CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "law.stanford.edu",cType: 'managed',cRay: '92d99ff62df9072d',cH: 'T.NpquR6L7yB3izGfdpq7kRG.AXEyNnkXdAtO8LcvlQ-1744197727-1.2.1.1-Hnz3863lqrJCry3IhIbl55nqdDM0gEsKGJVTsPGCIpW8QKsGF2bMz9AMcgp1ptBx',cUPMDTk: "\/?p=28660&__cf_chl_tk=B1gd4EHScCiH57EFZeVIArmGcQp71YuMhVtB_pXcMvQ-1744197727-1.0.1.1-V8OtmnkmTsd0NdO.8HjMHc2aH.1IABAVYg3MhEXBivw",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1744197727',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "unsupported_browser_beacon",fa: "\/?p=28660&__cf_chl_f_tk=B1gd4EHScCiH57EFZeVIArmGcQp71YuMhVtB_pXcMvQ-1744197727-1.0.1.1-V8OtmnkmTsd0NdO.8HjMHc2aH.1IABAVYg3MhEXBivw",md: "IoZi9e3HEpWiB7akt2lKz_YtUas3ZQTBf2p.VGuWjvQ-1744197727-1.2.1.1-2k5kFBUcXf0xHew59IbOBeJHID6Crjov5iNXdUOuXw_nYYY3DAlZxsozT.NYV4hdZXNa5g.tw.990gwU9VEZGU5xEQaV1kaDv.MvkAqbs_7IDPb0jY4AKMwZPchLleFuQCVytMToOzgNvnXY7SDtK5RBEJ6FeuB8RencL89FCcvlkvM70EVuCMRSJurSJf7B.W3xqCbUT0YV1cI9MCiGaVPzU5AvUkj8qi7_sM_jSDZi4OXZQrJDCPRLkPb6Cx87Z76wRiFatspQO_phv13mUQX6MNUBwA8b7y40V_aqVjvYQ4bk2rUnUDLmhudIsu7GcF8Nm9JTEzhi5eme4.wP.Jj6zkM5B7PmP35csNFz1t4wwRKluFQfaMJqmHGLldT5ASh6w8jvFqIUSUfsdAw7o.W3tmrcfZKdylU4hKvNM9C_pTKWSHBVp85HPsTXfl8_pk15RQr5eW6KctD916v14xhC9U.eRIBWPPPSuR7mHsUzbmJcPg0BTzk7L1mc3bPmxGd2pmO1hg3zOPSgACS1SI5.ek.JR7SFeNBxDoJajWdUK7jT9SB5yI1UNbDwrwL1EsNv0VdP3I8WL_ysO6JF44HLX.GnGFVN4BYWYEUTeI0KZsKUEB_JhY9oMNYiexLmJzHIZcCUOET0HFIOnfTfxgmBn3.wzOzso3h8V7u7dpCcUwJhrEBWBJEOFPLeh7ljhS0dbhiOs9uRA1zbT7Qhyxg5qBsDNqAfqQs4qZvY6OTmNHNcYox6iMfaVTmGu.xGyRCsxDk2UDUWBpmYuQaGW8LSx8092QMVJY0eJTb27.twa0DP_qdJmYfpgIZ_fd4UCuGocU3D8EvSc0GvO8u7GxY9kJ_0Nff71W1hC8WrTJrG7QnReBcISzIvs7cellw2IwPdc2xbTeY8Y67vAjGnPNRkvLZKm03ZMFMCGQLMkVlHHakH8N4ZN5OEAOC.ik68Ca8MDdTQhJ2R9a6BF0KT8.xk9CpYQA6x104weRAJ._1EWuaw6mBCKwfdmhAamF_PSSvDDsHCeMF.cy7FWjrrNb.gQStRaEnNnfayW6o8vwSRDpdj3EX8vdiQqY7fPowXanG_E3pulkje3evEkMhpFbo3Nrkmx_k6j5aIRl6VkZatsXELZMOuOz1eFPmo3NU_KLLgKP0QCl7W2LmS_BY0zFyYvZqVyAdonJoq4xuEJMkiow8qlLtJLmjvh1h0ZDA11bvDOUzxV20I7_J_Ip6IUpkU2tj9q7qrXM.JHCpFzrc",mdrd: "1dQ.YdkklhTzFdYE4zl8BomGRr_vC5zO9e0IYn_DaOs-1744197727-1.2.1.1-jwlPBcYa7MRLwpb1jraVKRR2wJ9g5CoqPyTXWp8.vtUHCXUYl077zYa7eqCMnUJGAqkt9pxG11_1fGQHh51FaP5WWA3y9tKeCnX6i42S5T98PfGtScDCDwkTVGpyOTbzHXubfdQg9mN8HfFGqu3l1acgMR8QzhZK2fwsG6IsT6JT7hjFPnfDntmHtJr3hnaNGaW5_iEDuKqpC6PUakMq1qNPB7cKAEIgAE1wa0AJIvDF5eXYGvQTO5VC._jDjtAtCabKtsExrdz1chGF.E_W9o4bDn1HU2LWoZ5PZuKmG0qCC.IFwUmQeuPpwgyXgJ5vDx4DHK.7Y1gajcA2tjaER7T3y3tXtg6ii20XCr.Tz7BWr2RWYaWZMSfnbAPulqNOlZucSWvoy.j58YJOVMfEs7XcJ5GCgSYNWjC358oyvWQgCoMq6Im5rnCdJabW4zomc5dfoJONVjl5ljrekv41TJjtHmg0JxXgK6T_OmgS4zhRdMXPdW9jnsqngJV6XCAdHPTmzc3FxZLp201JCl45xyLQlOU6uTYhghBAWirPnXyOzkq.zbK9C9GI_yz1_lBd2cOxrvYgLN7WIEV56NMSES7nKfI1YcRzThz3CP_7gSq.8OMFTLJD.KMjpsOwMBTgQBGbs.oUl7AldlJS1tAmYDGZ_.0YbC9gp5L7g53kApqdcjCwXUOCr1nMHHPuQQeoMIjR6EGVh3EVEPMIX9I31m6w1icV41AUIW_29RdUGODlc.W_Pu0YuCP4nCkSGwmFqkB0tjt5a0u9Zj.tpXHNd.QsKnqHj3R0sAz63WiWtm_ENwYeEKlctRBdqErQA.piG6C8WHp7RsCu6L_Ajsesxhu0AKPyiQL5zCuM43RxdCrYZ5k1vUareeVil.6ToR_IfvmW.HA5KnXVKp4_X5giRKxMGI8joPa8l4Qo00gypd.r.Reh4260qnb541xU32EI9KDbeXyywO6vMOP4BekfNfAR9O24I8u7od__5RSeUFS0rzI7_8T0qvfssIeweEfo4veWgpcG1MJLDcDuMyCijVQ49QMGxbZQMAL6nk6NTqLwBzu53AjpUxkbIWJYlLEylPlUw_P3P7lywEL7eMA3Cb6Ipet9BNf2y1dsphR_8uf7Z0c1HPTkwC4xT37W280vLCBOe4_W0V_crVBj0m78fz4Z5_v.O1xPZxZQeg9eanoMjA3WDed0ekch7CkR2.9IN4fOMZ7us5_.GiAJ1bwdq32NsVy6eZ.OKkMQ4oUe.DoP.6l4DHuuZS2Yfey6jRO26NacuaMKEyaPatNks5uDFPVO0GxgukIXVbv1apxpcH2yJ8siLdHTbFOkjCwrOD_LZMne7sNXFTQby2jtLrTcUHLXMDjWLcd0VCXgobreGdp0vxp7_PLZ0dteW9HFG2ogGJ4EQ6jDJ.Hg2yZxyA_3KxVFoRZ0EO38VySqA31LuKeACZ7F0i.rLd47uUgQSktWRGc3AJJfLO5vkZrunvR_2BgPfPIgP_A.JnVVkonwTHL5BgatLWnA9ZLV6DboDO3ny82.z1wfNXvYiwHbAnmwlYQeAf8ZzM6DYYGs_L54HX_nOKznqkeM5wTbWJzRDsoI0qy3qgKggpq2rnF2ol1QfeFnynCviEklf3O9dlSsa32OPxmKnYjJBsekHeuXJGP_KyF_CBlcvHptnunWF_N8N6yC1NSLfFYIeBaCJ8lDt2LRIdFUkjNg5PtRWplo4FGg7pIbSTOKZGucm4iLV9ukB.QINZKKJFBbbAbWApCiFHVIf8ww_R3s5xODFQgQkxUbo9P6zF_1gkoTb0K8fSGpkLVgJhV1l0.uuzJan_l0I9jvyU19cEj7L7wHIFpeR_xipfh2954NRFmwfPlNyRXbHIgfM3MIVvPL8qGBXMHCMVMvSNrwwQ8eXQm0tWuzPgJYmnRC_G7UCELIdw2p3_B4wjiBbrXxXXj.6NJgFNwJkgUTJDnvnoduziVeB3m7ZP.ZRNRKG6.gEPEMmBrkaR3sPqCc1idpGHRfpZ.NxsWRXOC4L6IBLJt9RUE3v6gW54R8ylhj6sIRTwyftub95mnIIQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=92d99ff62df9072d';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/?p=28660&__cf_chl_rt_tk=B1gd4EHScCiH57EFZeVIArmGcQp71YuMhVtB_pXcMvQ-1744197727-1.0.1.1-V8OtmnkmTsd0NdO.8HjMHc2aH.1IABAVYg3MhEXBivw" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>