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.infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Wilhelm René de l'Homme de Courbière</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:WP_Wilhelm_Ren%C3%A9_de_l%E2%80%99Homme_de_Courbi%C3%A8re.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/WP_Wilhelm_Ren%C3%A9_de_l%E2%80%99Homme_de_Courbi%C3%A8re.jpg/220px-WP_Wilhelm_Ren%C3%A9_de_l%E2%80%99Homme_de_Courbi%C3%A8re.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/WP_Wilhelm_Ren%C3%A9_de_l%E2%80%99Homme_de_Courbi%C3%A8re.jpg/330px-WP_Wilhelm_Ren%C3%A9_de_l%E2%80%99Homme_de_Courbi%C3%A8re.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/WP_Wilhelm_Ren%C3%A9_de_l%E2%80%99Homme_de_Courbi%C3%A8re.jpg/440px-WP_Wilhelm_Ren%C3%A9_de_l%E2%80%99Homme_de_Courbi%C3%A8re.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1321" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Birth name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Guillaume René de l'Homme, Seigneur de Courbière</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1733-02-25</span>)</span>25 February 1733<br /><a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 July 1811<span style="display:none">(1811-07-23)</span> (aged 78)<br /><a href="/wiki/Graudenz" class="mw-redirect" title="Graudenz">Graudenz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="Dutch Republic"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></span><br /><span data-sort-value="Prussia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_States_Army" title="Dutch States Army">Dutch States Army</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1746–1753<br />1757–1811</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Generalfeldmarschall</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Silesian_War" title="Third Silesian War">Third Silesian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_War" title="Pomeranian War">Pomeranian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Graudenz" title="Siege of Graudenz">Siege of Graudenz</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pour_le_Merite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pour le Merite">Pour le Merite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle" title="Order of the Black Eagle">Order of the Black Eagle</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Eagle" title="Order of the Red Eagle">Order of the Red Eagle</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Wilhelm René de l'Homme de Courbière</b> (25 February 1733 – 23 July 1811) was a Dutch-born military officer who served in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_States_Army" title="Dutch States Army">Dutch States Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a>. Born into a Dutch-<a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> family; he notably <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Graudenz" title="Siege of Graudenz">held the fortress of Graudenz</a> against <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s troops throughout 1807, long past the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Tilsit" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Tilsit">Peace of Tilsit</a>, until the siege was finally lifted after 11 months. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Ren%C3%A9_de_l%27Homme_de_Courbi%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilhelm René <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> de l'Homme de Courbière was born on 25 February 1733 into a Franco-Dutch family, paternally expatriates from the <a href="/wiki/Dauphin%C3%A9" title="Dauphiné">Dauphiné</a> province, in <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>. Following his father, Alexis Baron de l’Homme de Courbière, young Courbière joined the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_States_Army" title="Dutch States Army">Dutch States Army</a> in 1746. He served with the Regiment d’Aylva in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>, participating in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1747)" title="Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1747)">defense of Bergen op Zoom</a>. He left Dutch service in 1753 and entered the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a> as a company commander in 1757. Then he served in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Silesian_War" title="Third Silesian War">Third Silesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_War" title="Pomeranian War">Pomeranian wars</a>. Gaining the attention of King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a>, after the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Schweidnitz_(1758)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Schweidnitz (1758) (page does not exist)">Siege of Schweidnitz (1758)</a> he was given the rank of Major and command of a <a href="/wiki/Free_infantry" title="Free infantry">free battalion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer15_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer15-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alten_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dresden" title="Siege of Dresden">Siege of Dresden</a> he received the <a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lippe_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippe-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also fought at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liegnitz_(1760)" title="Battle of Liegnitz (1760)">Liegnitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Torgau" title="Battle of Torgau">Torgau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer15_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer15-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prussian_service">Prussian service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Ren%C3%A9_de_l%27Homme_de_Courbi%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prussian service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the war ended he stayed in the army as garrison commander at <a href="/wiki/Emden" title="Emden">Emden</a>. In 1766 Courbière married Sophie von Weiss. The couple, married until her death in 1809, had nine children. Among the laters' private teachers was <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Seume" title="Johann Gottfried Seume">Johann Gottfried Seume</a>. Courbière was a known <a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">duellist</a>, fighting at least two duels during his time in Emden.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among Courbière's descendants was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_de_l%27Homme_de_Courbi%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René de l'Homme de Courbière (page does not exist)">René de l'Homme de Courbière</a>, who served as Generalleutnant in the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Wilhelm René de l'Homme de Courbière was made a <a href="/wiki/Generalmajor" title="Generalmajor">Generalmajor</a> in 1780 and was a <a href="/wiki/Generalleutnant" title="Generalleutnant">Generalleutnant</a> when the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> began. In those he led formations at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun_(1792)" title="Battle of Verdun (1792)">Verdun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pirmasens" title="Battle of Pirmasens">Pirmasens</a>, receiving the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Eagle" title="Order of the Red Eagle">Order of the Red Eagle</a> for the later.<sup id="cite_ref-Alten_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then he became a corps commander and in 1798 he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/General_der_Infanterie" class="mw-redirect" title="General der Infanterie">General der Infanterie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer15_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer15-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1802 he was bestowed with the knighthood of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle" title="Order of the Black Eagle">Order of the Black Eagle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WC_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Ren%C3%A9_de_l%27Homme_de_Courbi%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Napoleonic Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_der_Blokade_und_Belagerung_der_Festung_Graudenz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Karte_der_Blokade_und_Belagerung_der_Festung_Graudenz.jpg/220px-Karte_der_Blokade_und_Belagerung_der_Festung_Graudenz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Karte_der_Blokade_und_Belagerung_der_Festung_Graudenz.jpg/330px-Karte_der_Blokade_und_Belagerung_der_Festung_Graudenz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Karte_der_Blokade_und_Belagerung_der_Festung_Graudenz.jpg/440px-Karte_der_Blokade_und_Belagerung_der_Festung_Graudenz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="946" /></a><figcaption>The city and fortress of Graudenz along the Vistula river</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1803 he was made governor and garrison commander at <a href="/wiki/Graudenz" class="mw-redirect" title="Graudenz">Graudenz</a>, a fortress and city along the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer15_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer15-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a> much of Prussia was occupied after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">Battle of Jena–Auerstedt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Berlin_(1806)" title="Fall of Berlin (1806)">Fall of Berlin</a> in 1806. King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a> himself relocated to <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, staying at Graudenz for a day during his journey.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in the follow-up months many isolated Prussian fortresses and detachments surrendered or dissolved, Courbière and his roughly 5,700-strong garrison stood firm on 22 January 1807, when French troops took the city of Graudenz and began blockading the fortress. The French forces consisted of French and Hessian troops as well as contingents of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1806)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1806)">Polish insurgents</a>. Initially commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Marie_Fran%C3%A7ois_Rouyer" title="Marie François Rouyer">Marie François Rouyer</a>, their numerous demands to surrender were refused by Courbière. Then, after briefly leaving the field, they reoccupied the city and, by now commanded by General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Georg_von_Sch%C3%A4ffer-Bernstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Georg von Schäffer-Bernstein (page does not exist)">Johann Georg von Schäffer-Bernstein</a>, started besieging the fortress again.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, impending to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1807)" title="Siege of Danzig (1807)">besiege Danzig</a> (situated down on the end of the Vistula), sent General <a href="/wiki/Anne_Jean_Marie_Ren%C3%A9_Savary" title="Anne Jean Marie René Savary">Anne Jean Marie René Savary</a> to demand surrender again. In one of his depeches Savary argued that there was no King of Prussia anymore as he had left his lands in French hands. However, in reference to King Frederick William Courbière refused to surrender and verbally answered <i>"While there may be no King of Prussia anymore there still is a King of Graudenz."</i>, though the exact wording or meaning is somewhat disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alten_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lippe_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippe-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following months the siege was intensified, the French got more reinforcements and after Danzig fell command was briefly given to <a href="/wiki/Claude_Victor-Perrin,_Duc_de_Belluno" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno">Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno</a> before Rouyer took over again.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Graudenz was still in Prussian hands when the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Tilsit" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Tilsit">Peace of Tilsit</a> was signed on 9 July, however Courbière did not receive confirmation of this until 27 July. Enclosed in the official dispatch was a royal commission promoting him to <a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Generalfeldmarschall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the French, against the statutes of the signed treaty, upheld their blockade of the fortress and continued to occupy the area; their troops now consisted mainly of Saxons under General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Friedrich_August_von_Polenz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Friedrich August von Polenz (page does not exist)">Georg Friedrich August von Polenz</a>. After the borders between Prussia and the new <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a> were finally set, with Graudenz remaining Prussian territory, on 12 December the blockade was lifted and the last French troops left the city. The siege had ended after 313 days with some 3,140 men remaining in the garrison.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_and_legacy">Later life and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Ren%C3%A9_de_l%27Homme_de_Courbi%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later life and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CourbiereHouse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/CourbiereHouse.JPG/220px-CourbiereHouse.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/CourbiereHouse.JPG/330px-CourbiereHouse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/CourbiereHouse.JPG/440px-CourbiereHouse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Courbiere's house within the citadel at Graudenz</figcaption></figure> <p>Afterwards Courbière was named governor general of West Prussia and kept his official residence in Graudenz. He died there on 23 July 1811 and was laid to rest in the garden of the fortress headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-Alten_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alten-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The general was the namesake of two regiments; the 58th Infantry Regiment "von Courbière", which eventually became the <a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_(2nd_West_Prussian)_Grenadiers_%22King_William_I%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th (2nd West Prussian) Grenadiers "King William I" (page does not exist)">7th (2nd West Prussian) Grenadier Regiment "King William I"</a>, and decades later the <a href="/w/index.php?title=19th_(2nd_Posen)_Infantry_%22von_Courbi%C3%A8re%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="19th (2nd Posen) Infantry "von Courbière" (page does not exist)">19th (2nd Posen) Infantry Regiment "von Courbière"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise the fortress he defended carried his name from 1893 until it became a Polish possession in 1920 after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His monument there was removed in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also was the namesake of streets in Emden and Berlin as well as a square in the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Ren%C3%A9_de_l%27Homme_de_Courbi%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_field_marshals" title="List of German field marshals">List of German field marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite_(military_class)_recipients" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the Pour le Mérite (military class) recipients">List of the Pour le Mérite (military class) recipients</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Ren%C3%A9_de_l%27Homme_de_Courbi%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While originally named Guillaume René, the Germanised version is Wilhelm Reinhard. He is mostly referred to in the combined form of Wilhelm René.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The reply, made in French, has been given as <i>Eh bien, ça se peut; mais s’il n’y a plus un Roi de Prusse, il existe encore un roi de Graudenz.</i> or alternatively as <i>Eh bien, ça se peut; mais s’il n’y a plus un Roi de Prusse, il existe au moins un roi de Graudenz</i>; with some thinking that King of Graudenz was meant to refer to Courbière himself.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Ren%C3%A9_de_l%27Homme_de_Courbi%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fischer15-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer15_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer15_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer15_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer15_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alten-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alten_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alten_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alten_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alten_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">von Alten, p. 851</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WC-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WC_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WC_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodward/Cates, p. 378</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henninger, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lippe-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lippe_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lippe_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lippe-Weißenfeld</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henninger, pp. 2-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 16, 18-19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 24-31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 32-35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, p. 35, 40, 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 47-50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, p. 50, 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 55-56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monzer, p. 293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paetzold, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henninger, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholtze, p. 176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elfert</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Ren%C3%A9_de_l%27Homme_de_Courbi%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFischer1907" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fischer, Paul (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kpbc.umk.pl/Content/216684/Gromadzenie_POPC_003_54_HD_009.pdf"><i>Feste Graudienz 1807 unter Gouverneur de Courbiere - Geschichte der Blockade und Belagerung</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). Graudenz: Verlag Arnold Kriedte.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feste+Graudienz+1807+unter+Gouverneur+de+Courbiere+-+Geschichte+der+Blockade+und+Belagerung&rft.place=Graudenz&rft.pub=Verlag+Arnold+Kriedte&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkpbc.umk.pl%2FContent%2F216684%2FGromadzenie_POPC_003_54_HD_009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Ren%C3%A9+de+l%27Homme+de+Courbi%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Alten1910" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">von Alten, Georg Karl Friedrich Viktor (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Xku5AAAAIAAJ/page/n872/mode/2up">"Courbiere.1"</a>. <i>Handbuch für Heer und Flotte</i> (in German). <b>II</b>. Deutsches Verlagshaus Bong: 851.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Handbuch+f%C3%BCr+Heer+und+Flotte&rft.atitle=Courbiere.1.&rft.volume=II&rft.pages=851&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=von+Alten&rft.aufirst=Georg+Karl+Friedrich+Viktor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_Xku5AAAAIAAJ%2Fpage%2Fn872%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Ren%C3%A9+de+l%27Homme+de+Courbi%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._B._WoodwardWilliam_L._R._Cates1872" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/B._B._Woodward" class="mw-redirect" title="B. B. Woodward">B. B. Woodward</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_L._R._Cates" class="mw-redirect" title="William L. R. Cates">William L. R. Cates</a> (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZeI0AQAAMAAJ&q=homme+de+courbiere&pg=PA378"><i>Encyclopaedia of Chronology: Historical and Biographical</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Longmans,_Green_and_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Longmans, Green and Co.">Longmans, Green and Co.</a> p. 378.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Chronology%3A+Historical+and+Biographical&rft.place=London&rft.pages=378&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Co.&rft.date=1872&rft.au=B.+B.+Woodward&rft.au=William+L.+R.+Cates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZeI0AQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dhomme%2Bde%2Bcourbiere%26pg%3DPA378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Ren%C3%A9+de+l%27Homme+de+Courbi%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenninger,_Wolfgang1997" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Henninger, Wolfgang (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/BIBLIOTHEK/BLO/Courbiere.pdf">"Wilhelm Ren' Baron de l'Homme de COURBIÉRE"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Biographisches Lexikon für Ostfriesland</i> (in German). <b>II</b>. <a href="/wiki/Aurich" title="Aurich">Aurich</a>: Ostfriesische Landschaftliche Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft: 66–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-932206-00-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-932206-00-2"><bdi>3-932206-00-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographisches+Lexikon+f%C3%BCr+Ostfriesland&rft.atitle=Wilhelm+Ren%27+Baron+de+l%27Homme+de+COURBI%C3%89RE&rft.volume=II&rft.pages=66-69&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=3-932206-00-2&rft.au=Henninger%2C+Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ostfriesischelandschaft.de%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2FBIBLIOTHEK%2FBLO%2FCourbiere.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Ren%C3%A9+de+l%27Homme+de+Courbi%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraf_zur_Lippe-Weißenfeld,_Ernst1876" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Graf zur Lippe-Weißenfeld, Ernst (1876). <a class="external text" href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/ADB:Courbi%C3%A8re,_Wilhelm_Ren%C3%A9_Baron_de_l%E2%80%99Homme_de">"Courbière, Wilhelm René Baron de l'Homme de"</a>. <i>Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie</i> (in German). <b>IV</b>. Munich: <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities">Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities</a>: 534–535.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Allgemeine+Deutsche+Biographie&rft.atitle=Courbi%C3%A8re%2C+Wilhelm+Ren%C3%A9+Baron+de+l%27Homme+de&rft.volume=IV&rft.pages=534-535&rft.date=1876&rft.au=Graf+zur+Lippe-Wei%C3%9Fenfeld%2C+Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FADB%3ACourbi%25C3%25A8re%2C_Wilhelm_Ren%25C3%25A9_Baron_de_l%25E2%2580%2599Homme_de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Ren%C3%A9+de+l%27Homme+de+Courbi%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonzer2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Monzer, Frieder (2012). <i>Posen, Thorn, Bromberg: mit Großpolen, Kujawien und Südostpommern</i> (in German). Trescher Verlag. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783897942011" title="Special:BookSources/9783897942011"><bdi>9783897942011</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Posen%2C+Thorn%2C+Bromberg%3A+mit+Gro%C3%9Fpolen%2C+Kujawien+und+S%C3%BCdostpommern&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Trescher+Verlag&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9783897942011&rft.aulast=Monzer&rft.aufirst=Frieder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Ren%C3%A9+de+l%27Homme+de+Courbi%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaetzold1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paetzold, Friedrich-Wilhelm (1987). <i>Geschichte des Grenadier-Regiments König Wilhelm I. (2. Westpreussisches) Nr. 7</i> (in German). Weber. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+des+Grenadier-Regiments+K%C3%B6nig+Wilhelm+I.+%282.+Westpreussisches%29+Nr.+7&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Weber&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Paetzold&rft.aufirst=Friedrich-Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Ren%C3%A9+de+l%27Homme+de+Courbi%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholtze1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scholtze, Gisela (1993). <i>Charlottenburg und seine Strassen: Strassennamen im Spiegel der Zeiten</i> (in German). Hentrich. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783894680404" title="Special:BookSources/9783894680404"><bdi>9783894680404</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charlottenburg+und+seine+Strassen%3A+Strassennamen+im+Spiegel+der+Zeiten&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Hentrich&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9783894680404&rft.aulast=Scholtze&rft.aufirst=Gisela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Ren%C3%A9+de+l%27Homme+de+Courbi%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElfert2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Elfert, Eberhard (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://weddingweiser.de/2013/03/07/max-josef-metzger-platz-nur-scheinbar-unscheinbares-grun/">"Max-Josef-Metzger-Platz: Nur scheinbar unscheinbares Grün"</a>. <i>Weddingweiser</i> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weddingweiser&rft.atitle=Max-Josef-Metzger-Platz%3A+Nur+scheinbar+unscheinbares+Gr%C3%BCn&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Elfert&rft.aufirst=Eberhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweddingweiser.de%2F2013%2F03%2F07%2Fmax-josef-metzger-platz-nur-scheinbar-unscheinbares-grun%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Ren%C3%A9+de+l%27Homme+de+Courbi%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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