiwei" title="Battle of Weihaiwei">Weihaiwei</a>. Although Japan had emerged victorious at sea, the two large German-made Chinese ironclad battleships (Dingyuan and Zhenyuan) had remained almost impervious to Japanese guns, highlighting the need for bigger capital ships in the Imperial Japanese Navy. The next step of the Imperial Japanese Navy's expansion would thus involve a combination of heavily armed large warships, with smaller and more innovative offensive units permitting aggressive tactics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199748-46">[46]</a> As a result of the conflict, under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a> (April 17, 1895), <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pescadores_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pescadores Islands">Pescadores Islands</a> were transferred to Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200583-47">[47]</a> The Imperial Japanese Navy took possession of the island and quelled opposition movements between March and October 1895. Japan also obtained the <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong Peninsula</a>, although was later forced by Russia, Germany and France to return it to China (<a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a>), only for Russia take possession of it soon after.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suppression_of_the_Boxer_rebellion_(1900)">Suppression of the Boxer rebellion (1900)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Suppression of the Boxer rebellion (1900)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></div> The Imperial Japanese Navy further intervened in China in 1900 by participating, together with Western Powers, in the suppression of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>. The Japanese navy supplied the largest number of warships (18 out of a total of 50) and delivered the largest contingent of troops among the intervening nations (20,840 Imperial Japanese Army and Navy soldiers, out of a total of 54,000).<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The conflict allowed Japan to engage in combat alongside Western nations and to acquire first-hand understanding of their fighting methods.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naval_buildup_and_tensions_with_Russia">Naval buildup and tensions with Russia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Naval buildup and tensions with Russia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Six-six_fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="Six-six fleet">Six-six fleet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_battleship_Mikasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large warship with smoke rising from the smokestack" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Japanese_battleship_Mikasa.jpg/220px-Japanese_battleship_Mikasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Japanese_battleship_Mikasa.jpg/330px-Japanese_battleship_Mikasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Japanese_battleship_Mikasa.jpg/440px-Japanese_battleship_Mikasa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2805" data-file-height="1692" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship" title="Pre-dreadnought battleship">pre-dreadnought battleship</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Mikasa" title="Japanese battleship Mikasa">Mikasa</a>, among the most powerful battleships of her time, in 1905, was one of the six battleships ordered as part of the program.</figcaption></figure> Following the war against China, Japan was pressured into renouncing its claim to the Liaodong Peninsula in the Russian-led Triple Intervention. The Japanese were well aware that they could not compete with the overwhelming naval power possessed by the three countries in East Asian waters, particularly Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200584-50">[50]</a> Faced with little choice, the Japanese ceded the peninsula back to China for an additional 30 million taels (roughly ¥45 million). The cession of the Liaodong Peninsula was seen as a humiliation by the Japanese political and military leadership, and Japan began to build up its military strength in preparation for future confrontations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200587-51">[51]</a> The political capital and public support that the navy gained as a result of the recent conflict with China also encouraged popular and legislative support for naval expansion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200584-50">[50]</a> In 1895, <a href="/wiki/Yamamoto_Gombei" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamamoto Gombei">Yamamoto Gombei</a> was assigned to compose a study of Japan's future naval needs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200584-50">[50]</a> He believed that Japan should have sufficient naval strength to not only deal with a single hypothetical enemy individually, but also to confront any fleet from two combined powers that might be dispatched against Japan from overseas waters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199758-52">[52]</a> He assumed that given their conflicting global interests, it was highly unlikely that the United Kingdom and Russia would ever join together in a war against Japan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199758-52">[52]</a> instead considering it more likely that a major power like Russia (in alliance with a lesser naval power) would dispatch a portion of its fleet against Japan. Yamamoto therefore calculated that four battleships would be the most likely strength of any seagoing force that a major power could divert from their other naval commitments to use against Japan, and he also believed that two more battleships might be contributed to such a naval expedition by a lesser hostile power. In order to achieve victory in such an engagement, Yamamoto theorized that Japan should have a force of at least six large battleships, supplemented by four armored cruisers of at least 7,000 tons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199758–59-53">[53]</a> The centerpiece of this expansion was to be the acquisition of four new battleships, in addition to two that were already being completed in Britain as part of an earlier construction program. Yamamoto was also advocated the construction of a balanced fleet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199759-54">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Japanese_Battleship_Katori_circa_1915.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Imperial_Japanese_Battleship_Katori_circa_1915.png/220px-Imperial_Japanese_Battleship_Katori_circa_1915.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Imperial_Japanese_Battleship_Katori_circa_1915.png/330px-Imperial_Japanese_Battleship_Katori_circa_1915.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Imperial_Japanese_Battleship_Katori_circa_1915.png/440px-Imperial_Japanese_Battleship_Katori_circa_1915.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="5025" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship" title="Pre-dreadnought battleship">pre-dreadnought battleship</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Katori" title="Japanese battleship Katori">Katori</a></figcaption></figure> Under this expansion program, battleships would be supplemented by lesser warships of various types, including cruisers designed to seek out and pursue the enemy, as well as a sufficient number of destroyers and torpedo boats capable of striking the enemy in home ports. As a result, the program also included the construction of twenty-three destroyers, sixty-three torpedo boats, and an expansion of Japanese shipyards and repair and training facilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199758-52">[52]</a> In 1897, due to fears that the size of the Russian fleet assigned to East Asian waters could be larger than previously believed, the plan was revised. Although budgetary limitations simply did not permit the construction of another battleship squadron, Japanese planners assessed that the new <a href="/wiki/Harvey_armor" title="Harvey armor">Harvey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krupp_armour#Krupp_cemented_armour" title="Krupp armour">KC armor</a> plates could resist all but the largest <a href="/wiki/Armor-piercing_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Armor-piercing shell">AP shells</a>, meaning that armored cruisers could take the place of at least some battleships in the line. With modern armor and lighter but more powerful quick-firing guns, this new cruiser type was theoretically superior to many older battleships still afloat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199760-55">[55]</a> Subsequently, revisions to the ten-year plan led to the four protected cruisers being replaced by an additional two armored cruisers. As a consequence the Japanese concept of a "Six-Six Fleet" was born, calling for a fleet consisting of six battleships and six armored cruisers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199760-55">[55]</a> The program for a 260,000-ton navy, to be completed over a ten-year period in two stages of construction, and with a total cost of ¥280 million, was approved by the cabinet in late 1895 and funded by the Diet in early 1896.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199760-55">[55]</a> Of the total, warship acquisitions accounted for just over ¥200 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200587-51">[51]</a> The first stage would begin in 1896 and be completed by 1902, and the second was projected to run from 1897 to 1905. The program was largely financed via indemnities secured from the Chinese after the First Sino-Japanese War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200588-56">[56]</a> This was used to fund the bulk of the naval expansion, roughly ¥139 million, with public loans and existing government revenue providing the rest of the financing required over the ten years of the program.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200588-56">[56]</a> Japan's industrial resources at the time were inadequate to construct a fleet of armored warships wholly domestically, as the country was still in the process of acquiring the industrial infrastructure necessary for the construction of major naval vessels. Consequently, the overwhelming majority of new Japanese warships at this time were built in British shipyards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199760-55">[55]</a> With the completion of the fleet, Japan would become the fourth strongest naval power in the world in a single decade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199760-55">[55]</a> In 1902, Japan formed <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">an alliance with Britain</a>, which stipulated that if Japan went to war in the Far East and that a third power entered the fight against Japan, then Britain would come to the aid of the Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199765-57">[57]</a> This was intended to act as a check to any third power intervening militarily in any future Japanese war with Russia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Russo-Japanese_War_(1904–1905)">Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_Arthur_from_Gold_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Port_Arthur_from_Gold_Hill.jpg/220px-Port_Arthur_from_Gold_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Port_Arthur_from_Gold_Hill.jpg/330px-Port_Arthur_from_Gold_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Port_Arthur_from_Gold_Hill.jpg/440px-Port_Arthur_from_Gold_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2437" data-file-height="1693" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Arthur" title="Siege of Port Arthur">Port Arthur</a> viewed from the Top of Gold Hill, after capitulation in 1905. From left wrecks of Russian <a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-dreadnought">pre-dreadnought</a> battleships <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Peresvet" title="Russian battleship Peresvet">Peresvet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Poltava_(1894)" title="Russian battleship Poltava (1894)">Poltava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Retvizan" title="Russian battleship Retvizan">Retvizan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Pobeda" title="Russian battleship Pobeda">Pobeda</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Protected_cruiser" title="Protected cruiser">protected cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Pallada_(1899)" title="Russian cruiser Pallada (1899)">Pallada</a></figcaption></figure> Upon completion, the new fleet consisted of:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199752-58">[58]</a> <ul><li>6 <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a> (all British-built)</li> <li>8 <a href="/wiki/Armored_cruiser" title="Armored cruiser">armored cruisers</a> (4 British-, 2 Italian-, 1 German-built <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Yakumo" title="Japanese cruiser Yakumo">Yakumo</a>, and 1 French-built <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Azuma" title="Japanese cruiser Azuma">Azuma</a>)</li> <li>9 <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a> (5 Japanese, 2 British and 2 US-built)</li> <li>24 <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a> (16 British- and 8 Japanese-built)</li> <li>63 <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">torpedo boats</a> (26 German-, 10 British-, 17 French-, and 10 Japanese-built)</li></ul> One of these battleships, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Mikasa" title="Japanese battleship Mikasa">Mikasa</a>, which was among the most powerful warships afloat when completed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199760–61-59">[59]</a> was ordered from the <a href="/wiki/Vickers" title="Vickers">Vickers</a> shipyard in the United Kingdom at the end of 1898, for delivery to Japan in 1902. Commercial shipbuilding in Japan was exhibited by construction of the twin screw steamer Aki-Maru, built for <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Yusen_Kaisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nippon Yusen Kaisha">Nippon Yusen Kaisha</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a> Dockyard & Engine Works in Nagasaki. The Imperial Japanese cruiser <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Chitose" title="Japanese cruiser Chitose">Chitose</a> was built at the <a href="/wiki/Union_Iron_Works" title="Union Iron Works">Union Iron Works</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, California.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This fleet first saw action with the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tsushima" title="Battle of Tsushima">Battle of Tsushima</a>, Admiral Togo (flag in Mikasa) led the Japanese Grand Fleet into the decisive engagement of the war.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking2005108-61">[61]</a> The Russian fleet was almost completely annihilated in a lopsided battle; out of 38 Russian ships, 21 were sunk, seven captured and six disarmed. 4,545 Russian servicemen were killed and 6,106 taken prisoner. Conversely, the Japanese only lost 116 men and three torpedo boats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997116-62">[62]</a> These victories broke Russian naval strength in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, and triggered waves of mutinies in the Russian Navy at <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a>, peaking in June with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Potemkin" title="Russian battleship Potemkin">Potemkin uprising</a>, which contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905">Russian Revolution of 1905</a>. The victory at Tsushima significantly elevated the stature of the Japanese navy at home and abroad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking2005122-63">[63]</a> The Imperial Japanese Navy acquired its first submarines in 1905 from <a href="/wiki/Electric_Boat_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric Boat Corporation">Electric Boat Company</a>, barely four years after the US Navy had commissioned its own first submarine, <a href="/wiki/USS_Holland_(SS-1)" title="USS Holland (SS-1)">USS Holland</a>. The submarines were <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Holland" title="John Philip Holland">Holland</a> designs, developed under the supervision of Electric Boat representative <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leopold_Busch" title="Arthur Leopold Busch">Arthur L. Busch</a>. These five submarines (known as Holland Type VII's) were shipped in kit form to Japan (October 1904) and then assembled at the Yokosuka, Kanagawa <a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_Naval_Arsenal" title="Yokosuka Naval Arsenal">Yokosuka Naval Arsenal</a>, to become hulls No.1 through No. 5, and became operational at the end of 1905.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997177-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Towards_an_autonomous_national_navy_(1905–1914)">Towards an autonomous national navy (1905–1914)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Towards an autonomous national navy (1905–1914)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_battleship_Satsuma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large warship at rest on the sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Japanese_battleship_Satsuma.jpg/220px-Japanese_battleship_Satsuma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Japanese_battleship_Satsuma.jpg/330px-Japanese_battleship_Satsuma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Japanese_battleship_Satsuma.jpg/440px-Japanese_battleship_Satsuma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Semi-dreadnought" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-dreadnought">semi-dreadnought</a> <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Satsuma" title="Japanese battleship Satsuma">Satsuma</a>, the first ship in the world to be designed and laid down as an "<a href="/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_(1906)" title="HMS Dreadnought (1906)">all-big-gun</a>" battleship</figcaption></figure> Japan continued in its efforts to build up a strong domestic naval industry. Following a strategy of "copy, improve, innovate",<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> foreign ships of various designs were analyzed in depth, their specifications often improved on, and then were purchased in pairs so as to organize comparative testing and improvements. Over the course of years, the import of entire classes of ships was progressively replaced piecemeal by local assembly, and eventually complete domestic production. This process began with smaller vessels, such as torpedo boats and cruisers in the 1880s, and progressed to whole battleships in the early 20th century. The last major Japanese purchase of a foreign-constructed vessel was in 1913, when the <a href="/wiki/Battlecruiser" title="Battlecruiser">battlecruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Kong%C5%8D" title="Japanese battleship Kongō">Kongō</a> was purchased from the Vickers shipyard. By 1918, there was no aspect of shipbuilding technology where Japanese capabilities fell significantly below the standards of other modern navies.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The period immediately following the Battle of Tsushima also saw the IJN, under the influence of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Navalist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navalist (page does not exist)">navalist</a> theoretician <a href="/wiki/Sat%C5%8D_Tetsutar%C5%8D" title="Satō Tetsutarō">Satō Tetsutarō</a>, adopt an explicit policy of preparing for a potential future conflict against the U.S. Navy. Satō called for a fleet at least 70% as strong as that of the United States. In 1907, the official policy of the Navy became an '<a href="/wiki/Eight-eight_fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-eight fleet">eight-eight fleet</a>', consisting of eight modern battleships and eight battlecruisers. However, financial constraints prevented this idea from ever becoming a reality before the outbreak of the Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997150–151-67">[67]</a> By 1920, the Imperial Japanese Navy was the world's third largest, and a leader in naval development and innovation. <ul><li>Following its 1897 invention by <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a>, the Japanese Navy was the first navy to employ <a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">wireless telegraphy</a> in combat, at the 1905 Battle of Tsushima.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199784-68">[68]</a></li> <li>In 1905, it began building the battleship <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Satsuma" title="Japanese battleship Satsuma">Satsuma</a> (at the time the largest warship in the world by displacement), the first ship to be designed, ordered and laid down as an "all-big-gun" battleship, about one year prior to the launching of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_(1906)" title="HMS Dreadnought (1906)">HMS Dreadnought</a>. However, due to a lack of material, she was completed with a mixed battery of rifles, launched on 15 November 1906, and finally completed on 25 March 1910.<a href="#cite_note-Jentschura_p._23-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li> <li>Between 1903<a href="#cite_note-Jentschura_p._23-69">[69]</a> and 1910, Japan began to build battleships domestically. The battleship Satsuma was built in Japan with about 80% material imported from Great Britain, with the following battleship class in 1909,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Kawachi" title="Japanese battleship Kawachi">Kawachi</a>, built with only 20% imported parts.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I_(1914–1918)">World War I (1914–1918)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: World War I (1914–1918)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_in_World_War_I" title="Imperial Japanese Navy in World War I">Imperial Japanese Navy in World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wakamiya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Warship on the sea with mountainous background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wakamiya.jpg/220px-Wakamiya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wakamiya.jpg/330px-Wakamiya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wakamiya.jpg/440px-Wakamiya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Seaplane_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaplane carrier">seaplane carrier</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_seaplane_carrier_Wakamiya" title="Japanese seaplane carrier Wakamiya">Wakamiya</a> conducted the world's first sea-launched air raids in September 1914.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Japan entered</a> <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente</a>, against <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, as a consequence of the 1902 Anglo-Japanese Alliance. At the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a>, the Imperial Japanese Navy supported the capture of the German colony at <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_Bay_Leased_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiaozhou Bay Leased Territory">Jiaozhou Bay</a>. During the siege, beginning on 5 September 1914, the IJN's <a href="/wiki/Japanese_seaplane_carrier_Wakamiya" title="Japanese seaplane carrier Wakamiya">Wakamiya</a> carried out the world's first successful sea-launched air strikes. On 6 September 1914, in the very first air-sea battle in history, a Farman aircraft launched by Wakamiya attacked the Austro-Hungarian cruiser <a href="/wiki/SMS_Kaiserin_Elisabeth" title="SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth">Kaiserin Elisabeth</a> and the German gunboat <a href="/wiki/SMS_Jaguar" title="SMS Jaguar">Jaguar</a> off <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Four <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Farman" title="Maurice Farman">Maurice Farman</a> seaplanes bombarded German land targets, including communication and command centers, and damaged a German minelayer in the Tsingtao peninsula from September to 6 November 1914, when the Germans surrendered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeattie20079-73">[73]</a> An IJN battle group was also sent to the central Pacific between August and September to pursue the German <a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Asia_squadron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Asia squadron (page does not exist)">East Asia squadron</a>, which then moved into the Southern Atlantic, where it encountered British naval forces and was destroyed near the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Battle of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>. Japan also seized German possessions in <a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea">northern Micronesia</a>, which remained under Japanese control as colonies until the end of World War II, under the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>' <a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">South Seas Mandate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997168-74">[74]</a> The United Kingdom, hard-pressed in Europe and enjoying only a narrow margin of superiority against the German High Seas Fleet, asked to be loaned Japan's four newly-built <a href="/wiki/Kong%C5%8D-class_battlecruiser" title="Kongō-class battlecruiser">Kongō-class</a> battlecruisers (Kongō, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Hiei" title="Japanese battleship Hiei">Hiei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Haruna" title="Japanese battleship Haruna">Haruna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Kirishima" title="Japanese battleship Kirishima">Kirishima</a>), some of the first ships in the world to be equipped with 356 mm (14 in) guns, and the most formidable battlecruisers in the world at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997161-75">[75]</a> The British request was denied by Japan. Following a further request for naval assistance by the British, and the initiation of <a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_submarine_warfare" title="Unrestricted submarine warfare">unrestricted submarine warfare</a> by Germany, in March 1917, the Japanese sent a <a href="/wiki/2nd_Special_Squadron_(Japanese_Navy)" title="2nd Special Squadron (Japanese Navy)">special force</a> to the Mediterranean. This force consisted of one protected cruiser, Akashi, as <a href="/wiki/Flotilla_leader" title="Flotilla leader">flotilla leader</a> and eight of the Navy's newest <a href="/wiki/Kaba-class_destroyer" title="Kaba-class destroyer">Kaba-class destroyers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Ume_(1915)" title="Japanese destroyer Ume (1915)">Ume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Kusunoki_(1915)" title="Japanese destroyer Kusunoki (1915)">Kusunoki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Kaede_(1915)" title="Japanese destroyer Kaede (1915)">Kaede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Katsura_(1915)" title="Japanese destroyer Katsura (1915)">Katsura</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_destroyer_Kashiwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese destroyer Kashiwa (page does not exist)">Kashiwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Matsu_(1915)" title="Japanese destroyer Matsu (1915)">Matsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Sugi_(1915)" title="Japanese destroyer Sugi (1915)">Sugi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Sakaki_(1915)" title="Japanese destroyer Sakaki (1915)">Sakaki</a>), under Admiral Satō Kōzō. This formation was based in <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> and efficiently protected Entente shipping between <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>, and ports in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> until the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997169-76">[76]</a> In June, Akashi was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Izumo" title="Japanese cruiser Izumo">Izumo</a>, and four more destroyers (Kashi, Hinoki, Momo, and Yanagi) were added to the task force. They were later joined by the cruiser <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Nisshin" title="Japanese cruiser Nisshin">Nisshin</a>. By the end of the war, the Japanese had escorted 788 Entente transports. One destroyer, Sakaki, was torpedoed on 11 June 1917 by a German submarine with the loss of 59 officers and men. A memorial at the Kalkara Naval Cemetery in Malta was dedicated to the 72 Japanese sailors who died in action during the Mediterranean convoy patrols.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Japan also began exporting naval hardware during the First World War. In 1917, Japan exported 12 <a href="/wiki/Arabe-class_destroyer" title="Arabe-class destroyer">Arabe-class destroyers</a> to France. In 1918, ships such as <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Azuma" title="Japanese cruiser Azuma">Azuma</a> were assigned to act as <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">convoy</a> escorts in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> between <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> as part of Japan's commitments to the U.K. under the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Japanese alliance">Anglo-Japanese alliance</a>. After the conflict, the Japanese Navy received seven German submarines as war reparations. These submarines were brought to Japan and analyzed, contributing greatly to the development of the Japanese submarine industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997212_&_215-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interwar_years_(1918–1937)">Interwar years (1918–1937)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Interwar years (1918–1937)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagato01cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Nagato01cropped.jpg/220px-Nagato01cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Nagato01cropped.jpg/330px-Nagato01cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Nagato01cropped.jpg/440px-Nagato01cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2499" data-file-height="1757" /></a><figcaption>The battleship <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Nagato" title="Japanese battleship Nagato">Nagato</a> in the early 1920s</figcaption></figure> By 1921, Japan's naval expenditure had reached nearly 32% of the national budget. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Washington_treaty_system">Washington treaty system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Washington treaty system">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">Washington Naval Conference</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a></div> In the years following after the end of First World War, the naval construction programs of the world's three greatest naval powers - Britain, Japan and the United States - had threatened to set off a new potentially dangerous and expensive naval arms race.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997191-79">[79]</a> Negotiations between the three powers resulted in the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, which became one of history's most effective arms reduction programs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201412-80">[80]</a> setting up a system of ratios between the five signatory powers. The United States and Britain were each allocated 525,000 tons of capital ships, Japan 315,000, and France and Italy 175,000, corresponding to ratios of 5:3:1.75.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997194-81">[81]</a> The treaty's signatories also agreed to a ten-year moratorium on battleship construction, though replacement of battleships reaching 20 years of service was permitted. Maximum displacement limits of 35,000 tons per ship, and a prohibition on arming ships with guns larger than 16 inches, were also set. Aircraft carrier construction was also restricted under the same 5:5:3 ratio, with Japan allotted 81,000 tons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997194-81">[81]</a> Naval armament proponents in Japan's delegation were outraged by these limitations, as they limited Japanese naval tonnage well behind that of its foremost rivals at sea. However, the Japanese ultimately concluded that unfavorable tonnage limitations were preferable to an unrestricted arms race with the industrially dominant United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997193-82">[82]</a> The Washington System made Japan a junior partner at sea compared to the U.S. and Britain, but it also curtailed the naval construction programs of China and the Soviet Union, who both sought to challenge Japan in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The Washington Treaty did not restrict the building of ships other than battleships and carriers, resulting in treaty signatories turning toward the construction of heavy cruisers. Treaty stipulations limited these vessels to 10,000 tons and 8-inch guns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997195-84">[84]</a> The Japanese were also able to extract some concessions, most notably the battleship <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Mutsu" title="Japanese battleship Mutsu">Mutsu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997197-85">[85]</a> which had been partly funded by donations from schoolchildren and would have otherwise been scrapped under the terms of the treaty. Furthermore, the treaty also dictated that the United States, Britain, and Japan could not expand their preexisting Western Pacific fortifications. Japan specifically was barred from militarizing the Kurile Islands, the Bonin Islands, Amami-Oshima, the Loochoo Islands, Formosa and the Pescadores.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_naval_aviation">Development of naval aviation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Development of naval aviation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SempillMission.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two men standing over the interior of an airplane's cockpit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/SempillMission.jpg/170px-SempillMission.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/SempillMission.jpg/255px-SempillMission.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/SempillMission.jpg/340px-SempillMission.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="817" /></a><figcaption>Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Forbes-Sempill,_19th_Lord_Sempill" title="William Forbes-Sempill, 19th Lord Sempill">Sempill</a> showing a <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Sparrowhawk" title="Gloster Sparrowhawk">Sparrowhawk</a> fighter to Admiral <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D_Heihachir%C5%8D" title="Tōgō Heihachirō">Tōgō Heihachirō</a>, 1921</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sempill_Mission" title="Sempill Mission">Sempill Mission</a></div> Despite a gradual shift toward domestic production, Japan continued to solicit foreign expertise in areas where the IJN lacked experience, namely naval aviation. The Japanese navy had closely monitored the development and use of combat aviation by the three Allied naval powers during World War I, and concluded that Britain had made the greatest advances in naval aviation,.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeattie200717-87">[87]</a> At Japanese request, the British organized the <a href="/wiki/Sempill_Mission" title="Sempill Mission">Sempill Mission</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/William_Forbes-Sempill,_19th_Lord_Sempill" title="William Forbes-Sempill, 19th Lord Sempill">Captain William Forbes-Sempill</a> (a former officer in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> experienced in the design and testing of Royal Navy aircraft during the First World War),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997301-88">[88]</a> which consisted of 27 members with experience in naval aviation, including pilots and engineers from several British aircraft manufacturing firms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997301-88">[88]</a> This British technical mission left for Japan in September 1921 with the objective of helping the Imperial Japanese Navy develop and improve the proficiency of its naval air arm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997301-88">[88]</a> The mission arrived at Kasumigaura Naval Air Station the following month, in November 1921, and stayed in Japan for 18 months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeattie200719-89">[89]</a> The mission brought well over a hundred British aircraft comprising twenty different models to Kasumigaura, five of which were then currently in service with the Royal Navy's <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm" title="Fleet Air Arm">Fleet Air Arm</a>. Japanese pilots were trained on several of these aircraft, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Sparrowhawk" title="Gloster Sparrowhawk">Gloster Sparrowhawk</a>, then a frontline fighter. The Japanese would go on to order 50 of these planes from Gloster, and build 40 domestic variants themselves.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> These planes eventually provided design inspiration for a number of Japanese naval aircraft. Over the course of the Sempill mission's stay, Japanese technicians became familiar with the newest aerial weapons and equipment, including torpedoes, bombs, machine guns, cameras, and communications gear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997301-88">[88]</a> The mission also brought the plans of the most recent British aircraft carriers, such as HMS Argus and HMS Hermes, which influenced the final stages of the development of the Japanese carrier <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_H%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Hōshō">Hōshō</a>. By the time the mission's last members had returned to Britain, the Japanese had acquired a reasonable grasp of the latest aviation technology and taken the first steps toward building an effective naval air force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997181-91">[91]</a> However, in both technology and doctrine, Japanese naval aviation continued to be dependent on the British model for most of the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997248-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naval_developments_during_the_interwar_years">Naval developments during the interwar years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Naval developments during the interwar years">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_aircraft_carrier_H%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D_Tokyo_Bay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aircraft carrier on the sea with cloudy sky in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_H%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D_Tokyo_Bay.jpg/220px-Japanese_aircraft_carrier_H%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D_Tokyo_Bay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_H%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D_Tokyo_Bay.jpg/330px-Japanese_aircraft_carrier_H%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D_Tokyo_Bay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_H%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D_Tokyo_Bay.jpg/440px-Japanese_aircraft_carrier_H%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D_Tokyo_Bay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3482" data-file-height="2264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_H%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Hōshō">Hōshō</a>, the world's first purpose built <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a>, completed in 1922</figcaption></figure> Between the First and Second World Wars, Japan took the lead in many areas of warship development: <ul><li>In 1921, it launched <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_H%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Hōshō">Hōshō</a>, the first purpose-built <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> in the world to be completed, and subsequently developed a fleet of carriers that would be one of the most powerful in the world by the early 1940s.</li> <li>In keeping with its doctrine, the Imperial Japanese Navy was the first to mount 356 mm (14 in) guns on <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Kong%C5%8D" title="Japanese battleship Kongō">Kongō</a> and 410 mm (16.1 in) guns on <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Nagato" title="Japanese battleship Nagato">Nagato</a>, and constructed the only battleships ever to mount <a href="/wiki/18.1%22/45" class="mw-redirect" title="18.1"/45">460 mm (18.1 in) guns</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Yamato-class_battleship" title="Yamato-class battleship">Yamato class</a>).<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li> <li>In 1928, it launched the innovative <a href="/wiki/Fubuki-class_destroyer" title="Fubuki-class destroyer">Fubuki-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyer</a>, introducing enclosed dual 127 mm (5 in) turrets capable of anti-aircraft fire. The new destroyer design was soon emulated by other navies. The Fubuki class also featured the first <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_tube" title="Torpedo tube">torpedo tubes</a> enclosed in splinter proof <a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">turrets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li> <li>Japan developed the 610 mm (24 in) oxygen-fueled <a href="/wiki/Type_93_torpedo" title="Type 93 torpedo">Type 93 torpedo</a>, generally recognized as the best torpedo of World War Two.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doctrinal_debates">Doctrinal debates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Doctrinal debates">edit</a>]</div> The Imperial Japanese Navy was faced before and during World War II with considerable strategic challenges, probably more so than any other navy in the world.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Japan, like Britain, was almost entirely dependent on foreign resources to supply its economy. In order to achieve Japan's expansionist policies, the IJN therefore had to secure distant sources of raw material (especially Southeast Asian oil and raw materials), controlled by foreign countries (Britain, France, and <a href="/wiki/Netherlands#Naming_conventions" title="Netherlands">the Netherlands</a>), and secure their seaborne transport back to the Home Islands. Japanese planners assessed that building large warships capable of long range operations was the best way to achieve these goals. In the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">years before</a> <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the IJN began to structure itself specifically to challenge American naval power in the Pacific. Throughout the 1930s, Japanese politics became increasingly dominated by <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militaristic</a> leaders who prioritized territorial expansion, and who eventually came to view the United States as Japan's main obstacle to achieving this goal. Japanese naval planners subscribed to a doctrine of "decisive battle" (艦隊決戦, <a href="/wiki/Kantai_kessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kantai kessen">Kantai kessen</a>),<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> which stipulated that Japan's path to victory against a peer adversary at sea required the IJN to comprehensively destroy the bulk of an enemy's naval strength in a single, large-scale <a href="/wiki/Fleet_action" title="Fleet action">fleet action.</a> Kantai kessen evolved from the writings of geopolitical theorist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_T._Mahan" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred T. Mahan">Alfred T. Mahan</a>, which hypothesized that wars would be decided by large, decisive engagements at sea between opposing surface fleets.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Derived from the writings of Satō (who was doubtless influenced by Mahan),<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Kantai kessen was the basis of Japan's demand for a 70% ratio (10:10:7) at the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">Washington Naval Conference</a>, which Japanese naval planners believed would give the IJN superiority in the "decisive battle area", and the US' insistence on a 60% ratio, which meant parity between the two navies.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In the specific case of a hypothetical war with the United States, this "decisive battle" doctrine required the U.S. Navy to sail in force across the Pacific, during which it would be harassed and <a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">degraded</a> by Japanese submarines, and then engaged and destroyed by IJN surface units in a "decisive battle area" somewhere in waters close to Japan.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Japan's numerical and industrial inferiority to rivals such as the United States led the Japanese leadership to pursue technical superiority (fewer, but faster, more powerful ships), qualitative superiority (better training), and aggressive tactics (daring and speedy attacks overwhelming the enemy, a recipe for success in previous conflicts). However, these calculations failed to account for the type of war Japan would be fighting against an enemy like the U.S. Japan's opponents in any future <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> would not face the political and geographical constraints that adversaries in previous wars did, and Japanese strategic planning did not properly accont for serious potential losses in ships and crews.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> During the interwar years, two schools of thought emerged over whether the IJN should be organized around powerful battleships, ultimately able to defeat equivalent American ships in Japanese waters, or whether the IJN should prioritize naval airpower and structure its planning around aircraft carriers. Neither doctrine prevailed, resulting in a balanced yet indecisive approach to capital ship development. A consistent weakness of Japanese warship development was the tendency to incorporate excessive firepower and engine output relative to ship size, which was a side-effect of the Washington Treaty limitations on overall tonnage. This led to shortcomings in stability, protection, and structural strength.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circle_Plans">Circle Plans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Circle Plans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_battleships_Yamashiro,_Fuso_and_Haruna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Japanese_battleships_Yamashiro%2C_Fuso_and_Haruna.jpg/220px-Japanese_battleships_Yamashiro%2C_Fuso_and_Haruna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Japanese_battleships_Yamashiro%2C_Fuso_and_Haruna.jpg/330px-Japanese_battleships_Yamashiro%2C_Fuso_and_Haruna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Japanese_battleships_Yamashiro%2C_Fuso_and_Haruna.jpg/440px-Japanese_battleships_Yamashiro%2C_Fuso_and_Haruna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5731" data-file-height="4204" /></a><figcaption>The battleships <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamashiro" title="Japanese battleship Yamashiro">Yamashiro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Fus%C5%8D" title="Japanese battleship Fusō">Fusō</a> and the battlecruiser <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Haruna" title="Japanese battleship Haruna">Haruna</a>, Tokyo Bay, 1930s</figcaption></figure> In response to the <a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Treaty of 1930</a>, the Japanese initiated a series of naval construction programs or hoju keikaku (naval replenishment, or construction, plans), known unofficially as the maru keikaku (circle plans). Between 1930 and the outbreak of the Second World War, four of these "Circle plans" which were drawn up: in 1931, 1934, 1937 and 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997238-104">[104]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1st_Naval_Armaments_Supplement_Programme" title="1st Naval Armaments Supplement Programme">Circle One</a> was plan approved in 1931, provided for the construction of 39 ships to be laid down between 1931 and 1934, centering on four of the new <a href="/wiki/Mogami-class_cruiser" title="Mogami-class cruiser">Mogami-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997239-105">[105]</a> and the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Naval Air Service</a> to fourteen air groups. However, plans for a second Circle plan were delayed by the capsizing of the <a href="/wiki/Tomozuru_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomozuru Incident">Tomozuru</a> and heavy typhoon damage to the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Fleet_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Fleet Incident">Fourth Fleet</a>, which revealed that the fundamental design philosophy of many Japanese warships was flawed. These flaws included poor construction techniques and structural instability caused by mounting too much weaponry on too small of a displacement hull.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997243–244-106">[106]</a> As a result, most of the naval budget in 1932–1933 was absorbed by modifications that attempted to rectify these issues with existing equipment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997243–244-106">[106]</a> In 1934, the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Naval_Armaments_Supplement_Programme" title="2nd Naval Armaments Supplement Programme">Circle Two</a> plan was approved, covering the construction of 48 new warships, including the <a href="/wiki/Tone-class_cruiser" title="Tone-class cruiser">Tone-class cruisers</a> and two aircraft carriers, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_S%C5%8Dry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Sōryū">Sōryū</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū">Hiryū</a>. The plan also continued the buildup in naval aircraft and authorized the creation of eight new Naval Air Groups. With Japan's renunciation of previously signed naval treaties in December 1934, the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Naval_Armaments_Supplement_Programme" title="3rd Naval Armaments Supplement Programme">Circle Three</a> plan was approved in 1937, marking Japan's third major naval building program since 1930.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997357-107">[107]</a> Circle Three called for the construction of new warships that were free from the restrictions of previous naval treaties over a period of six years. New ships would concentrate on qualitative superiority in order to compensate for Japan's quantitative deficiencies compared to the United States. While the primary focus of Circle Three was to be the construction of two super-battleships, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamato" title="Japanese battleship Yamato">Yamato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Musashi" title="Japanese battleship Musashi">Musashi</a>, it also called for building the two <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dkaku-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Shōkaku-class aircraft carrier">Shōkaku-class</a> aircraft carriers, along with sixty-four other warships of other categories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997357-107">[107]</a> Circle Three also called for the rearming of the decommissioned battlecruiser Hiei and the refitting of her sister ships Kongō, Haruna, and Kirishima.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997357-107">[107]</a> Also funded was the upgrading of four Mogami-class cruisers and two Tone class cruisers, which were under construction, by replacing their 6-inch main batteries with 8-inch guns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997357-107">[107]</a> In aviation, Circle Three aimed at maintaining parity with American naval air power by constructing an additional 827 planes, to be allocated between fourteen planned land-based air groups, and increasing carrier aircraft by nearly 1,000. To accommodate the new land aircraft, the plan called for several new airfields to be built or expanded; it also provided for a significant increase in the size of the navy's production facilities for aircraft and aerial weapons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997357-107">[107]</a> In 1938, with Circle Three under way, the Japanese began to consider preparations for a fourth naval expansion project, which was scheduled for 1940. With the American <a href="/wiki/Naval_Act_of_1938" title="Naval Act of 1938">Naval Act of 1938</a>, the Japanese accelerated the <a href="/wiki/4th_Naval_Armaments_Supplement_Programme" title="4th Naval Armaments Supplement Programme">Circle Four</a> six-year expansion program, which was approved in September 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997358-108">[108]</a> Circle Four's goal was doubling Japan's naval air strength in just five years, delivering air superiority in East Asia and the western Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997358-108">[108]</a> It called for the building of two <a href="/wiki/Yamato-class_battleship" title="Yamato-class battleship">Yamato-class</a> battleships, a fleet carrier, six of a new class of planned escort carriers, six cruisers, twenty-two destroyers, and twenty-five submarines. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Sino-Japanese_War">Second Sino-Japanese War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Second Sino-Japanese War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Type_91_torpedo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Type_91_torpedo.JPG/220px-Type_91_torpedo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Type_91_torpedo.JPG/330px-Type_91_torpedo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Type_91_torpedo.JPG/440px-Type_91_torpedo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1528" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Type_91_torpedo" title="Type 91 torpedo">Type 91 Aerial Torpedo</a> aboard the aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Akagi" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi">Akagi</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></div> Experience gained during the first part of the Second Sino-Japanese War was of great value to the development of Japanese naval aviation, demonstrating how aircraft could contribute to the projection of naval power ashore.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997341-109">[109]</a> The IJN had two primary responsibilities during the campaign: to support amphibious operations on the Chinese coast, and to conduct strategic aerial bombardment of Chinese cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997340-110">[110]</a> This was the first time any naval air arm had been given such tasks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997340-110">[110]</a> From the onset of hostilities in 1937, until Japanese naval forces were diverted to combat in other parts of the Pacific in 1941, naval aircraft played a key role in military operations on the Chinese mainland. These began with air attacks on Chinese military installations, largely in the Yangtze River basin along the Chinese coast, by Japanese carrier aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997340-110">[110]</a> Naval involvement during the conflict peaked in 1938–39 with the heavy bombardment of Chinese cities deep in the interior by land-based medium bombers, and concluded during 1941 with an large-scale attempt by both carrier-borne and land-based tactical aircraft to interdict communication and transportation routes in southern China. Although the 1937–41 air offensives failed in their political and psychological aims, they did reduce the flow of strategic materiel to China, and for a time improved the Japan's military situation in the central and southern parts of the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997340-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_in_World_War_II" title="Imperial Japanese Navy in World War II">Imperial Japanese Navy in World War II</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:right; font-size: 85%;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" align="center" style="background:lightgrey; color:black">IJN vs USN shipbuilding (1937–1945, in <a href="/wiki/Displacement_(ship)" title="Displacement (ship)">Standard Tons Displacement</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997355_&_367-111">[111]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="1">Year </td> <td align="center" rowspan="1">IJN </td> <td colspan="1" align="center">USN </td></tr> <tr> <td>1937 </td> <td>45,000 </td> <td>75,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1938 </td> <td>40,000 </td> <td>80,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1939 </td> <td>35,000 </td> <td>70,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940 </td> <td>50,000 </td> <td>50,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941 </td> <td>180,000 </td> <td>130,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1942–45 </td> <td>550,000 </td> <td>3,200,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> To effectively combat the numerically superior U.S. Navy, the Japanese had devoted a large amount of resources to create a force of superior quality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997205_&_370-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997357-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Crucially, relying heavily on the use of aggressive tactics which stemmed from <a href="/wiki/Mahanian_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanian doctrine">Mahanian doctrine</a> and the concept of decisive battle,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201413-114">[114]</a> Japan did not invest significantly in capabilities needed to protect its long shipping lines against enemy submarines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille2014371-115">[115]</a> In particular, Japan under-invested in the vital area of <a href="/wiki/Antisubmarine_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisubmarine warfare">antisubmarine warfare</a> (both escort ships and <a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">escort carriers</a>), and in the specialized training and organization to support it.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Japan's reluctance to use its <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> fleet for commerce raiding and failure to comprehensively secure its seaborne communications would ultimately contribute to its defeat in the Pacific war.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Japanese Navy also under-invested in intelligence and had hardly any agents active in the United States when the war started. After the war, several Japanese naval officers credited a lack of information about the U.S. Navy as another major factor in their defeat.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> On 7 December 1941, the IJN launched a surprise <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, killing 2,403 Americans and crippling the U.S. Pacific Fleet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997488-118">[118]</a> During the first six months of the Pacific War, the IJN enjoyed spectacular success, inflicting crushing defeats on Allied forces across a vast swathe of the Pacific Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille20149-119">[119]</a> Allied naval strength in Southeast Asia was largely crippled during the initial Japanese conquest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997489-120">[120]</a> Japanese naval aircraft were responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse" title="Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse">sinking of HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse</a>, which was the first time that capital ships were sunk by aerial attack while underway.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeattie2007169-121">[121]</a> In April 1942, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">Indian Ocean raid</a> largely drove the Royal Navy out of Southeast Asian waters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeattie2007172-122">[122]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_battleships_Yamato_and_Musashi_moored_in_Truk_Lagoon,_in_1943_(L42-08.06.02).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Japanese_battleships_Yamato_and_Musashi_moored_in_Truk_Lagoon%2C_in_1943_%28L42-08.06.02%29.jpg/220px-Japanese_battleships_Yamato_and_Musashi_moored_in_Truk_Lagoon%2C_in_1943_%28L42-08.06.02%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Japanese_battleships_Yamato_and_Musashi_moored_in_Truk_Lagoon%2C_in_1943_%28L42-08.06.02%29.jpg/330px-Japanese_battleships_Yamato_and_Musashi_moored_in_Truk_Lagoon%2C_in_1943_%28L42-08.06.02%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Japanese_battleships_Yamato_and_Musashi_moored_in_Truk_Lagoon%2C_in_1943_%28L42-08.06.02%29.jpg/440px-Japanese_battleships_Yamato_and_Musashi_moored_in_Truk_Lagoon%2C_in_1943_%28L42-08.06.02%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1164" /></a><figcaption>The Yamato-class Battleships <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamato" title="Japanese battleship Yamato">Yamato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Musashi" title="Japanese battleship Musashi">Musashi</a> moored in <a href="/wiki/Truk_Lagoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Truk Lagoon">Truk Lagoon</a>, in 1943</figcaption></figure> After these successes, the IJN concentrated on the elimination or neutralization of strategic points from which the Allies could launch counteroffensives against territory newly occupied by Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997489-120">[120]</a> However, at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">the Battle of Coral Sea</a> the Japanese were forced to abandon their attempts to isolate Australia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997489-120">[120]</a> while defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Midway Campaign</a> cost the Japanese four fleet carriers and most of their accompanying aircrew. The <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">campaign in the Solomon Islands</a> from August 1942 to February 1943, in which the Japanese ultimately lost a costly, monthslong battle of attrition with Allied forces over the island of Guadalcanal, compounded previous defeats and highlighted the accelerating degradation of the IJN's capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997490-123">[123]</a> During 1943, American industrial strength began to turn the tide of the war at sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997491-124">[124]</a> American forces ultimately managed to gain the upper hand through a vastly greater industrial output, a modernization of their air and naval forces and the inability of Japan to replace lost air and naval power.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In 1943, the Japanese also turned their attention to the defensive perimeters of their previous conquests. Forces on Japanese held islands in Micronesia were to absorb and wear down an expected American counteroffensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997491-124">[124]</a> However, American industrial power become apparent and the military forces that faced the Japanese in 1943 were overwhelming in firepower and equipment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997491-124">[124]</a> From the end of 1943 to 1944 Japan's defensive perimeter failed to hold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997491-124">[124]</a> The catastrophic defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea" title="Battle of the Philippine Sea">Philippine Sea</a> in June 1944 was a disaster for Japanese naval air power, with the bulk of the IJN's highly-trained and, at this point in the war, largely irreplaceable carrier pilots shot down. The engagement was a setback from which the IJN's carrier air arm would never recover; American pilots terming the lopsided naval air battle the Great Marianas Turkey Shoot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeattie2007188–189-126">[126]</a> Four months later, in October 1944, Japanese attempts to interdict American amphibious landings on the Phillipine islands at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte Gulf</a>, utilizing surface vessels without sufficient air cover, resulted the destruction of a large part of the Japanese surface fleet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997492-127">[127]</a> During the last phase of the war, the Imperial Japanese Navy resorted to a series of desperate measures, including a utilization of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Special_Attack_Units" title="Japanese Special Attack Units">Special Attack Units</a>, popularly called <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikazes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Inoguchi-128">[128]</a> By May 1945, much of the Imperial Japanese Navy had been sunk, and surviving IJN warships had taken refuge in harbors on the Home Islands, due to both a lack of fuel and an inability to contend with overwhelming American naval airpower.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997492-127">[127]</a> In late July 1945, most of the remaining large warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy were sunk at anchor in <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Kure_and_the_Inland_Sea_(July_1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attacks on Kure and the Inland Sea (July 1945)">air attacks on Kure and the Inland Sea</a>. By August 1945, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Nagato" title="Japanese battleship Nagato">Nagato</a> was the only surviving <a href="/wiki/Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">capital ship</a> of the Imperial Japanese Navy.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Naval_Landing_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Naval Landing Forces">Naval Infantry</a> units from 12th Air Fleet saw extensive action during <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuil Islands</a> campaign in <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Ibuki_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Ibuki_cropped.jpg/220px-Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Ibuki_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Ibuki_cropped.jpg/330px-Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Ibuki_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Ibuki_cropped.jpg/440px-Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Ibuki_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1805" /></a><figcaption>The aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Ibuki_(1943)" title="Japanese cruiser Ibuki (1943)">Ibuki</a> under dismantling operation at <a href="/wiki/Sasebo_Naval_Arsenal" title="Sasebo Naval Arsenal">Sasebo Naval Arsenal</a>, October 1946</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-Defense_Forces">Self-Defense Forces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Self-Defense Forces">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan_Coast_Guard" title="Japan Coast Guard">Japan Coast Guard</a></div> Following Japan's surrender and subsequent occupation by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> at the conclusion of World War II, the Imperial Japanese Navy, along with the rest of the Japanese military, was <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">dissolved</a> in 1945. In the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">constitution of Japan</a>, drawn up in 1947, <a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution" title="Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution">Article 9</a> specifies that "the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as a means of settling international disputes."<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The prevalent view in Japan is that this article allows for military forces to be kept for purposes of self-defense.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In 1952, the <a href="/wiki/Safety_Security_Force" title="Safety Security Force">Safety Security Force</a> was formed within the Maritime Safety Agency, incorporating the minesweeping fleet and other military vessels, mainly destroyers, given by the United States. In 1954, the Safety Security Force was separated, and the JMSDF was formally created as the naval branch of the Japanese Self-Defense Force (JSDF), following the passage of the 1954 Self-Defense Forces Law. Japan's current navy falls under the umbrella of the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Japan Self-Defense Forces</a> (JSDF) as the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force</a> (JMSDF).<a href="#cite_note-Defendingjapan.wordpress.com-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flightglobal-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Taiwan" title="Portal:Taiwan">Taiwan portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/64px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_Korea" title="Portal:North Korea">North Korea portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Fleet_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral of the Fleet (Japan)">Admiral of the Fleet (Japan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_Striking_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier Striking Task Force">Carrier Striking Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toseiha" class="mw-redirect" title="Toseiha">Control Faction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction</a> – Army political groups about government reform</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Faction" title="Fleet Faction">Fleet Faction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_Faction" title="Treaty Faction">Treaty Faction</a> – Navy political groups about naval treaties</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Naval_Academy" title="Imperial Japanese Naval Academy">Imperial Japanese Naval Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Armor_Units" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Armor Units">Imperial Japanese Navy Armor Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Aviation_Bureau" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Aviation Bureau">Imperial Japanese Navy Aviation Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_bases_and_facilities" title="Imperial Japanese Navy bases and facilities">Imperial Japanese Navy bases and facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_to_Soldiers_and_Sailors" title="Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors">Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Special_Naval_Landing_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Special Naval Landing Forces">Japanese Special Naval Landing Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_Navy_ships_and_war_vessels_in_World_War_II" title="List of Japanese Navy ships and war vessels in World War II">List of Japanese Navy ships and war vessels in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_the_Japanese_Navy" title="List of weapons of the Japanese Navy">List of weapons of the Japanese Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_15_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="May 15 Incident">May 15 Incident</a> – coup d'état with Navy support</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_in_the_Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Recruitment in the Imperial Japanese Navy">Recruitment in the Imperial Japanese Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanshin-ron" title="Nanshin-ron">"Strike South"</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hokushin-ron" title="Hokushin-ron">"Strike North"</a> Doctrines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_Keisatsutai" title="Tokubetsu Keisatsutai">Tokkeitai</a> – Navy Military Police</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/jptoc.html">Japan> National Security> Self-Defense Forces> Early Development</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Evans, Kaigun </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FxTNBAAJaqEC&pg=PA7">Early Samurai: 200–1500 AD</a>. Bloomsbury. 1991. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1855321311" title="Special:BookSources/978-1855321311"><bdi>978-1855321311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Samurai%3A+200%E2%80%931500+AD&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1855321311&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFxTNBAAJaqEC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19973-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19973_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19974-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19974_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19974_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19974_5-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Yosaburō Takekoshi. The economic aspects of the history of the civilization of Japan. 1967. p. 344. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> THE FIRST IRONCLADS In Japanese: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://s-mizoe.hp.infoseek.co.jp/m160.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051116103619/http://s-mizoe.hp.infoseek.co.jp/m160.html">Archived</a> 2005-11-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Also in English: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.samurai-archives.com/mth.html">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191117075221/http://www.samurai-archives.com/mth.html">Archived</a> 2019-11-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "Ironclad ships, however, were not new to Japan and Hideyoshi; <a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga" title="Oda Nobunaga">Oda Nobunaga</a>, in fact, had many ironclad ships in his fleet." (referring to the anteriority of Japanese ironclads (1578) to the Korean <a href="/wiki/Turtle_ship" title="Turtle ship">Turtle ships</a> (1592)). In Western sources, Japanese ironclads are described in CR Boxer "The Christian Century in Japan 1549–1650", p. 122, quoting the account of the Italian Jesuit Organtino visiting Japan in 1578. Nobunaga's ironclad fleet is also described in "A History of Japan, 1334–1615", Georges Samson, p. 309 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804705259" title="Special:BookSources/0804705259">0804705259</a>. Admiral <a href="/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin" title="Yi Sun-sin">Yi Sun-sin</a> invented Korea's "ironclad Turtle ships", first documented in 1592. Incidentally, Korea's iron plates only covered the roof (to prevent intrusion), and not the sides of their ships. The first Western ironclads date to 1859 with the French <a href="/wiki/French_ironclad_Gloire" title="French ironclad Gloire">Gloire</a> ("Steam, Steel and Shellfire"). </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis-Frédéric2002" class="citation book cs1">Louis-Frédéric (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA293">Japan Encyclopedia</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674017535" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674017535"><bdi>978-0674017535</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0674017535&rft.au=Louis-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp2QnPijAEmEC%26pg%3DPA293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_F._LachEdwin_J._Van_Kley1998" class="citation book cs1">Donald F. Lach; Edwin J. Van Kley (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PjVKjJ-WgOYC&pg=PA29">Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 1: Trade, Missions, Literature</a>. Vol. III. University of Chicago Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226467658" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226467658"><bdi>978-0226467658</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+in+the+Making+of+Europe%2C+Volume+III%3A+A+Century+of+Advance.+Book+1%3A+Trade%2C+Missions%2C+Literature&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0226467658&rft.au=Donald+F.+Lach&rft.au=Edwin+J.+Van+Kley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPjVKjJ-WgOYC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_Parker1996" class="citation book cs1">Geoffrey Parker (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cIFiNRH3oWsC&pg=PA110">The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500–1800</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521479585" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521479585"><bdi>978-0521479585</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Revolution%3A+Military+Innovation+and+the+Rise+of+the+West%2C+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0521479585&rft.au=Geoffrey+Parker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcIFiNRH3oWsC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._H._P._MasonJ._G._Caiger1997" class="citation book cs1">R. H. P. Mason; J. G. Caiger (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ5w7Qy0W8EC&pg=PA205">A History of Japan: Revised Edition</a>. Tuttle Publishing. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804820974" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804820974"><bdi>978-0804820974</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Japan%3A+Revised+Edition&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0804820974&rft.au=R.+H.+P.+Mason&rft.au=J.+G.+Caiger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZ5w7Qy0W8EC%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19975-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19975_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19975_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19975_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19975_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19975_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19975_12-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19975_12-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19975_12-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESims1998246-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESims1998246_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSims1998">Sims 1998</a>, p. 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200515-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200515_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200515_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200515_14-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchencking2005">Schencking 2005</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200516-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200516_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200516_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchencking2005">Schencking 2005</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Jentschura p. 113 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200513-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200513_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200513_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200513_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200513_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200513_17-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchencking2005">Schencking 2005</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200511-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200511_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200511_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchencking2005">Schencking 2005</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19977-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19977_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19977_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19977_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19977_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19977_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19977_19-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESondhaus2001100-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus2001100_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSondhaus2001">Sondhaus 2001</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200512-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200512_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200512_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200512_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200512_21-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchencking2005">Schencking 2005</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19979-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie19979_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200519-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200519_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200519_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchencking2005">Schencking 2005</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200518-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200518_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200518_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchencking2005">Schencking 2005</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199712-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199712_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199712_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199712_25-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESondhaus2001133-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus2001133_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSondhaus2001">Sondhaus 2001</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kornicki-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Kornicki_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_F._Kornicki1998" class="citation book cs1">Peter F. Kornicki (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gxItA6-7RwIC&pg=PA191">Meiji Japan: The emergence of the Meiji state</a>. Psychology Press. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415156189" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415156189"><bdi>978-0415156189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meiji+Japan%3A+The+emergence+of+the+Meiji+state&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0415156189&rft.au=Peter+F.+Kornicki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgxItA6-7RwIC%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChae-ŏn_KangJae-eun_Kang2006" class="citation book cs1">Chae-ŏn Kang; Jae-eun Kang (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XB4UYXNQK1wC&pg=PA450">The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism</a>. Homa & Sekey Books. p. 450. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1931907309" title="Special:BookSources/978-1931907309"><bdi>978-1931907309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+of+Scholars%3A+Two+Thousand+Years+of+Korean+Confucianism&rft.pages=450&rft.pub=Homa+%26+Sekey+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1931907309&rft.au=Chae-%C5%8Fn+Kang&rft.au=Jae-eun+Kang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXB4UYXNQK1wC%26pg%3DPA450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200526-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200526_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200526_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200526_29-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchencking2005">Schencking 2005</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200527-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200527_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200527_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200527_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200527_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200527_30-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200527_30-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchencking2005">Schencking 2005</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200534-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200534_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200534_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200534_31-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchencking2005">Schencking 2005</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200535-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200535_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200535_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200535_32-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchencking2005">Schencking 2005</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199714-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199714_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199714_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199714_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199714_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199714_33-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199714_33-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199714_33-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199714_33-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199714_33-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199714_33-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESims1998250-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESims1998250_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESims1998250_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESims1998250_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESims1998250_34-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSims1998">Sims 1998</a>, p. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199719-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199719_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_A._Grant2007" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan A. Grant (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l03qgaNVU3oC&pg=PA137">Rulers, Guns, and Money: The Global Arms Trade in the Age of Imperialism</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674024427" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674024427"><bdi>978-0674024427</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rulers%2C+Guns%2C+and+Money%3A+The+Global+Arms+Trade+in+the+Age+of+Imperialism&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0674024427&rft.au=Jonathan+A.+Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl03qgaNVU3oC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Howe, p. 281 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESims1998354-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESims1998354_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSims1998">Sims 1998</a>, p. 354. </li> <li id="cite_note-milanovich-39"><a href="#cite_ref-milanovich_39-0">^</a> Chiyoda (II): First Armoured Cruiser of the Imperial Japanese Navy, Kathrin Milanovich, Warship 2006, Conway Maritime Press, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844860302" title="Special:BookSources/978-1844860302">978-1844860302</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199738-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199738_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199738_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200581-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200581_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchencking2005">Schencking 2005</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199740-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199740_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199741-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199741_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199741_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199741_43-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199742-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199742_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199746-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199746_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199746_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199748-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199748_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200583-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200583_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchencking2005">Schencking 2005</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley_Sandler2002" class="citation book cs1">Stanley Sandler (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L_xxOM85bD8C&pg=PA117">Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1576073445" title="Special:BookSources/978-1576073445"><bdi>978-1576073445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ground+Warfare%3A+An+International+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1576073445&rft.au=Stanley+Sandler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL_xxOM85bD8C%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_J._Alexander2008" class="citation book cs1">Arthur J. Alexander (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KptffphJHPIC&pg=PT56">The Arc of Japan's Economic Development</a>. Routledge. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415700238" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415700238"><bdi>978-0415700238</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arc+of+Japan%27s+Economic+Development&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0415700238&rft.au=Arthur+J.+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKptffphJHPIC%26pg%3DPT56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200584-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200584_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200584_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200584_50-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchencking2005">Schencking 2005</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200587-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200587_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200587_51-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchencking2005">Schencking 2005</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199758-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199758_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199758_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199758_52-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199758–59-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199758–59_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, pp. 58–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199759-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199759_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199760-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199760_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199760_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199760_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199760_55-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199760_55-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking200588-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200588_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking200588_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchencking2005">Schencking 2005</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199765-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199765_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199752-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199752_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199760–61-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199760–61_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, pp. 60–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Corbett Maritime Operations in the Russo-Japanese War, 2:333 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking2005108-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking2005108_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchencking2005">Schencking 2005</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997116-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997116_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchencking2005122-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchencking2005122_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchencking2005">Schencking 2005</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997177-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997177_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Howe, p. 284 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Howe, p. 268 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997150–151-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997150–151_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, pp. 150–151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199784-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199784_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jentschura_p._23-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jentschura_p._23_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jentschura_p._23_69-1">b</a> Jentschura p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Jane's Battleships of the 20th Century, p. 68 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Jentschura p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Wakamiya is "credited with conducting the first successful carrier air raid in history" Austrian <a href="/wiki/SMS_Radetzky_(1909)" title="SMS Radetzky (1909)">SMS Radetzky</a> launched sea plane raids a year earlier </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeattie20079-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeattie20079_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeattie2007">Peattie 2007</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997168-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997168_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997161-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997161_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997169-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997169_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZammit2004" class="citation news cs1">Zammit, Roseanne (27 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20040327/local/japanese-lieutenants-son-visits-war-dead-at-kalkara-cemetery.126734">"Japanese lieutenant's son visits Japanese war dead at Kalkara cemetery"</a>. Times of Malta. 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Ed. John Whitney Hall and Marius B. Jansen. 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Retrieved 25 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%8A%E8%87%AA%E8%A1%9B%E9%9A%8A%EF%BC%9A%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%99%E7%9C%9F%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%EF%BC%9A%E8%AD%B7%E8%A1%9B%E8%89%A6%EF%BC%88%E8%89%A6%E8%89%87%EF%BC%89&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mod.go.jp%2Fmsdf%2Fformal%2Fgallery%2Fships%2Fdd%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141222212859/http://www.mod.go.jp/msdf/formal/gallery/ships/ss/index.html">"海上自衛隊：ギャラリー：潜水艦（艦艇）"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mod.go.jp/msdf/formal/gallery/ships/ss/index.html">the original</a> on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%8A%E8%87%AA%E8%A1%9B%E9%9A%8A%EF%BC%9A%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%EF%BC%9A%E6%BD%9C%E6%B0%B4%E8%89%A6%EF%BC%88%E8%89%A6%E8%89%87%EF%BC%89&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mod.go.jp%2Fmsdf%2Fformal%2Fgallery%2Fships%2Fss%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flightglobal-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Flightglobal_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d1fmezig7cekam.cloudfront.net/VPP/Global/Flight/Airline%20Business/AB%20home/Edit/WorldAirForces2015.pdf">"Flightglobal – World Air Forces 2015"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Flightglobal.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Flightglobal.com">Flightglobal.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flightglobal+%E2%80%93+World+Air+Forces+2015&rft.pub=Flightglobal.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd1fmezig7cekam.cloudfront.net%2FVPP%2FGlobal%2FFlight%2FAirline%2520Business%2FAB%2520home%2FEdit%2FWorldAirForces2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThach" class="citation web cs1">Thach, Marcel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191117075221/http://www.samurai-archives.com/mth.html">"The Madness of Toyotomi Hideyoshi"</a>. The Samurai Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samurai-archives.com/mth.html">the original</a> on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Madness+of+Toyotomi+Hideyoshi&rft.pub=The+Samurai+Archives&rft.aulast=Thach&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samurai-archives.com%2Fmth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamson1961" class="citation book cs1">Samson, George (1961). A History of Japan, 1334–1615. Stanford University Press. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804705259" title="Special:BookSources/0804705259"><bdi>0804705259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Japan%2C+1334%E2%80%931615&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=0804705259&rft.aulast=Samson&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2006" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Euan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EaiT_nSgsMcC">Japan's Sea Lane Security, 1940–2004: A Matter Of Life And Death?</a>. Nissan Institute/Routledge Japanese Studies Series. Routledge. p. 307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415356407" title="Special:BookSources/0415356407"><bdi>0415356407</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%27s+Sea+Lane+Security%2C+1940%E2%80%932004%3A+A+Matter+Of+Life+And+Death%3F&rft.series=Nissan+Institute%2FRoutledge+Japanese+Studies+Series&rft.pages=307&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0415356407&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Euan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEaiT_nSgsMcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDull2013" class="citation book cs1">Dull, Paul S. (2013). A Battle History of The Imperial Japanese Navy (reprint 1978 ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612512907" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612512907"><bdi>978-1612512907</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Battle+History+of+The+Imperial+Japanese+Navy&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.edition=reprint+1978&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1612512907&rft.aulast=Dull&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoydAkihiko_Yoshida1995" class="citation book cs1">Boyd, Carl; Akihiko Yoshida (1995). The Japanese Submarine Force and World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1557500150" title="Special:BookSources/1557500150"><bdi>1557500150</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Submarine+Force+and+World+War+II&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1557500150&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Akihiko+Yoshida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansPeattie1997" class="citation book cs1">Evans, David & Peattie, Mark R. (1997). Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870211927" title="Special:BookSources/0870211927"><bdi>0870211927</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaigun%3A+Strategy%2C+Tactics%2C+and+Technology+in+the+Imperial+Japanese+Navy%2C+1887%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0870211927&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Peattie%2C+Mark+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Howe, Christopher (1996) The origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy, Development and technology in Asia from 1540 to the Pacific War, University of Chicago Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226354857" title="Special:BookSources/0226354857">0226354857</a></li> <li>Ireland, Bernard (1996) Jane's Battleships of the 20th Century <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0004709977" title="Special:BookSources/0004709977">0004709977</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLengerer2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lengerer, Hans (September 2020). "The 1882 Coup d'État in Korea and the Second Expansion of the Imperial Japanese Navy: A Contribution to the Pre-History of the Chinese-Japanese War 1894–95". Warship International. LVII (3): 185–196. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374">0043-0374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Warship+International&rft.atitle=The+1882+Coup+d%27%C3%89tat+in+Korea+and+the+Second+Expansion+of+the+Imperial+Japanese+Navy%3A+A+Contribution+to+the+Pre-History+of+the+Chinese-Japanese+War+1894%E2%80%9395&rft.volume=LVII&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=185-196&rft.date=2020-09&rft.issn=0043-0374&rft.aulast=Lengerer&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLengerer2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lengerer, Hans (December 2020). "The 1884 Coup d'État in Korea — Revision and Acceleration of the Expansion of the IJN: A Contribution to the Pre-History of the Chinese-Japanese War 1894–95". Warship International. LVII (4): 289–302. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374">0043-0374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Warship+International&rft.atitle=The+1884+Coup+d%27%C3%89tat+in+Korea+%E2%80%94+Revision+and+Acceleration+of+the+Expansion+of+the+IJN%3A+A+Contribution+to+the+Pre-History+of+the+Chinese-Japanese+War+1894%E2%80%9395&rft.volume=LVII&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=289-302&rft.date=2020-12&rft.issn=0043-0374&rft.aulast=Lengerer&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lyon, D.J. (1976) World War II warships, Excalibur Books <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0856132209" title="Special:BookSources/0856132209">0856132209</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims1998" class="citation book cs1">Sims, Richard (1998). French Policy Towards the Bakufu and Meiji Japan 1854–95. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1873410611" title="Special:BookSources/1873410611"><bdi>1873410611</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Policy+Towards+the+Bakufu+and+Meiji+Japan+1854%E2%80%9395&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1873410611&rft.aulast=Sims&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSondhaus2001" class="citation book cs1">Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001). Naval Warfare, 1815–1914. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415214777" title="Special:BookSources/0415214777"><bdi>0415214777</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Warfare%2C+1815%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0415214777&rft.aulast=Sondhaus&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJentschuraJungMickel1977" class="citation book cs1">Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter; Mickel, Peter (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/087021893X" title="Special:BookSources/087021893X"><bdi>087021893X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warships+of+the+Imperial+Japanese+Navy&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Institute&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=087021893X&rft.aulast=Jentschura&rft.aufirst=Hansgeorg&rft.au=Jung%2C+Dieter&rft.au=Mickel%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan2011" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, John (2011). Warships after Washington: The Development of Five Major Fleets 1922–1930. Seaforth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848321175" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848321175"><bdi>978-1848321175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warships+after+Washington%3A+The+Development+of+Five+Major+Fleets+1922%E2%80%931930&rft.pub=Seaforth+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1848321175&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeattie2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Peattie" title="Mark Peattie">Peattie, Mark R</a> (2007). Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909–1941. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612514369" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612514369"><bdi>978-1612514369</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sunburst%3A+The+Rise+of+Japanese+Naval+Air+Power%2C+1909%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1612514369&rft.aulast=Peattie&rft.aufirst=Mark+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchencking2005" class="citation book cs1">Schencking, J. Charles (2005). Making Waves: Politics, Propaganda, And The Emergence Of The Imperial Japanese Navy, 1868–1922. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804749779" title="Special:BookSources/0804749779"><bdi>0804749779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Waves%3A+Politics%2C+Propaganda%2C+And+The+Emergence+Of+The+Imperial+Japanese+Navy%2C+1868%E2%80%931922&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0804749779&rft.aulast=Schencking&rft.aufirst=J.+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStille2014" class="citation book cs1">Stille, Mark (2014). The Imperial Japanese Navy in the Pacific War. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472801463" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472801463"><bdi>978-1472801463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Japanese+Navy+in+the+Pacific+War&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1472801463&rft.aulast=Stille&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgawa,_Naoyuki2019" class="citation book cs1">Agawa, Naoyuki (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190527054159/https://japanlibrary.jpic.or.jp/books/published/05893a38417c229d9e802886776ff188b59f2efd.html">Friendship across the Seas: The US Navy and the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force</a>. Tokyo: Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://japanlibrary.jpic.or.jp/books/published/05893a38417c229d9e802886776ff188b59f2efd.html">the original</a> on 2019-05-27. Retrieved 2019-05-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friendship+across+the+Seas%3A+The+US+Navy+and+the+Japan+Maritime+Self-Defense+Force&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Japan+Publishing+Industry+Foundation+for+Culture&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Agawa%2C+Naoyuki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjapanlibrary.jpic.or.jp%2Fbooks%2Fpublished%2F05893a38417c229d9e802886776ff188b59f2efd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1987" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, Arthur Davidson (1987). "Japanese Naval Construction 1915–1945: An Introductory Essay". Warship International. XXIV (1): 46–68. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374">0043-0374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Warship+International&rft.atitle=Japanese+Naval+Construction+1915%E2%80%931945%3A+An+Introductory+Essay&rft.volume=XXIV&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=46-68&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=0043-0374&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Davidson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Boxer, C.R. (1993) The Christian Century in Japan 1549–1650, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1857540352" title="Special:BookSources/1857540352">1857540352</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Albas1965" class="citation book cs1">D'Albas, Andrieu (1965). Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II. Devin-Adair Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/081595302X" title="Special:BookSources/081595302X"><bdi>081595302X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+of+a+Navy%3A+Japanese+Naval+Action+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Devin-Adair+Pub&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=081595302X&rft.aulast=D%27Albas&rft.aufirst=Andrieu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Delorme, Pierre, Les Grandes Batailles de l'Histoire, Port-Arthur 1904, Socomer Editions (French)</li> <li>Gardiner, Robert (editor) (2001) Steam, Steel and Shellfire, The Steam Warship 1815–1905, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0785814132" title="Special:BookSources/0785814132">0785814132</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHara1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tameichi_Hara" title="Tameichi Hara">Hara, Tameichi</a> (1961). Japanese Destroyer Captain. New York & Toronto: <a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books">Ballantine Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0345278941" title="Special:BookSources/0345278941"><bdi>0345278941</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Destroyer+Captain&rft.place=New+York+%26+Toronto&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=0345278941&rft.aulast=Hara&rft.aufirst=Tameichi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHashimoto2010" class="citation book cs1">Hashimoto, Mochitsura (2010) [1954]. Sunk: The Story of the Japanese Submarine Fleet, 1941–1945. New York: Henry Holt; reprint: Progressive Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1615775811" title="Special:BookSources/978-1615775811"><bdi>978-1615775811</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sunk%3A+The+Story+of+the+Japanese+Submarine+Fleet%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt%3B+reprint%3A+Progressive+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1615775811&rft.aulast=Hashimoto&rft.aufirst=Mochitsura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacroixLinton_Wells1997" class="citation book cs1">Lacroix, Eric; Linton Wells (1997). Japanese Cruisers of the Pacific War. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870213113" title="Special:BookSources/0870213113"><bdi>0870213113</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Cruisers+of+the+Pacific+War&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0870213113&rft.aulast=Lacroix&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Linton+Wells&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Japanese+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Nagazumi, Yōko (永積洋子) Red Seal Ships (朱印船), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4642066594" title="Special:BookSources/4642066594">4642066594</a> (Japanese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Polak" title="Christian Polak">Polak</a>, Christian. (2001). Soie et lumières: L'âge d'or des échanges franco-japonais (des origines aux années 1950). Tokyo: Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie Française du Japon, <a href="/wiki/Hachette_(publishing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachette (publishing)">Hachette</a> Fujin Gahōsha (アシェット婦人画報社).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Polak" title="Christian Polak">Polak</a>, Christian. (2002). 絹と光: 知られざる日仏交流100年の歴史 (江戶時代1950年代) Kinu to hikariō: shirarezaru Nichi-Futsu kōryū 100-nen no rekishi (Edo jidai-1950-nendai). Tokyo: Ashetto Fujin Gahōsha, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4573062108" title="Special:BookSources/978-4573062108">978-4573062108</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50875162">50875162</a></li> <li>Seki, Eiji. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u5KgAAAACAAJ">Mrs. Ferguson's Tea-Set, Japan and the Second World War: The Global Consequences Following Germany's Sinking of the SS Automedon in 1940.</a> London: <a href="/wiki/Global_Oriental" title="Global Oriental">Global Oriental</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1905246281" title="Special:BookSources/978-1905246281">978-1905246281</a> (cloth) [reprinted by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>, Honolulu, 2007 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080603230645/http://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/cart/shopcore/?db_name=uhpress&page=shop%2Fflypage&product_id=4475&PHPSESSID=75b7d372eb6f6c4d747ec0a150c42ead">previously announced as Sinking of the SS Automedon and the Role of the Japanese Navy: A New Interpretation</a>.]</li> <li>Tōgō Shrine and Tōgō Association (東郷神社・東郷会), Togo Heihachiro in images, illustrated Meiji Navy (図説東郷平八郎、目で見る明治の海軍), (Japanese)</li> <li>Japanese submarines 潜水艦大作戦, Jinbutsu publishing (新人物従来社) (Japanese)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.memenet.or.jp/kinugawa/ship/2300.htm">Nobunaga's ironclad navy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://admiral31.world.coocan.jp/e/index.htm">Hiroshi Nishida's IJN site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.combinedfleet.com/">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> page</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naval-history.net/WW2MedalsJap-GoldenKite.htm">Imperial Japanese Navy Awards of the Golden Kite in World War 2, a Note</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwar1atsea.net/WW1NavyJapanese.htm">Imperial Japanese Navy in World War 1, 1914–18 including warship losses</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191116075048/http://www.worldwar1atsea.net/WW1NavyJapanese.htm">Archived</a> 2019-11-16 at the <a 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Imperial Japanese Navy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_(Japan)" title="Ministry of the Navy (Japan)">Minister of the Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Imperial_Japanese_Navy_admirals" title="List of Imperial Japanese Navy admirals">Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Ranks of the Imperial Japanese Navy">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Imperial_Japanese_Navy_fleets" title="List of Imperial Japanese Navy fleets">Fleets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Imperial_Japanese_Navy_warship_units" title="Template:Imperial Japanese Navy warship units">Warship Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Imperial_Japanese_Navy_air_units" title="Template:Imperial Japanese Navy air units">Air Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="List of ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="List of aircraft of the Imperial Japanese Navy">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_the_Japanese_Navy" title="List of weapons of the Japanese Navy">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="List of battles of the Imperial Japanese Navy">Battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_ships_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Navy_(July_1869–February_1871)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IJNFoundation" title="Template:IJNFoundation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IJNFoundation" title="Template talk:IJNFoundation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IJNFoundation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IJNFoundation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_ships_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Navy_(July_1869–February_1871)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">First ships of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> (July 1869–February 1871)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Shogunal</a> Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_ironclad_K%C5%8Dtetsu" title="Japanese ironclad Kōtetsu">Kōtetsu</a> 甲鉄</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_gunboat_Chiyodagata" title="Japanese gunboat Chiyodagata">Chiyodagata</a> 千代田形</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_warship_Fujiyama" title="Japanese warship Fujiyama">Fujiyama</a> 富士山</li></ul> <ul><li>(Transports): <a href="/wiki/Japanese_warship_Ch%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_Maru" title="Japanese warship Chōyō Maru">Chōyō Maru</a> 朝陽</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_warship_Sh%C5%8Dkaku_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese warship Shōkaku Maru (page does not exist)">Shōkaku Maru</a> 翔鶴</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_barque_Kank%C5%8D_Maru" title="Japanese barque Kankō Maru">Kankō Maru</a> 観光</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_warship_Hiry%C5%8D_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese warship Hiryō Maru (page does not exist)">Hiryō Maru</a> 飛龍</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanrin_Maru" title="Kanrin Maru">Kanrin Maru</a> 咸臨</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_warship_H%C5%8D%C5%8D_Maru" title="Japanese warship Hōō Maru">Hōō Maru</a> 鳳凰</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_warship_Rissh%C5%8D_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese warship Risshō Maru (page does not exist)">Risshō Maru</a> 立象</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_warship_Kaiun_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese warship Kaiun Maru (page does not exist)">Kaiun Maru</a> 開運</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_warship_Ch%C5%8Dgei_Maru" title="Japanese warship Chōgei Maru">Chōgei Maru</a> 長鯨</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Domain" title="Chōshū Domain">Chōshū</a> Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_gunboat_Teib%C5%8D_No._1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese gunboat Teibō No. 1 (page does not exist)">Teibō No. 1</a> 第一丁卯</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_gunboat_Teib%C5%8D_No._2" title="Japanese gunboat Teibō No. 2">Teibō No. 2</a> 第二丁卯</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_gunboat_Un%27y%C5%8D" title="Japanese gunboat Un'yō">Un'yō</a> 雲揚</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_sloop_H%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D" title="Japanese sloop Hōshō">Hōshō</a> 鳳翔</li></ul> <ul><li>(Transports): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_warship_Kay%C5%8D_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese warship Kayō Maru (page does not exist)">Kayō Maru</a> 華陽</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma</a> Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_corvette_Kasuga" title="Japanese corvette Kasuga">Kasuga</a> 春日</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle_(1854)" title="HMS Beagle (1854)">Kenkō</a> 乾行</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Saga_Domain" title="Saga Domain">Saga</a> Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_sloop_Nisshin" title="Japanese sloop Nisshin">Nisshin</a> 日進</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_warship_M%C5%8Dshun" title="Japanese warship Mōshun">Mōshun</a> 孟春</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_warship_Ennen_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese warship Ennen Maru (page does not exist)">Ennen Maru</a> 延年</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_warship_Denry%C5%AB_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese warship Denryū Maru (page does not exist)">Denryū Maru</a> 電流</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Kumamoto_Domain" title="Kumamoto Domain">Kumamoto</a> Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_ironclad_Ry%C5%ABj%C5%8D" title="Japanese ironclad Ryūjō">Ryūjō</a> 龍驤</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Tosa_Domain" title="Tosa Domain">Tosa</a> Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_warship_Izumi_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese warship Izumi Maru (page does not exist)">Izumi Maru</a> 和泉</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Akita_Domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Akita Domain">Akita</a> Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Sagamore_(1861)" title="USS Sagamore (1861)">Yōshun Maru</a> 陽春</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Morioka_Domain" title="Morioka Domain">Morioka</a> Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(Transports): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_warship_Hijun_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese warship Hijun Maru (page does not exist)">Hijun Maru</a> 飛隼</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Bitch%C5%AB-Matsuyama_Domain" title="Bitchū-Matsuyama Domain">Bitchū-Matsuyama</a> Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(Transports): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_warship_Kaif%C5%AB_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese warship Kaifū Maru (page does not exist)">Kaifū Maru</a> 快風</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Kokura_Domain" title="Kokura Domain">Kokura</a> Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(Transports): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_warship_%C5%8Csaka_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese warship Ōsaka Maru (page does not exist)">Ōsaka Maru</a> 大坂</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_warship_K%C5%8Dky%C5%8Dsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese warship Kōkyōsen (page does not exist)">Kōkyōsen</a> 虹橋</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Sunpu_Domain" title="Sunpu Domain">Sunpu</a> Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(Transports): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_warship_K%C5%8Dsoku_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese warship Kōsoku Maru (page does not exist)">Kōsoku Maru</a> 行速</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acquisitions (before 1871)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Malacca_(1853)" title="HMS Malacca (1853)">Tsukuba</a> 筑波</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_warship_Settsu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese warship Settsu (page does not exist)">Settsu</a> 摂津</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USRC_Kewanee" title="USRC Kewanee">Musashi</a> 武蔵</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USRC_Kankakee" title="USRC Kankakee">Kawachi</a> 河内</li></ul> <ul><li>(Transports): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_warship_T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese warship Tōkyō Maru (page does not exist)">Tōkyō Maru</a> 東京</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_warship_Karafuto_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese warship Karafuto Maru (page does not exist)">Karafuto Maru</a> 樺太</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empire_of_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Agriculture in the Empire of Japan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Censorship in the Empire of Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of the Empire of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Economy of the Empire of Japan">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan#Prewar_period" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Education in the Empire of Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_commerce_and_shipping_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan">Foreign commerce and shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_production_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Industrial production in Shōwa Japan">Industrial production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_essentialism" title="National essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_(1914%E2%80%931944)" title="Politics of the Empire of Japan (1914–1944)">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/80px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/120px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/160px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emperors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Meiji (Mutsuhito)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Taishō (Yoshihito)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Shōwa (Hirohito)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Sun_Flag" title="Rising Sun Flag">Rising Sun Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_seals_of_Japan" title="National seals of Japan">National seals of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan" title="Imperial Seal of Japan">Imperial Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Seal_of_Japan" title="Government Seal of Japan">Government Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Seal_of_Japan" title="State Seal of Japan">State Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Seal_of_Japan" title="Privy Seal of Japan">Privy Seal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimigayo" title="Kimigayo">Kimigayo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_Oath" title="Charter Oath">Charter Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Meiji Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_on_Education" title="Imperial Rescript on Education">Imperial Rescript on Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Imperial Rule Assistance Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">Kokutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokusatsu" title="Mokusatsu">Mokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Spiritual_Mobilization_Movement" title="National Spiritual Mobilization Movement">National Spiritual Mobilization Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law" title="Peace Preservation Law">Peace Preservation Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political parties of the Empire of Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Judicature of Japan">Supreme Court of Judicature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Keisatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu">Tokkō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonarigumi" title="Tonarigumi">Tonarigumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senbu" title="Senbu">Senbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Airways" title="Imperial Japanese Airways">Imperial Japanese Airways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Administration (ministries)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Imperial_Household" title="Ministry of the Imperial Household">Imperial Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Ministry" title="Home Ministry">Home Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(pre-modern_Japan)" title="Ministry of War (pre-modern Japan)">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Ministry" title="Army Ministry">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_(Japan)" title="Ministry of the Navy (Japan)">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Treasury" title="Ministry of the Treasury">Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Commerce" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce">Agriculture and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Japan)">Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Munitions_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Munitions (Japan)">Munitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Colonial_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Colonial Affairs (Japan)">Colonial Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Greater_East_Asia" title="Ministry of Greater East Asia">Greater East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Development_Board" title="East Asia Development Board">East Asia Development Board (Kōain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Legislative and deliberative bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Daijō-kan">Daijō-kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Japan" title="Privy Council of Japan">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozen_Kaigi" title="Gozen Kaigi">Gozen Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet#History" title="National Diet">Imperial Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">Peers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">Representatives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_to_Soldiers_and_Sailors" title="Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors">Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senjinkun_military_code" title="Senjinkun military code">Senjinkun military code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nuclear_weapons_program" title="Japanese nuclear weapons program">Nuclear weapons program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_War_Council_(Japan)" title="Supreme War Council (Japan)">Supreme War Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Japan (page does not exist)">Conscription</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Railways_and_Shipping_Section" title="Imperial Japanese Army Railways and Shipping Section">Railways and Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Japan)" title="Imperial Guard (Japan)">Imperial Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_holdout" title="Japanese holdout">Japanese holdout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Army_of_Japan" title="Taiwan Army of Japan">Taiwan Army of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dseiha" title="Tōseiha">Control Faction (Tōseiha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempeitai" title="Kempeitai">Kempeitai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Imperial Japanese Navy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_Keisatsutai" title="Tokubetsu Keisatsutai">Tokkeitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Faction" title="Fleet Faction">Fleet Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Faction" title="Treaty Faction">Treaty Faction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beipu_uprising" title="Beipu uprising">Beipu uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Lords_Incident" title="Two Lords Incident">Two Lords Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Japanese_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Japanese Alliance">Anglo–Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">Invasion of Taiwan (1895)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Entry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Siberian Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Election_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="General Election Law">General Election Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria%E2%80%93Mongolia_problem" title="Manchuria–Mongolia problem">Manchuria–Mongolia problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Democracy" title="Taishō Democracy">Taishō Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Taishō Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapani_incident" title="Tapani incident">Tapani incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truku_War" title="Truku War">Truku War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">Racial Equality Proposal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Shōwa financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_incident" title="Jinan incident">Jinan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musha_Incident" title="Musha Incident">Musha Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Pacification of Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28_incident" title="January 28 incident">January 28 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherland_controversy" title="Motherland controversy">Motherland controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Rape of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast" title="Hirohito surrender broadcast">Hirohito surrender broadcast</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture" title="Karafuto Prefecture">Karafuto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Naichi">naichi</a> after 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Chōsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kantō-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">Nan'yō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Puppet states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_acquired_by_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="List of territories acquired by the Empire of Japan">Occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yen_bloc" title="Yen bloc">Yen bloc</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonn%C5%8D_j%C5%8Di" title="Sonnō jōi">Sonnō jōi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukoku_ky%C5%8Dhei" title="Fukoku kyōhei">Fukoku kyōhei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C5%8D_ichiu" title="Hakkō ichiu">Hakkō ichiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlers_in_Manchuria" title="Japanese settlers in Manchuria">Japanese settlers in Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese-run_internment_camps_during_World_War_II" title="List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II">Internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Japanese_industrial_co-operation_before_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Japanese industrial co-operation before World War II">German pre–World War II industrial co-operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinmin_no_Michi" title="Shinmin no Michi">Shinmin no Michi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Modan" title="Shōwa Modan">Shōwa Modan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_thought_in_Imperial_Japan" title="Socialist thought in Imperial Japan">Socialist thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Imperial_Japan_Serviceman" title="Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman">Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Political dissidence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219712#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219712#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219712#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000106847382">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/128935715">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5173757-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81013193">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20040526004&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263316705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_naval_weapons_of_the_Second_World_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:WWIIJapaneseNavalWeapons" title="Template:WWIIJapaneseNavalWeapons"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:WWIIJapaneseNavalWeapons" title="Template talk:WWIIJapaneseNavalWeapons"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWIIJapaneseNavalWeapons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:WWIIJapaneseNavalWeapons"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_naval_weapons_of_the_Second_World_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Japanese naval weapons of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">Battleship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battlecruiser" title="Battlecruiser">battlecruiser</a> main armament</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_14_inch/45_naval_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Vickers 14 inch/45 naval gun">36 cm/45 41st Year Type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/41_cm/45_3rd_Year_Type_naval_gun" title="41 cm/45 3rd Year Type naval gun">41 cm/45 3rd Year Type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/46_cm/45_Type_94_naval_gun" title="46 cm/45 Type 94 naval gun">46 cm/45 Type 94</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">Cruiser</a> main armament</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14_cm/50_3rd_Year_Type_naval_gun" title="14 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun">14 cm/50 3rd Year Type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_cm/50_41st_Year_Type" title="15 cm/50 41st Year Type">15 cm/50 41st Year Type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15.5_cm/60_3rd_Year_Type_naval_gun" title="15.5 cm/60 3rd Year Type naval gun">15.5 cm/60 3rd Year Type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_cm/50_3rd_Year_Type_naval_gun" title="20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun">20 cm/50 3rd Year Type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">Destroyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaib%C5%8Dkan" title="Kaibōkan">Kaibōkan</a> main armament</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10_cm/65_Type_98_naval_gun" title="10 cm/65 Type 98 naval gun">10 cm/65 Type 98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QF_4.7-inch_Gun_Mk_I%E2%80%93IV" class="mw-redirect" title="QF 4.7-inch Gun Mk I–IV">12 cm/40 Type 41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_3_120_mm_45_caliber_naval_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 3 120 mm 45 caliber naval gun">12 cm/45 3rd Year Type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_cm/45_10th_Year_Type_naval_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="12 cm/45 10th Year Type naval gun">12 cm/45 10th Year Type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12.7_cm/50_Type_3_naval_gun" title="12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval gun">12.7 cm/50 Type 3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Secondary armament</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8_cm/40_3rd_Year_Type_naval_gun" title="8 cm/40 3rd Year Type naval gun">8 cm/40 3rd Year Type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_cm/60_Type_98_naval_gun" title="8 cm/60 Type 98 naval gun">8 cm/60 Type 98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_cm/65_Type_98_naval_gun" title="10 cm/65 Type 98 naval gun">10 cm/65 Type 98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_cm/12_short_naval_gun" title="12 cm/12 short naval gun">12 cm/12 short naval gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_cm/45_10th_Year_Type_naval_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="12 cm/45 10th Year Type naval gun">12 cm/45 10th Year Type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12.7_cm/40_Type_89_naval_gun" title="12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gun">12.7 cm/40 Type 89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_cm/50_3rd_Year_Type_naval_gun" title="14 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun">14 cm/50 3rd Year Type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15.5_cm/60_3rd_Year_Type_naval_gun" title="15.5 cm/60 3rd Year Type naval gun">15.5 cm/60 3rd Year Type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_cm/12_short_naval_gun" title="20 cm/12 short naval gun">20 cm/12 short naval gun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarine</a> guns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8_cm/40_3rd_Year_Type_naval_gun#Variants" title="8 cm/40 3rd Year Type naval gun">8 cm/40 Type 88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_cm/50_Type_88_naval_gun" title="10 cm/50 Type 88 naval gun">10 cm/50 Type 88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_cm_11th_Year_Type_naval_gun" title="12 cm 11th Year Type naval gun">12 cm 11th Year Type naval gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12.7_cm/40_Type_89_naval_gun" title="12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gun">12.7 cm/40 Type 88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_cm/40_11th_Year_Type_naval_gun" title="14 cm/40 11th Year Type naval gun">14 cm/40 11th Year Type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a> weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_96_25_mm_AT/AA_gun" title="Type 96 25 mm AT/AA gun">Type 96 25 mm gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_M1929_machine_gun#Users" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotchkiss M1929 machine gun">Type 93 13 mm Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_4_Incendiary_Rocket_(RoSa)" title="Type 4 Incendiary Rocket (RoSa)">Type 4 Rocket "RoSa"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Shiki_(anti-aircraft_shell)" title="San Shiki (anti-aircraft shell)">Type 3 Shell "San Shiki"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">Torpedoes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_53_cm_torpedo#Type_44_21-inch" title="Japanese 53 cm torpedo">53 cm Type 44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_53_cm_torpedo#Type_89" title="Japanese 53 cm torpedo">53 cm Type 89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_91_torpedo" title="Type 91 torpedo">45 cm Type 91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_97_torpedo" title="Type 97 torpedo">45 cm Type 97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_53_cm_torpedo#Type_6" title="Japanese 53 cm torpedo">53 cm 6th Year Type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_92_torpedo" title="Type 92 torpedo">53 cm Type 92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_95_torpedo" title="Type 95 torpedo">53 cm Type 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Year_Type_torpedo" title="8th Year Type torpedo">61 cm 8th Year Type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_90_torpedo" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 90 torpedo">61 cm Type 90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_93_torpedo" title="Type 93 torpedo">61 cm Type 93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiten" title="Kaiten">Kaiten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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