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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metropolitan_municipalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metropolitan_municipalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Metropolitan municipalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metropolitan_municipalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-District_and_local_municipalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#District_and_local_municipalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>District and local municipalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-District_and_local_municipalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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href="#Mismanagement,_inefficiency_and_discontent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mismanagement, inefficiency and discontent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mismanagement,_inefficiency_and_discontent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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searchaux" style="display:none">Local government structure in South Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_South_Africa" title="List of municipalities in South Africa">List of municipalities in South Africa</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="width:19.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:var(--color-emphasized, black);">This article is part of a series on the</span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#007A4D; border: 1px double #8C959A; border-bottom: 10px solid #FFB612;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Politics of South Africa"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;"><small>Politics of</small><br />South Africa</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa_(heraldic).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa_%28heraldic%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa_%28heraldic%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa_%28heraldic%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa_%28heraldic%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa_%28heraldic%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa_%28heraldic%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="1432" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_Two_of_the_Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Chapter Two of the Constitution of South Africa">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Africa" title="Government of South Africa">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">President</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_President_of_South_Africa" title="Deputy President of South Africa">Deputy President</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mashatile" title="Paul Mashatile">Paul Mashatile</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_South_Africa" title="Cabinet of South Africa">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Government_of_South_Africa" title="Departments of the Government of South Africa">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_(South_Africa)" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (South Africa)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Provinces" title="National Council of Provinces">National Council of Provinces</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Provinces#Chairpersons" title="National Council of Provinces">Chairperson</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Refilwe_Mtsweni-Tsipane" title="Refilwe Mtsweni-Tsipane">Refilwe Mtsweni-Tsipane</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_South_Africa" title="National Assembly of South Africa">National Assembly</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_South_Africa" title="Speaker of the National Assembly of South Africa">Speaker</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Thoko_Didiza" title="Thoko Didiza">Thoko Didiza</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(South_Africa)" title="Leader of the Opposition (South Africa)">Leader of the Opposition</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/John_Hlophe" title="John Hlophe">John Hlophe</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_South_Africa" title="Judiciary of South Africa">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_South_Africa" title="Chief Justice of South Africa">Chief Justice</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ray_Zondo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray Zondo">Ray Zondo</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chief_Justice_of_South_Africa" title="Deputy Chief Justice of South Africa">Deputy Chief Justice</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mandisa_Maya" title="Mandisa Maya">Mandisa Maya</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_South_Africa" title="Courts of South Africa">Courts</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa" title="Constitutional Court of South Africa">Constitutional Court</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeal_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa">Supreme Court of Appeal</a> <dl><dd>President: <a href="/wiki/Mahube_Molemela" title="Mahube Molemela">Mahube Molemela</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_South_Africa" title="High Court of South Africa">High Court</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Magistrate%27s_court_(South_Africa)" title="Magistrate's court (South Africa)">Magistrate's courts</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Court_of_South_Africa" title="Electoral Court of South Africa">Electoral Court</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Africa" title="Elections in South Africa">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li>General <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/1910_South_African_general_election" title="1910 South African general election">1910</a> <a href="/wiki/1915_South_African_general_election" title="1915 South African general election">1915</a> <a href="/wiki/1920_South_African_general_election" title="1920 South African general election">1920</a> <a href="/wiki/1921_South_African_general_election" title="1921 South African general election">1921</a> <a href="/wiki/1924_South_African_general_election" title="1924 South African general election">1924</a> <a href="/wiki/1929_South_African_general_election" title="1929 South African general election">1929</a> <a href="/wiki/1933_South_African_general_election" title="1933 South African general election">1933</a> <a href="/wiki/1938_South_African_general_election" title="1938 South African general election">1938</a> <a href="/wiki/1943_South_African_general_election" title="1943 South African general election">1943</a> <a href="/wiki/1948_South_African_general_election" title="1948 South African general election">1948</a> <a href="/wiki/1953_South_African_general_election" title="1953 South African general election">1953</a> <a href="/wiki/1958_South_African_general_election" title="1958 South African general election">1958</a> <a href="/wiki/1961_South_African_general_election" title="1961 South African general election">1961</a> <a href="/wiki/1966_South_African_general_election" title="1966 South African general election">1966</a> <a href="/wiki/1970_South_African_general_election" title="1970 South African general election">1970</a> <a href="/wiki/1974_South_African_general_election" title="1974 South African general election">1974</a> <a href="/wiki/1977_South_African_general_election" title="1977 South African general election">1977</a> <a href="/wiki/1981_South_African_general_election" title="1981 South African general election">1981</a> <a href="/wiki/1984_South_African_general_election" title="1984 South African general election">1984</a> <a href="/wiki/1987_South_African_general_election" title="1987 South African general election">1987</a> <a href="/wiki/1989_South_African_general_election" title="1989 South African general election">1989</a> <a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">1994</a> <a href="/wiki/1999_South_African_general_election" title="1999 South African general election">1999</a> <a href="/wiki/2004_South_African_general_election" title="2004 South African general election">2004</a> <a href="/wiki/2009_South_African_general_election" title="2009 South African general election">2009</a> <a href="/wiki/2014_South_African_general_election" title="2014 South African general election">2014</a> <a href="/wiki/2019_South_African_general_election" title="2019 South African general election">2019</a> <a href="/wiki/2024_South_African_general_election" title="2024 South African general election">2024</a></span></div></dd></dl></li> <li>Municipal <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/2000_South_African_municipal_elections" title="2000 South African municipal elections">2000</a> <a href="/wiki/2006_South_African_municipal_elections" title="2006 South African municipal elections">2006</a> <a href="/wiki/2011_South_African_municipal_elections" title="2011 South African municipal elections">2011</a> <a href="/wiki/2016_South_African_municipal_elections" title="2016 South African municipal elections">2016</a> <a href="/wiki/2021_South_African_municipal_elections" title="2021 South African municipal elections">2021</a></span></div></dd></dl></li> <li>Referendums <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/1960_South_African_republic_referendum" title="1960 South African republic referendum">1960</a> <a href="/wiki/1983_South_African_constitutional_reform_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 South African constitutional reform referendum">1983</a> <a href="/wiki/1992_South_African_apartheid_referendum" title="1992 South African apartheid referendum">1992</a></span></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_South_Africa" title="List of political parties in South Africa">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_South_Africa" title="Administrative divisions of South Africa">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa" title="Provinces of South Africa">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_South_Africa" title="Districts of South Africa">Districts</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipality_(South_Africa)" title="Metropolitan municipality (South Africa)">Metropolitan municipality</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/District_municipality_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="District municipality (South Africa)">District municipality</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Municipalities</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_municipalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of South African municipalities">list</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa" title="Foreign relations of South Africa">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation" title="Department of International Relations and Cooperation">Department of International Relations and Cooperation</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation" title="Minister of International Relations and Cooperation">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Naledi_Pandor" title="Naledi Pandor">Naledi Pandor</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_South_Africa" title="List of diplomatic missions of South Africa">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_South_Africa" title="List of diplomatic missions in South Africa">in South Africa</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_nationality_law" title="South African nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_passport" title="South African passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_South_African_citizens" title="Visa requirements for South African citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_South_Africa" title="Visa policy of South Africa">Visa policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;;text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Africa" title="Human rights in South Africa">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="National debt of South Africa">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_assassinations_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa" title="Political assassinations in post-apartheid South Africa">Political assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_in_South_Africa" title="Protests in South Africa">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa" title="Political repression in post-apartheid South Africa">Repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_welfare_programmes_in_South_Africa" title="Social welfare programmes in South Africa">Social Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_South_Africa" title="Taxation in South Africa">Taxation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Provincial politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;;text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Eastern_Cape" title="Politics of the Eastern Cape">Politics of the Eastern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Free_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Free State">Politics of the Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Gauteng">Politics of Gauteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_KwaZulu-Natal" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of KwaZulu-Natal">Politics of KwaZulu-Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Limpopo" title="Politics of Limpopo">Politics of Limpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mpumalanga" title="Politics of Mpumalanga">Politics of Mpumalanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Northern_Cape" title="Politics of the Northern Cape">Politics of the Northern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_West_(South_African_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of North West (South African province)">Politics of North West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Western_Cape" title="Politics of the Western Cape">Politics of the Western Cape</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/48px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/64px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Africa" title="Portal:South Africa">South Africa portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Politics of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Politics of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_municipalities_2016_blank.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/South_Africa_municipalities_2016_blank.svg/220px-South_Africa_municipalities_2016_blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/South_Africa_municipalities_2016_blank.svg/330px-South_Africa_municipalities_2016_blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/South_Africa_municipalities_2016_blank.svg/440px-South_Africa_municipalities_2016_blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>The Municipalities of South Africa as of 2016</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local government</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> consists of <b>municipalities</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</a>: <i lang="tn">bommasepala</i>; <a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho</a>: <i lang="st">bomasepala</i>; <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sotho language">Northern Sotho</a>: <i lang="nso">bommasepala</i>; <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a>: <i lang="af">munisipaliteite</i>; <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a>: <i lang="zu">ngomasipala</i>; <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">Southern Ndebele</a>: <i>bomasipala</i>; <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a>: <i lang="xh">ngoomasipala</i>; <a href="/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swazi</a>: <i lang="ss">bomasipala</i>; <a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda</a>: <i lang="ve">vhomasipala</i>; <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga</a>: <i lang="ts">vamasipala</i>) of various types. The largest <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan areas</a> are governed by <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipality_(South_Africa)" title="Metropolitan municipality (South Africa)">metropolitan municipalities</a>, while the rest of the country<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is divided into counties called <a href="/wiki/District_municipality_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="District municipality (South Africa)">district municipalities</a>, each of which consists of several boroughs called <a href="/wiki/Local_municipality_(South_Africa)" title="Local municipality (South Africa)">local municipalities</a>. Since the boundary reform at the time of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_municipal_election,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="South African municipal election, 2016">municipal election of 3 August 2016</a> there are eight metropolitan municipalities, 44 district municipalities and 205 local municipalities.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categories">Categories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Municipalities can belong to one of three categories: metropolitan, district and local (referred to in the constitution as categories A, C and B). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metropolitan_municipalities">Metropolitan municipalities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Metropolitan municipalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipality_(South_Africa)" title="Metropolitan municipality (South Africa)">Metropolitan municipality (South Africa)</a></div> <p>Metropolitan (or category A) municipalities govern large densely urbanised regions that encompass multiple centers with close economic linkages, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolises</a>. Metropolitan municipalities are <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitary authorities">unitary authorities</a> responsible for all local government functions within their areas. </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/2011_South_African_municipal_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 South African municipal election">2011 municipal election</a> there are eight metropolitan municipalities: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_City_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality">Buffalo City</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_London,_Eastern_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="East London, Eastern Cape">East London</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mdantsane" title="Mdantsane">Mdantsane</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zwelitsha" title="Zwelitsha">Zwelitsha</a> – <a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="King William's Town">King William's Town</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bhisho" title="Bhisho">Bhisho</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Cape_Town" title="City of Cape Town">City of Cape Town</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> – <a href="/wiki/Milnerton" title="Milnerton">Milnerton</a> – <a href="/wiki/Atlantis,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantis, Western Cape">Atlantis</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bellville,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellville, Western Cape">Bellville</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mitchells_Plain" title="Mitchells Plain">Mitchells Plain</a> – <a href="/wiki/Khayelitsha" title="Khayelitsha">Khayelitsha</a> – <a href="/wiki/Somerset_West" title="Somerset West">Somerset West</a> – <a href="/wiki/Simon%27s_Town" title="Simon's Town">Simon's Town</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Johannesburg" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Johannesburg">City of Johannesburg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> – <a href="/wiki/Soweto" title="Soweto">Soweto</a> – <a href="/wiki/Roodepoort" title="Roodepoort">Roodepoort</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lenasia" title="Lenasia">Lenasia</a> – <a href="/wiki/Randburg" title="Randburg">Randburg</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sandton" title="Sandton">Sandton</a> – <a href="/wiki/Midrand" title="Midrand">Midrand</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Tshwane" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Tshwane">City of Tshwane</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a> – <a href="/wiki/Centurion,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Centurion, Gauteng">Centurion</a> – <a href="/wiki/Soshanguve" title="Soshanguve">Soshanguve</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hammanskraal" title="Hammanskraal">Hammanskraal</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mamelodi" title="Mamelodi">Mamelodi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bronkhorstspruit" title="Bronkhorstspruit">Bronkhorstspruit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekurhuleni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekurhuleni">Ekurhuleni</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alberton,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberton, Gauteng">Alberton</a> – <a href="/wiki/Katlehong" title="Katlehong">Katlehong</a> – <a href="/wiki/Germiston" title="Germiston">Germiston</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kempton_Park,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Kempton Park, Gauteng">Kempton Park</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tembisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tembisa">Tembisa</a> – <a href="/wiki/Boksburg" title="Boksburg">Boksburg</a> – <a href="/wiki/Benoni,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Benoni, Gauteng">Benoni</a> – <a href="/wiki/Brakpan" title="Brakpan">Brakpan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Springs,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Springs, Gauteng">Springs</a> – <a href="/wiki/Daveyton" title="Daveyton">Daveyton</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nigel,_Gauteng" title="Nigel, Gauteng">Nigel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EThekwini_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality">eThekwini</a> (<a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a> – <a href="/wiki/UMhlanga,_KwaZulu-Natal" title="UMhlanga, KwaZulu-Natal">uMhlanga</a> – <a href="/wiki/KwaMashu" title="KwaMashu">KwaMashu</a> – <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Durban" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix, Durban">Phoenix</a> – <a href="/wiki/OThongathi" title="OThongathi">oThongathi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pinetown" title="Pinetown">Pinetown</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cato_Ridge" title="Cato Ridge">Cato Ridge</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chatsworth,_KwaZulu-Natal" title="Chatsworth, KwaZulu-Natal">Chatsworth</a> – <a href="/wiki/Umlazi" title="Umlazi">Umlazi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Amanzimtoti" title="Amanzimtoti">Amanzimtoti</a> – <a href="/wiki/Umkomaas" title="Umkomaas">eMkhomazi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangaung_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality">Mangaung</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a> – <a href="/wiki/Botshabelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Botshabelo">Botshabelo</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thaba_%27Nchu" title="Thaba 'Nchu">Thaba 'Nchu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Nelson Mandela Bay">Nelson Mandela Bay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Port_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Elizabeth">Port Elizabeth</a> – <a href="/wiki/IBhayi" class="mw-redirect" title="IBhayi">iBhayi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Despatch,_Eastern_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Despatch, Eastern Cape">Despatch</a> – <a href="/wiki/Uitenhage" title="Uitenhage">Uitenhage</a>)</li></ul> <p>Buffalo City and Mangaung were originally local municipalities (see below) which were separated from their district municipalities and upgraded to metropolitan status in 2011. The other six municipalities were founded as metropolitan municipalities at the inception of the current system of local government in 2000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="District_and_local_municipalities">District and local municipalities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: District and local municipalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/District_municipality_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="District municipality (South Africa)">District municipality (South Africa)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Local_municipality_(South_Africa)" title="Local municipality (South Africa)">Local municipality (South Africa)</a></div> <p>The rest of the country, outside the metropolitan areas, is governed jointly by district and local municipalities. Each district (or category C) municipality is divided into a number of local (category B) municipalities. District municipalities have responsibility for broader matters such as integrated planning, infrastructure development, bulk supply of water and electricity, and public transport; while local municipalities have responsibility for all municipal functions not assigned to the district, and in particular local service delivery. As of 2016 there are 44 district municipalities divided into 205 local municipalities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elections">Elections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Municipalities are governed by <a href="/wiki/Municipal_council" title="Municipal council">municipal councils</a> which are elected every five(5) years. The most recent nationwide election of municipal councils was held <a href="/wiki/2021_South_African_municipal_elections" title="2021 South African municipal elections">on 1 November 2021</a>. </p><p>The councils of metropolitan and local municipalities are elected by a system of <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">mixed-member proportional representation</a>. These municipalities are divided into <a href="/wiki/Ward_(South_Africa)" title="Ward (South Africa)">wards</a>, and each ward directly elects one councillor by <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a>. An equal number of councillors are appointed from <a href="/wiki/Party_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Party list">party lists</a> so that the overall makeup of the council is proportional to the votes received by each party. </p><p>In district municipalities, 60% of the councillors are appointed by the councils of their constituent local municipalities, while the remaining 40% are elected by <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list proportional representation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation">Legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic structure of local government originates from Chapter 7 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">Constitution of South Africa</a>. In addition to this a number of acts of Parliament regulate the organisation of local government. The principal statutes are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_Government:_Municipal_Demarcation_Act,_1998&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local Government: Municipal Demarcation Act, 1998 (page does not exist)">Local Government: Municipal Demarcation Act, 1998</a> (Act 27 of 1998)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_Government:_Municipal_Structures_Act,_1998&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local Government: Municipal Structures Act, 1998 (page does not exist)">Local Government: Municipal Structures Act, 1998</a> (Act 117 of 1998)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_Government:_Municipal_Systems_Act,_2000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local Government: Municipal Systems Act, 2000 (page does not exist)">Local Government: Municipal Systems Act, 2000</a> (Act 32 of 2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_Government:_Municipal_Finance_Management_Act,_2003&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local Government: Municipal Finance Management Act, 2003 (page does not exist)">Local Government: Municipal Finance Management Act, 2003</a> (Act 56 of 2003)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_Government:_Municipal_Property_Rates_Act,_2004&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local Government: Municipal Property Rates Act, 2004 (page does not exist)">Local Government: Municipal Property Rates Act, 2004</a> (Act 6 of 2004)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_changes">Name changes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Name changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/South_African_Geographical_Names_Council" title="South African Geographical Names Council">South African Geographical Names Council</a> is a statutory body that deals specifically with changing names of places in South Africa, including municipalities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mismanagement,_inefficiency_and_discontent"><span id="Mismanagement.2C_inefficiency_and_discontent"></span>Mismanagement, inefficiency and discontent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mismanagement, inefficiency and discontent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In rural areas South African municipalities are generally in a poor and deteriorating financial state,<sup id="cite_ref-bis1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bis1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a situation which affects business activity and risks, livelihoods and growth propects of the economy. Businesses and their insurers have expressed concern that business assets in rural municipalities are not insurable.<sup id="cite_ref-vis1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vis1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Discontent with the service delivery of municipalities is evident from the rising number of <a href="/wiki/Protests_in_South_Africa" title="Protests in South Africa">protests</a> recorded from 2004 to 2020. The number of major protests increased from only 10 in 2004, to 237 in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-tl3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tl3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2019–20 <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a> province had the most service delivery protests (some 23%), followed by <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> (c.21%), the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a> (c.20%), <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a> (c.15%) and <a href="/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga">Mpumalanga</a> (c.9%). Discontent often revolves around the demand for housing and free basic services, especially when community members are displaced or suffer the loss of income. Other causes are perceived councillor accountability, the quality or pace of basic service delivery (housing, water and electricity),<sup id="cite_ref-tl2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tl2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> misappropriation of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19</a> relief benefits and land invasions.<sup id="cite_ref-tl3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tl3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protestors sometimes confuse issues relating to land demarcation, political candidates, or employer disputes with local government's service delivery mandate. When violent, protests may impinge on freedom of movement or property of others.<sup id="cite_ref-tl3_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tl3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tl2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tl2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of South Africa's municipalities are drowning in debt due to corruption and lack of skills,<sup id="cite_ref-al1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by 2020 a significant proportion found themselves financially and logistically stressed by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tl3_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tl3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Municipalities often employ unqualified personnel<sup id="cite_ref-22nov_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22nov-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who are unable to deliver proper financial and performance governance, which in addition leads to fraud, irregular expenditure (R30 billion in 2017, and R25 billion in 2018) and consequence-free misconduct.<sup id="cite_ref-Kimi_Makwetu1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kimi_Makwetu1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a fraction (14% in 2017, 8% in 2018) of municipalities submit clean annual audits to the <a href="/wiki/Auditor-General_(South_Africa)" title="Auditor-General (South Africa)">Auditor-General</a>, and implementation of the AG's recommendations has been lax. By 2018, 45% of municipalities have not implemented all procedures for reporting and investigating transgressions or fraud, while 74% were found to insufficiently follow up on such allegations.<sup id="cite_ref-Kimi_Makwetu1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kimi_Makwetu1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The late <a href="/wiki/Thembekile_Kimi_Makwetu" title="Thembekile Kimi Makwetu">Kimi Makwetu</a> suggested holding employees individually accountable, treating recommendations as binding and issuing a certificate of debt to guilty parties. </p><p>In 2022 it was revealed that almost all municipalities have aging and dysfunctional water infrastructure. The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Water_and_Sanitation" title="Department of Water and Sanitation">Department of Water and Sanitation</a> stated that poor maintenance and operations caused an average 40% (26%-60%) of water to be lost before it reached end users.<sup id="cite_ref-sha1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sha1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2020, municipalities owed South Africa's <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_South_Africa" title="Water supply and sanitation in South Africa">Water Boards</a> a total of R12 billion, and a culture of non-payment had taken hold.<sup id="cite_ref-jm1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jm1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had also accumulated debt of R46.1 billion (R31 billion overdue) with <a href="/wiki/Eskom" title="Eskom">Eskom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bt2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bt2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emfuleni_Local_Municipality" title="Emfuleni Local Municipality">Emfuleni Municipality</a>'s unserviced debt with <a href="/wiki/Eskom" title="Eskom">Eskom</a> (over R2.3 billion by 2020<sup id="cite_ref-bn1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bn1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and <a href="/wiki/Rand_Water" title="Rand Water">Rand Water</a> (some R1,1 billion<sup id="cite_ref-ver1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ver1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) prevented it from providing a reliable power and water supply,<sup id="cite_ref-ser1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ser1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which affected its ability to collect levies and taxes. A 2018 <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_South_Africa" title="High Court of South Africa">High Court</a> judgment allowed <a href="/wiki/Eskom" title="Eskom">Eskom</a> to seize R645 million worth of Emfuleni's fixed assets due to non-payment for electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-bn1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bn1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lekwa_Local_Municipality" title="Lekwa Local Municipality">Lekwa Municipality</a> has been taken to court by businesses around <a href="/wiki/Standerton" title="Standerton">Standerton</a> for failing to provide clean and sufficient water and electricity. These service interruptions were due to its soaring debt to <a href="/wiki/Eskom" title="Eskom">Eskom</a> (R1.1 billion by 2020<sup id="cite_ref-cb1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cb1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and its non-payment for services provided by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Water_and_Sanitation" title="Department of Water and Sanitation">Department of Water and Sanitation</a>. In 2018 <a href="/wiki/VBS_Mutual_Bank" title="VBS Mutual Bank">VBS Bank</a> collapsed, affecting the deposits of 14 municipalities. These deposits, which were all illegal in terms of the Municipal Finance Management Act (MFMA), included a R245 million deposit by <a href="/wiki/Fetakgomo_Tubatse_Local_Municipality" title="Fetakgomo Tubatse Local Municipality">Fetakgomo Tubatse Municipality</a>, and a R161 million deposit by <a href="/wiki/Greater_Giyani_Local_Municipality" title="Greater Giyani Local Municipality">Giyani Municipality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mm2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mm2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">With the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands" title="Prince Edward Islands">Prince Edward Islands</a>, although they are for certain legal purposes deemed to fall within the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Cape_Town" title="City of Cape Town">City of Cape Town</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.za/speeches/2016-municipal-elections-8-jun-2016-0000">"Electoral Commission on 2016 municipal elections"</a> (Press release). <a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Emfuleni+officials+claim+R21m+in+travel+costs+in+just+two+months&rft.date=2020-03-16&rft.aulast=Ndaba&rft.aufirst=Baldwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.co.za%2Fnews%2Fsouth-africa%2Fgauteng%2Femfuleni-officials-claim-r21m-in-travel-costs-in-just-two-months-44974345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipalities+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ver1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ver1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerbeek2020" class="citation news cs1">Verbeek, Peter (7 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vaalweekblad.com/80074/emfuleni-is-a-broken-municipality-cllr-peter-verbeek/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Emfuleni is a 'broken' municipality' – Cllr Peter Verbeek"</a>. vaalweekblad.com. Vaalweekblad<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Emfuleni+is+a+%27broken%27+municipality%27+%E2%80%93+Cllr+Peter+Verbeek&rft.date=2020-11-07&rft.aulast=Verbeek&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvaalweekblad.com%2F80074%2Femfuleni-is-a-broken-municipality-cllr-peter-verbeek%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipalities+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ser1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ser1_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerero2020" class="citation news cs1">Serero, Lerato (November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vaalweekblad.com/79028/elm-spends-over-r378-million-on-employees-overtime-for-the-past-five-years/">"ELM spends over R378 million on employees' overtime for the past five years"</a>. vaalweekblad.com. Vaalweekblad<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ELM+spends+over+R378+million+on+employees%27+overtime+for+the+past+five+years&rft.date=2020-11&rft.aulast=Serero&rft.aufirst=Lerato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvaalweekblad.com%2F79028%2Felm-spends-over-r378-million-on-employees-overtime-for-the-past-five-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipalities+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cb1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cb1_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="2_September_2020" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210510020954/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kO1wpVSamEo">"When a Community has had Enough"</a>. <i>youtube.com</i>. Carte Blanche, M-Net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kO1wpVSamEo">the original</a> on 2021-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=youtube.com&rft.atitle=When+a+Community+has+had+Enough&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DkO1wpVSamEo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipalities+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mm2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mm2_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfrican_News_Agency2020" class="citation news cs1">African News Agency (3 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maroelamedia.co.za/nuus/sa-nuus/vbs-skandaal-munisipaliteite-soek-r15-miljard-terug/">"VBS-skandaal: Munisipaliteite soek R15 miljard terug"</a>. maroelamedia.co.za. Maroela Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=VBS-skandaal%3A+Munisipaliteite+soek+R15+miljard+terug&rft.date=2020-11-03&rft.au=African+News+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaroelamedia.co.za%2Fnuus%2Fsa-nuus%2Fvbs-skandaal-munisipaliteite-soek-r15-miljard-terug%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipalities+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Demarcation_Board" title="Municipal Demarcation Board">Municipal Demarcation Board</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipalities_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salga.org.za">South African Local Government Association Home Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polity.org.za/html/govdocs/constitution/saconst07.html?rebookmark=1">Chapter 7 of the Constitution of South Africa</a> This chapter describes the municipal government structure in the country.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=South_Africa&#124;link=South_Africa_Administrative_divisions_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Administrative divisions of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_divisions_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Administrative divisions of South Africa"><abbr 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2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_South_Africa" title="Administrative divisions of South Africa">Administrative divisions of South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a></b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(executive)</span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a></b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(judicial)</span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a></b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(legislative)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa" title="Provinces of South Africa">Provinces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_(province)" title="Free State (province)">Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpopo" title="Limpopo">Limpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga">Mpumalanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_(South_African_province)" title="North West (South African province)">North West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cape" title="Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_South_Africa" title="List of municipalities in South Africa">List of municipalities in South Africa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By province</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_the_Eastern_Cape" title="List of municipalities in the Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_the_Free_State" title="List of municipalities in the Free State">Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Gauteng" title="List of municipalities in Gauteng">Gauteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_KwaZulu-Natal" title="List of municipalities in KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Limpopo" title="List of municipalities in Limpopo">Limpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Mpumalanga" title="List of municipalities in Mpumalanga">Mpumalanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_the_North_West" title="List of municipalities in the North West">North West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_the_Northern_Cape" title="List of municipalities in the Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_the_Western_Cape" title="List of municipalities in the Western Cape">Western Cape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipality_(South_Africa)" title="Metropolitan municipality (South Africa)">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_municipality_(South_Africa)" title="Local municipality (South Africa)">Local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_municipality_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="District municipality (South Africa)">District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_representative_council_(South_Africa)" title="Transitional representative council (South Africa)">Transitional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_South_Africa" title="List of populated places in South Africa">Settlements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_province" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By province</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_the_Eastern_Cape" title="List of cities and towns in the Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_the_Free_State" title="List of cities and towns in the Free State">Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Gauteng" title="List of cities and towns in Gauteng">Gauteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_KwaZulu-Natal" title="List of cities and towns in KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Limpopo" title="List of cities and towns in Limpopo">Limpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Mpumalanga" title="List of cities and towns in Mpumalanga">Mpumalanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_the_North_West_(South_Africa)" title="List of cities and towns in the North West (South Africa)">North West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_the_Northern_Cape" title="List of cities and towns in the Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_the_Western_Cape" title="List of cities and towns in the Western Cape">Western Cape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_on_third-level_administrative_divisions_of_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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