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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning mw-revision"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content"><div id="mw-revision-info"><b>This is an <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">old revision</a> of this page, as edited by <span id="mw-revision-name"><a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/99.132.183.193" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:Contributions/99.132.183.193" data-mw-revid="366480158"><bdi>99.132.183.193</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:99.132.183.193&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:99.132.183.193 (page does not exist)">talk</a>)</span></span> at <span id="mw-revision-date">02:33, 7 June 2010</span><span id="mw-revision-summary"></span>. The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this revision, which may differ significantly from the <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_St._Louis_massacre">current revision</a></span>.</b><span id="revision-info-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 02:33, 7 June 2010 by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/99.132.183.193" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:Contributions/99.132.183.193" data-mw-revid="366480158"><bdi>99.132.183.193</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:99.132.183.193&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:99.132.183.193 (page does not exist)">talk</a>)</span></span></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=East_St._Louis_massacre&diff=prev&oldid=366480158" title="East St. Louis massacre">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=East_St._Louis_massacre&direction=prev&oldid=366480158" title="East St. Louis massacre">← Previous revision</a> | <a href="/wiki/East_St._Louis_massacre" title="East St. Louis massacre">Latest revision</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=East_St._Louis_massacre&diff=cur&oldid=366480158" title="East St. Louis massacre">diff</a>) | <a href="/w/index.php?title=East_St._Louis_massacre&direction=next&oldid=366480158" title="East St. Louis massacre">Newer revision →</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=East_St._Louis_massacre&diff=next&oldid=366480158" title="East St. Louis massacre">diff</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>The <b>East St. Louis Riot</b> (May and July 1917) was an outbreak of labor and <a href="/wiki/Race_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Race riot">racially motivated violence</a> that caused an estimated 100 deaths and extensive property damage in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> industrial city of <a href="/wiki/East_St._Louis,_Illinois" title="East St. Louis, Illinois">East St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, located on the east bank of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> across from St. Louis, Missouri. It was the worst incidence of labor-related violence in 20th century American history,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of the worst race riots in U.S. history. It gained national attention.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Commerce">Chamber of Commerce</a> called for the resignation of the Police Chief. At the end of the month, ten thousand people marched in silent protest in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> over the riots, which contributed to the radicalization of many. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <p>In 1917 the United States had a active economy boosted by <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. With many would-be workers absent for active service in the war, industries were in need of labor. Seeking better work and living opportunities, as well as an escape from <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> conditions, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> out of <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">the South</a> toward industrial centers across the northern and midwestern United States was well underway. For example, blacks were arriving in St. Louis during Spring 1917 at the rate of 2,000 per week.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcus_Garvey_Speech,_8_Jul_1917_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcus_Garvey_Speech,_8_Jul_1917-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. When industries became embroiled in labor strikes, traditionally white unions sought to strengthen their bargaining position by hindering or excluding black workers, while industry owners utilizing blacks as replacements or strikebreakers added to the deep existing societal divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a> while in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> on lecture tour became aware that Louisiana farmers and the Board of Trade, worried about losing their labor force, had requested East St. Louis Mayor Mollman's assistance during his New Orleans visit that same week to help discourage black migration. </p><p>With many African Americans finding work at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminum_Ore_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminum Ore Company (page does not exist)">Aluminum Ore Company</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Steel_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Steel Company (page does not exist)">American Steel Company</a> in East St. Louis, some whites feared job and wage security due to this new competition; they further resented newcomers arriving from a rural and very different culture. Tensions between the groups escalated, including rumors of black men and white women fraternizing at a labor meeting on May 28.<sup id="cite_ref-Rudwick_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudwick-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Riot_and_aftermath">Riot and aftermath</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:Error mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=East-st-louis-massacre-cartoon.jpg" class="new" title="File:East-st-louis-massacre-cartoon.jpg"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="208">File:East-st-louis-massacre-cartoon.jpg</span></a><figcaption>Political cartoon about the East St. Louis massacres of 1917. The caption reads, "Mr. President, why not make America safe for democracy?"</figcaption></figure> <p>In May, three thousand white men gathered in downtown East St. Louis and attacks on blacks were occurring. With mobs destroying buildings and beating people, the Illinois governor called in <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Guard">National Guard</a> to prevent further rioting. Although rumors circulated about organized retribution attacks from African Americans,<sup id="cite_ref-Rudwick_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudwick-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, conditions eased somewhat for a few weeks. </p><p>On July 1, a car occupied by white males had driven through a black area of the city and fired several shots into a standing group. An hour later police detectives were driving through the same area and black residents, assuming they were the original suspects, opened fire on their car, killing both detectives.<sup id="cite_ref-Rudwick_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudwick-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. On July 2, thousands of white spectators who assembled to view the detectives bloodstained automobile marched into the black section of town and started rioting. After cutting the hoses of the fire department, the rioters burned entire sections of the city and shot inhabitants as they escaped the flames.<sup id="cite_ref-Rudwick_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudwick-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claiming that "Southern niggers deserve[d] a genuine lynching,"<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they <a href="/wiki/Lynch" class="mw-disambig" title="Lynch">lynched</a> several blacks. Guardsmen were called in but accounts exist that they joined in the rioting rather than stopping it.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Patrick_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patrick-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More joined in, including allegedly "ten or fifteen young girls about 18 years old, [who] chased a negro woman at the Relay Depot at about 5 o'clock. The girls were brandishing clubs and calling upon the men to kill the woman."<sup id="cite_ref-Rudwick_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudwick-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The police chief estimated that 100 blacks had been killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcus_Garvey_Speech,_8_Jul_1917_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcus_Garvey_Speech,_8_Jul_1917-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The renowned journalist <a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a> reported in <i>The Chicago Defender</i> that 40-150 black people were killed during July in the rioting in East St. Louis.<sup id="cite_ref-Patrick_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patrick-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six thousand blacks were left homeless after their neighborhood was burned. The ferocious brutality of the attacks and the failure of the authorities to protect innocent lives contributed to the radicalization of many blacks in St. Louis and the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 6 representatives of the Chamber of Commerce met with the mayor to demand the resignation of the Police Chief and Night Police Chief, or radical reform. They were outraged about the rioting and accused the mayor of having allowed a "reign of lawlessness." In addition to the riot's taking the lives of too many innocent people, mobs had caused extensive property damage. The Southern Railway Company's warehouse was burned, with over 100 car loads of merchandise, at a loss to the company of over $500,000; a white theatre valued at over $100,000 was also destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> on July 28, ten thousand black people marched down Fifth Avenue in silent protest about the East St. Louis riots. They carried signs that highlighted protests about the riots. The march was organized by the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a> (NAACP) and groups in <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a>. Women and children were dressed in white; the men were dressed in black.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitch, <i>Solidarity for Sale,</i> 2006, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McLaughlin, "Reconsidering the East St Louis Race Riot of 1917," <i>International Review of Social History,</i> August 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marcus_Garvey_Speech,_8_Jul_1917-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marcus_Garvey_Speech,_8_Jul_1917_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcus_Garvey_Speech,_8_Jul_1917_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/garvey/filmmore/ps_riots.html">Marcus Garvey Speech, 8 Jul 1917</a>, Excerpts from Robert A. Hill, ed. <i>The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers', Volume I, 1826 - August 1919. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1983, accessed 1 Feb 2009, PBS, </i>American Experience<i></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=iSAjTDHiC4MC&printsec=copyright&dq=The+Horror+of+the+East+St.+Louis+Massacre.#PPP6,M1">Winston James, <i>Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia</i></a>, New York: Verso, 1998, p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudwick-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rudwick_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rudwick_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rudwick_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rudwick_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rudwick_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudwick, <i>Race Riot at East St. Louis,</i> 1964.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard, "E. St. Louis Riot", <i>St. Louis Post-Dispatch</i>, January 13, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.odmp.org/officer/3416-detective-sergeant-samuel-coppedge">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heaps, "Target of Prejudice: The Negro", in <i>Riots, USA 1765-1970</i>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibson, <i>The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States, 1880-1950</i>, 1979.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patrick-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patrick_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patrick_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick, "The Horror of the East St. Louis Massacre", <i>Exodus</i>, February 22, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Race Rioters Fire East St. Louis and Shoot or Hang Many Negroes", <i>New York Times</i>, July 3, 1917.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wells, <i>Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells</i>, rev. ed., 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=iSAjTDHiC4MC&printsec=copyright&dq=The+Horror+of+the+East+St.+Louis+Massacre.#PPP6,M1">Winston James, <i>Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia</i></a>, New York: Verso, 1998, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/garvey/filmmore/ps_riots.html">Marcus Garvey Speech, 8 Jul 1917</a>, Excerpts from Robert A. Hill, ed. <i>The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers'], Volume I, 1826 - August 1919. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1983, accessed 1 Feb 2009, PBS, </i>American Experience<i></i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <ul><li>Barnes, Harper. <i>Never Been a Time: The 1917 Race Riot That Sparked the Civil Rights Movement</i>, New York: Walker & Company, June 24, 2008. ISBN 0802715753.</li> <li>Fitch, Robert. <i>Solidarity for Sale.</i> Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books Group, 2006. ISBN 189162072X</li> <li>Gibson, Robert A. <i>The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States, 1880-1950.</i> New Haven: Yale University, 1979.</li> <li>Heaps, Willard A. "Target of Prejudice: The Negro", In <i>Riots, USA 1765-1970.</i> New York: The Seabury Press, 1970.</li> <li>Leonard, Mary Delach. "E. St. Louis Riot." <i>St. Louis Post-Dispatch.</i> January 13, 2004.</li> <li>McLaughlin, Malcolm. "Reconsidering the East St Louis Race Riot of 1917", <i>International Review of Social History.</i> 47:2 (August 2002).</li> <li>"Race Rioters Fire East St. Louis and Shoot or Hang Many Negroes". <i>New York Times.</i> July 3, 1917.</li> <li>Patrick, James. "The Horror of the East St. Louis Massacre." <i>Exodus.</i> February 22, 2000.</li> <li>Rudwick, Elliott M. <i>Race Riot at East St. Louis.</i> Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press, 1964.</li> <li>Wells, Ida B. <i>Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells.</i> Rev. ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991. ISBN 0226893448</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/garvey/filmmore/ps_riots.html">"Primary Sources: The Conspiracy Of The East St. Louis Riots." <i>The American Experience.</i> PBS.com.</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_St._Louis_massacre&oldid=366480158">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_St._Louis_massacre&oldid=366480158</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1917_riots" title="Category:1917 riots">1917 riots</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1917_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1917 in the United States">1917 in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Illinois" title="Category:History of Illinois">History of Illinois</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lynching_deaths_in_Illinois" title="Category:Lynching deaths in Illinois">Lynching deaths in Illinois</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Racially_motivated_violence_against_African_Americans" title="Category:Racially motivated violence against African Americans">Racially motivated violence against African Americans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Labor_disputes_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Labor disputes in the United States">Labor disputes in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Race_riots_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Race riots in the United States">Race riots in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crime_in_Illinois" title="Category:Crime in Illinois">Crime in Illinois</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_St._Louis,_Illinois" title="Category:East St. Louis, Illinois">East St. Louis, Illinois</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_missing_files" title="Category:Articles with missing files">Articles with missing files</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 June 2010, at 02:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span class="nowraplinks">This version of the page has been <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">revised</a>. 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