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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician and minister (1800–1871)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Robert Jefferson Breckinridge</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_J_Breckinridge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Robert_J_Breckinridge.png/220px-Robert_J_Breckinridge.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Robert_J_Breckinridge.png/330px-Robert_J_Breckinridge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Robert_J_Breckinridge.png/440px-Robert_J_Breckinridge.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">March 8, 1800<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabell%27s_Dale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabell's Dale (page does not exist)">Cabell's Dale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 27, 1871<span style="display:none">(1871-12-27)</span> (aged 71)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Danville,_Kentucky" title="Danville, Kentucky">Danville, Kentucky</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Union_College" title="Union College">Union College</a> (B.A., 1819)<br /><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">Honorary</a> <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">M.A.</a>, 1832)<br /><a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Jefferson_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington and Jefferson College">Jefferson College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">Honorary</a> <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">LL.D.</a>, 1847)<br /><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">LL.D.</a>, 1862)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Ann Sophonisba Preston</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="March 11, 1823">1823</span>; died 1844)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Virginia Hart Shelby</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="April 1847">1847</span>; died 1859)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Margaret Faulkner White</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="November 5, 1868">1868</span>)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">14, including <a href="/wiki/William_Campbell_Preston_Breckinridge" title="William Campbell Preston Breckinridge">Willie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cabell_Breckinridge_Sr." title="Joseph Cabell Breckinridge Sr.">Joseph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jefferson_Breckinridge_Jr." title="Robert Jefferson Breckinridge Jr.">Robert Jr.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Breckinridge" title="Charles Henry Breckinridge">Charles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Breckinridge_(U.S._Attorney_General)" title="John Breckinridge (U.S. Attorney General)">John Breckinridge</a><br />Mary Hopkins Cabell</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordained</th><td class="infobox-data">April 5, 1832</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Congregations served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Second<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_church"><a href="#endnote_church">[a]</a></sup> Presbyterian Church (<a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>)<br />First Presbyterian Church (<a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington, Kentucky</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Offices held</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_House_of_Representatives" title="Kentucky House of Representatives">Kentucky state representative</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction" title="Kentucky Superintendent of Public Instruction">Kentucky Superintendent of Public Instruction</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Robert Jefferson Breckinridge</b> (March 8, 1800 – December 27, 1871) was a politician and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> minister. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Breckinridge_family" title="Breckinridge family">Breckinridge family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Breckinridge_(U.S._Attorney_General)" title="John Breckinridge (U.S. Attorney General)">John Breckinridge</a>. </p><p>A restless youth, Breckinridge was suspended from <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> for fighting, and following his graduation from <a href="/wiki/Union_College" title="Union College">Union College</a> in 1819, was prone to engage in a lifestyle of partying and revelry. But, he was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Bar_(law)" title="Bar (law)">bar</a> in 1824 and elected to the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_General_Assembly" title="Kentucky General Assembly">Kentucky General Assembly</a> in 1825. A serious illness and the death of a child in 1829 prompted him to turn to religion, and he became an ordained minister in 1832. </p><p>That year Breckinridge accepted the call to pastor the Second<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_church"><a href="#endnote_church">[a]</a></sup> Presbyterian Church of <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>. While at the church, he became involved in a number of theological debates. During the <a href="/wiki/Old_School-New_School_Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Old School-New School Controversy">Old School-New School Controversy</a> within the Presbyterian Church in the 1830s, Breckinridge became a hard-line member of the Old School faction, and played an influential role in the ejection of several churches in 1837. He was rewarded for his stances by being elected moderator of the Presbyterian Church's General Assembly in 1841. </p><p>After a brief stint as president of <a href="/wiki/Washington_%26_Jefferson_College" title="Washington & Jefferson College">Jefferson College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, Breckinridge returned to Kentucky, where he pastored the First Presbyterian church of Lexington, Kentucky, and was appointed superintendent of public education by Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Owsley" title="William Owsley">William Owsley</a>. The changes he effected in this office brought a tenfold increase in public school attendance and led to him being called the father of the public school system in Kentucky.<sup id="cite_ref-kye120_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kye120-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left his post as superintendent after six years to become a professor at Danville Theological Seminary in <a href="/wiki/Danville,_Kentucky" title="Danville, Kentucky">Danville, Kentucky</a>. </p><p>As the sectional conflict leading up to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> escalated, Breckinridge was put in the unusual position of being a slaveholder who opposed slavery. The tragic scenario of <a href="/wiki/Brother_against_brother" title="Brother against brother">brother against brother</a> literally played out in Breckinridge's family, his sons fighting on both sides during the war. Following the war, Breckinridge retired to his home in Danville, where he died on December 27, 1871. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Jefferson_Breckinridge&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robert Breckinridge was born March 8, 1800, at Cabell's Dale near Lexington, Kentucky. He was the third son born to Senator John and Mary Hopkins (Cabell) Breckinridge. Senator Breckinridge died in 1806, leaving his wife to tend the family's large plantations. Robert soon earned a reputation of misbehaving. In one instance, he and his brother John had a physical altercation because Robert put <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">blind</a> cousin's coffee; in another, his mother gave him a "tremendous whipping" for beating an old slave.<sup id="cite_ref-klotter42_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klotter42-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breckinridge studied education at a classical school operated by Dr. Louis Marshall, the brother of <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a>, then followed his brothers, Cabell and John, to Princeton in 1817. His behavior problems continued there; in one year, he spent more than $1200.<sup id="cite_ref-klotter42_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klotter42-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was suspended for fighting, and although he was later reinstated, the incident soured him on Princeton, and he was granted an honorable release. (The school later awarded him an honorary <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">Master of Arts</a> degree in 1832.) Breckinridge enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, but after three months, discovered that a one-year residency was required for graduation. Unwilling to complete this requirement, he moved to Union College in <a href="/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York" title="Schenectady, New York">Schenectady, New York</a>, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1819.<sup id="cite_ref-waugh_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waugh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following his graduation, Breckinridge returned to Kentucky with no clear direction in his life. He began to amuse himself by attending various parties and other social engagements. During a visit to the state capital, he so offended one man that he was challenged to a <a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">duel</a>. Though he obtained two pistols, he never accepted the man's challenge, and was branded a coward. The dispute was later settled in the <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Masonic Lodge</a> of which both Breckinridge and the other man were members.<sup id="cite_ref-waugh_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waugh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 11, 1823, Breckinridge married his cousin, Ann Sophonisba Preston, at her home in <a href="/wiki/Abingdon,_Virginia" title="Abingdon, Virginia">Abingdon, Virginia</a>. The couple had 11 children, including Willie, Joseph, Robert Jr., and Charles. Ann's political heritage rivaled that of her husband. A grandniece of <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a>, she was also a sister to Senator <a href="/wiki/William_Campbell_Preston" class="mw-redirect" title="William Campbell Preston">William Campbell Preston</a> and a sister-in-law to <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Carolina" title="Governor of South Carolina">South Carolina governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Wade Hampton III</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Virginia governors</a> <a href="/wiki/John_B._Floyd" title="John B. Floyd">John B. Floyd</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_McDowell" title="James McDowell">James McDowell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-klotter43_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klotter43-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Service_in_the_Kentucky_General_Assembly">Service in the Kentucky General Assembly</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Jefferson_Breckinridge&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Service in the Kentucky General Assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Breckinridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/John_Breckinridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="156" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption>Robert Breckinridge's actions as a Kentucky Representative put him at odds with reasoning espoused by his late father, Senator John Breckinridge</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the advice of his older brother, Breckinridge obtained his law license on January 3, 1824, but the practice of law did not suit him. He instead decided to follow the family tradition and seek public office, campaigning for a seat in the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_House_of_Representatives" title="Kentucky House of Representatives">Kentucky House of Representatives</a>. Even in his early political career, he began to articulate his stance on the issues that would become his legacy. </p><p>First, he shunned the <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a> viewpoint, stressing instead the need for a strong interdependence between the states. Second, he called for an end to <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>. Third, he emphasized the importance of education. Though they agreed on this last point, Breckinridge's father had ardently opposed emancipation of slaves and favored states' rights. Historian <a href="/wiki/James_C._Klotter" title="James C. Klotter">James C. Klotter</a> opines that Louis Marshall and Robert's mother Mary may have influenced his positions.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most politically charged issue in Kentucky during Breckinridge's campaign, however, was the <a href="/wiki/Old_Court-New_Court_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Court-New Court controversy">Old Court-New Court controversy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1819" title="Panic of 1819">Panic of 1819</a> had left many Kentuckians in dire financial straits. Legislators sought to relieve some of the financial burden by passing a law of <a href="/wiki/Replevin" title="Replevin">replevin</a> which favored debtors. The Kentucky Court of Appeals, (the highest court in the Commonwealth at the time,) declared the law unconstitutional. The next year, an incensed General Assembly passed legislation that dissolved the court and replaced it with a new court. Neither court acknowledged the other as valid, and a confused public lost respect for public authority in general. The issue was generally split along party lines, with <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> generally favoring the New Court and <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whigs</a> favoring the Old Court.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breckinridge dodged the issue during the campaign, which he won in 1825, but once he took office, he had to come down on one side or the other. He voted in favor of the Old Court, reflecting his upper-class status and affinity for the establishment. In so doing, he identified himself with the party of Kentucky's favorite son, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>. The Whigs would control Kentucky politics for the next twenty-five years. In 1826, the majority of the General Assembly sided with the Old Court and abolished the New Court.<sup id="cite_ref-klotter47_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klotter47-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually, tensions faded, but a bigger decision awaited Robert Breckinridge in 1828. He was chosen to sit on a committee that would draft Kentucky's response to the <a href="/wiki/Nullification_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nullification Crisis">Nullification Crisis</a>. Because much of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>'s reasoning for their actions was based on the logic of the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Resolutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentucky Resolutions">Kentucky Resolutions</a>, which had been supported by Senator John Breckinridge, Robert Breckinridge now had to determine whether he should support the words of his late father or refute them. In the end, his Unionist sympathies overrode his sense of loyalty to his father; he sided with the committee's majority in condemning South Carolina's actions.<sup id="cite_ref-klotter47_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klotter47-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_conversion_and_ministry">Religious conversion and ministry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Jefferson_Breckinridge&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religious conversion and ministry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout his time in the General Assembly, Breckinridge had battled with <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a>. In an 1828 letter to his wife, who was visiting relatives in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, he recounted that he had been bedridden and near death for two months. Finally, in February 1829, the illness subsided. Only then could he be told about the death of his daughter, Louisiana, which had occurred a month earlier. The illness, combined with the news of the death of his daughter, caused Breckinridge to turn to religion. </p><p>In spring 1829, he made a public profession of his faith. In 1831, he hosted a revival meeting on his farm during which he decided to pursue ministerial training under the West Lexington Presbytery. He was ordained as a Presbyterian minister on April 5, 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-waugh_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waugh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breckinridge served as a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity#Elder" title="Presbyterian polity">Ruling Elder</a> at the Presbyterian General Assembly of 1832, then relocated to <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>, to study under <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Miller_(theologian)" title="Samuel Miller (theologian)">Samuel Miller</a> at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Theological_Seminary" title="Princeton Theological Seminary">Princeton Theological Seminary</a>. In November 1832, he succeeded his brother John as pastor of Second<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_church"><a href="#endnote_church">[a]</a></sup> Presbyterian Church of Baltimore, Maryland. His tenure saw numerous converts, but he was put at odds with his brother and Samuel Miller over practices employed in his church. His counselors were also concerned that he was wavering on his belief in the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Limited_atonement" title="Limited atonement">limited atonement</a>. Eventually, he was persuaded back into the doctrines of the orthodox <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> and became one of the leaders of the Old School Presbyterian movement.<sup id="cite_ref-waugh_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waugh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Now solidly in the Presbyterian fold, Breckinridge began to follow in the footsteps of his brother John, criticizing Roman Catholicism in a number of his speeches and publications. There were many Catholics in Baltimore. He sponsored and edited two "thoroughly <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>" journals – the <i>Baltimore Literary and Religious magazine</i> and the <i>Spirit of the XIX Century</i>. A year-long tour of Europe with his wife that began in April 1836 deepened his disdain for the denomination; he opined that most of the continent's ills could be traced back to Catholic "superstitions." A particularly harsh missive against a Catholic who worked in the county <a href="/wiki/Almshouse" title="Almshouse">almshouse</a> drew an indictment for <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel</a> in 1840. The trial ended in a <a href="/wiki/Hung_jury" title="Hung jury">hung jury</a> that voted 10–2 in favor of acquittal. Though displeased that he could not obtain a unanimous acquittal, Breckinridge continued undaunted. In 1841, he published several of his anti-Catholic articles as <i>Papism in the XIX Century in the United States</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1843 added his recommendation to <a href="/wiki/Louis_Giustiniani" title="Louis Giustiniani">Louis Giustiniani</a>'s anti-Catholic book.<sup id="cite_ref-giu43_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giu43-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: vii">: vii </span></sup> </p><p>Breckinridge was equally controversial in internal church politics. He rebuked the Synod of the Western Reserve for de-emphasizing and effectively abandoning the office of Ruling Elder. He also condemned the governance of Presbyterian <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a> by anyone other than the Presbyterian church. In 1834, he was the chief author of the Act and Testimony, a document summarizing the contentions between the Old and New Schools. The New School resented Breckinridge and those who signed the Act and Testimony, and even some in the Old School camp had hoped for a more moderate course. The differences between the Old and New Schools widened over the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Barnes_(theologian)" title="Albert Barnes (theologian)">Albert Barnes</a>, and the New School members were ejected from the Presbyterian Church in 1837. Because of his leadership in the Old School-New School controversy, Breckinridge was elected moderator of the Old School branch's General Assembly in 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-waugh_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waugh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="President_of_Jefferson_College">President of Jefferson College</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Jefferson_Breckinridge&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: President of Jefferson College"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_J._Breckinridge_1800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Robert_J._Breckinridge_1800.jpg/150px-Robert_J._Breckinridge_1800.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Robert_J._Breckinridge_1800.jpg/225px-Robert_J._Breckinridge_1800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Robert_J._Breckinridge_1800.jpg/300px-Robert_J._Breckinridge_1800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Breckinridge as President of Jefferson College</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1844, Breckinridge's wife Ann died. Lingering sadness and memories of his and Ann's life in Baltimore may have led him to leave the city and the pastorate he had held for twelve years. He was offered pastorate of the Second Presbyterian Church of Lexington, Kentucky, but instead, accepted the presidency of Jefferson College in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> in 1845 against the advice of his brothers John and William. A rift between Breckinridge and his brother Cabell's widow and other relatives may help account for this surprising decision. He did not feel he could yet return to his home state.<sup id="cite_ref-klotter56_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klotter56-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breckinridge was inaugurated as president of Jefferson College on September 27, 1845. During his tenure, he also pastored a church in the city of <a href="/wiki/Canonsburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Canonsburg, Pennsylvania">Canonsburg, Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fish267_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish267-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> College administration apparently did not suit him, however. A student uprising against the president and the faculty occurred in 1846, hastening the end of his short stay at the school. A desire to see his children, most of whom were living with relatives scattered throughout Kentucky and Virginia, also factored into his decision to resign his post in 1847. On his resignation, he was awarded an honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctorate_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctorate of Laws">LL.D</a> from the school.<sup id="cite_ref-klotter56_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klotter56-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Father_of_Kentucky's_public_school_system"><span id="Father_of_Kentucky.27s_public_school_system"></span>Father of Kentucky's public school system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Jefferson_Breckinridge&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Father of Kentucky's public school system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Owsley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/William_Owsley.jpg/220px-William_Owsley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/William_Owsley.jpg/330px-William_Owsley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/William_Owsley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>Breckinridge was appointed superintendent of public education by Governor William Owsley</figcaption></figure> <p>Breckinridge returned to Kentucky, accepting the pastorate of First Presbyterian Church of Lexington. His return to Kentucky was also motivated by a growing fondness for his cousin, Virginia Hart Shelby, who had cared for two of his children during his stay in Pennsylvania. Virginia was the widow of Alfred Shelby, the son of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Shelby" title="Isaac Shelby">Isaac Shelby</a>, who was twice governor of Kentucky. Their written exchanges included love poems from Robert and concerned questions from Virginia about the wisdom of engaging in a relationship. Despite being advised by her sisters to avoid the marriage and her own wavering on the issue, the two were married in April 1847. They had three children, only one of whom, John Robert, survived to adulthood, but was later killed by John L. Anderson, son of Mayor J. M. Anderson.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disagreements among the children of both partners' previous marriages exacerbated an already tense union, which almost ended in divorce in September 1856. Robert managed to reconcile with his wife, and they remained together until Virginia's death in 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breckinridge's personal turmoil did not hinder his political accomplishments. He was appointed <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction" title="Kentucky Superintendent of Public Instruction">Superintendent of Public Instruction</a> by Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Owsley" title="William Owsley">William Owsley</a>. He was the sixth person to hold the office since its creation in the 1830s. The task was daunting. Only one of every ten school-age children in Kentucky ever attended school, and at least thirty <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Kentucky" title="List of counties in Kentucky">Kentucky counties</a> had received no state educational funds since 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-klotter59_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klotter59-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breckinridge began reforms immediately and zealously. He secured the General Assembly's passage of a two-cent property tax for education. The tax was subject to voter approval, and Breckinridge worked hard to publicize the issue. His efforts paid off, as the tax passed by almost a two-to-one margin. Continuing to publicize needs and push legislators to action, Breckinridge enjoyed the support of five of the six governors under whom he served. Only <a href="/wiki/John_L._Helm" title="John L. Helm">John L. Helm</a>, who opposed a state-funded school system, challenged him, but Helm's <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a> of a Breckinridge educational bill was overridden in the General Assembly. Breckinridge's reforms manifested tangible results. From 1847 to 1850, educational spending increased from $6,000 to $144,000. By 1850, only one out of every ten school age children <i>did not</i> attend school.<sup id="cite_ref-klotter59_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klotter59-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1850, Kentuckians ratified their third <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentucky Constitution">constitution</a>. One of many changes effected by this document was that the office of superintendent became elective. Though the election belonged to the Democrats, Breckinridge, a Whig, was elected over five challengers for the office. His tenure would be a short one, however. Unlike his early reforms, his calls for parental selection of textbooks and use of the Bible as the primary reading material were not heeded. He also opposed the abolition of tuition charges and unsuccessfully lobbied for a pay increase for his position. (The salary was only $750.) With little prospect of further reform under his leadership, Breckinridge resigned in 1853.<sup id="cite_ref-klotter59_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klotter59-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following his resignation, Breckinridge shifted his party affiliation from <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> to <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Know Nothing Party">Know-Nothing</a> to <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>. In 1853, he helped found Danville Theological Seminary in Danville, Kentucky, becoming a professor of Exegetic, Didactic and Polemic Theology.<sup id="cite_ref-kye120_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kye120-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War_and_later_life">Civil War and later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Jefferson_Breckinridge&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Civil War and later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Breckinridge_family_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Breckinridge family in the American Civil War">Breckinridge family in the American Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_C_Breckinridge-04775-restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/John_C_Breckinridge-04775-restored.jpg/100px-John_C_Breckinridge-04775-restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/John_C_Breckinridge-04775-restored.jpg/150px-John_C_Breckinridge-04775-restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/John_C_Breckinridge-04775-restored.jpg/200px-John_C_Breckinridge-04775-restored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2050" data-file-height="2755" /></a><figcaption>Robert Breckinridge supported Abraham Lincoln for president in 1860 over his nephew, John C. Breckinridge (pictured)</figcaption></figure> <p>Although he owned a number of slaves, and his marriage to Virginia Shelby had left him with a good many more, Breckinridge had been a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Gradual_emancipation_(United_States)" title="Gradual emancipation (United States)">gradual emancipation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">colonization</a> of blacks since his early political career. As the sectional crisis worsened, this led him into several high-profile debates, notably with fellow Kentuckian Robert Wickliffe, the uncle of <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Wickliffe" title="Robert C. Wickliffe">Robert C. Wickliffe</a>. His support of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> for president in the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">election of 1860</a> pitted him against his own nephew, Vice President <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kye120_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kye120-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, Breckinridge quickly became an ardent supporter of the Union, not for its position against slavery, but for the sake of preserving the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-waugh_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waugh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used his position as editor of the <i>Danville Quarterly Review</i> to advocate his position.<sup id="cite_ref-kye120_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kye120-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He called for harsh measures against secession, and in time, accepted President Lincoln's immediate emancipation of slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-kye120_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kye120-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was chosen as the temporary chair of the 1864 <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention</a> that re-nominated Lincoln for president, and his pro-Union speech was hailed by freshman <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">Representative</a> <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> as one of the most inspiring given at the event.<sup id="cite_ref-waugh_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waugh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breckinridge's family split on the issue, with two of his sons – <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cabell_Breckinridge_Sr." title="Joseph Cabell Breckinridge Sr.">Joseph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Breckinridge" title="Charles Henry Breckinridge">Charles</a> – fighting for the Union cause, and two – <a href="/wiki/William_Campbell_Preston_Breckinridge" title="William Campbell Preston Breckinridge">Willie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jefferson_Breckinridge_Jr." title="Robert Jefferson Breckinridge Jr.">Robert Jr.</a> – fighting for the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>. While three of his sons-in-law also fought for the Union, daughter Sophonisba's husband, Theophilus Steele, rode with <a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan" title="John Hunt Morgan">John Hunt Morgan</a>, and it is likely that Robert Breckinridge's intervention kept him from being executed by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. Stanton">Edwin M. Stanton</a>. Following the war, Willie Breckinridge's wife Issa refused to let her father-in-law see two of his grandchildren for a period of two years.<sup id="cite_ref-waugh_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waugh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1866, he was elected as a member to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 5, 1868, Breckinridge married his third wife, Margaret Faulkner White. A year later, he resigned his professorship at Danville Seminary. He died on December 27, 1871, after an extensive illness, and was buried in Lexington Cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-waugh_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waugh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Jefferson_Breckinridge&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1892, Breckinridge Hall (named for Breckinridge) was built as a dormitory for students of the Danville Theological Seminary. It is now a residence hall for upper-class students at <a href="/wiki/Centre_College" title="Centre College">Centre College</a> in Danville - Breckinridge's nephew <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a>'s alma mater. Breckinridge Hall was renovated in 1999, and is on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breckinridge Hall, a three-story building on Morehead State University's campus, is named for Robert J. Breckinridge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Jefferson_Breckinridge&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/knowledgegodobj00brecgoog"><i>The Knowledge of God, Objectively Considered: Being the First Part of Theology Considered as a Science of Positive Truth, Both Inductive and Deductive</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tQ-resftCE4C"><i>The Knowledge of God, Subjectively Considered: Being the Second Part of Theology Considered as a Science of Positive Truth, Both Inductive and Deductive</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa;cc=moa;rgn=main;view=text;idno=ACK5862.0001.001"><i>Our country – its peril and its deliverance</i></a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.piney.com/MuBreck.html">Breckinridge's protest against the use of instrumental music in worship</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213039/http://www.pcahistory.org/periodicals/spr/v33/33-2-3.pdf"><i>Presbyterian Government not a Hierarchy, but a Commonwealth</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213158/http://www.pcahistory.org/periodicals/spr/v33/33-3-2.pdf"><i>Presbyterian Ordination not a Charm, but an Act of Government</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213119/http://www.pcahistory.org/periodicals/spr/v02/2-3-1.pdf"><i>Some Thoughts on the Development of the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A.</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213231/http://www.pcahistory.org/periodicals/spr/v35/35-3-5.pdf"><i>The Christian Pastor, One of Christ's Ascension Gifts</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BikQAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA322">Letter of Robert J. Breckinridge to the Second Presbyterian Church of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BOfW7XUh2N0C&pg=PA17">Robert J. Breckinridge's speech at the laying of the cornerstone of the Clay Monument</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3A3AAAAMAAJ"><i>The Calling of the Church of Christ: A Discourse to Illustrate the Posture and Duty of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America</i></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Jefferson_Breckinridge&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/48px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/64px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kentucky" title="Portal:Kentucky">Kentucky portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breckinridge_family_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Breckinridge family in the American Civil War">Breckinridge family in the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky in the American Civil War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Jefferson_Breckinridge&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_church"><b><a href="#ref_church">^[a]</a></b></span> Klotter and Waugh list Second Presbyterian Church. Fish and Patton say First Presbyterian Church. </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Jefferson_Breckinridge&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-kye120-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kye120_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kye120_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kye120_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kye120_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kye120_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Klotter in <i>The Kentucky Encyclopedia</i>, p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-klotter42-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klotter42_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klotter42_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Klotter in <i>Breckinridges of Kentucky</i>, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-waugh-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-waugh_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-waugh_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-waugh_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-waugh_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-waugh_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-waugh_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-waugh_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-waugh_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-waugh_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Waugh in <i>Southern Presbyterian Review</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-klotter43-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-klotter43_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klotter in <i>The Breckinridges of Kentucky</i>, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klotter in <i>The Breckinridges of Kentucky</i>, p. 44–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klotter in <i>The Breckinridges of Kentucky</i>, p. 45–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-klotter47-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klotter47_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klotter47_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Klotter in <i>The Breckinridges of Kentucky</i>, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison in <i>The Breckinridges of Kentucky</i>, pp. 48–50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klotter in <i>The Breckinridges of Kentucky</i>, pp. 53–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-giu43-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-giu43_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGiustiniani1843" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Giustiniani" title="Louis Giustiniani">Giustiniani, L.</a> (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/papalromeasitis00gius"><i>Papal Rome as it is, by a Roman</i></a>. Baltimore: Publication Rooms. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1050254095">1050254095</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papal+Rome+as+it+is%2C+by+a+Roman&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Publication+Rooms&rft.date=1843&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1050254095&rft.aulast=Giustiniani&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpapalromeasitis00gius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Jefferson+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-klotter56-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klotter56_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klotter56_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Klotter in <i>The Breckinridges of Kentucky</i>, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fish267-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fish267_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fish, p. 267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025431/1874-04-16/ed-1/seq-1/#words=BBECKINBIDOE+youngest">"Accidents and Crimes"</a>. <i>Mower County Transcript, Volume 12, Number 2 (Lansing, Minnesota)</i>. April 16, 1874. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322174437/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025431/1874-04-16/ed-1/seq-1/#words=BBECKINBIDOE+youngest">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mower+County+Transcript%2C+Volume+12%2C+Number+2+%28Lansing%2C+Minnesota%29&rft.atitle=Accidents+and+Crimes.&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1874-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn85025431%2F1874-04-16%2Fed-1%2Fseq-1%2F%23words%3DBBECKINBIDOE%2Byoungest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Jefferson+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18740422.2.8">"The Lebanon Tragedy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sacramento_Union" title="The Sacramento Union">Sacramento Daily Union</a>, Volume 47, Number 7191 (Sacramento, California)</i>. April 22, 1874. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160419165352/http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18740422.2.8">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sacramento+Daily+Union%2C+Volume+47%2C+Number+7191+%28Sacramento%2C+California%29&rft.atitle=The+Lebanon+Tragedy.&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1874-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcdnc%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DSDU18740422.2.8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Jefferson+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klotter in <i>The Breckinridges of Kentucky</i>, pp. 57–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-klotter59-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klotter59_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klotter59_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klotter59_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Klotter in <i>The Breckinridges of Kentucky</i>, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1866&year-max=1866&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3D%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D1866%26year-max%3D1866%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Jefferson+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100116214857/http://www.centre.edu/campusbuildings/slideshow_breck/index.html">"Centre College Campus Tour: Breckinridge Hall"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centre.edu/campusbuildings/slideshow_breck/index.html">the original</a> on January 16, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Centre+College+Campus+Tour%3A+Breckinridge+Hall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centre.edu%2Fcampusbuildings%2Fslideshow_breck%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Jefferson+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishEdwards_Amasa_Park1871" class="citation book cs1">Fish, Henry Clay; Edwards Amasa Park (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QCqVj5KV6cAC"><i>Pulpit Eloquence of the Nineteenth Century</i></a>. New York City, New York: Dodd, Mead & company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pulpit+Eloquence+of+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+company&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Fish&rft.aufirst=Henry+Clay&rft.au=Edwards+Amasa+Park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQCqVj5KV6cAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Jefferson+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlotter1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_C._Klotter" title="James C. Klotter">Klotter, James C.</a> (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/breckinridgesofk0000klot"><i>The Breckinridges of Kentucky</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington, Kentucky</a>: The University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-1553-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-1553-1"><bdi>0-8131-1553-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Breckinridges+of+Kentucky&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-8131-1553-1&rft.aulast=Klotter&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbreckinridgesofk0000klot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Jefferson+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlotter1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_C._Klotter" title="James C. Klotter">Klotter, James C.</a> (1992). "Breckinridge, Robert Jefferson". In Kleber, John E. (ed.). <i><span></span></i>The Kentucky Encyclopedia<i><span></span></i>. Associate editors: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_D._Clark" title="Thomas D. Clark">Thomas D. Clark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lowell_H._Harrison" title="Lowell H. Harrison">Lowell H. Harrison</a>, and James C. Klotter. <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington, Kentucky</a>: The University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-1772-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-1772-0"><bdi>0-8131-1772-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Breckinridge%2C+Robert+Jefferson&rft.btitle=The+Kentucky+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8131-1772-0&rft.aulast=Klotter&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Jefferson+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaugh" class="citation web cs1">Waugh, Dr. Barry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070603145453/http://www.pcahistory.org/periodicals/spr/bios/breckinridge.html">"Robert Jefferson Breckinridge (1800 - 1871)"</a>. The Southern Presbyterian Review. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcahistory.org/periodicals/spr/bios/breckinridge.html">the original</a> on June 3, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Jefferson+Breckinridge+%281800+-+1871%29&rft.pub=The+Southern+Presbyterian+Review&rft.aulast=Waugh&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Barry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcahistory.org%2Fperiodicals%2Fspr%2Fbios%2Fbreckinridge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Jefferson+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Jefferson_Breckinridge&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=12Shm_7PocUC&pg=RA1-PA233">Memorial and Biographical Sketches</a> by James Freeman Clarke, 1878</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m_wQAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA502">A Popular History of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America</a> by Jacob Harris Patton, 1900</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTapp1938" class="citation journal cs1">Tapp, Hambleton (July 1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://connect1.ajaxdocumentviewer.com/viewerajax.php?6db%2BGGynmnUflE0OHUI%2BTM%2FxwYIH%2F2ptE4Oy7751cgMIFR9jVxOQrYrf33CrLftHVx5IAp2p9i0RKo9OuQ1MnD8KiqDCQamhrOMwHmcVtd3P7Vln8IZi7UWc%2F3kOBxm%2Bl1wGJZxh25GN6rs6z3YUxd8d5QMvsLfl8N7wIlIUnxXbyq5YwHxCPZEtew7boagPLiAlf9OOTGhlebajx1jeO6rIxUrOVCbqBmqEnSMr9GqHRnLYXqTCLpWoEbRkD6AYGpw8w10Uu4O3glKuPbgG8dn81jcPnG0s%2FTRThexCGZY07%2FNUPd8J%2B07c2mAUy2BGpZxIuzWFOP1MvulUCGXfkgJ2OZo6VOKIE%2FpUrotCzCiP9nvMKqvFjI%2BXHjGwcFDifs%2BqDXxZ6Sm0a6gFRlLJy61DWIGc95FzH7TrY2uqLNI%3D">"Robert J. Breckinridge and the Year 1849"</a>. <i>Filson Club History Quarterly</i>. <b>12</b> (3)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Filson+Club+History+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Robert+J.+Breckinridge+and+the+Year+1849&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1938-07&rft.aulast=Tapp&rft.aufirst=Hambleton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconnect1.ajaxdocumentviewer.com%2Fviewerajax.php%3F6db%252BGGynmnUflE0OHUI%252BTM%252FxwYIH%252F2ptE4Oy7751cgMIFR9jVxOQrYrf33CrLftHVx5IAp2p9i0RKo9OuQ1MnD8KiqDCQamhrOMwHmcVtd3P7Vln8IZi7UWc%252F3kOBxm%252Bl1wGJZxh25GN6rs6z3YUxd8d5QMvsLfl8N7wIlIUnxXbyq5YwHxCPZEtew7boagPLiAlf9OOTGhlebajx1jeO6rIxUrOVCbqBmqEnSMr9GqHRnLYXqTCLpWoEbRkD6AYGpw8w10Uu4O3glKuPbgG8dn81jcPnG0s%252FTRThexCGZY07%252FNUPd8J%252B07c2mAUy2BGpZxIuzWFOP1MvulUCGXfkgJ2OZo6VOKIE%252FpUrotCzCiP9nvMKqvFjI%252BXHjGwcFDifs%252BqDXxZ6Sm0a6gFRlLJy61DWIGc95FzH7TrY2uqLNI%253D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Jefferson+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTapp1937" class="citation journal cs1">Tapp, Hambleton (April 1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://connect1.ajaxdocumentviewer.com/viewerajax.php?JCr5HMHoeFUKxw%2FJBsSYU5x7K3BjpypfYJC910J472tYQMGfuxcPtBdm4igYzoRlq6jznXU1U9Awo7BaBoWRLGdT5W5PHEwczO7Kk97TQyHo5eR0%2BYWWNNgQQw1QBPRbU%2FlNUHb1%2BS46kIGQqew%2BHmh1s7W4m9SNMOkmx08KPF6s%2FsyKU8mnp4WVLZJYYE0kFOXAPcdSZbhaaAoJaZ9jnOYWjZd7IJ79uMvIxBpurDlRAkv2Rsm6GR1WHF8gBreX4dm5SXatxSNWinhHABOhi8w5supUq25JnrKM0n5vxTl465xRX%2BV7%2FLTIvTAGlzsN%2Bdw5yOlKLR%2BYUjh%2BggmMS9sNVyLqIoVWX6shcUarH5KVTwRQ3QiFiNzAHgfpPlA4OagS2PL3S42ffqyNtriaqpAS%2BXfJ9wZw2YKDNnbEqek%3D">"Robert J. Breckinridge During the Civil War"</a>. <i>Filson Club History Quarterly</i>. <b>11</b> (2)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Filson+Club+History+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Robert+J.+Breckinridge+During+the+Civil+War&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1937-04&rft.aulast=Tapp&rft.aufirst=Hambleton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconnect1.ajaxdocumentviewer.com%2Fviewerajax.php%3FJCr5HMHoeFUKxw%252FJBsSYU5x7K3BjpypfYJC910J472tYQMGfuxcPtBdm4igYzoRlq6jznXU1U9Awo7BaBoWRLGdT5W5PHEwczO7Kk97TQyHo5eR0%252BYWWNNgQQw1QBPRbU%252FlNUHb1%252BS46kIGQqew%252BHmh1s7W4m9SNMOkmx08KPF6s%252FsyKU8mnp4WVLZJYYE0kFOXAPcdSZbhaaAoJaZ9jnOYWjZd7IJ79uMvIxBpurDlRAkv2Rsm6GR1WHF8gBreX4dm5SXatxSNWinhHABOhi8w5supUq25JnrKM0n5vxTl465xRX%252BV7%252FLTIvTAGlzsN%252Bdw5yOlKLR%252BYUjh%252BggmMS9sNVyLqIoVWX6shcUarH5KVTwRQ3QiFiNzAHgfpPlA4OagS2PL3S42ffqyNtriaqpAS%252BXfJ9wZw2YKDNnbEqek%253D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Jefferson+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTapp1945" class="citation journal cs1">Tapp, Hambleton (July 1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://connect1.ajaxdocumentviewer.com/viewerajax.php?2w4b1kIuEGngVAviIQZ6782Pu42vaU05HHzuLinSGaLWVuv1y5rTvnuLF4RU3k1U1wEintH%2Far3UHqkFA6o7MztolgxTk%2BWVSt1%2Ba8k8FjX%2BJYhJd%2FrLfWcFWSOt2DvQ11ONRMbW0SiKjoNcppBJ4FdyF8LanD3idCDK7blTIR6vTePVtqdFtx7DlAKDitPQxEHy56h7v8jFRvrH4d0%2FcaJXIXzcqmr%2FahVAyvI%2FUuhIUukTUeW1SJeAkpRhQ5N%2B4pzeurOjWaS6GUPyozSUPugUaGhZpQJBSpVah9UWs53wg78lpWJXN%2Bdhi0501AGxWgLciM9tEhF57wMpImx8s%2B6AGzzpcCBEjVI53QSZffo4cavsEh8zUFASuX%2FJ0MwOsaSImS7qscOeB5tPqzYEoqBW4kqRZv8WCpFCBpI4z1Y%3D">"The Slavery Controversy Between Robert Wickliffe and Robert J. Breckinridge Prior to the Civil War"</a>. <i>Filson Club History Quarterly</i>. <b>19</b> (3)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Filson+Club+History+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Slavery+Controversy+Between+Robert+Wickliffe+and+Robert+J.+Breckinridge+Prior+to+the+Civil+War&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1945-07&rft.aulast=Tapp&rft.aufirst=Hambleton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconnect1.ajaxdocumentviewer.com%2Fviewerajax.php%3F2w4b1kIuEGngVAviIQZ6782Pu42vaU05HHzuLinSGaLWVuv1y5rTvnuLF4RU3k1U1wEintH%252Far3UHqkFA6o7MztolgxTk%252BWVSt1%252Ba8k8FjX%252BJYhJd%252FrLfWcFWSOt2DvQ11ONRMbW0SiKjoNcppBJ4FdyF8LanD3idCDK7blTIR6vTePVtqdFtx7DlAKDitPQxEHy56h7v8jFRvrH4d0%252FcaJXIXzcqmr%252FahVAyvI%252FUuhIUukTUeW1SJeAkpRhQ5N%252B4pzeurOjWaS6GUPyozSUPugUaGhZpQJBSpVah9UWs53wg78lpWJXN%252Bdhi0501AGxWgLciM9tEhF57wMpImx8s%252B6AGzzpcCBEjVI53QSZffo4cavsEh8zUFASuX%252FJ0MwOsaSImS7qscOeB5tPqzYEoqBW4kqRZv8WCpFCBpI4z1Y%253D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Jefferson+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Jefferson_Breckinridge&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/35878">Works by Robert Jefferson Breckinridge</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Breckinridge%2C%20Robert%20Jefferson%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Breckinridge%2C%20Robert%20J%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Breckinridge%2C%20R%2E%20J%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Robert%20Jefferson%20Breckinridge%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Robert%20J%2E%20Breckinridge%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22R%2E%20J%2E%20Breckinridge%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Breckinridge%2C%20Robert%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Robert%20Breckinridge%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Robert%20Jefferson%20Breckinridge%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Robert%20J%2E%20Breckinridge%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22R%2E%20J%2E%20Breckinridge%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22R%2E%20Jefferson%20Breckinridge%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Breckinridge%2C%20Robert%20Jefferson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Breckinridge%2C%20Robert%20J%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Breckinridge%2C%20R%2E%20J%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Breckinridge%2C%20R%2E%20Jefferson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Robert%20Breckinridge%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Breckinridge%2C%20Robert%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Robert%20Jefferson%20Breckinridge%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Robert%20J%2E%20Breckinridge%22%20OR%20title%3A%22R%2E%20J%2E%20Breckinridge%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Robert%20Breckinridge%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Robert%20Jefferson%20Breckinridge%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Robert%20J%2E%20Breckinridge%22%20OR%20description%3A%22R%2E%20J%2E%20Breckinridge%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Breckinridge%2C%20Robert%20Jefferson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Breckinridge%2C%20Robert%20J%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Robert%20Breckinridge%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Breckinridge%2C%20Robert%22%29%20OR%20%28%221800-1871%22%20AND%20Breckinridge%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Robert Jefferson Breckinridge</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Robert_Jefferson_Breckinridge" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Robert Jefferson Breckinridge">Robert Jefferson Breckinridge</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Brown_(college_president)" title="Matthew Brown (college president)">Matthew Brown</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Washington_%26_Jefferson_College" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Washington & Jefferson College">President</a> of <a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Jefferson_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington and Jefferson College">Jefferson College</a> </b><br />1845–1847 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Blaine_Brown" title="Alexander Blaine Brown">Alexander Blaine Brown</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;">Religious titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">The Rev. William Morrison Engles</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Moderators_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Moderators of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America">Moderator of the 53rd General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America (Old School)</a> </b><br />1841–1842 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">The Rev. John Todd Edgar</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Breckinridge" title="James Breckinridge">James Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Breckinridge_(U.S._Attorney_General)" title="John Breckinridge (U.S. Attorney General)">John Breckinridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabell_Breckinridge" title="Cabell Breckinridge">Cabell Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Breckinridge" title="James D. Breckinridge">James Douglas Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Jefferson Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Breckinridge" title="William L. Breckinridge">William Lewis Breckinridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John Cabell Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cabell_Breckinridge_Sr." title="Joseph Cabell Breckinridge Sr.">Joseph Cabell Breckinridge Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jefferson_Breckinridge_Jr." title="Robert Jefferson Breckinridge Jr.">Robert Jefferson Breckinridge Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Campbell_Preston_Breckinridge" title="William Campbell Preston Breckinridge">William Campbell Preston Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Grayson" title="John B. Grayson">John Breckinridge Grayson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_A._Porter_(colonel)" title="Peter A. Porter (colonel)">Peter A. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Breckinridge" title="Charles Henry Breckinridge">Charles Henry Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Breckinridge" class="mw-redirect" title="John Robert Breckinridge">John Robert Breckinridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fourth generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_R._Breckinridge" title="Clifton R. Breckinridge">Clifton Rodes Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon_Breckinridge" title="John Witherspoon Breckinridge">John Witherspoon Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desha_Breckinridge" title="Desha Breckinridge">Desha Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Skillman_Breckinridge" title="Henry Skillman Breckinridge">Henry Skillman Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeline_McDowell_Breckinridge" title="Madeline McDowell Breckinridge">Madeline McDowell Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Breckinridge" title="Scott Breckinridge">Scott Dudley Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophonisba_Breckinridge" title="Sophonisba Breckinridge">Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_A._Porter" title="Peter A. Porter">Peter A. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._B._Warfield" title="B. B. Warfield">B. B. Warfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethelbert_Dudley_Warfield" title="Ethelbert Dudley Warfield">Ethelbert Dudley Warfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Irving_Handy" title="L. Irving Handy">L. Irving Handy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fifth generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Carson_Breckinridge" title="James Carson Breckinridge">James Carson Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Breckinridge" title="John B. Breckinridge">John Bayne Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Carson_Breckinridge" title="Mary Carson Breckinridge">Mary Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breckinridge_Long" title="Breckinridge Long">Samuel Miller Breckinridge Long</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sixth generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunny_Breckinridge" title="Bunny Breckinridge">John Cabell "Bunny" Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Breckinridge_Patterson" title="Marvin Breckinridge Patterson">Marvin Breckinridge Patterson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#000000;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #A4343A, inset -2px -2px 0 #A4343A;"><div id="Founding_and_early_leadership1168" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Washington_%26_Jefferson_College#Founding_and_early_leadership" title="List of presidents of Washington & Jefferson College"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Founding and early leadership</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_McMillan_(pastor)" class="mw-redirect" title="John McMillan (pastor)">John McMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Dod" title="Thaddeus Dod">Thaddeus Dod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_(Presbyterian_minister,_born_1736)" title="Joseph Smith (Presbyterian minister, born 1736)">Joseph Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#000000;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #A4343A, inset -2px -2px 0 #A4343A;"><div id="Jefferson_College1168" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Washington_%26_Jefferson_College#Presidents_of_Jefferson_College" title="List of presidents of Washington & Jefferson College"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Jefferson College</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Watson_(college_president)" title="John Watson (college president)">John Watson</a> (1802–1802)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dunlap" title="James Dunlap">James Dunlap</a> (1803–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wylie_(college_president)" title="Andrew Wylie (college president)">Andrew Wylie</a> (1812–1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McMillan_(college_president)" title="William McMillan (college president)">William McMillan</a> (1817–1822)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Brown_(college_president)" title="Matthew Brown (college president)">Matthew Brown</a> (1822–1845)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Jefferson Breckinridge</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Blaine_Brown" title="Alexander Blaine Brown">Alexander Blaine Brown</a> (1847–1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Alden" title="Joseph Alden">Joseph Alden</a> (1857–1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hunter_Riddle" title="David Hunter Riddle">David Hunter Riddle</a> (1862–Union of the Colleges)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#000000;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #A4343A, inset -2px -2px 0 #A4343A;"><div id="Washington_College1168" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Washington_%26_Jefferson_College#Presidents_of_Washington_College" title="List of presidents of Washington & Jefferson College"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Washington College</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Brown_(college_president)" title="Matthew Brown (college president)">Matthew Brown</a> (1806–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wylie_(college_president)" title="Andrew Wylie (college president)">Andrew Wylie</a> (1817–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Elliott_(college_president)" title="David Elliott (college president)">David Elliott</a> (1830–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McConaughy_(college_president)" title="David McConaughy (college president)">David McConaughy</a> (1831–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_(college_president)" title="James Clark (college president)">James Clark</a> (1850–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I._Brownson" title="James I. Brownson">James I. Brownson</a> (Pro Tem. 1852–1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Scott_(college_president)" class="mw-redirect" title="John W. Scott (college president)">John W. Scott</a> (1852–Union of the Colleges)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#000000;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #A4343A, inset -2px -2px 0 #A4343A;"><div id="Washington_&amp;_Jefferson_College1168" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Washington_%26_Jefferson_College#Presidents_of_Washington_&_Jefferson_College" title="List of presidents of Washington & Jefferson College"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Washington & Jefferson College</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(Washington_%26_Jefferson_College)" title="Jonathan Edwards (Washington & Jefferson College)">Jonathan Edwards</a> (1866–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Wilson" title="Samuel J. Wilson">Samuel J. Wilson</a> (Pro Tem. 1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I._Brownson" title="James I. Brownson">James I. Brownson</a> (Pro Tem. 1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Hays_(college_president)" title="George P. Hays (college president)">George P. Hays</a> (1870–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Moffat" title="James D. Moffat">James D. Moffat</a> (1881–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Hinitt" title="Frederick W. Hinitt">Frederick W. Hinitt</a> (1915–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Slemmons" title="William E. Slemmons">William E. Slemmons</a> (Pro Tem. 1918–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Charles_Black" title="Samuel Charles Black">Samuel Charles Black</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Strousse_Baker" title="Simon Strousse Baker">Simon Strousse Baker</a> (1922–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Cooper_Hutchinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph Cooper Hutchinson">Ralph Cooper Hutchinson</a> (1931–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Herbert_Case,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Herbert Case, Jr.">James Herbert Case, Jr.</a> (1946–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd_Crumrine_Patterson" title="Boyd Crumrine Patterson">Boyd Crumrine Patterson</a> (1950–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_J._Burnett" title="Howard J. Burnett">Howard Jerome Burnett</a> (1971–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_C._Mitchell" title="Brian C. Mitchell">Brian C. Mitchell</a> (1998–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:G._Andrew_Rembert.jpg" title="File:G. Andrew Rembert.jpg">G. Andrew Rembert</a> (Pro Tem. 2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tori_Haring-Smith" title="Tori Haring-Smith">Tori Haring-Smith</a> (2005–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Knapp" title="John C. Knapp">John C. Knapp</a> (2017-<i>present</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Moderators_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America300" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PCUSA_General_Assembly_moderators" title="Template:PCUSA General Assembly moderators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PCUSA_General_Assembly_moderators" title="Template talk:PCUSA General Assembly moderators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PCUSA_General_Assembly_moderators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PCUSA General Assembly moderators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Moderators_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America300" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_moderators_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" title="List of moderators of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America">Moderators of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:;width:1%">Pre-schism (1789–1837)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">Witherspoon</a> (1789)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rodgers_(pastor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Rodgers (pastor) (page does not exist)">Rodgers</a> (1789)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Smith_(pastor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Smith (pastor) (page does not exist)">R. Smith</a> (1790)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Woodhull&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Woodhull (page does not exist)">Woodhull</a> (1791)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_King_(pastor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John King (pastor) (page does not exist)">King</a> (1792)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Latta_(pastor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Latta (pastor) (page does not exist)">Latta</a> (1793)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_MacWhorter" title="Alexander MacWhorter">MacWhorter</a> (1794)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_McKnight_(pastor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John McKnight (pastor) (page does not exist)">McKnight</a> (1795)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Davidson_(educator)" title="Robert Davidson (educator)">Davidson</a> (1796)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Mackay_Tennent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Mackay Tennent (page does not exist)">Tennent</a> (1797)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_Smith" title="John Blair Smith">J. B. Smith</a> (1798)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Stanhope_Smith" title="Samuel Stanhope Smith">S. Smith</a> (1799)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Clark_(pastor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Clark (pastor) (page does not exist)">Clark</a> (1800)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_Irwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nathaniel Irwin (page does not exist)">Irwin</a> (1801)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azel_Roe" title="Azel Roe">Roe</a> (1802)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(minister)" title="James Hall (minister)">Hall</a> (1803)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Armstrong" title="James Francis Armstrong">Armstrong</a> (1804)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Richards_(pastor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Richards (pastor) (page does not exist)">Richards</a> (1805)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Miller_(theologian)" title="Samuel Miller (theologian)">Miller</a> (1806)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Alexander" title="Archibald Alexander">A. Alexander</a> (1807)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Milledoler" title="Philip Milledoler">Milledoler</a> (1808)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Drury_Lacy" title="Drury Lacy">Lacy</a> (1809)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brodhead_Romeyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Brodhead Romeyn (page does not exist)">Romeyn</a> (1810)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eliphalet_Nott" title="Eliphalet Nott">Nott</a> (1811)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Flinn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Flinn (page does not exist)">Flinn</a> (1812)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford_(university_president)" title="Samuel Blatchford (university president)">Blatchford</a> (1813)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Inglis_(pastor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Inglis (pastor) (page does not exist)">Inglis</a> (1814)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Neill_(pastor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Neill (pastor) (page does not exist)">Neill</a> (1815)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Blythe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Blythe (page does not exist)">Blythe</a> (1816)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Coe_(pastor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonas Coe (pastor) (page does not exist)">Coe</a> (1817)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Jones_Janeway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob Jones Janeway (page does not exist)">Janeway</a> (1818)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Holt_Rice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Holt Rice (page does not exist)">J. Rice</a> (1819)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_McDowell_(pastor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John McDowell (pastor) (page does not exist)">J. McDowell</a> (1820)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Hill_(pastor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Hill (pastor) (page does not exist)">Hill</a> (1821)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obadiah_Jennings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obadiah Jennings (page does not exist)">Jennings</a> (1822)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Chester_(university_president)" title="John Chester (university president)">Chester</a> (1823)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ashbel_Green" title="Ashbel Green">A. Green</a> (1824)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_N._Rowan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen N. Rowan (page does not exist)">Rowan</a> (1825)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_McAuley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas McAuley (page does not exist)">McAuley</a> (1826)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Herron_(pastor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Herron (pastor) (page does not exist)">Herron</a> (1827)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Stiles_Ely" title="Ezra Stiles Ely">Ely</a> (1828)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Holt_Rice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Holt Rice (page does not exist)">B. Rice</a> (1829)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezra_Fisk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ezra Fisk (page does not exist)">Fisk</a> (1830)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathan_S._S._Berman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nathan S. S. Berman (page does not exist)">Berman</a> (1831)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hoge_(pastor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Hoge (pastor) (page does not exist)">Hoge</a> (1832)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Anderson_McDowell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Anderson McDowell (page does not exist)">W. McDowell</a> (1833)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Lindsley" title="Philip Lindsley">Lindsley</a> (1834)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Wirt_Phillips&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Wirt Phillips (page does not exist)">Phillips</a> (1835)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Witherspoon_(pastor,_born_1791)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Witherspoon (pastor, born 1791) (page does not exist)">Witherspoon</a> (1836)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Elliott_(college_president)" title="David Elliott (college president)">Elliott</a> (1837)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0.8em 0.9em 3em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America_no_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America_no_background.png/160px-Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America_no_background.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America_no_background.png/240px-Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America_no_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America_no_background.png/320px-Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America_no_background.png 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="648" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:;width:1%">Old School (1838–1869)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Swan_Plumer" title="William Swan Plumer">Plumer</a> (1838)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joshua_Lacy_Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joshua Lacy Wilson (page does not exist)">J. Wilson</a> (1839)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Morrison_Engles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Morrison Engles (page does not exist)">Engles</a> (1840)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">R. Breckinridge</a> (1841)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Todd_Edgar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Todd Edgar (page does not exist)">Edgar</a> (1842)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Spring" title="Gardiner Spring">Spring</a> (1843)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Junkin" title="George Junkin">Junkin</a> (1844)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Krebs" title="John Michael Krebs">Krebs</a> (1845)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hodge" title="Charles Hodge">Hodge</a> (1846)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Henley_Thornwell" title="James Henley Thornwell">Thornwell</a> (1847)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_T._McGill_(pastor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander T. McGill (pastor) (page does not exist)">McGill</a> (1848)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_(Presbyterian)" title="Nicholas Murray (Presbyterian)">Murray</a> (1849)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aaron_W._Leland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aaron W. Leland (page does not exist)">Leland</a> (1850)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_P._Humphrey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward P. Humphrey (page does not exist)">E. Humphrey</a> (1851)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Chase_Lord" title="John Chase Lord">Lord</a> (1852)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Young_(pastor)" title="John C. Young (pastor)">J. Young</a> (1853)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Augustus_Boardman" title="Henry Augustus Boardman">Boardman</a> (1854)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathan_Lewis_Rice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nathan Lewis Rice (page does not exist)">N. Rice</a> (1855)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_McFarland_(Presbyterian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis McFarland (Presbyterian) (page does not exist)">McFarland</a> (1856)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cortlandt_Van_Rensselaer" title="Cortlandt Van Rensselaer">Van Rensselaer</a> (1857)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Anderson_Scott" title="William Anderson Scott">Scott</a> (1858)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Breckinridge" title="William L. Breckinridge">W. Breckinridge</a> (1859)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Yeomans" title="John William Yeomans">Yeomans</a> (1860)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Chester_Backus" title="John Chester Backus">J. C. Backus</a> (1861)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clinton_Beatty" title="Charles Clinton Beatty">Beatty</a> (1862)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hunter_Morrison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hunter Morrison (page does not exist)">Morrison</a> (1863)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Wood_(pastor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Wood (pastor) (page does not exist)">Wood</a> (1864)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Cameron_Lowrie" title="John Cameron Lowrie">Lowrie</a> (1865)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Stanton" title="Robert L. Stanton">Stanton</a> (1866)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phineas_Densmore_Gurley" title="Phineas Densmore Gurley">Gurley</a> (1867)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_W._Musgrave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George W. Musgrave (page does not exist)">Musgrave</a> (1868)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Melancthon_Williams_Jacobus_Sr." title="Melancthon Williams Jacobus Sr.">Jacobus</a> (1869)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:;width:1%">New School (1838–1869)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fisher_(clergyman)" title="Samuel Fisher (clergyman)">S. Fisher</a> (1838)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baxter_Dickinson" title="Baxter Dickinson">Dickinson</a> (1839)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Wisner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Wisner (page does not exist)">W. Wisner</a> (1840)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ansel_Doan_Eddy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ansel Doan Eddy (page does not exist)">Eddy</a> (1843)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hanson_Cox" title="Samuel Hanson Cox">Cox</a> (1846)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hanson_Cox" title="Samuel Hanson Cox">Cox</a> (1847)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Courtlandt_Hay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Courtlandt Hay (page does not exist)">Hay</a> (1849)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Hunter_Riddle" title="David Hunter Riddle">Riddle</a> (1850)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Barnes_(theologian)" title="Albert Barnes (theologian)">Barnes</a> (1851)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Adams_(minister)" title="William Adams (minister)">Adams</a> (1852)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diarca_Howe_Allen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diarca Howe Allen (page does not exist)">Allen</a> (1853)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_H._Skinner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas H. Skinner (page does not exist)">Skinner</a> (1854)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Carpenter_Wisner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Carpenter Wisner (page does not exist)">W. C. Wisner</a> (1855)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Laurens_Perseus_Hickok" title="Laurens Perseus Hickok">Hickok</a> (1856)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_W._Fisher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel W. Fisher (page does not exist)">S. W. Fisher</a> (1857)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_L._P._Thompson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthew L. P. Thompson (page does not exist)">M. Thompson</a> (1858)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Wilson_Patterson_Sr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Wilson Patterson Sr. (page does not exist)">Patterson</a> (1859)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thornton_Anthony_Mills&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thornton Anthony Mills (page does not exist)">Mills</a> (1860)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Bailey_Condit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonathan Bailey Condit (page does not exist)">Condit</a> (1861)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Duffield_(minister,_born_1794)" title="George Duffield (minister, born 1794)">Duffield</a> (1862)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_B._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry B. Smith (page does not exist)">H. B. Smith</a> (1863)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brainerd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Brainerd (page does not exist)">Brainerd</a> (1864)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Boylan_Shaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Boylan Shaw (page does not exist)">Shaw</a> (1865)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Hopkins_(pastor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Hopkins (pastor) (page does not exist)">Hopkins</a> (1866)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addison_Nelson" title="Henry Addison Nelson">Nelson</a> (1867)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_French_Stearns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonathan French Stearns (page does not exist)">Stearns</a> (1868)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philemon_Halsted_Fowler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philemon Halsted Fowler (page does not exist)">Fowler</a> (1869)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:;width:1%">After reuniting (1869–1958)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Trumbull_Backus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Trumbull Backus (page does not exist)">J. T. Backus</a> (1870)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zephaniah_Moore_Humphrey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zephaniah Moore Humphrey (page does not exist)">Z. Humphrey</a> (1871)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_J._Niccolls&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel J. Niccolls (page does not exist)">Niccolls</a> (1872)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Crosby_(minister)" title="Howard Crosby (minister)">Crosby</a> (1873)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Wilson" title="Samuel J. Wilson">S. Wilson</a> (1874)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_D._Morris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward D. Morris (page does not exist)">Morris</a> (1875)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_van_Dyke_Sr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry van Dyke Sr. (page does not exist)">van Dyke Sr.</a> (1876)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Eells_(minister)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Eells (minister) (page does not exist)">Eells</a> (1877)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Landey_Patton" title="Francis Landey Patton">Patton</a> (1878)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Harris_Jessup" title="Henry Harris Jessup">Jessup</a> (1879)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_M._Paxton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William M. Paxton (page does not exist)">Paxton</a> (1880)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Darling_(minister)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Darling (minister) (page does not exist)">Darling</a> (1881)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herrick_Johnson" title="Herrick Johnson">Johnson</a> (1882)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Francis_Hatfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin Francis Hatfield (page does not exist)">Hatfield</a> (1883)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_P._Hays_(college_president)" title="George P. Hays (college president)">G. Hays</a> (1884)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elijah_R._Craven&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elijah R. Craven (page does not exist)">Craven</a> (1885)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_C._Marquis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David C. Marquis (page does not exist)">D. Marquis</a> (1886)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_T._Smith_(minister)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph T. Smith (minister) (page does not exist)">J. T. Smith</a> (1887)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_L._Thompson_(minister)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles L. Thompson (minister) (page does not exist)">C. Thompson</a> (1888)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_C._Roberts_(pastor)" title="William C. Roberts (pastor)">W. C. Roberts</a> (1889)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Eves_Moore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Eves Moore (page does not exist)">Moore</a> (1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._Henry_Green&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W. Henry Green (page does not exist)">W. H. Green</a> (1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_C._Young" title="William C. Young">W. C. Young</a> (1892)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willis_Greer_Craig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willis Greer Craig (page does not exist)">Craig</a> (1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=S._A._Mutchmore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. A. Mutchmore (page does not exist)">Mutchmore</a> (1894)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Russell_Booth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Russell Booth (page does not exist)">Booth</a> (1895)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_L._Withrow" title="John L. Withrow">Withrow</a> (1896)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Jackson" title="Sheldon Jackson">Jackson</a> (1897)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallace_Radcliffe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wallace Radcliffe (page does not exist)">Radcliffe</a> (1898)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_F._Sample&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert F. Sample (page does not exist)">Sample</a> (1899)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_A._Dickey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles A. Dickey (page does not exist)">Dickey</a> (1900)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Collin_Minton" title="Henry Collin Minton">Minton</a> (1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_van_Dyke_Jr." title="Henry van Dyke Jr.">van Dyke Jr.</a> (1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_F._Coyle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert F. Coyle (page does not exist)">Coyle</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Addison_Henry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Addison Henry (page does not exist)">Henry</a> (1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_D._Moffat" title="James D. Moffat">Moffat</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Corbett" title="Hunter Corbett">Corbett</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Roberts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William H. Roberts (page does not exist)">W. H. Roberts</a> (1907)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baxter_P._Fullerton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baxter P. Fullerton (page does not exist)">Fullerton</a> (1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_M._Barkley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James M. Barkley (page does not exist)">Barkley</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Little_(minister)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Little (minister) (page does not exist)">Little</a> (1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_F._Carson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John F. Carson (page does not exist)">Carson</a> (1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mark_A._Matthews" title="Mark A. Matthews">Matthews</a> (1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Timothy_Stone" title="John Timothy Stone">Stone</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maitland_Alexander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maitland Alexander (page does not exist)">M. Alexander</a> (1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Ross_Stevenson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Ross Stevenson (page does not exist)">Stevenson</a> (1915)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Abner_Marquis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Abner Marquis (page does not exist)">J. Marquis</a> (1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Wilbur_Chapman" title="John Wilbur Chapman">Chapman</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Frank_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Frank Smith (page does not exist)">J. F. Smith</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Willis_Baer" title="John Willis Baer">Baer</a> (1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_S._Palmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel S. Palmer (page does not exist)">Palmer</a> (1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_C._Swearingen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry C. Swearingen (page does not exist)">Swearingen</a> (1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calvin_C._Hays&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calvin C. Hays (page does not exist)">C. Hays</a> (1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Wishart" title="Charles F. Wishart">Wishart</a> (1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clarence_E._Macartney" title="Clarence E. Macartney">Macartney</a> (1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Erdman_Sr." title="Charles R. Erdman Sr.">Erdman</a> (1925)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Oxley_Thompson" title="William Oxley Thompson">W. Thompson</a> (1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Elliott_Speer" title="Robert Elliott Speer">Speer</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Kelso_Walker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh Kelso Walker (page does not exist)">Walker</a> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cleland_Boyd_McAfee" title="Cleland Boyd McAfee">McAfee</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Thomson_Kerr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh Thomson Kerr (page does not exist)">H. Kerr</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Seymour_Mudge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewis Seymour Mudge (page does not exist)">Mudge</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Kerr" title="Charles William Kerr">C. Kerr</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_McDowell_(minister)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John McDowell (minister) (page does not exist)">J. McDowell</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Chalmers_Covert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Chalmers Covert (page does not exist)">Covert</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Anderson_Vance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Anderson Vance (page does not exist)">Vance</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Buck_Master&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Buck Master (page does not exist)">Master</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Hiram_Foulkes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Hiram Foulkes (page does not exist)">Foulkes</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Whitefield_Welch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Whitefield Welch (page does not exist)">Welch</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Higginbottom" title="Sam Higginbottom">Higginbottom</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lindsay_Young&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Lindsay Young (page does not exist)">W. L. Young</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Booth_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Booth Smith (page does not exist)">H. B. Smith</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Nye_Hutchison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stuart Nye Hutchison (page does not exist)">Hutchison</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sloane_Coffin" title="Henry Sloane Coffin">Coffin</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_Ewing_Vale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roy Ewing Vale (page does not exist)">Vale</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Blakeman_Lampe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Blakeman Lampe (page does not exist)">Lampe</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_W._Evans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick W. Evans (page does not exist)">F. Evans</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilbur_LaRoe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilbur LaRoe (page does not exist)">LaRoe</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Hays_Baird&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jesse Hays Baird (page does not exist)">Baird</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_E._Barbour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifford E. Barbour (page does not exist)">Barbour</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Ivans_Evans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh Ivans Evans (page does not exist)">H. Evans</a> (1950)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=H._Ray_Anderson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H. Ray Anderson (page does not exist)">Anderson</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Nelson_Morse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Nelson Morse (page does not exist)">Morse</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Mackay" title="John A. Mackay">Mackey</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Waldo_Lloyd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph Waldo Lloyd (page does not exist)">Lloyd</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_S._Wright_(minister)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul S. Wright (minister) (page does not exist)">Wright</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_W._Proffitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David W. Proffitt (page does not exist)">Proffitt</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_R._Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harold R. Martin (page does not exist)">Martin</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_R._Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harold R. Martin (page does not exist)">Martin</a> (1958)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7346075#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1230" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7346075#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7346075#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/134017471">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr90000531">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p131075284">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810587948705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007368794305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6s188z6">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Jefferson_Breckinridge&oldid=1262372843">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Jefferson_Breckinridge&oldid=1262372843</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1800_births" title="Category:1800 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