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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Miccosukee_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Miccosukee (disambiguation)">Miccosukee (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Native American tribe in Florida who speak the Mikasuki language</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Miccosukee Tribe of Indians</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Miccosukee_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Florida.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Miccosukee_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Florida.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Miccosukee_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Miccosukee_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Florida.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Miccosukee_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Miccosukee_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Florida.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Miccosukee_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miccosukee_Tribe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Miccosukee_Tribe.svg/250px-Miccosukee_Tribe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Miccosukee_Tribe.svg/375px-Miccosukee_Tribe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Miccosukee_Tribe.svg/500px-Miccosukee_Tribe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">640 enrolled members</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida"><img alt="Florida" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/23px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/35px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/45px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Mikasuki</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">English</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Traditional tribal religion, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Seminole Nation of Oklahoma">Seminole Nation of Oklahoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida" title="Seminole Tribe of Florida">Seminole Tribe of Florida</a>), <a href="/wiki/Creek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek people">Creek</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miccosukee_sisters_with_their_crafts_outside_the_mission_(2987118896).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Miccosukee_sisters_with_their_crafts_outside_the_mission_%282987118896%29.jpg/220px-Miccosukee_sisters_with_their_crafts_outside_the_mission_%282987118896%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Miccosukee_sisters_with_their_crafts_outside_the_mission_%282987118896%29.jpg/330px-Miccosukee_sisters_with_their_crafts_outside_the_mission_%282987118896%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Miccosukee_sisters_with_their_crafts_outside_the_mission_%282987118896%29.jpg/440px-Miccosukee_sisters_with_their_crafts_outside_the_mission_%282987118896%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2423" data-file-height="3940" /></a><figcaption>Miccosukee sisters in Everglades City, sometime between 1933 and 1960</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Miccosukee Tribe of Indians</b> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌmɪkəˈsuki/</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">MIH-kə-SOO-kee</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_J._B._Muskogean_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_J._B._Muskogean-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">federally recognized</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> tribe in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>. Together with the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Seminole Nation of Oklahoma">Seminole Nation of Oklahoma</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida" title="Seminole Tribe of Florida">Seminole Tribe of Florida</a>, it is one of three federally recognized <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a> entities. </p><p>The Miccosukee, along with the Florida Seminole, speak the <a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Mikasuki language</a>, also spelled Miccosukee. The language has been referred to as a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Hitchiti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitchiti language">Hitchiti</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a dialect of Hitchiti, and another term for Hitchiti.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_J._B._Muskogean_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_J._B._Muskogean-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weisman_Nativism_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weisman_Nativism-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mikasuki_Native_Languages_of_the_Southeastern_United_States_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikasuki_Native_Languages_of_the_Southeastern_United_States-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 18th century, the British recorded the name Miccosukee, or Mikasuki, as designating a Hitchiti-speaking group centered on the town of <a href="/wiki/Miccosukee,_Florida" title="Miccosukee, Florida">Miccosukee</a>, a tribal town affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Creek_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek Confederacy">Creek Confederacy</a>. The town spanned sections of present-day Alabama, southern Georgia, and northern Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under pressure from European encroachment into their territory during the 18th century, the Miccosukee underwent a period of increasingly frequent migration to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Miccosukee were displaced during the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a> (1817–1858), a series of three military conflicts between the United States and the Seminole people. During this period, many Seminoles were forced to relocate west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>, forming the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of 200 or fewer Seminoles would stay in Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-Weisman_Nativism_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weisman_Nativism-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Descendants of those who remained in Florida were concentrated in the central and southern parts of the state. In the 1920s and 1930s, many Miccosukee established communities along the <a href="/wiki/Tamiami_Trail" title="Tamiami Trail">Tamiami Trail</a>, a roadway completed in 1928 that ran through the <a href="/wiki/Everglades" title="Everglades">Everglades</a> and connected the cities of <a href="/wiki/Tampa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tampa">Tampa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>. The Trail Indians, as they were called, generally kept more traditional practices. They were less interested in establishing formal relations with the federal government than the Cow Creek Seminoles to the north, who started moving to <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian reservations">reservations</a> around the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1953, the Florida Seminoles were identified for termination of federal status. The Seminole Tribe of Florida organized and gained federal recognition in 1957. Due to political differences, the Miccosukee would form a separate group, gaining federal recognition in 1962. The Traditionals, or Independents, are Indians living in Florida who are unaffiliated with either tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-Weisman_Nativism_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weisman_Nativism-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Traditionals predominantly live in <a href="/wiki/Big_Cypress_National_Preserve" title="Big Cypress National Preserve">Big Cypress Swamp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miccosukee&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Miccosukee" title="Special:EditPage/Miccosukee">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Miccosukee%22">"Miccosukee"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Miccosukee%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Miccosukee%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Miccosukee%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Miccosukee%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Miccosukee%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Twentieth_Century">Pre-Twentieth Century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miccosukee&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-Twentieth Century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, the Miccosukees were a group that moved between present-day <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> and northern Florida, with an extended range for hunting, fishing, and trading expeditions stretching from the Appalachian Mountains to the Florida Keys. By the late 1700s, Miccosukee-speaking villages had been built in the <a href="/wiki/Everglades" title="Everglades">Everglades</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to scholarship published in collaboration with tribal elders, multiple groups of Indians joined together to form the core group that became the Miccosukee Tribe in northern Florida; these groups included elements of the Oconee, <a href="/wiki/Hitchiti" title="Hitchiti">Hitchiti</a>, Eufala, and Appalachicola tribal towns in southern Georgia and northern Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under continuing encroachment from European, and later, American, settlers, many Miccosukee ancestors from different locations found themselves in northern Florida by the early 18th century. </p><p>By the late 1830s, the dominant indigenous language in among Native Americans living in Florida as Miccosukees or Seminoles was Mikasuki or other variants of Hitchiti.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muscogee was the dominant language within the Creek Confederacy, but Hitchiti had traveled with those who settled permanently in Florida and became the primary tongue, despite Muscogee often serving as the lingua franca throughout present-day Florida, Georgia, and Alabama whenever indigenous people interacted with white people.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a time during the 19th century, the Miccosukee were part of the developing Seminole identity in Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-Pritzker390_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritzker390-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This identity formed in the early 19th century in Florida through a process of <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a>. The Miccosukees and the Seminoles, however, not only continued to see themselves as separate entities within Florida but also saw themselves as wholly separate from the Creek Confederacy that continued to negotiate with Europeans and claimed influence over Alabama, Georgia, and northern Florida. In 1765, a group of Native Americans in Florida known as the "Alatchaway" (Alachua), a Muscogee-speaking group led by Cowkeeper (<a href="/wiki/Ahaya" title="Ahaya">Ahaya</a>) that was a precursor of the modern Florida Seminoles, rejected a meeting between the British and the Creeks at Picolata, the site of a Spanish fort about 13 miles west of <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a> in northeastern Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cowkeeper and his band of Indians negotiated their own agreement with the British in a separate meeting. The spring of 1787 marked the first time that a group specifically known as Seminoles attended the Lower Creeks' annual meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1796 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Colerain" title="Treaty of Colerain">Treaty of Colerain</a>, the Creek Confederacy agreed that all Creeks in Georgia and Florida would return runaway slaves to their white American owners, an agreement that the Native Americans in Florida disputed because the Creeks did not speak for those living in Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to 1812, the Creek national council was denying treaty annuities to the Tribes in Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The indigenous people in Florida were completely discrete groups from the Creeks by 1818 at the latest, following <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>'s invasion of Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Miccosukees eventually joined with the Seminoles in defending their Florida homeland against encroaching white settlers during the 1820s. Despite the need for such an informal alliance, the Miccosukees maintained their separate identity within the tribes of Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time in particular, the U.S. government and white settlers in Florida often viewed the Miccosukee Indians and the Seminole Indians as a single entity. About 2,000 Upper Creeks, known as <a href="/wiki/Red_Sticks" title="Red Sticks">Red Sticks</a>, militant Muscogee-speaking Indians, joined the tribes in Florida after being defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a> of 1813-1814. After this influx of people in the early 19th century, documented Indians in Florida numbered about 5,000.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This entry of Muscogee-speaking Indians into Florida had the additional effect of pushing many Hitchiti-speaking (Miccosukee) people farther south.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as 1827, and possibly earlier, Mikasuki-speaking Native Americans had a permanent presence in the Everglades.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although East and West Florida were under Spanish control at this time (1783-1821), U.S. forces under Andrew Jackson invaded Florida in 1817 under a pretext of retaliation for Indian raids against settlers in Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The true reasons for invasion included pursuit of runaway slaves and the realization that Spain was too politically and militarily weak to protect Florida. In addition to the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Negro_Fort" title="Negro Fort">Negro Fort</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Apalachicola_River" title="Apalachicola River">Apalachicola River</a> by American forces in 1816, these events were the initial conflicts in the <a href="/wiki/First_Seminole_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Seminole War">First Seminole War</a>. </p><p>Florida became a <a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">U.S. territory</a> in 1821, and the American government soon increased pressure for <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Removal">removal</a> against all Indians living in Florida. This was the period of numerous treaties between the U.S. and various bands of Indians living in Florida as white settlers increasingly pushed for more available land, and the government in Washington, D.C. sought to support those who wished to take advantage of settling the new territory. Treaties such as <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moultrie_Creek" title="Treaty of Moultrie Creek">Moultrie Creek</a> (1823) and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Payne%27s_Landing" title="Treaty of Payne's Landing">Payne's Landing</a> (1833) were agreements that attempted to aggregate the Native Americans in Florida into isolated tracts of land, first in central Florida, and later in southwestern and southeastern Florida. Despite the appearance of numerous agreements between the tribes of Florida and the U.S. government, these negotiations were never balanced between the parties involved because of the presence of the U.S. military at these negotiations and difficulties in translation and understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There also was never true representation of all of the Native Americans in Florida because the groups of men who represented the Indians during treaty negotiations did not represent all of the bands living in Florida at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a> of 1830, the U.S. relocated several thousand Seminole and hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a>, who lived in close association as allies, west to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> (present-day Oklahoma). The U.S. government still believed that the Florida Seminoles were a part of the Creek Confederacy, and the American agents involved in relocation attempted to place the Florida Indians with land under the Creek administration.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, the Florida Seminoles in Oklahoma gained their own reservation and federal recognition as the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Seminole Nation of Oklahoma">Seminole Nation of Oklahoma</a>. </p><p>Those who remained in Florida fought against U.S. forces during the second and third <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a>. Both of these conflicts resulted in groups of Indians being relocated to Indian Territory. The Second Seminole War began in 1835 after the Indians of Florida retaliated for repeated abuses by white settlers in Florida, including theft, violence, and illegal entry into Indian lands. One of the longest, most expensive, and deadly conflicts between Native Americans and the U.S. military, the Second Seminole War is a nearly forgotten conflict that had an extraordinary impact on southeastern U.S. history, American military tactics, and modern development of the U.S. Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indians of Florida conducted a guerrilla-style war against a numerically superior and technologically advanced enemy. The result of the war was many more indigenous people dead or deported but a U.S. failure at complete removal of Indians from Florida. By 1842, perhaps 300 Native Americans remained in Florida; more than 4,000 were forcibly relocated to Indian Territory between 1835 and 1842.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Miccosukee chief <i><a href="/wiki/Ar-pi-uck-i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar-pi-uck-i">Ar-pi-uck-i</a></i>, also known as Sam Jones (Abiaki, Abiaka), proved an effective leader during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Seminole_War" title="Second Seminole War">Second Seminole War</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his strategy of hiding the tribe on tree islands, or <a href="/wiki/Hammock_(ecology)" title="Hammock (ecology)">hammocks</a>, in the Big Cypress Swamp and the Everglades ensured that the ancestors of present-day Miccosukees and Seminoles remained in Florida. </p><p>The Third Seminole War began in 1855 after a small band of Indians led by <a href="/wiki/Billy_Bowlegs" title="Billy Bowlegs">Billy Bowlegs</a> (Holatta Micco) attacked American encampments in response to repeated harassment and destruction of property by U.S. military forces.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result of this conflict was the removal of Billy Bowlegs's band for Oklahoma, having accepted a monetary settlement. The sole remaining Indians in Florida in 1858 were those sheltering in the swamp and wetlands in the south. </p><p>By 1858, perhaps 200 ancestors of the modern Miccosukee and Seminole Tribes remained in Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They survived by moving into central and southern Florida to take advantage of the topography of Big Cypress and the Everglades, which was largely unknown to the remainder of the U.S. The American Civil War during the 1860s meant that the U.S. let the indigenous people in Florida live their lives as they saw fit as American military attention focused elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twentieth_Century">Twentieth Century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miccosukee&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Twentieth Century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the end of the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Third Seminole War</a> in 1858 until the 1920s, the indigenous people in Florida lived their lives in <a href="/wiki/Big_Cypress_National_Preserve" title="Big Cypress National Preserve">Big Cypress</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Everglades" title="Everglades">Everglades</a>, intentionally isolated from interactions with white Floridians except for the occasional meeting for trade.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groups of Native Americans tended to gather in bigger camps until 1900, and then they began to separate into smaller groups in the face of increased development in Central and South Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The isolation of camps in South Florida began to end in the late 1920s with the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Tamiami_Trail" title="Tamiami Trail">Tamiami Trail</a> (U.S. 41). </p><p>Construction of the Tamiami Trail as the route between Tampa and Miami concluded in 1928. This brought new forms of traffic through Big Cypress and the Everglades. Not long before the completion of the Trail, Florida outlawed hunting for alligator and fur-bearing animals.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With traffic in the region increasing, various drainage and canal projects throughout Florida changing the water levels around the tree islands, and declining opportunities for economic stability, Indians began to relocate to sites along the Trail. Over a dozen camps, or villages, moved closer to the Trail between 1928 and 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From these sites, Miccosukee Indians sought to improve their economic situation by offering airboat tours of the Everglades, indigenous crafts for sale, and other goods and services to tourists traveling across the state. Still viewed by many as Seminole Indians during this time,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Miccosukees who moved to live along the Trail also became known as the Trail Indians. </p><p>The distinction between "Miccosukee" and "Seminole" began to grow as the former believed the latter were more willing to assimilate to the majority culture by moving onto designated <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian reservations">Indian reservations</a> in Florida starting in the 1930s and 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The federal and state governments persisted in treating the Indians of Florida as a unified people, eventually including a third group, known as Independents or Traditionals, who did not affiliate with either the Miccosukee or the Seminole groups. One issue that further divided the tribes in Florida was a small group of Seminoles filing with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Claims_Commission" title="Indian Claims Commission">Indian Claims Commission</a> in 1950 to claim compensation for lands taken by the U.S. government.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the Miccosukees contended that they never reached an official peace with the U.S., and they wanted their land returned rather than financial compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. settlement of the claims with the Miccosukee and Seminole of Florida, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Seminole Nation of Oklahoma">Seminole Nation in Oklahoma</a>, finally concluded in 1976; division of shares among the tribes took until 1990 to settle.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Divisions between the Miccosukees and Seminoles peaked during the 1950s. Under the federal government's program of termination of recognition, it proposed terminating the U.S. recognition of the Florida Seminoles in 1953. The Miccosukee response was the Buckskin Declaration in 1954, which a Miccosukee delegation personally delivered to one of <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">President Eisenhower</a>'s aides. The declaration stated that the Trail Indians wanted nothing from the U.S. government; the Indians only wanted to be able to live their lives on the land as they always had.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the reservation Indians in Florida became known as the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida" title="Seminole Tribe of Florida">Seminole Tribe of Florida</a> after they developed a constitution and corporate charter to organize a government; they achieved federal recognition in 1957. </p><p>The land claims and termination controversies heightened the distinction for the Miccosukee living near the Tamiami Trail. Unable to gain similar federal recognition of their own right to sovereignty, a group of Miccosukees, led by the young councilmember <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Tiger" title="Buffalo Tiger">Buffalo Tiger</a> (<i>Heenehatche</i>), visited <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> in July 1959 during the brand-new <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a> regime's celebration of the <a href="/wiki/26th_of_July_Movement" title="26th of July Movement">26th of July Movement</a> in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This strategy was successful for the Miccosukees, as the U.S. government began negotiations upon the group's return to Florida. The Trail Indians gained federal recognition of their sovereignty in 1962 as the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida. Buffalo Tiger became the first chairman of the Miccosukee Tribe, and he continued to lead as chairman of the Miccosukee Business Council until 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-kersey_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kersey-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Miccosukee Tribe continued to pursue increased tribal sovereignty. On May 4, 1971, the Miccosukee Corporation assumed operational responsibility for all of the programs formerly administered by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. These programs included healthcare, law enforcement, and education, among others. The Miccosukee Tribe was the first Native American tribe in the U.S. to achieve this distinction by taking advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> administration's stated preference in 1970 for <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> among indigenous tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This preference for self-determination was later enshrined as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Self-Determination_and_Education_Assistance_Act_of_1975" title="Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975">Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act</a> of 1975. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twenty-first_Century">Twenty-first Century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miccosukee&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Twenty-first Century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tribe today occupies several <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">reservations</a> in southern Florida, collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Miccosukee_Indian_Reservation" title="Miccosukee Indian Reservation">Miccosukee Indian Reservations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahon_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahon-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most populous area is known as the Miccosukee Reserved Area (MRA) or the Tamiami Trail Reservation, located about 40 miles (64 kilometers) west of Miami.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest land section is an 87,000-acre (352 square kilometers) reservation on the northern border of <a href="/wiki/Everglades_National_Park" title="Everglades National Park">Everglades National Park</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Florida" title="Interstate 75 in Florida">Alligator Alley</a> Reservation, which includes 20,000 acres (81 square kilometers) of developable land, much of which the Miccosukee Tribe uses for a cattle grazing lease, and nearly 55,000 acres (223 square kilometers) of wetlands. The Miccosukee Tribe provides use permits for non-Natives to use some of the wetlands for hunting camps.<sup id="cite_ref-land_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-land-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tribe also controls about 200,000 acres (810 square kilometers) of wetlands, most under a perpetual lease made in 1983 with the <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">State of Florida</a> and located in the <a href="/wiki/South_Florida_Water_Management_District" title="South Florida Water Management District">South Florida Water Management District</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Water_Conservation_Area_3" title="Water Conservation Area 3">Water Conservation Area</a> 3A South.<sup id="cite_ref-ewen_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ewen-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miccosukees may use "this land for the purpose of hunting, fishing, frogging, and <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence agriculture</a> to carry on the traditional Miccosukee way of life."<sup id="cite_ref-land_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-land-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990, the tribe opened Miccosukee Indian Bingo & Gaming to generate revenue for tribal members and facilitate developing new opportunities for tribal members. Following the great success of the bingo hall, the tribe opened the 302-room <a href="/wiki/Miccosukee_Indian_Reservation" title="Miccosukee Indian Reservation">Miccosukee Resort & Gaming Facility</a>, now called the Miccosukee Casino & Resort, in 1999, which includes gaming facilities, entertainment venues, bingo, and numerous restaurants and other amenities. The revenue from this enterprise has supported economic development and improvements to education and welfare. </p><p>Most Miccosukees today reside in the modern housing on the MRA along a single road known as Old Tamiami Trail or an extension to the west known as Loop Road. Some tribal members live farther west along Tamiami Trail in traditional clan camps in Big Cypress, <a href="/wiki/Fakahatchee_Strand_Preserve_State_Park" title="Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park">Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Collier%E2%80%93Seminole_State_Park" title="Collier–Seminole State Park">Collier-Seminole State Park</a>. Some Miccosukees live in suburban Miami.<sup id="cite_ref-Pritzker_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritzker-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Old Tamiami Trail is the center of tribal activities in the 21st century, and it contains all of the essential needs for the tribe, including residences, the school, the police department, the health clinic, recreational amenities, and the tribe's administration building. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membership">Membership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miccosukee&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1962 Constitution of the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida initially emphasized admitting tribal members of at least half-Miccosukee ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tribe has a <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> system of kinship and inheritance. Children are considered to be born into their mother's <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a>, from which they gain their status in the tribe. In this system, the mother's older brother is highly important to her children, more than the biological father, especially for boys. The uncle is the one who introduces the boys to the men's groups of the clan and tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miccosukee&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Miccosukees have a written constitution, and all adult tribal members are part of the General Council, which manages the tribal services. The General Council elects officers to run the Business Council, which is led by a chairman. This system is "a combination of traditional tribal government and modern management."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2023, the current chairman is Talbert Cypress. The rest of the Business Council are Lucas K. Osceola, Kenneth H. Cypress, William J. Osceola, and Petties Osceola, Jr., serving respectively as Assistant Chairman, Treasurer, Secretary, and Lawmaker. Curtis E. Osceola serves the Tribe as the current chief of staff. Government administration is further divided into departments including Land Resources, Water Resources, and Fish & Wildlife. </p><p>The Miccosukee Tribe operates its own police and court system.<sup id="cite_ref-Pritzker_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritzker-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also has a clinic, day care center, senior center, and Community Action Agency. The tribe's educational system spans from a <a href="/wiki/Head_Start_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Head Start Program">Head Start</a> Pre-School Program through senior high school. Adult, vocational, and higher education programs are also available.<sup id="cite_ref-programs_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-programs-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_interests">Business interests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miccosukee&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Business interests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:INDIAN_VILLAGE_-_NARA_-_544507.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/INDIAN_VILLAGE_-_NARA_-_544507.tif/lossy-page1-225px-INDIAN_VILLAGE_-_NARA_-_544507.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/INDIAN_VILLAGE_-_NARA_-_544507.tif/lossy-page1-338px-INDIAN_VILLAGE_-_NARA_-_544507.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/INDIAN_VILLAGE_-_NARA_-_544507.tif/lossy-page1-450px-INDIAN_VILLAGE_-_NARA_-_544507.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2019" /></a><figcaption>Miccosukee Indian Village in 1972</figcaption></figure> <p>The Miccosukee Tribe operates a gift shop, general store, service station, and the Miccosukee Indian Village Museum on the Tamiami Trail Reservation along U.S. 41. In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Miccosukee_Resort_%26_Gaming" title="Miccosukee Resort & Gaming">Miccosukee Resort & Gaming</a> hotel in <a href="/wiki/Miami-Dade_county" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami-Dade county">Miami-Dade county</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> now known as the Miccosukee Casino & Resort, at the northwest corner of U.S. 41 and Krome Avenue, the Miccosukee Tribe also operates the Tobacco Shop on the southwest corner. The tribe owns and operates a gas station and service plaza on the Alligator Alley Reservation located on I-75, with a gas station casino of 8,500 square feet and 150 slot machines scheduled to open in November 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Past Miccosukee business interests have included sports sponsorship, extended to several teams in <a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Racing_(NASCAR_team)" title="Phoenix Racing (NASCAR team)">Phoenix Racing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Billy_Ballew_Motorsports" title="Billy Ballew Motorsports">Billy Ballew Motorsports</a>. These include the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Aaron%27s_499" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaron's 499">Aaron's 499</a> winning <a href="/wiki/Sprint_Cup_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprint Cup Series">Sprint Cup Series</a> car driven by <a href="/wiki/Brad_Keselowski" title="Brad Keselowski">Brad Keselowski</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Camping_World_Truck_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Camping World Truck Series">Camping World</a> truck driven by <a href="/wiki/Kyle_Busch" title="Kyle Busch">Kyle Busch</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Nationwide_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationwide Series">Nationwide</a> car driven by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Bliss" title="Mike Bliss">Mike Bliss</a>. The Miccosukee relationship with NASCAR dates to 2002,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it ended prior to the start of the 2010 season.<sup id="cite_ref-Bleacher-Finch-Almirola-2010_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bleacher-Finch-Almirola-2010-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yahoo-KBM-2010-2011_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yahoo-KBM-2010-2011-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Museum">Museum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miccosukee&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Miccosukee Indian Village Museum opened in 1983. The museum offers to its visitors a variety of artistic expressions such as native paintings, hand crafts, and photographs. Additionally, it is possible to find some artifacts such as cooking utensils that are also on display. The Museum is located in 41 Tamiami Trail, Miami, FL, 33131. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miccosukee&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Miccosukee_Indian_School" title="Miccosukee Indian School">Miccosukee Indian School</a> is the tribal school. The Bureau of Indian Affairs established the school in 1962, and the tribe took over administration operations in 1971. The Miccosukee educational system offers a Head Start Preschool Program and kindergarten through twelfth grade classes as well as vocational and other higher education programs. The school's vision statement reads: "To empower every student to reach their full academic potential while being productive members of a bilingual and bicultural society. We are dedicated to serve, inspire, and encourage our students with the understanding that the culture and traditions of the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians, along with a rigorous curriculum, are strengths upon which they can build personal, social, and academic success in the classroom and beyond."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Miccosukee">Notable Miccosukee</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miccosukee&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable Miccosukee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinhagee" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinhagee">Kinhagee</a>, (c. 1750 – c. 1819), the last chief of the <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee (Creek)">Creek</a> of <a href="/wiki/Miccosukee,_Florida" title="Miccosukee, Florida">Miccosukee, Florida</a>, who was defeated in battle in 1818 by U.S. forces commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>. Later Kinhagee's people migrated south, maintaining their local village name Miccosukee as the name of the tribe.</li> <li>Capechimico, Miccosukee war chief, First Seminole War.</li> <li>Miccopotokee, Miccosukee leader, Second Seminole War.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thlocklo_Tustenuggee" title="Thlocklo Tustenuggee">Thlocklo Tustenuggee</a> (Tiger Tail), (d. 1843) Miccosukee leader, Second Seminole War.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar-pi-uck-i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar-pi-uck-i">Ar-pi-uck-i</a> (Abiaki, Abiaka, Sam Jones) (c. 1760–c. 1860), Miccosukee war chief and medicine man, Second Seminole War.</li> <li>The Prophet (Otulke-thloco), Miccosukee war chief, Second Seminole War.</li> <li>Ingraham Billy, Miccosukee medicine man.</li> <li>William McKinley Osceola, Miccosukee Trail Indian.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Tiger" title="Buffalo Tiger">Buffalo Tiger</a> (<i>Heenehatche</i>), (1920–2015), first chairman of the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida, led initiatives for <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a><sup id="cite_ref-kersey_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kersey-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Miccosukee" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Miccosukee">Miccosukee</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miccosukee&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhɪʧəˌti/</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_J._B._Muskogean_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_J._B._Muskogean-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Martin_J._B._Muskogean-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_J._B._Muskogean_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_J._B._Muskogean_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_J._B._Muskogean_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMartin2017" class="citation cs2">Martin, Jack B. (2017-05-24), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-39">"Muskogean Languages"</a>, <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics</i>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199384655-e-39%3Frskey%3Dbq62pl">10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-39?rskey=bq62pl</a> (inactive 1 November 2024), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938465-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-04</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Muskogean+Languages&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics&rft.date=2017-05-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199384655-e-39%3Frskey%3Dbq62pl&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938465-5&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Jack+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Flinguistics%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199384655-e-39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiccosukee" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1998" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Cecil H. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/466354">"Spanish Loanwords in Languages of the Southeastern United States"</a>. <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>64</b> (2): 148–167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F466354">10.1086/466354</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7071">0020-7071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Spanish+Loanwords+in+Languages+of+the+Southeastern+United+States&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=148-167&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F466354&rft.issn=0020-7071&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Cecil+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F466354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiccosukee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weisman_Nativism-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weisman_Nativism_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weisman_Nativism_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weisman_Nativism_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisman2007" class="citation journal cs1">Weisman, Brent R. (December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03377302">"Nativism, Resistance, and Ethnogenesis of the Florida Seminole Indian Identity"</a>. <i>Historical Archaeology</i>. <b>41</b> (4): 198–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf03377302">10.1007/bf03377302</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0440-9213">0440-9213</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53460080">53460080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Nativism%2C+Resistance%2C+and+Ethnogenesis+of+the+Florida+Seminole+Indian+Identity&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=198-212&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53460080%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0440-9213&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf03377302&rft.aulast=Weisman&rft.aufirst=Brent+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2Fbf03377302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiccosukee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mikasuki_Native_Languages_of_the_Southeastern_United_States-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mikasuki_Native_Languages_of_the_Southeastern_United_States_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy, Heather & Janine Scancarelli. (2005). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nd5o9juMePEC&q=Mikasuki">Native Languages of the Southeastern United States</a>,</i> Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, pp. 69-70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahon, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturtevantCattelino2004" class="citation book cs1">Sturtevant, William C.; Cattelino, Jessica R. (2004). "Florida Seminole and Miccosukee". In Fogelson, Raymond D. (ed.). <i>Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 14: Southeast</i>. 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Gainesville: University Press of Florida. p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unconquered+People%3A+Florida%27s+Seminole+and+Miccosukee+Indians&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Weisman&rft.aufirst=Brent+Richards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiccosukee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahon, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoen.d." class="citation book cs1">Coe, Charles H. (n.d.). <i>Red Patriots: The Story of the Seminoles</i>. n.p.: Leopold Classic Library. pp. 211–212.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Patriots%3A+The+Story+of+the+Seminoles&rft.place=n.p.&rft.pages=211-212&rft.pub=Leopold+Classic+Library&rft.aulast=Coe&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiccosukee" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoss1995" class="citation book cs1">Goss, James A. (1995). <i>Usual and Customary Use and Occupancy by the Miccosukee and Seminole Indians in Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida</i>. Atlanta, GA: National Park Service and Texas Tech University. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Usual+and+Customary+Use+and+Occupancy+by+the+Miccosukee+and+Seminole+Indians+in+Big+Cypress+National+Preserve%2C+Florida&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+GA&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=National+Park+Service+and+Texas+Tech+University&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Goss&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiccosukee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoss1995" class="citation book cs1">Goss, James A. (1995). <i>Usual and Customary Use and Occupancy by the Miccosukee and Seminole Indians in Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida</i>. Atlanta, GA: National Park Service and Texas Tech University. p. 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Usual+and+Customary+Use+and+Occupancy+by+the+Miccosukee+and+Seminole+Indians+in+Big+Cypress+National+Preserve%2C+Florida&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+GA&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=National+Park+Service+and+Texas+Tech+University&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Goss&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiccosukee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisman1999" class="citation book cs1">Weisman, Brent Richards (1999). <i>Unconquered People: Florida's Seminole and Miccosukee Indians</i>. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. pp. 68–69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unconquered+People%3A+Florida%27s+Seminole+and+Miccosukee+Indians&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=University+of+Florida+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Weisman&rft.aufirst=Brent+Richards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiccosukee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTigerKersey,_Jr.2002" class="citation book cs1">Tiger, Buffalo; Kersey, Jr., Harry A. (2002). <i>Buffalo Tiger: A Life in the Everglades</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buffalo+Tiger%3A+A+Life+in+the+Everglades&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Tiger&rft.aufirst=Buffalo&rft.au=Kersey%2C+Jr.%2C+Harry+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiccosukee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKersey,_Jr.1975" class="citation book cs1">Kersey, Jr., Harry A. (1975). <i>Pelts, Plumes, and Hides: White Traders among the Seminole Indians 1870-1930</i>. Gainesville: The University Presses of Florida. p. 93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pelts%2C+Plumes%2C+and+Hides%3A+White+Traders+among+the+Seminole+Indians+1870-1930&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=The+University+Presses+of+Florida&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Kersey%2C+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Harry+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiccosukee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisman1999" class="citation book cs1">Weisman, Brent Richards (1999). <i>Unconquered People: Florida's Seminole and Miccosukee People</i>. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. p. 124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unconquered+People%3A+Florida%27s+Seminole+and+Miccosukee+People&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=University+of+Florida+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Weisman&rft.aufirst=Brent+Richards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiccosukee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTigerKersey,_Jr.2002" class="citation book cs1">Tiger, Buffalo; Kersey, Jr., Harry A. (2002). <i>Buffalo Tiger: A Life in the Everglades</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buffalo+Tiger%3A+A+Life+in+the+Everglades&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Tiger&rft.aufirst=Buffalo&rft.au=Kersey%2C+Jr.%2C+Harry+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiccosukee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTigerKersey,_Jr.2002" class="citation book cs1">Tiger, Buffalo; Kersey, Jr., Harry A. (2002). <i>Buffalo Tiger: A Life in the Everglades</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 79–82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buffalo+Tiger%3A+A+Life+in+the+Everglades&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pages=79-82&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Tiger&rft.aufirst=Buffalo&rft.au=Kersey%2C+Jr.%2C+Harry+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiccosukee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisman1999" class="citation book cs1">Weisman, Brent Richards (1999). <i>Unconquered People: Florida's Seminole and Miccosukee Indians</i>. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. p. 132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unconquered+People%3A+Florida%27s+Seminole+and+Miccosukee+Indians&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=University+of+Florida+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Weisman&rft.aufirst=Brent+Richards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiccosukee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTigerKersey,_Jr.2002" class="citation book cs1">Tiger, Buffalo; Kersey, Jr., Harry A. (2002). <i>Buffalo Tiger: A Life in the Everglades</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 81–82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buffalo+Tiger%3A+A+Life+in+the+Everglades&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pages=81-82&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Tiger&rft.aufirst=Buffalo&rft.au=Kersey%2C+Jr.%2C+Harry+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiccosukee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKersey,_Jr.1993" class="citation journal cs1">Kersey, Jr., Harry A. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4014&context=fhq">"The Florida Seminole Land Claims Case, 1950-1990"</a>. <i>Florida Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>72</b> (1): 35–55 – via STARS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florida+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Florida+Seminole+Land+Claims+Case%2C+1950-1990&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-55&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Kersey%2C+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Harry+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstars.library.ucf.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D4014%26context%3Dfhq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiccosukee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTigerKersey,_Jr.2002" class="citation book cs1">Tiger, Buffalo; Kersey, Jr., Harry A. (2002). <i>Buffalo Tiger: A Life in the Everglades</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 85–86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buffalo+Tiger%3A+A+Life+in+the+Everglades&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pages=85-86&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Tiger&rft.aufirst=Buffalo&rft.au=Kersey%2C+Jr.%2C+Harry+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiccosukee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReno1959" class="citation news cs1">Reno, Bob (July 28, 1959). "Seminoles Win Cuban Approval". <i>The Miami Herald</i>. pp. 1, 2A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=Seminoles+Win+Cuban+Approval&rft.pages=1%2C+2A&rft.date=1959-07-28&rft.aulast=Reno&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiccosukee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kersey-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kersey_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kersey_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130629211226/http://aisc.metapress.com/content/45m12720183924t2/">Harry A. Kersey Jr., "Buffalo Tiger, Bobo Dean, and the "Young Turks": A Miccosukee Prelude to the 1975 Indian Self-Determination Act"</a>, <i>American Indian Culture and Research Journal</i>, Volume 29, Number 1 / 2005, ISSN 0161-6463 (Print)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribalselfgov.org/resources/milestones-tribal-self-governance/">"Tribal Self-Governance Timeline"</a>. <i>Self-Governance Communication and Education Tribal Consortium</i>. October 19, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Self-Governance+Communication+and+Education+Tribal+Consortium&rft.atitle=Tribal+Self-Governance+Timeline&rft.date=2023-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribalselfgov.org%2Fresources%2Fmilestones-tribal-self-governance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiccosukee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahon-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mahon_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahon (1996), pp. 202–204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/resources/hii46735.000/hii46735_0.HTM">"Concerning the Miccosukee Tribe's Ongoing Negotiations with the National Park Service Regarding the Special Use Permit Area"</a>. Resources Committee, US House of Representatives. September 25, 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concerning+the+Miccosukee+Tribe%27s+Ongoing+Negotiations+with+the+National+Park+Service+Regarding+the+Special+Use+Permit+Area&rft.pub=Resources+Committee%2C+US+House+of+Representatives&rft.date=1997-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommdocs.house.gov%2Fcommittees%2Fresources%2Fhii46735.000%2Fhii46735_0.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiccosukee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-land-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-land_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-land_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miccosukee.webpanl.com/tribe">"Tribe: Reservation areas"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130616123431/http://miccosukee.webpanl.com/tribe">Archived</a> 2013-06-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Miccosukee Tribe website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ewen-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ewen_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?">ItemID=WE43&iPin=ENAIT516&SingleRecord=True Ewen, Alexander and Jeffrey Wollock. "Tiger, William Buffalo"</a>, <i>Encyclopedia of the American Indian in the Twentieth Century,</i> New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2014. American Indian History Online. Facts On File, Inc. (accessed August 14, 2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pritzker-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pritzker_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pritzker_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritzker2000" class="citation book cs1">Pritzker, Barry (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanen0000prit"><i>A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513877-5"><bdi>0-19-513877-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Native+American+Encyclopedia%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Peoples&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-513877-5&rft.aulast=Pritzker&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnativeamericanen0000prit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiccosukee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://miccosukee.com/miccosukee-tribe-history/">"Programs and Business"</a>. <i>Miccosukee Casino & Resort</i>. October 13, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miccosukee+Casino+%26+Resort&rft.atitle=Programs+and+Business&rft.date=2023-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmiccosukee.com%2Fmiccosukee-tribe-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiccosukee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miccosukeetribe.com">Miccosukee Tribe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080507211625/http://www.miccosukeetribe.com/">Archived</a> 2008-05-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Official Website, accessed 29 Apr 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://miccosukee.com/miccosukee-tribe-history/">"Tribal Leaders"</a>. <i>Miccosukee Casino & Resort</i>. October 13, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miccosukee+Casino+%26+Resort&rft.atitle=Tribal+Leaders&rft.date=2023-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmiccosukee.com%2Fmiccosukee-tribe-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiccosukee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-programs-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-programs_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miccosukee.webpanl.com/tribe">"Tribal Programs and Business"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130616123431/http://miccosukee.webpanl.com/tribe">Archived</a> 2013-06-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Miccosukee Tribe website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miccosukee-gaming.hotel-rn.com/?lbl=msn">Miccosukee Resort & Gaming Hotel</a>, official website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2023" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, Howard (August 17, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.miamiherald.com/news/state/florida/article278336904.html">"What to know about the casino gambling inside a Florida highway gas station"</a>. <i>Miami Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=What+to+know+about+the+casino+gambling+inside+a+Florida+highway+gas+station&rft.date=2023-08-17&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2Fnews%2Fstate%2Fflorida%2Farticle278336904.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiccosukee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nascar.com/2002/news/headlines/wc/03/04/gbodine_sched/index.html">Dave Rodman, "Bodine gets boosts in sponsorship, schedule"</a>, Turner Sports Interactive, NASCAR, 6 Mar 2002, accessed 29 Apr 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bleacher-Finch-Almirola-2010-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bleacher-Finch-Almirola-2010_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFan2010" class="citation web cs1">Fan, Horn (April 14, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bleacherreport.com/articles/378554-aric-almirola-his-sole-focus-now-is-on-the-camping-world-truck-series">"Aric Almirola's Sole Focus Is Now Camping World Truck Series"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bleacher_Report" title="Bleacher Report">Bleacher Report</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bleacher+Report&rft.atitle=Aric+Almirola%27s+Sole+Focus+Is+Now+Camping+World+Truck+Series&rft.date=2010-04-14&rft.aulast=Fan&rft.aufirst=Horn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbleacherreport.com%2Farticles%2F378554-aric-almirola-his-sole-focus-now-is-on-the-camping-world-truck-series&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiccosukee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yahoo-KBM-2010-2011-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yahoo-KBM-2010-2011_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroomberg" class="citation web cs1">Broomberg, Nick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sports.yahoo.com/nascar/blog/from_the_marbles/post/Kyle-Busch-says-that-he-needs-a-sponsor-to-run-h?urn=nascar-270195">"Kyle Busch says that he needs a sponsor to run his truck team in 2011"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21&rft.atitle=Kyle+Busch+says+that+he+needs+a+sponsor+to+run+his+truck+team+in+2011&rft.aulast=Broomberg&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsports.yahoo.com%2Fnascar%2Fblog%2Ffrom_the_marbles%2Fpost%2FKyle-Busch-says-that-he-needs-a-sponsor-to-run-h%3Furn%3Dnascar-270195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiccosukee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.miccosukeeindianschool.com/">"Miccosukee Indian School"</a>. <i>Miccosukee Indian School</i>. October 13, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miccosukee+Indian+School&rft.atitle=Miccosukee+Indian+School&rft.date=2023-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.miccosukeeindianschool.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiccosukee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miccosukee&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Buker, George E. <i>Swamp Sailors in the Second Seminole War</i>. Gainesville: Library Press@UF, Reissued 2017. First published 1997 by University Press of Florida (Gainesville). Page references are to the 2017 edition.</li> <li>Coe, Charles H. <i>Red Patriots: The Story of the Seminoles</i>. N.p.: Leopold Classic Library, n.d. First published 1898 by The Editor Publishing Company (Cincinnati). Page references are to the n.d. edition.</li> <li>Goss, James A. <i>Usual and Customary Use and Occupancy by the Miccosukee and Seminole Indians in Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida</i>. Atlanta, GA: National Park Service and Texas Tech University, 1995.</li> <li>Kersey, Jr., Harry A. <i>Pelts, Plumes, and Hides: White Traders among the Seminole Indians 1870–1930</i>. Gainesville: The University Presses of Florida, 1975.</li> <li>Kersey, Jr., Harry A. "The Florida Seminole Land Claims Case, 1950-1990." <i>Florida Historical Quarterly</i> 72, no. 1 (1993): 35-55.</li> <li>Mahon, John K. <i>History of the Second Seminole War, 1835–1842</i>. Gainesville: Library Press@UF, Reissued 2017. First published 1967 by University of Florida Press (Gainesville). Page references are to the 2017 edition.</li> <li>Mahon, John K., and Brent R. Weisman. "Florida's Seminole and Miccosukee Peoples." In <i>The New History of Florida</i>, edited by Michael Gannon, 183-206. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1996.</li> <li>Milanich, Jerald T. <i>Florida's Indians from Ancient Times to the Present</i>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1998.</li> <li>Pritzker, Barry. <i>A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples</i>. London: Oxford University Press, 2000.</li> <li>Saunt, Claudio. <i>A New Order of Things: Property, Power, and the Transformation of the Creek Indians, 1733-1816</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.</li> <li>Sturtevant, William C., and Jessica R. Cattelino. "Florida Seminole and Miccosukee." In <i>Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 14: Southeast</i>, edited by Raymond D. Fogelson, 429-449. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 2004.</li> <li>Tanner, Helen Hornbeck. "Pipesmoke and Muskets: Florida Indian Intrigues of the Revolutionary Era." In <i>Eighteenth-Century Florida and its Borderlands</i>, edited by Samuel Proctor, 13-39. Gainesville: The University Presses of Florida, 1975.</li> <li>Tiger, Buffalo, and Harry A. Kersey, Jr. <i>Buffalo Tiger: A Life in the Everglades.</i> Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002.</li> <li>Weisman, Brent Richards. <i>Unconquered People: Florida's Seminole and Miccosukee Indians</i>. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1999.</li> <li>West, Patsy. "Abiaka, or Sam Jones, in Context: The Miccosukee Ethnogenesis through the Third Seminole War." <i>Florida Historical Quarterly</i> 93, no. 3 (2015): 366-410.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miccosukee&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bartram, William. <i>Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee Country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. Containing an Account of the Soil and Natural Productions of those Regions; Together with Observations on the Manners of the Indians</i>. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: James & Johnson, 1791. Reprinted as <i>Travels and Other Writings</i>. New York: Literary Classics of the United States, 1996.</li> <li>Cohen, M. M. (An officer of the left wing). <i>Notices of Florida and the Campaigns</i>. Charleston, S.C.: Burges & Honour, 18 Broad-Street, 1836.</li> <li>Kersey, Jr., Harry A. <i>An Assumption of Sovereignty: Social and Political Transformation Among the Florida Seminoles, 1953–1979</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996.</li> <li>MacCauley, Clay. "The Seminole Indians of Florida." <i>Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Fifth Annual Report, 1883–1884</i>. Washington, D.C.: United States Government, 1887. Reprinted as <i>The Seminole Indians of Florida</i>. N.p.: Legare Street Press, n.d.</li> <li>Milanich, Jerald T. <i>Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe</i>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1995.</li> <li>Moore-Willson, Minnie. <i>The Seminoles of Florida</i>. Zweihander Press, 2019. First published 1896 by American Printing House (Philadelphia).</li> <li>Ober, Frederick A. "Ten Days with the Seminoles." <i>Appleton's Journal of Literature, Science and Art</i> 14 (July–August 1875), 142-144, 171-173.</li> <li>Pratt, R. H. "Report on the Seminoles." In U.S. Congress, Senate, <i>Message From the President of the United States Transmitting a Letter of the Secretary of the Interior Relative to Land Upon Which to Locate Seminole Indians</i>. Exec. Doc. 139, 50th Congress, 1st session, 1888.</li> <li>Ramsey, William L. <i>The Yamasee War: A Study of Culture, Economy, and Conflict in the Colonial South</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008.</li> <li>Smith, Marvin T. <i>Coosa: The Rise and Fall of a Southeastern Mississippian Chiefdom</i>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000.</li> <li>Sprague, John T. <i>The Origin, Progress, and Conclusion of the Florida War; To Which is Appended A Record of Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers, Musicians, and Privates of the U.S. Army, Navy, and Marine Corps, Who Were Killed in Battle or Died of Disease. As Also the Names of Officers Who Were Distinguished by Brevets, and The Names of Others Recommended. Together with the Orders for Collecting the Remains of the Dead in Florida, and the Ceremony of Interment at St. Augustine, East Florida, on the Fourteenth Day of August, 1842</i>. New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1848. Reprinted as <i>The Florida War</i>. Tampa: University of Tampa Press, 2000.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miccosukee&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seminole" 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seminole" title="Template:Seminole"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seminole" title="Template talk:Seminole"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seminole" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seminole"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seminole" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ccccff;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes">Federally recognized tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miccosukee_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida">Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Seminole Nation of Oklahoma">Seminole Nation of Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida" title="Seminole Tribe of Florida">Seminole Tribe of Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ccccff;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian reservations">Reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Cypress_Reservation" title="Big Cypress Reservation">Big Cypress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_Reservation" title="Brighton Reservation">Brighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Pierce_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Pierce Reservation">Fort Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Reservation" title="Hollywood Reservation">Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immokalee_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Immokalee Reservation">Immokalee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miccosukee_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Miccosukee Reservation">Miccosukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampa_Reservation" title="Tampa Reservation">Tampa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ccccff;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Mikasuki language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Muscogee language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ccccff;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki_Seminole_Indian_Museum" title="Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Seminole Indian Museum">Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_wrestling" title="Alligator wrestling">Alligator wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickee" title="Chickee">Chickee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastachee" title="Fastachee">Fastachee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_music" title="Seminole music">Seminole music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomp_dance" title="Stomp dance">Stomp dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ccccff;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_the_Everglades_region" title="Indigenous people of the Everglades region">Indigenous people of the Everglades region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Rebellion" title="Green Corn Rebellion">Green Corn Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ccccff;;width:1%">Politics and law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chiefs_of_the_Seminoles" title="List of chiefs of the Seminoles">List of chiefs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Tax_Commission_v._United_States" title="Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States">Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Nation_v._United_States" title="Seminole Nation v. United States">Seminole Nation v. United States</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ccccff;;width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahfachkee_School" title="Ahfachkee School">Ahfachkee School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miccosukee_Indian_School" title="Miccosukee Indian School">Miccosukee Indian School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muscogee_Creek_Confederacy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cccccc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muscogee" title="Template:Muscogee"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muscogee" title="Template talk:Muscogee"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muscogee" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muscogee"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muscogee_Creek_Confederacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee Creek Confederacy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%">Four mother towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abihka" title="Abihka">Abihka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coweta_tribal_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Coweta tribal town">Coweta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusseta,_Creek_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusseta, Creek Nation">Kasihta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukabatchee" title="Tukabatchee">Tukabatchee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands">Groups and towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_people" title="Alabama people">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalachicola_(tribal_town)" title="Apalachicola (tribal town)">Apalachicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coushatta" title="Coushatta">Coushatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eufaula_people" title="Eufaula people">Eufaula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fowltown" class="mw-redirect" title="Fowltown">Fowltown</a> (four locations)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitchiti" title="Hitchiti">Hitchiti</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Miccosukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muklassa" title="Muklassa">Muklassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee people">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okchai" title="Okchai">Okchai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okfuskee" title="Okfuskee">Okfuskee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospect_Bluff_Historic_Sites" title="Prospect Bluff Historic Sites">Prospect Bluff Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabacola" title="Sabacola">Sabacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallapoosas" title="Tallapoosas">Tallapoosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_town" title="Tribal town">Tribal town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Francis_(Hillis_Hadjo)" title="Josiah Francis (Hillis Hadjo)">Josiah Francis</a> (Francis the Prophet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McIntosh" title="William McIntosh">William McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_McQueen" title="Peter McQueen">Peter McQueen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menawa" title="Menawa">Menawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neamathla" title="Neamathla">Neamathla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osceola" title="Osceola">Osceola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Weatherford" title="William Weatherford">William Weatherford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalachee_language" title="Apalachee language">Apalachee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Creek-Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Mikasuki-Hitchiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomp_dance" title="Stomp dance">Stomp dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_the_Muscogee_Nation" title="College of the Muscogee Nation">College of the Muscogee Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisgah_phase" title="Pisgah phase">Pisgah phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Swamp_Site" title="Long Swamp Site">Long Swamp Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalachicola_Province" title="Apalachicola Province">Apalachicola Province</a> (predecessor to Lower Towns)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiaha" title="Chiaha">Chiaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon-Jefferson_culture" title="Leon-Jefferson culture">Leon-Jefferson culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taliwa" title="Battle of Taliwa">Battle of Taliwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Muskogee" title="State of Muskogee">State of Muskogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_and_Company#The_Forbes_land_grants" title="John Forbes and Company">Forbes purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sticks" title="Red Sticks">Red Sticks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Stick_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Stick War">Red Stick War</a> (Creek civil war)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burnt_Corn" title="Battle of Burnt Corn">Battle of Burnt Corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mims_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Mims Massacre">Fort Mims Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimbell-James_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimbell-James Massacre">Kimbell-James Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)">Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospect_Bluff_Historic_Sites" title="Prospect Bluff Historic Sites">Prospect Bluff Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ocheesee" title="Battle of Ocheesee">Battle of Ocheesee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_War_of_1836" title="Creek War of 1836">Creek War of 1836</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_National_Capitol" title="Creek National Capitol">Creek National Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Snake_Rebellion" title="Crazy Snake Rebellion">Crazy Snake Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%">Politics and law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_New_York_(1790)" title="Treaty of New York (1790)">Treaty of New York (1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Jackson" title="Treaty of Fort Jackson">Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nicolls%27_Outpost" title="Treaty of Nicolls' Outpost">Treaty of Nicolls' Outpost</a> (unratified)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moultrie_Creek" title="Treaty of Moultrie Creek">Treaty of Moultrie Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1826)" title="Treaty of Washington (1826)">Treaty of Washington (1826)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cusseta" title="Treaty of Cusseta">Treaty of Cusseta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Tax_Commission_v._United_States" title="Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States">Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sharp_v._Murphy" title="Sharp v. Murphy">Sharp v. Murphy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the United States">Federally recognized tribes</a> (20th century)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama-Coushatta_Tribe_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas">Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama-Quassarte_Tribal_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town">Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coushatta_Tribe_of_Louisiana" title="Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana">Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kialegee_Tribal_Town" title="Kialegee Tribal Town">Kialegee Tribal Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee (Creek) Nation">Muscogee (Creek) Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poarch_Band_of_Creek_Indians" title="Poarch Band of Creek Indians">Poarch Band of Creek Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thlopthlocco_Tribal_Town" title="Thlopthlocco Tribal Town">Thlopthlocco Tribal Town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778387#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85085084">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007533692405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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