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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Umberto I" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Humbert_I_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Humbert I (disambiguation)">Humbert I</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Umberto I (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Umberto Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio di <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Savoia</a>; 14 March 1844 – 29 July 1900) was <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a> from 9 January 1878 until his assassination in 1900. His reign saw Italy's expansion into the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, as well as the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> among Italy, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Umberto I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Fratelli_Vianelli_(Giuseppe_e_Luigi,_flor._1860-1890_ca)_-_VE_-_Umberto_I_di_Savoia_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Fratelli_Vianelli_%28Giuseppe_e_Luigi%2C_flor._1860-1890_ca%29_-_VE_-_Umberto_I_di_Savoia_1.jpg/220px-Fratelli_Vianelli_%28Giuseppe_e_Luigi%2C_flor._1860-1890_ca%29_-_VE_-_Umberto_I_di_Savoia_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Fratelli_Vianelli_%28Giuseppe_e_Luigi%2C_flor._1860-1890_ca%29_-_VE_-_Umberto_I_di_Savoia_1.jpg/330px-Fratelli_Vianelli_%28Giuseppe_e_Luigi%2C_flor._1860-1890_ca%29_-_VE_-_Umberto_I_di_Savoia_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Fratelli_Vianelli_%28Giuseppe_e_Luigi%2C_flor._1860-1890_ca%29_-_VE_-_Umberto_I_di_Savoia_1.jpg/440px-Fratelli_Vianelli_%28Giuseppe_e_Luigi%2C_flor._1860-1890_ca%29_-_VE_-_Umberto_I_di_Savoia_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2763" data-file-height="3619"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait of Umberto I in 1882</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(<a href="#Titles_as_King_of_Italy">more...</a>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">9 January 1878 – 29 July 1900</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime ministers</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Agostino_Depretis" title="Agostino Depretis">Agostino Depretis</a> <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Cairoli" title="Benedetto Cairoli">Benedetto Cairoli</a> <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Crispi" title="Francesco Crispi">Francesco Crispi</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Starabba,_Marchese_di_Rudin%C3%AC" title="Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì">Antonio Starabba</a> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti" title="Giovanni Giolitti">Giovanni Giolitti</a> <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pelloux" title="Luigi Pelloux">Luigi Pelloux</a> <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Saracco" title="Giuseppe Saracco">Giuseppe Saracco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">14 March 1844 <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">29 July 1900(1900-07-29) (aged 56) <a href="/wiki/Monza" title="Monza">Monza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon, Rome</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Margherita_of_Savoy" title="Margherita of Savoy">Margherita of Savoy</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1868)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Umberto Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio di Savoia</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Savoy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Austria" title="Adelaide of Austria">Adelaide of Austria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Italy" title="Catholic Church in Italy">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Umberto_I_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Umberto I's signature"><img alt="Umberto I's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Umberto_I_signature.svg/125px-Umberto_I_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Umberto_I_signature.svg/188px-Umberto_I_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Umberto_I_signature.svg/250px-Umberto_I_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="56"></a></td></tr></tbody></table> The son of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Austria" title="Adelaide of Austria">Adelaide of Austria</a>, Umberto took part in the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Italian Wars of Independence</a> as a commander of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Sardinian_Army" title="Royal Sardinian Army">Royal Sardinian Army</a>. He assumed the Italian throne in 1878 on the death of his father. A strong militarist, Umberto approved the alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary, which was formalised in 1882. He also encouraged Italy's colonial efforts and oversaw the incorporation of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Eritrea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Somalia</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a>. Domestically, Umberto faced increasing social unrest and serious economic difficulties. Tensions mounted as a result of public opposition to Italy's colonial wars, the spread of <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> ideas, and crackdowns on <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>. He was deeply loathed in <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> circles for his <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a> and his support of the <a href="/wiki/Bava_Beccaris_massacre" title="Bava Beccaris massacre">Bava Beccaris massacre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, in which demonstrations over rising food prices were violently suppressed by the military. He was particularly hated by <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italian anarchists</a>, who attempted to assassinate him during the first year of his reign. In 1900, two years after the Bava Beccaris massacre, Umberto was killed in <a href="/wiki/Monza" title="Monza">Monza</a> by Italian-American anarchist <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Bresci" title="Gaetano Bresci">Gaetano Bresci</a>. He was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a>. Before his killing, he was also one of the recipients of one of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wahnbriefe" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahnbriefe">Wahnbriefe</a> notes. The <a href="/wiki/Stile_Umbertino" title="Stile Umbertino">Umbertino</a> architecture style was named after him. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Youth">1 Youth</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Reign">2 Reign</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Accession_to_the_throne_and_first_assassination_attempt">2.1 Accession to the throne and first assassination attempt</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Foreign_policy">2.2 Foreign policy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Turmoil">2.3 Turmoil</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Bava_Beccaris_massacre">2.4 Bava Beccaris massacre</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Assassination">3 Assassination</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Honours">4 Honours</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Italian">4.1 Italian</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Foreign">4.2 Foreign</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Ancestry">5 Ancestry</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links">7 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Youth">Youth</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_I_of_Italy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Youth" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_children_of_Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_children_of_Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy.jpg/220px-The_children_of_Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="582"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 217px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_children_of_Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy.jpg/220px-The_children_of_Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="217" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_children_of_Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy.jpg/330px-The_children_of_Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_children_of_Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy.jpg/440px-The_children_of_Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The children of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a>, from left to right, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Pia_of_Savoy" title="Maria Pia of Savoy">Maria Pia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Oddone,_Duke_of_Montferrat" title="Prince Oddone, Duke of Montferrat"> Oddone</a>, Umberto, and <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain" title="Amadeo I of Spain">Amadeo</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1850s</figcaption></figure> The son of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Austria" title="Adelaide of Austria">Archduchess Adelaide of Austria</a>, Umberto was born in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, which was then capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Piedmont-Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia">Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia</a>, on 14 March 1844,<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1">[1]</a> his father's 24th birthday. His education was entrusted to, among others, <a href="/wiki/Massimo_d%27Azeglio" title="Massimo d'Azeglio">Massimo Taparelli, Marquess d'Azeglio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pasquale_Stanislao_Mancini" title="Pasquale Stanislao Mancini">Pasquale Stanislao Mancini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1">[1]</a> As Crown Prince, Umberto was distrusted by his father, who gave him no training in politics or constitutional government. Umberto was brought up with no affection or love.<a href="#cite_note-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_71-2">[2]</a> Instead, Umberto was taught to be obedient and loyal; he had to stand at attention whenever his father entered the room. When speaking to his father, Umberto had to get down on his knees to kiss his father's hand first.<a href="#cite_note-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_71-2">[2]</a> The fact that Umberto had to kiss his father's hand before being allowed to speak to him (both in public and in private) right up to his father's death contributed much to the tension between the two.<a href="#cite_note-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_71-2">[2]</a> From March 1858, he had a military career in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Sardinian_Army" title="Royal Sardinian Army">Royal Sardinian Army</a>, beginning with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Captain_(OF-2)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (OF-2)">captain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1">[1]</a> Umberto took part in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian Wars of Independence</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Second_War_of_Italian_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Second War of Italian Independence">Second War of Italian Independence</a> (1859), Umberto, who was only 14, was present at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solferino" title="Battle of Solferino">battle of Solferino</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Third_War_of_Italian_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Third War of Italian Independence">Third War of Italian Independence</a> (1866), Umberto commanded the XVI Division at the Villafranca battle that followed the Italian defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Custoza_(1866)" title="Battle of Custoza (1866)">Custoza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1">[1]</a> Because of the upheaval the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a> caused to a number of other royal houses (all the Italian ones, and those related closely to them, such as the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbons</a> of Spain and France) in 1859–60, only a minority of royal families in the 1860s were willing to establish relations with the newly founded Italian royal family. It proved difficult to find any royal bride for either of the sons of king Victor Emmanuel II (his younger son Amedeo, Umberto's brother, married a Piedmontese subject, princess <a href="/wiki/Maria_Vittoria_dal_Pozzo,_6th_Princess_della_Cisterna" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo, 6th Princess della Cisterna">Vittoria of Cisterna</a>). Their conflict with the papacy did not help these matters. Not many eligible Catholic royal brides were easily available for young Umberto.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umberto_di_Savoia_(Principe_di_Piemonte).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Umberto_di_Savoia_%28Principe_di_Piemonte%29.png/220px-Umberto_di_Savoia_%28Principe_di_Piemonte%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="1088"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 320px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Umberto_di_Savoia_%28Principe_di_Piemonte%29.png/220px-Umberto_di_Savoia_%28Principe_di_Piemonte%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="320" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Umberto_di_Savoia_%28Principe_di_Piemonte%29.png/330px-Umberto_di_Savoia_%28Principe_di_Piemonte%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Umberto_di_Savoia_%28Principe_di_Piemonte%29.png/440px-Umberto_di_Savoia_%28Principe_di_Piemonte%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Umberto as <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Piedmont" title="Prince of Piedmont">Prince of Piedmont</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1868</figcaption></figure> At first, Umberto was to marry <a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Mathilde_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduchess Mathilde of Austria">Archduchess Mathilde of Austria</a>, a scion of a remote sideline of the Austrian imperial house; however, she died as the result of an accident at the age of 18. On 21 April 1868, Umberto married his first cousin, <a href="/wiki/Margherita_of_Savoy" title="Margherita of Savoy">Margherita Teresa Giovanna, Princess of Savoy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1">[1]</a> Their only son was <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel</a>, prince of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1">[1]</a> While Umberto was to be described by a modern historian as "a colourless and physically unimpressive man, of limited intellect", Margherita's appearance, cultural interests and strong personality were to enhance the popularity of the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Umberto kept many mistresses on the side, and his favourite mistress, Eugenia, the wife of Duke Litta Visconti-Arese, lived with him at his court as his <a href="/wiki/Common-law_wife" class="mw-redirect" title="Common-law wife">common-law wife</a>. He forced Queen Margherita to accept Eugenia as a <a href="/wiki/Lady-in-waiting" title="Lady-in-waiting">lady-in-waiting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_72-5">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neurdein_-_Umberto_I_di_Savoia_come_principe_ereditario.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Neurdein_-_Umberto_I_di_Savoia_come_principe_ereditario.jpg/180px-Neurdein_-_Umberto_I_di_Savoia_come_principe_ereditario.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="233" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 233px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Neurdein_-_Umberto_I_di_Savoia_come_principe_ereditario.jpg/180px-Neurdein_-_Umberto_I_di_Savoia_come_principe_ereditario.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="233" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Neurdein_-_Umberto_I_di_Savoia_come_principe_ereditario.jpg/270px-Neurdein_-_Umberto_I_di_Savoia_come_principe_ereditario.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Neurdein_-_Umberto_I_di_Savoia_come_principe_ereditario.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">Crown Prince</a> Umberto</figcaption></figure> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 177px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 175px; height: 175px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -5px; left: -4px; width: 361px"><div class="noresize"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_1891-R_100_Lira.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Umberto I depicted on a 100 lira gold coin (1891)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Italy_1891-R_100_Lira.jpg/361px-Italy_1891-R_100_Lira.jpg" decoding="async" width="361" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4925" data-file-height="2500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 361px;height: 183px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Italy_1891-R_100_Lira.jpg/361px-Italy_1891-R_100_Lira.jpg" data-alt="Umberto I depicted on a 100 lira gold coin (1891)" data-width="361" data-height="183" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Italy_1891-R_100_Lira.jpg/542px-Italy_1891-R_100_Lira.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Italy_1891-R_100_Lira.jpg/722px-Italy_1891-R_100_Lira.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_1891-R_100_Lira.jpg" title="File:Italy 1891-R 100 Lira.jpg"> </a></div>Umberto I depicted on a 100 lira gold coin (1891) </div> </div> </div> In 1876, when the British Foreign Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a>, visited Rome, he reported to London that King Victor Emmanuel II and Crown Prince Umberto were "at war with each other".<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Upon taking the Crown, Umberto dismissed all of his father's friends from the court, sold off his father's racing horse collection (which numbered 1,000 horses) and cut down on extravagances to pay down the debts Victor Emmanuel II had run up.<a href="#cite_note-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_71-2">[2]</a> The British historian <a href="/wiki/Denis_Mack_Smith" title="Denis Mack Smith">Denis Mack Smith</a> commented that it was a sign of the great wealth of the House of Savoy that Umberto was able to pay off his father's debts without having to ask parliament for assistance.<a href="#cite_note-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_71-2">[2]</a> Like his father, Umberto was a poorly educated man without intellectual or artistic interests, never read any books, and preferred to dictate rather than write letters. He found writing to be too mentally taxing.<a href="#cite_note-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_71-2">[2]</a> He was said to have been raised with no real plan and was even uncomfortable when writing his signature in front of onlookers.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> After meeting him, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> described Umberto as having his father's "gruff, abrupt manner of speaking", but without his "rough speech and manners".<a href="#cite_note-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_71-2">[2]</a> In contrast, Queen Margherita was widely read in all the classics of <a href="/wiki/European_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="European literature">European literature</a>, and kept up a <a href="/wiki/Salon_(gathering)" title="Salon (gathering)">salon</a> of intellectuals. Although French was her first language, Margherita was often praised for her beautiful Italian in her letters and when speaking.<a href="#cite_note-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_72-5">[5]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_I_of_Italy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reign" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accession_to_the_throne_and_first_assassination_attempt">Accession to the throne and first assassination attempt</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_I_of_Italy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Accession to the throne and first assassination attempt" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Ascending the throne on the death of his father (9 January 1878), Umberto adopted the title "Umberto I of Italy" rather than "Umberto IV"<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1">[1]</a> (of Savoy), ignoring his three ancestral namesakes, <a href="/wiki/Humbert_I,_Count_of_Savoy" title="Humbert I, Count of Savoy">Umberto I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humbert_II,_Count_of_Savoy" title="Humbert II, Count of Savoy">Umberto II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Humbert_III,_Count_of_Savoy" title="Humbert III, Count of Savoy">Umberto III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> He consented that the remains of his father should be interred at Rome in the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a>, rather than the royal <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Superga" title="Basilica of Superga">Basilica of Superga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1">[1]</a> While on a tour of the kingdom, accompanied by Queen Margherita and the Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Cairoli" title="Benedetto Cairoli">Benedetto Cairoli</a>, he was attacked with a dagger by an anarchist, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Passannante" title="Giovanni Passannante">Giovanni Passannante</a>, during a parade in Naples on 17 November 1878. The King warded off the blow with his sabre, but Cairoli, in attempting to defend him, was severely wounded in the thigh.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1">[1]</a> The would-be assassin was <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">condemned to death</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1">[1]</a> even though the law only allowed the death penalty if the King was killed. The King commuted the sentence to one of <a href="/wiki/Penal_servitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal servitude">penal servitude</a> for life,<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1">[1]</a> which was served in a cell only 1.4 meters (4 ft 7 in) high, without sanitation and with 18 kilograms (40 lb) of chains. Passannante would die three decades later in a psychiatric institution.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_I_of_Italy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Foreign policy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Royal_family_of_King_Umberto_I_of_Savoy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Royal_family_of_King_Umberto_I_of_Savoy.jpg/170px-The_Royal_family_of_King_Umberto_I_of_Savoy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="693"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 115px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Royal_family_of_King_Umberto_I_of_Savoy.jpg/170px-The_Royal_family_of_King_Umberto_I_of_Savoy.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="115" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Royal_family_of_King_Umberto_I_of_Savoy.jpg/255px-The_Royal_family_of_King_Umberto_I_of_Savoy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Royal_family_of_King_Umberto_I_of_Savoy.jpg/340px-The_Royal_family_of_King_Umberto_I_of_Savoy.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The royal family of King Umberto I</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6nig_Umberto_I_von_Italien_im_Ornat_des_Hosenbandordens.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/K%C3%B6nig_Umberto_I_von_Italien_im_Ornat_des_Hosenbandordens.png/170px-K%C3%B6nig_Umberto_I_von_Italien_im_Ornat_des_Hosenbandordens.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="292" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="1334"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 292px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/K%C3%B6nig_Umberto_I_von_Italien_im_Ornat_des_Hosenbandordens.png/170px-K%C3%B6nig_Umberto_I_von_Italien_im_Ornat_des_Hosenbandordens.png" data-width="170" data-height="292" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/K%C3%B6nig_Umberto_I_von_Italien_im_Ornat_des_Hosenbandordens.png/255px-K%C3%B6nig_Umberto_I_von_Italien_im_Ornat_des_Hosenbandordens.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/K%C3%B6nig_Umberto_I_von_Italien_im_Ornat_des_Hosenbandordens.png/340px-K%C3%B6nig_Umberto_I_von_Italien_im_Ornat_des_Hosenbandordens.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Wearing the robes of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a></figcaption></figure> In foreign policy, Umberto I approved the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> with <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, repeatedly visiting <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. Many in Italy, however, viewed with hostility an alliance with their former Austrian enemies, who were still occupying areas claimed by Italy.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> The Alliance was later renewed with the addition of commercial treaties.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> A strong <a href="/wiki/Militarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Militarist">militarist</a>, Umberto loved Prussian-German militarism.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> On his visits to Germany, his favourite activity was to review the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a> and he was greatly honoured to be allowed to lead a Prussian hussar regiment on field manoeuvres outside of <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_109-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany</a> told him during one visit that he should strengthen the Regio Esercito to the point that he could abolish parliament and rule Italy as a dictator.<a href="#cite_note-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_109-10">[10]</a> A major criticism of the policies carried out by the Prime Ministers appointed by Umberto was the continued power of <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a> in the Mezzogiorno (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>), with the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Mafia</a> dominating <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Camorra" title="Camorra">Camorra</a> dominating <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Both the Mafia and the Camorra functioned as "parallel states" whose existence and power was tolerated by successive governments in Rome as both the Mafia and the Camorra engaged in <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">electoral fraud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voter_intimidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Voter intimidation">voter intimidation</a> so effective that it was Mafia and Camorra bosses who decided who won elections.<a href="#cite_note-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_164%E2%80%93165-12">[12]</a> As it was impossible to win elections in the Mezzogiorno without the support of organized crime, politicians cut deals with the bosses of the Camorra and Mafia to exchange toleration of their criminal activities for votes.<a href="#cite_note-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_164%E2%80%93165-12">[12]</a> The Mezzogiorno was the most backward region of Italy with high levels of poverty, emigration and an illiteracy rate estimated as high as 70%.<a href="#cite_note-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_165-13">[13]</a> The deputies from the Mezzogiorno always voted against more schools for the Mezzogiorno, thus perpetuating southern backwardness and poverty as both the Mafia and the Camorra were opposed to any sort of social reform that might threaten their power.<a href="#cite_note-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_165-13">[13]</a> However, the king preferred heavy military spending rather than engaging in social reforms and every year, the Italian state spent 10 times more money on the military than on education.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Umberto, an aggressive proponent of militarism, once said that to accept cuts in the military budget would be "an abject scandal and we might as well give up politics altogether".<a href="#cite_note-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_99-15">[15]</a> At least part of the reason why Umberto was so opposed to cutting the military budget was because he personally promised Emperor Wilhelm II that Italy would send five army corps to Germany in the event of a war with France, a promise that the king did not see fit to share with his prime ministers.<a href="#cite_note-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_99-15">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_Royal_Family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Italian_Royal_Family.jpg/220px-Italian_Royal_Family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="602"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 168px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Italian_Royal_Family.jpg/220px-Italian_Royal_Family.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Italian_Royal_Family.jpg/330px-Italian_Royal_Family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Italian_Royal_Family.jpg/440px-Italian_Royal_Family.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> The Italian Royal Family during a royal state visit of Kaiser <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, from left to right, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Isabella_of_Bavaria" title="Princess Isabella of Bavaria">Isabella of Bavaria, Duchess of Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain" title="Amadeo I of Spain">Prince Amadeo, Duke of Aosta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_of_Saxony" title="Princess Elisabeth of Saxony">Princess Elisabeth of Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III"> Victor Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margherita_of_Savoy" title="Margherita of Savoy">Queen Margherita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_of_Prussia_(1862%E2%80%931929)" title="Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)"> Prince Henry of Prussia</a>, Wilhelm II, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Tommaso,_Duke_of_Genoa" title="Prince Tommaso, Duke of Genoa">Prince Tommaso, Duke of Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Letizia_Bonaparte,_Duchess_of_Aosta" title="Maria Letizia Bonaparte, Duchess of Aosta">Maria Letizia Bonaparte, Duchess of Aosta</a>, and Umberto I, October 1888</figcaption></figure> Umberto was also favourably disposed towards the policy of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</a> expansion inaugurated in 1885 by the occupation of <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1">[1]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Eritrea</a>. Italy expanded into <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Somalia</a> in the 1880s as well. Umberto's preferred solution to the problems of Italy was to conquer Ethiopia, regardless of overwhelming public opposition. He supported the ultra-imperialist Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Crispi" title="Francesco Crispi">Francesco Crispi</a> who in May 1895 spoke of "the absolute impossibility of continuing to govern through Parliament."<a href="#cite_note-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_115-16">[16]</a> In December 1893, Umberto appointed Crispi prime minister despite his "shattered reputation" due to his involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Banca_Romana_scandal" title="Banca Romana scandal">Banca Romana scandal</a> together with numerous other scandals that the king himself called "sordid".<a href="#cite_note-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_106-17">[17]</a> As Crispi was heavily in debt, the king secretly agreed to pay off his debts in exchange for Crispi following the king's advice.<a href="#cite_note-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_106-17">[17]</a> Umberto openly called Parliament a "bad joke" and refused to allow Parliament to meet again lest Crispi faced difficult questions about the Banca Romana scandal. Crispi only avoided indictment because of his parliamentary immunity.<a href="#cite_note-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_115-16">[16]</a> When the king was warned that it was dangerous for the crown to support someone like Crispi, Umberto replied that "Crispi is a pig, but a necessary pig", who despite his corruption, had to stay in power for "the national interest, which is the only thing that matters".<a href="#cite_note-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_115-16">[16]</a> With the support of the king, Crispi governed in an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> manner, preferring to pass legislation by having the king issue royal decrees as opposed to getting bills passed by Parliament. On 25 June 1895 Crispi refused to allow a parliamentary inquiry into the bank scandal, saying that as a prime minister, he was above the law because he had "served Italy for 53 years".<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Umberto I was suspected of aspiring to a vast empire in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">northeast Africa</a>, a suspicion which tended somewhat to diminish his popularity after the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adwa" title="Battle of Adwa">Battle of Adwa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> on 1 March 1896.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1">[1]</a> After the Battle of Adwa, public frustration with the deeply unpopular war with Ethiopia came to the fore, and demonstrations broke out in Rome with people shouting "death to the king!" and "long live the republic!".<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adoua_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Adoua_1.jpg/220px-Adoua_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="981"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Adoua_1.jpg/220px-Adoua_1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Adoua_1.jpg/330px-Adoua_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Adoua_1.jpg/440px-Adoua_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Menelik_II" title="Menelik II">Menelik II</a>'s victory over the Italians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adwa" title="Battle of Adwa">Battle of Adwa</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gartered_arms_of_Umberto_I,_King_of_Italy.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Gartered_arms_of_Umberto_I%2C_King_of_Italy.png/220px-Gartered_arms_of_Umberto_I%2C_King_of_Italy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="1158"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Gartered_arms_of_Umberto_I%2C_King_of_Italy.png/220px-Gartered_arms_of_Umberto_I%2C_King_of_Italy.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Gartered_arms_of_Umberto_I%2C_King_of_Italy.png/330px-Gartered_arms_of_Umberto_I%2C_King_of_Italy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Gartered_arms_of_Umberto_I%2C_King_of_Italy.png/440px-Gartered_arms_of_Umberto_I%2C_King_of_Italy.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Umberto's coat of arms as a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">knight of the garter</a></figcaption></figure> Despite the defeat at Adwa, Umberto still harboured <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">imperialistic ambitions</a> towards Ethiopia, saying: "I am what they call a warmonger and my personal wish would be to strike back at Menelik and avenge our defeat."<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In 1897, the prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Starabba,_Marchese_di_Rudin%C3%AC" title="Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì">Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì</a> tried to sell Eritrea to <a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgium</a> on the grounds that Eritrea was too expensive to hold onto, but was overruled by the king who insisted that Eritrea must stay Italian.<a href="#cite_note-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_129-21">[21]</a> Rudinì attempted to reduce military spending, citing a study showing that since 1861 military spending constituted over half the budget every year, but was again blocked by the king.<a href="#cite_note-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_129-21">[21]</a> In 1899, Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Felice_Napoleone_Canevaro" title="Felice Napoleone Canevaro">Felice Napoleone Canevaro</a> dispatched a <a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Regia Marina</a> squadron to <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">China</a> with an ultimatum demanding that the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Government of the Qing dynasty">Chinese government</a> hand over a coastal city to be ruled as an Italian <a href="/wiki/Concessions_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Concessions in China">concession</a> in the same manner as other <a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">Western imperial powers in China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_135-22">[22]</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pelloux" title="Luigi Pelloux">Luigi Pelloux</a> and his fellow cabinet ministers stated that Canevaro had acted without informing them, and it was widely believed that the king was the one who had given Canevaro the orders to acquire a concession in China.<a href="#cite_note-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_135-22">[22]</a> After the Chinese government refused, Canevaro threatened war, but was forced to back down. He settled for breaking diplomatic relations with China.<a href="#cite_note-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_135-22">[22]</a> In the summer of 1900, Italian forces were part of the <a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a> which participated in suppressing the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Imperial China</a>. Through the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol</a>, signed after Umberto's death, the Kingdom of Italy gained a <a href="/wiki/Italian_concession_of_Tianjin" title="Italian concession of Tianjin">concession territory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tientsin</a>. Umberto's attitude towards the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> was uncompromising. In an 1886 telegram, he declared Rome "untouchable" and affirmed the permanence of the Italian possession of the "Eternal City".<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turmoil">Turmoil</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_I_of_Italy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Turmoil" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umberto_I_of_Italy_in_his_old_age.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Umberto_I_of_Italy_in_his_old_age.jpg/150px-Umberto_I_of_Italy_in_his_old_age.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="1001"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 205px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Umberto_I_of_Italy_in_his_old_age.jpg/150px-Umberto_I_of_Italy_in_his_old_age.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="205" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Umberto_I_of_Italy_in_his_old_age.jpg/225px-Umberto_I_of_Italy_in_his_old_age.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Umberto_I_of_Italy_in_his_old_age.jpg/300px-Umberto_I_of_Italy_in_his_old_age.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Umberto I in his later years, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900</figcaption></figure> The reign of Umberto I was a time of social upheaval, though it was later claimed to have been a tranquil <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] Social tensions mounted as a consequence of the relatively recent occupation of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a>, the spread of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> ideas, public hostility to the <a href="/wiki/Colonialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonialist">colonialist</a> plans of the various governments, especially <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Crispi" title="Francesco Crispi">Crispi</a>'s, and the numerous crackdowns on <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>. The protesters included the young <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, then a member of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">socialist party</a>. On 22 April 1897, Umberto I was attacked again, by an unemployed ironsmith, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Acciarito" title="Pietro Acciarito">Pietro Acciarito</a>, who tried to stab him near Rome.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bava_Beccaris_massacre">Bava Beccaris massacre</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_I_of_Italy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bava Beccaris massacre" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bava_Beccaris_massacre" title="Bava Beccaris massacre">Bava Beccaris massacre</a></div> During the colonial wars in Africa, large demonstrations over the rising price of bread were held in Italy and on 7 May 1898, the city of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> was put under military rule by General <a href="/wiki/Fiorenzo_Bava_Beccaris" title="Fiorenzo Bava Beccaris">Fiorenzo Bava Beccaris</a>, who ordered rifle-fire and artillery against the demonstrators. As a result, 82 people were killed according to the authorities, with opposition sources claiming that the death toll was 400 dead with 2,000 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> King Umberto sent a telegram to congratulate Bava Beccaris on the restoration of order and later decorated him with the medal of <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Savoy" title="Military Order of Savoy">Great Official of Savoy Military Order</a>, greatly outraging a large part of the <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public opinion</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Assassination">Assassination</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_I_of_Italy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Assassination" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaetano_Bresci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gaetano_Bresci.jpg/120px-Gaetano_Bresci.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="598"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 173px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gaetano_Bresci.jpg/120px-Gaetano_Bresci.jpg" data-width="120" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gaetano_Bresci.jpg/180px-Gaetano_Bresci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gaetano_Bresci.jpg/240px-Gaetano_Bresci.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Bresci" title="Gaetano Bresci">Gaetano Bresci</a>, killer of Umberto I</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantheon,_Rome,_grave_of_Umberto_I,_2013-03-07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pantheon%2C_Rome%2C_grave_of_Umberto_I%2C_2013-03-07.jpg/120px-Pantheon%2C_Rome%2C_grave_of_Umberto_I%2C_2013-03-07.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pantheon%2C_Rome%2C_grave_of_Umberto_I%2C_2013-03-07.jpg/120px-Pantheon%2C_Rome%2C_grave_of_Umberto_I%2C_2013-03-07.jpg" data-width="120" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pantheon%2C_Rome%2C_grave_of_Umberto_I%2C_2013-03-07.jpg/180px-Pantheon%2C_Rome%2C_grave_of_Umberto_I%2C_2013-03-07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pantheon%2C_Rome%2C_grave_of_Umberto_I%2C_2013-03-07.jpg/240px-Pantheon%2C_Rome%2C_grave_of_Umberto_I%2C_2013-03-07.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Tomb of Umberto I at the Pantheon</figcaption></figure> On the evening of 29 July 1900, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian-American</a> <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">anarchist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Bresci" title="Gaetano Bresci">Gaetano Bresci</a> assassinated Umberto in <a href="/wiki/Monza" title="Monza">Monza</a> by shooting him four times. Bresci claimed he wanted to avenge the people killed in Milan during the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Bava_Beccaris_massacre" title="Bava Beccaris massacre">riots of May 1898</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Umberto was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a> in Rome, by the side of his father Victor Emmanuel II, on 9 August 1900.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1">[1]</a> He was the last Savoy to be buried there, as his son and successor <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel III</a> died in exile and was buried in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> until his remains were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Vicoforte" title="Vicoforte">Vicoforte</a> near <a href="/wiki/Cuneo" title="Cuneo">Cuneo</a> in 2017. American anarchist <a href="/wiki/Leon_F._Czolgosz" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon F. Czolgosz">Leon F. Czolgosz</a> claimed that the assassination of Umberto I was his inspiration to <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">kill President William McKinley</a> in September 1901.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_I_of_Italy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Honours" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian">Italian</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_I_of_Italy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Italian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Knight of the Annunciation</a>, 30 January 1859;<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Grand Master, 9 January 1878<a href="#cite_note-p47-27">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus" title="Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus">Grand Cross of Saints Maurice and Lazarus</a>, 30 January 1859; Grand Master, 9 January 1878</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_Military_Valour" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Medal of Military Valour">Gold Medal of Military Valour</a>, 1866<a href="#cite_note-Decorato-28">[28]</a></li> <li>Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Military_Order_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Military Order of Savoy">Military Order of Savoy</a></li> <li>Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Italy" title="Order of the Crown of Italy">Order of the Crown of Italy</a></li> <li>Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Order_of_Savoy" title="Civil Order of Savoy">Civil Order of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemorative_Medal_of_the_Unity_of_Italy" title="Commemorative Medal of the Unity of Italy">Commemorative Medal of Campaigns of Independence Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemorative_Medal_of_the_Unity_of_Italy" title="Commemorative Medal of the Unity of Italy">Commemorative Medal of the Unity of Italy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign">Foreign</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_I_of_Italy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Foreign" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><noscript><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" data-alt="Austrian Empire" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary"><noscript><img alt="Kingdom of Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_Hungary_%281874-1896%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281874-1896%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_Hungary_%281874-1896%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281874-1896%29.svg.png" data-alt="Kingdom of Hungary" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_Hungary_%281874-1896%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281874-1896%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_Hungary_%281874-1896%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281874-1896%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Knight of the Golden Fleece</a>, 1869<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Stephen_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Stephen of Hungary">Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen</a>, 1875<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li></ul></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/46px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a>:<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <ul><li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_Fidelity" title="House Order of Fidelity">House Order of Fidelity</a>, 1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Z%C3%A4hringer_Lion" title="Order of the Zähringer Lion">Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion</a>, November 1865<a href="#cite_note-augusto.agid.gov.it-32">[32]</a></li></ul></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Hubert" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Hubert">Knight of St. Hubert</a>, 1869<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)" title="Order of Leopold (Belgium)">Order of Leopold</a> (military), 17 May 1868<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant" title="Order of the Elephant">Knight of the Elephant</a>, 19 August 1863<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"><noscript><img alt="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png" data-alt="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxe-Altenburg" title="Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg"><noscript><img alt="Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg.png" data-alt="Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen"><noscript><img alt="Saxe-Meiningen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg.png" data-alt="Saxe-Meiningen" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchies</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Ernestine_House_Order" title="Saxe-Ernestine House Order">Saxe-Ernestine House Order</a>, 1869<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">French Empire</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a>, January 1859<a href="#cite_note-augusto.agid.gov.it-32">[32]</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hawaii_%281896%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hawaii_%281896%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hawaii_%281896%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hawaii_%281896%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hawaii_%281896%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hawaii_%281896%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hawaii_%281896%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hawaii_%281896%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Kingdom of Hawaii</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Kamehameha_I" title="Royal Order of Kamehameha I">Order of Kamehameha I</a>, 1878<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>: Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum" title="Order of the Chrysanthemum">Order of the Chrysanthemum</a>, 7 May 1880<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Imperial_Standard_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg/23px-Imperial_Standard_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 13px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Imperial_Standard_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg/23px-Imperial_Standard_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Imperial_Standard_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg/35px-Imperial_Standard_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Imperial_Standard_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg/46px-Imperial_Standard_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexican Empire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Imperial_Orders#Imperial_Order_of_the_Mexican_Eagle" title="Mexican Imperial Orders">Grand Cross of the Mexican Eagle</a>, October 1866<a href="#cite_note-augusto.agid.gov.it-32">[32]</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Medjidie" title="Order of the Medjidie">Order of the Medjidie</a>, 1st Class, August 1862<a href="#cite_note-augusto.agid.gov.it-32">[32]</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Tunis" title="Beylik of Tunis">Beylik of Tunis</a>: Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Glory_(Tunisia)" title="Order of Glory (Tunisia)">Order of Glory</a>, November 1862<a href="#cite_note-augusto.agid.gov.it-32">[32]</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a>:<a href="#cite_note-augusto.agid.gov.it-32">[32]</a> <ul><li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Sash_of_the_Three_Orders" title="Sash of the Three Orders">Sash of the Three Orders</a>, September 1862</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Tower_and_Sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Tower and Sword">Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword</a>, September 1862</li></ul></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>:<a href="#cite_note-augusto.agid.gov.it-32">[32]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a> (military), 29 May 1872<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle" title="Order of the Black Eagle">Knight of the Black Eagle</a>, with Collar, 29 March 1897</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Eagle" title="Order of the Red Eagle">Grand Cross of the Red Eagle</a>, 29 March 1897</li></ul></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Andrew" title="Order of St. Andrew">Knight of St. Andrew</a><a href="#cite_note-p47-27">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Alexander_Nevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Alexander Nevsky">Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Falcon" title="Order of the White Falcon">Grand Cross of the White Falcon</a>, 1885<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/23px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/23px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/35px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/45px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rue_Crown" title="Order of the Rue Crown">Knight of the Rue Crown</a>, 1872<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><noscript><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg.png" data-alt="Thailand" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a>: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Royal_House_of_Chakri" title="Order of the Royal House of Chakri">Order of the Royal House of Chakri</a>, 15 July 1891</li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Spain</a>: <ul><li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III" title="Order of Charles III">Order of Charles III</a>, 22 August 1871<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laureate_Cross_of_Saint_Ferdinand" title="Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand">Grand Cross of the Military Order of St. Ferdinand</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><noscript><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/23px-Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/23px-Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" data-alt="Sweden" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/35px-Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/46px-Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><noscript><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg/21px-Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg/21px-Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg.png" data-alt="Norway" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg/32px-Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg/41px-Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Sweden-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden-Norway">Sweden-Norway</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Seraphim" title="Order of the Seraphim">Knight of the Seraphim</a>, with Collar, 14 March 1862<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Stranger Knight Companion of the Garter</a>, 16 March 1878<a href="#cite_note-p65-45">[45]</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/23px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/23px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/35px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/46px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Order of the Crown (Württemberg)">Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown</a>, 1878<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></li></ul></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_I_of_Italy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ancestry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Umberto_I_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Umberto I of Italy">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (July 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268078990">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Umberto I of Italy</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel,_Prince_of_Carignano" title="Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano">Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia" title="Charles Albert of Sardinia">Charles Albert of Sardinia</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Christina_of_Saxony_(1770%E2%80%931851)" title="Princess Maria Christina of Saxony (1770–1851)">Princess Maria Christina of Saxony</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II of Italy</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" title="Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1801%E2%80%931855)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria (1801–1855)">Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Luisa_of_Naples_and_Sicily" title="Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily">Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fcc;">1. Umberto I of Italy</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Rainer_Joseph_of_Austria" title="Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria">Archduke Rainer of Austria</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa_of_Spain" title="Maria Luisa of Spain">Infanta Maria Louisa of Spain</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Austria" title="Adelaide of Austria">Archduchess Adelaide of Austria</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel,_Prince_of_Carignano" title="Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano">Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano</a> (= 8)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_of_Savoy" title="Princess Elisabeth of Savoy">Princess Elisabeth of Savoy</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Christina_of_Saxony_(1770%E2%80%931851)" title="Princess Maria Christina of Saxony (1770–1851)">Princess Maria Christina of Saxony</a> (= 9)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_I_of_Italy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-14">o</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSteed1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Steed, Henry Wickham (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Humbert,_Ranieri_Carlo_Emanuele_Giovanni_Maria_Ferdinando_Eugenio,_King_of_Italy">"Humbert, Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio, King of Italy" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 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Italy and Its Monarchy. Yale University Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300051328" title="Special:BookSources/0300051328"><bdi>0300051328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy+and+Its+Monarchy&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0300051328&rft.au=Denis+Mack+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+I+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton2014" class="citation book cs1">Newton, Michael (2014). Famous Assassinations in World History [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes]. 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Allen Lane. p. 307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-713-99709-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-713-99709-5"><bdi>978-0-713-99709-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Force+of+Destiny.+A+History+of+Italy+Since+1796&rft.pages=307&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-713-99709-5&rft.au=Christopher+Duggan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+I+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_72-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_72_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denis_Mack_Smith_1989_72_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenis_Mack_Smith1989" class="citation book cs1">Denis Mack Smith (1989). Italy and Its Monarchy. Yale University Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300051328" title="Special:BookSources/0300051328"><bdi>0300051328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy+and+Its+Monarchy&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0300051328&rft.au=Denis+Mack+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmberto+I+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenis_Mack_Smith1989" class="citation book cs1">Denis Mack Smith (1989). Italy and Its Monarchy. 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A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n153/mode/2up">p. 65</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Pc5CAAAAYAAJ/page/n63">Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg</a> (1907), "Königliche Orden" p. 28 </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_I_of_Italy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Umberto_I_of_Italy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Umberto I of Italy">Umberto I</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chivalricorders.org/royalty/gotha/italygen.htm">External link: Genealogy of recent members of the House of Savoy</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Umberto I of Italy </div><div><a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a></div>Born: 14 March 1844 Died: 29 July 1900 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Italian monarchs">King of Italy</a> 1878–1900 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel III</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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<a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Umberto_I_of_Italy&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 28 January 2025, at 03:23 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I_van_Itali%C3%AB" title="Umberto I van Italië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Umberto I van Italië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I._(Italien)" title="Umberto I. (Italien) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Umberto I. (Italien)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I" title="Umberto I – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Umberto I" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunbeorht_I_Italia_Cyning" title="Hunbeorht I Italia Cyning – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hunbeorht I Italia Cyning" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84" title="أومبيرتو الأول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أومبيرتو الأول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberto_I_d%27Italia" title="Humberto I d'Italia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Humberto I d'Italia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humb%C3%A8rt_I%C3%A9r" title="Humbèrt Iér – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Humbèrt Iér" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Umberto" title="I Umberto – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="I Umberto" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%DB%8C_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7)" title="بیرینجی اومبرتوی (ایتالیا) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی اومبرتوی (ایتالیا)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_I" title="Умберта I – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Умберта I" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE_I_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Умберто I Савойски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Умберто I Савойски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Ia%C3%B1_(Savoia)" title="Umberto Iañ (Savoia) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Umberto Iañ (Savoia)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humbert_I" title="Humbert I – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Humbert I" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I." title="Umberto I. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Umberto I." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I,_brenin_yr_Eidal" title="Umberto I, brenin yr Eidal – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Umberto I, brenin yr Eidal" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_1._af_Italien" title="Umberto 1. af Italien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Umberto 1. af Italien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I." title="Umberto I. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Umberto I." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I" title="Umberto I – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Umberto I" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ουμβέρτος Α΄ της Ιταλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουμβέρτος Α΄ της Ιταλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberto_I_de_Italia" title="Humberto I de Italia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Humberto I de Italia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_la_1-a_(Italio)" title="Umberto la 1-a (Italio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Umberto la 1-a (Italio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunberto_I.a_Italiakoa" title="Hunberto I.a Italiakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hunberto I.a Italiakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85" title="اومبرتوی یکم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اومبرتوی یکم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humbert_Ier_(roi_d%27Italie)" title="Humbert Ier (roi d'Italie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Humbert Ier (roi d'Italie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberto_I" title="Humberto I – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Humberto I" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%80%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%86%A0_1%EC%84%B8" title="움베르토 1세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="움베르토 1세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I." title="Umberto I. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Umberto I." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_la_1ma_di_Italia" title="Umberto la 1ma di Italia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Umberto la 1ma di Italia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I_dari_Italia" title="Umberto I dari Italia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Umberto I dari Italia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ambert%C3%B3_1." title="Úmbertó 1. – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Úmbertó 1." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I_di_Savoia" title="Umberto I di Savoia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Umberto I di Savoia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="אומברטו הראשון, מלך איטליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אומברטו הראשון, מלך איטליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I" title="Umberto I – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Umberto I" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D_I" title="უმბერტო I – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უმბერტო I" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humbertus_I" title="Humbertus I – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Humbertus I" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I" title="Umberto I – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Umberto I" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I._vun_Italien" title="Umberto I. vun Italien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Umberto I. vun Italien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I" title="Umberto I – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Umberto I" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbert_I_d%27Italia" title="Umbert I d'Italia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Umbert I d'Italia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Umbert%C3%B3_olasz_kir%C3%A1ly" title="I. Umbertó olasz király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Umbertó olasz király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B" title="इटलीचा पहिला उंबेर्तो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इटलीचा पहिला उंबेर्तो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="اومبيرتو الاول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اومبيرتو الاول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I_dari_Itali" title="Umberto I dari Itali – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Umberto I dari Itali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I_van_Itali%C3%AB" title="Umberto I van Italië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Umberto I van Italië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%881%E4%B8%96" title="ウンベルト1世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウンベルト1世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I_av_Italia" title="Umberto I av Italia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Umberto I av Italia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I_av_Italia" title="Umberto I av Italia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Umberto I av Italia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88" title="د ایټالیا لومړی اومبرتو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ایټالیا لومړی اومبرتو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbert_I_d%27Italia" title="Umbert I d'Italia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Umbert I d'Italia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humbert_I" title="Humbert I – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Humbert I" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberto_I_da_It%C3%A1lia" title="Humberto I da Itália – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Humberto I da Itália" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I_al_Italiei" title="Umberto I al Italiei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Umberto I al Italiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I" title="Umberto I – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Umberto I" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE_I" title="Умберто I – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Умберто I" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I_o_Italy" title="Umberto I o Italy – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Umberto I o Italy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I_i_Savoj%C3%ABs" title="Umberto I i Savojës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Umberto I i Savojës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbertu_I_di_Savoia" title="Umbertu I di Savoia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Umbertu I di Savoia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I_of_Italy" title="Umberto I of Italy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Umberto I of Italy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE_I_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Умберто I од Италије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Умберто I од Италије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I_od_Italije" title="Umberto I od Italije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Umberto I od Italije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I" title="Umberto I – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Umberto I" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I" title="Umberto I – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Umberto I" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="พระเจ้าอุมแบร์โตที่ 1 แห่งอิตาลี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าอุมแบร์โตที่ 1 แห่งอิตาลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Umberto" title="I. Umberto – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Umberto" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE_I" title="Умберто I – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Умберто I" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I_de_Savoja" title="Umberto I de Savoja – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Umberto I de Savoja" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_I_c%E1%BB%A7a_%C3%9D" title="Umberto I của Ý – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Umberto I của Ý" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BF%81%E8%B4%9D%E6%89%98%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="翁贝托一世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="翁贝托一世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BF%81%E8%B2%9D%E6%89%98%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="翁貝托一世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="翁貝托一世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BF%81%E8%B2%9D%E6%89%98%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="翁貝托一世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="翁貝托一世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; 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