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Read our <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/service/privacy-policy-a6184181.html">Privacy</a> and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/service/cookie-policy-a6184186.html">Cookie</a> Policies to find out more.</p> </div> <div class="tabs"></div> <div class="region region-content"> <div class="term-listing-heading"><header class="section-title"> <ul class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/author-list" class="parent">Authors</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dt>Name</dt> <dd class="name"><h1 class="box-title">Robert Fisk</h1></dd> <dt>Photo</dt> <dd class="avatar"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103082145im_/https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/author_thumb/public/thumbnails/image/2016/07/20/13/robert-fisk-skyline.jpg" title="Robert Fisk"></dd> <dt>Bio</dt> <dd class="bio"> Robert Fisk is the multi-award winning Middle East correspondent of The Independent, based in Beirut. He has lived in the Arab world for more than 40 years, covering Lebanon, five Israeli invasions, the Iran-Iraq war, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the Algerian civil war, Saddam Hussein’s invasion of Kuwait, the Bosnian and Kosovo wars, the American invasion and occupation of Iraq and the 2011 Arab revolutions. Occasionally describing himself as an ‘Ottoman correspondent’ because of the huge area he covers, Fisk joined The Independent in 1989. He has written best-selling books on the Middle East, including Pity the Nation and The Great War for Civilisation. He was born in Kent in 1946 and gained his BA in English and Classics at Lancaster University. He holds a PhD in politics from Trinity College, Dublin. </dd>   </header> <div class="content"> <div class="row" data-tb-region="row-1"><article data-weight="2" class="weight-2"><div class="container grid-mod-story bottom-text grow-photo " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-civil-war-latest-conflict-isis-hama-jabhat-al-nusra-assad-a7394391.html" data-tb-region-item="1-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-cc" style="background-image: url('https://web.archive.org/web/20161103082145im_/http://www.independent.co.uk/s3/files/styles/size2/public/thumbnails/image/2016/11/02/19/syria-hama-2.jpg');"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-civil-war-latest-conflict-isis-hama-jabhat-al-nusra-assad-a7394391.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-civil-war-latest-conflict-isis-hama-jabhat-al-nusra-assad-a7394391.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>The tales of bodies and blood that surround a front line in Syria</a></h1> <div class="lead"> <p>In the village of Soran, near Hama, and the surrounding area, civilians speak of their loss as part of one battle in Syria's larger civil war, writes Robert Fisk</p> </div> </div> </div> </article><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container-half grid-mod-half-story " data-tb-region-item="2-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-cc" style="background-image: url('https://web.archive.org/web/20161103082145im_/https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1/public/thumbnails/image/2016/11/01/19/aleppo-civilians.jpg');"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/aleppo-syria-civil-war-bombing-latest-russia-bashar-al-assad-jabhat-al-nusra-isis-a7392011.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/aleppo-syria-civil-war-bombing-latest-russia-bashar-al-assad-jabhat-al-nusra-isis-a7392011.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>Aleppo’s agony far from over as Syrian general seeks further battles</a></h1> </div> </div> <div class="grid-mod-card-list"> <ul> <li class="story" data-tb-region-item="2-2"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/thousands-of-civilian-families-forced-by-militias-to-remain-in-eastern-aleppo-a7389346.html"> <span class="image" style="background-image: url('https://web.archive.org/web/20161103082145im_/https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/storylist/public/thumbnails/image/2016/10/31/16/fiskerz.jpg');"></span> <h2>Thousands of civilian families ‘forced to remain in eastern Aleppo’</h2> </a> </li> <li class="story" data-tb-region-item="2-3"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-bombardment-of-aleppo-marks-a-new-front-in-this-endless-conflict-a7387496.html"> <span class="image" style="background-image: url('https://web.archive.org/web/20161103082145im_/https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/storylist/public/thumbnails/image/2016/10/30/14/aleppo-16.jpg');"></span> <h2>What it's really like to be in the middle of the battle for Aleppo</h2> </a> </li> <li class="story" data-tb-region-item="2-4"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/eastern-aleppo-isis-al-nusra-airstrikes-ambulance-english-syria-a7386391.html"> <span class="image" style="background-image: url('https://web.archive.org/web/20161103082145im_/https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/storylist/public/thumbnails/image/2016/10/29/14/ambulance.jpg');"></span> <h2>The strange case of the Scottish ambulance found in Aleppo</h2> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </article><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1" data-locked="true"> <div id="mpu0" class="grid-mod-single-mpu"> </div> </article></div><div class="row" data-tb-region="row-2"><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1" data-locked="true"> <div id="mpu1" class="grid-mod-single-mpu"> </div> </article><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container grid-mod-story bottom-text grow-photo " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-civil-war-aleppo-conflict-latest-innocent-children-killed-isis-assad-russia-nusra-a7385791.html" data-tb-region-item="1-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-tc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1/public/thumbnails/image/2016/10/28/23/aleppo-getty-1.jpg"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-civil-war-aleppo-conflict-latest-innocent-children-killed-isis-assad-russia-nusra-a7385791.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-civil-war-aleppo-conflict-latest-innocent-children-killed-isis-assad-russia-nusra-a7385791.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>In the carnage of Aleppo children die on both sides of the city</a></h1> </div> </div> </article><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container grid-mod-story bottom-text grow-photo " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-conflict-isis-aleppo-jabhat-al-nusra-damascus-deraa-mouadamiya-a7382121.html" data-tb-region-item="2-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-cc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1/public/thumbnails/image/2016/10/26/17/mouaddamya-front.jpg"> <span class="icon-play large"></span> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-conflict-isis-aleppo-jabhat-al-nusra-damascus-deraa-mouadamiya-a7382121.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-conflict-isis-aleppo-jabhat-al-nusra-damascus-deraa-mouadamiya-a7382121.html">The devastated Syrian town where fighting may have finally ended</a></h1> </div> </div> </article><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container grid-mod-story bottom-text grow-photo " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-s-bombing-of-yemeni-farmland-is-a-disgraceful-breach-of-the-geneva-conventions-a7376576.html" data-tb-region-item="3-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-cc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1/public/thumbnails/image/2016/10/23/17/an108846335file-this-oct.-1.jpg"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-s-bombing-of-yemeni-farmland-is-a-disgraceful-breach-of-the-geneva-conventions-a7376576.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-s-bombing-of-yemeni-farmland-is-a-disgraceful-breach-of-the-geneva-conventions-a7376576.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>Saudi ‘targeting impoverished Yemen’s farms and agiculture'</a></h1> </div> </div> </article></div><div class="row" data-tb-region="row-3"><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container grid-mod-story bottom-text grow-photo " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/lebanon-civil-war-avoided-peaceful-nation-middle-east-syria-turkey-israel-conflict-robert-fisk-a7371326.html" data-tb-region-item="1-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-tc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1/public/indy100/Z1Lop_em0e/8773-l0aadq.jpg"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/lebanon-civil-war-avoided-peaceful-nation-middle-east-syria-turkey-israel-conflict-robert-fisk-a7371326.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/lebanon-civil-war-avoided-peaceful-nation-middle-east-syria-turkey-israel-conflict-robert-fisk-a7371326.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>Why Lebanon is peaceful while the rest of the Middle East burns</a></h1> </div> </div> </article><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container grid-mod-story bottom-text grow-photo " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/saudi-arabia-human-rights-imprisonment-every-decent-man-who-speaks-out-in-jail-robert-fisk-a7369276.html" data-tb-region-item="2-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-cc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1/public/thumbnails/image/2016/10/07/10/saudi-arabia-united-nations.jpg"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/saudi-arabia-human-rights-imprisonment-every-decent-man-who-speaks-out-in-jail-robert-fisk-a7369276.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/saudi-arabia-human-rights-imprisonment-every-decent-man-who-speaks-out-in-jail-robert-fisk-a7369276.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>Saudi Arabia cannot throw every decent person who speaks out into jail</a></h1> </div> </div> </article><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container grid-mod-story bottom-text grow-photo " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/gaza-flotilla-mavi-marmara-aid-israel-palestinians-aid-2010-10-a7368431.html" data-tb-region-item="3-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-tc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1/public/thumbnails/image/2016/10/18/18/mavi-marmara.jpg"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/gaza-flotilla-mavi-marmara-aid-israel-palestinians-aid-2010-10-a7368431.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/gaza-flotilla-mavi-marmara-aid-israel-palestinians-aid-2010-10-a7368431.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>Victims of raid on Gaza flotilla fear legal case will be dropped</a></h1> </div> </div> </article><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1" data-locked="true"> <div id="mpu2" class="grid-mod-single-mpu"> </div> </article></div><div class="row" data-tb-region="row-4"><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container-half grid-mod-half-story grid-mod-half-height " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/mosul-offensive-isis-flee-iraq-syria-raqqa-bashar-al-assad-what-then-robert-fisk-a7365776.html" data-tb-region-item="1-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-tc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1_half/public/thumbnails/image/2016/10/17/08/iraqi-forces-mosul-1.jpg"> <span class="icon-play medium"></span> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/mosul-offensive-isis-flee-iraq-syria-raqqa-bashar-al-assad-what-then-robert-fisk-a7365776.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/mosul-offensive-isis-flee-iraq-syria-raqqa-bashar-al-assad-what-then-robert-fisk-a7365776.html">When Mosul falls, Isis will flee to Syria. But what then?</a></h1> <div class="lead"> <p>The entire Isis caliphate army could be directed against the Assad government and its allies – a scenario which might cause some satisfaction in Washington</p> </div> </div> </div> </article><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container-half grid-mod-half-story grid-mod-half-height " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-gaziantep-armenian-genocide-a7362771.html" data-tb-region-item="2-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-cc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1_half/public/thumbnails/image/2016/10/15/02/mosque-1.jpg"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-gaziantep-armenian-genocide-a7362771.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-gaziantep-armenian-genocide-a7362771.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>A beautiful mosque and the dark period of the Armenian genocide</a></h1> <div class="lead"> <p>The city of Gaziantep and the 'Liberation' mosque is a milestone on the journey between one great crime of the 20th century, and another seen during the Second World War</p> </div> </div> </div> </article><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container-half grid-mod-half-story grid-mod-half-height " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-kurdistan-25-years-since-robert-fisk-arrested-things-have-only-got-worse-a7358996.html" data-tb-region-item="3-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-tc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1_half/public/thumbnails/image/2016/02/13/22/31-kurdish-flag-afp.jpg"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-kurdistan-25-years-since-robert-fisk-arrested-things-have-only-got-worse-a7358996.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-kurdistan-25-years-since-robert-fisk-arrested-things-have-only-got-worse-a7358996.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>It's 25 years since I was arrested, but things are worse for Kurdistan</a></h1> <div class="lead"> <p>When I was hauled into the local police station 25 years ago, a lonely copper stood outside. Today the place is ringed by barbed wire, armed guards and iron anti-rocket screens</p> </div> </div> </div> </article><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container-half grid-mod-half-story grid-mod-half-height " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-erdogan-kurds-pkk-this-is-what-it-feels-like-to-be-an-ordinary-kurd-caught-in-tragedy-robert-a7357031.html" data-tb-region-item="4-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-tc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1_half/public/thumbnails/image/2016/03/19/21/29-turkey-residents-afp.jpg"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-erdogan-kurds-pkk-this-is-what-it-feels-like-to-be-an-ordinary-kurd-caught-in-tragedy-robert-a7357031.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-erdogan-kurds-pkk-this-is-what-it-feels-like-to-be-an-ordinary-kurd-caught-in-tragedy-robert-a7357031.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>This is what it feels like to be an ordinary Kurd in Erdogan's Turkey</a></h1> <div class="lead"> <p>This man’s story, told with the usual anonymity for this tragic place, must melt a heart of stone and so I tell it in his own words</p> </div> </div> </div> </article></div><div class="row" data-tb-region="row-5"><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container grid-mod-story bottom-text grow-photo " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-president-erdogan-battle-with-kurdish-pkk-failed-coup-attempt-robert-fisk-syrian-border-a7355546.html" data-tb-region-item="1-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-tc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1/public/thumbnails/image/2016/03/14/20/20-kurdish-fighter-get.jpg"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-president-erdogan-battle-with-kurdish-pkk-failed-coup-attempt-robert-fisk-syrian-border-a7355546.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-president-erdogan-battle-with-kurdish-pkk-failed-coup-attempt-robert-fisk-syrian-border-a7355546.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>Why did President Erdogan restart the battle with the Kurdish PKK?</a></h1> </div> </div> </article><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container grid-mod-story bottom-text grow-photo " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/destruction-in-kurdish-capital-of-south-east-turkey-is-dark-mirror-to-syria-a7354161.html" data-tb-region-item="2-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-tc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1/public/thumbnails/image/2016/10/10/15/minaret-1.jpg"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/destruction-in-kurdish-capital-of-south-east-turkey-is-dark-mirror-to-syria-a7354161.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/destruction-in-kurdish-capital-of-south-east-turkey-is-dark-mirror-to-syria-a7354161.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>Destruction in Kurdish capital in Turkey is mirror to Syria</a></h1> </div> </div> </article><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container grid-mod-story bottom-text grow-photo " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/syria-war-turkey-syrian-turkish-border-isis-kurdish-rebels-history-theresa-may-refugees-present-a7352556.html" data-tb-region-item="3-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-tc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1/public/thumbnails/image/2016/09/09/17/jarabulus-1.jpg"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/syria-war-turkey-syrian-turkish-border-isis-kurdish-rebels-history-theresa-may-refugees-present-a7352556.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/syria-war-turkey-syrian-turkish-border-isis-kurdish-rebels-history-theresa-may-refugees-present-a7352556.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>What it's like on each side of the Turkish-Syrian border</a></h1> </div> </div> </article><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1" data-locked="true"> <div id="mpu3" class="grid-mod-single-mpu"> </div> </article></div><div class="row" data-tb-region="row-6"><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container-half grid-mod-half-story grid-mod-half-height " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-coup-purge-recep-tayyip-erdogan-arrests-latest-a7351781.html" data-tb-region-item="1-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-tc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1_half/public/thumbnails/image/2016/10/08/17/611737048.jpg"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-coup-purge-recep-tayyip-erdogan-arrests-latest-a7351781.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-coup-purge-recep-tayyip-erdogan-arrests-latest-a7351781.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>Turkey's 70,000 arrests at heart of the government's propaganda war</a></h1> <div class="lead"> <p>From high-ranking military officials to university professors, those imprisoned since the attempted coup now total 70,756 - although some have been released</p> </div> </div> </div> </article><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container-half grid-mod-half-story grid-mod-half-height " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/afghanistan-invasion-war-taliban-911-migrant-crisis-british-troops-arrogant-wretched-adventure-a7350181.html" data-tb-region-item="2-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-tc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1_half/public/thumbnails/image/2016/07/23/21/kabul-attack.jpg"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/afghanistan-invasion-war-taliban-911-migrant-crisis-british-troops-arrogant-wretched-adventure-a7350181.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/afghanistan-invasion-war-taliban-911-migrant-crisis-british-troops-arrogant-wretched-adventure-a7350181.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>The Afghan invasion was an arrogant, wretched adventure</a></h1> <div class="lead"> <p>Afghanistan will not become Islamistan or even Talibanistan. It will, when the West finally packs up and leaves, become Mafiastan. Perhaps it already is</p> </div> </div> </div> </article><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container-half grid-mod-half-story grid-mod-half-height " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/30yearsoftheindependent/face-to-face-with-bin-laden-a7349176.html" data-tb-region-item="3-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-tc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1_half/public/thumbnails/image/2016/10/04/10/downloaddocument-28-1.png"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/30yearsoftheindependent/face-to-face-with-bin-laden-a7349176.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/30yearsoftheindependent/face-to-face-with-bin-laden-a7349176.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>Face to face with Bin Laden</a></h1> <div class="lead"> <p>Speaking exclusively – and chillingly – to <strong>Robert Fisk</strong>, the ‘rebel leader’ openly plotted terror against the West</p> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </article><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container-half grid-mod-half-story grid-mod-half-height " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/30yearsoftheindependent/bin-laden-declares-war-on-a-complacent-america-a7349166.html" data-tb-region-item="4-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-tc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1_half/public/thumbnails/image/2016/10/04/12/downloaddocument-33-1.png"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/30yearsoftheindependent/bin-laden-declares-war-on-a-complacent-america-a7349166.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/30yearsoftheindependent/bin-laden-declares-war-on-a-complacent-america-a7349166.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>Bin Laden declares war on a complacent America</a></h1> <div class="lead"> <p>Two years before 9/11, the al-Qaeda leader makes his intentions clear to our Middle East correspondent</p> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </article></div><div class="row" data-tb-region="row-7"><article data-weight="4" class="weight-4"><div class="partner-slots"> <div class="es-partners-slot parter-slot-1"> <div id="partner1"> </div> </div> <div class="es-partners-slot parter-slot-2"> <div id="partner2"> </div> </div> <div class="es-partners-slot parter-slot-3"> <div id="partner3"> </div> </div> <div class="es-partners-slot parter-slot-4"> <div id="partner4"> </div> </div> <div class="es-partners-slot parter-slot-5"> <div id="partner5"> </div> </div> </div> </article></div><div class="row" data-tb-region="row-8"><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container grid-mod-story bottom-text grow-photo " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-coup-attempt-erdogan-robert-fisk-walking-streets-of-istanbul-a7347966.html" data-tb-region-item="1-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-tc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1/public/thumbnails/image/2016/08/11/11/turkey.jpg"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-coup-attempt-erdogan-robert-fisk-walking-streets-of-istanbul-a7347966.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-coup-attempt-erdogan-robert-fisk-walking-streets-of-istanbul-a7347966.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>Erdogan's ‘normalisation’ of Turkey has echoes of Stalinism</a></h1> </div> </div> </article><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container grid-mod-story bottom-text grow-photo " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/francois-hollande-apology-algerian-war-absolve-france-arab-harkis-a7337166.html" data-tb-region-item="2-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-tc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1/public/thumbnails/image/2016/04/18/15/francois-hollande.jpg"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/francois-hollande-apology-algerian-war-absolve-france-arab-harkis-a7337166.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/francois-hollande-apology-algerian-war-absolve-france-arab-harkis-a7337166.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>Hollande can't escape his country's responsibility for the Harkis</a></h1> </div> </div> </article><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container grid-mod-story bottom-text grow-photo " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/shimon-peres-dies-israel-qana-massacre-never-forget-no-peacemaker-robert-fisk-a7334656.html" data-tb-region-item="3-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-tc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1/public/thumbnails/image/2016/09/13/23/shimon-peres.jpg"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/shimon-peres-dies-israel-qana-massacre-never-forget-no-peacemaker-robert-fisk-a7334656.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/shimon-peres-dies-israel-qana-massacre-never-forget-no-peacemaker-robert-fisk-a7334656.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>Shimon Peres was no peacemaker</a></h1> </div> </div> </article><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1" data-locked="true"> <div id="ayl" class="grid-mod-single-mpu"> </div> </article></div><div class="row" data-tb-region="row-9"><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container-half grid-mod-half-story grid-mod-half-height " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-america-presidential-debate-first-isis-american-security-middle-east-a7332516.html" data-tb-region-item="1-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-tc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1_half/public/thumbnails/image/2016/09/27/11/clinton-trump-5.jpg"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-america-presidential-debate-first-isis-american-security-middle-east-a7332516.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-america-presidential-debate-first-isis-american-security-middle-east-a7332516.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>Trump and Clinton are as absurd as each other on the issue of Isis</a></h1> <div class="lead"> <p>'We have to knock the hell out of Isis – and we have to do it fast,' Trump told the world. Well, sure, but haven’t we all been knocking the hell out of Afghanistan, Iraq, Yemen, Syria, even Lebanon, and achieving the constant rebirth of ever more vicious warriors, of which Isis may soon generate another, even worse progeny? </p> </div> </div> </div> </article><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container-half grid-mod-half-story grid-mod-half-height " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/saudi-arabia-attacked-sunni-shia-leaders-wahhabism-chechenya-robert-fisk-a7322716.html" data-tb-region-item="2-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-tc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1_half/public/thumbnails/image/2016/09/16/15/hajj-5.jpg"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/saudi-arabia-attacked-sunni-shia-leaders-wahhabism-chechenya-robert-fisk-a7322716.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/saudi-arabia-attacked-sunni-shia-leaders-wahhabism-chechenya-robert-fisk-a7322716.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>Saudi Arabia is under attack by Sunni and Shia leaders</a></h1> <div class="lead"> <p>What, the Saudis must be asking themselves, has happened to the fawning leaders who would normally grovel to the Kingdom?</p> </div> </div> </div> </article><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container-half grid-mod-half-story grid-mod-half-height " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/911-twin-towers-new-york-war-on-terror-iraq-isis-world-war-forgot-a7307401.html" data-tb-region-item="3-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-tc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1_half/public/thumbnails/image/2016/05/17/08/9_11_world_trade_centre.jpg"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/911-twin-towers-new-york-war-on-terror-iraq-isis-world-war-forgot-a7307401.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/911-twin-towers-new-york-war-on-terror-iraq-isis-world-war-forgot-a7307401.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>They called the War on Terror a world war – and then forgot about it</a></h1> <div class="lead"> <p>Just as the Great War led to the Second, so the world war against al-Qaeda led, via Iraq, to the war against the apocalyptic Isis</p> </div> </div> </div> </article><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container-half grid-mod-half-story grid-mod-half-height " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/saudi-arabia-cannot-pay-its-workers-or-bills-yet-continues-to-fund-a-war-in-yemen-a7232466.html" data-tb-region-item="4-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-cc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1_half/public/thumbnails/image/2016/07/27/11/jeddah-skyline.jpg"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/saudi-arabia-cannot-pay-its-workers-or-bills-yet-continues-to-fund-a-war-in-yemen-a7232466.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/saudi-arabia-cannot-pay-its-workers-or-bills-yet-continues-to-fund-a-war-in-yemen-a7232466.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>Saudi Arabia cannot pay its workers or bills</a></h1> <div class="lead"> <p>In Saudi Arabia itself, the government seems unable to cope with the crisis. The 'Arab News' says that 31,000 Saudi and other foreign workers have lodged complaints with the government’s labour ministry over unpaid wages. On one occasion, the Indian consulate and expatriates brought food to the workers so that their people should not starve</p> </div> </div> </div> </article></div><div class="row" data-tb-region="row-10"><article data-weight="4" class="weight-4"><div class="partner-slots"> <div class="es-partners-slot parter-slot-1"> <div id="partner6"> </div> </div> <div class="es-partners-slot parter-slot-2"> <div id="partner7"> </div> </div> <div class="es-partners-slot parter-slot-3"> <div id="partner8"> </div> </div> <div class="es-partners-slot parter-slot-4"> <div id="partner9"> </div> </div> <div class="es-partners-slot parter-slot-5"> <div id="partner10"> </div> </div> </div> </article></div><div class="row" data-tb-region="row-11"><article data-weight="4" class="weight-4"> <div class="grid-mod-titled-separator margin"> <h1 class="box-title"> More headlines </h1> </div> </article></div><div class="row" data-tb-region="row-12"><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container grid-mod-story bottom-text grow-photo " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/a-year-on-from-alan-kurdi-we-continue-to-ignore-the-facts-in-front-of-us-and-we-ignore-them-at-our-a7220111.html" data-tb-region-item="1-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-tc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1/public/thumbnails/image/2016/09/01/13/gettyimages-544836742.jpg"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/a-year-on-from-alan-kurdi-we-continue-to-ignore-the-facts-in-front-of-us-and-we-ignore-them-at-our-a7220111.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/a-year-on-from-alan-kurdi-we-continue-to-ignore-the-facts-in-front-of-us-and-we-ignore-them-at-our-a7220111.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>A year on from Alan Kurdi, we continue to ignore the facts</a></h1> </div> </div> </article><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container grid-mod-story bottom-text grow-photo " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/iraq-sunni-shia-nasiriyah-prison-hangman-excutions-back-and-they-re-becoming-more-efficient-a7208816.html" data-tb-region-item="2-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-tc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1/public/thumbnails/image/2016/08/25/10/speicher-massacre.jpg"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/iraq-sunni-shia-nasiriyah-prison-hangman-excutions-back-and-they-re-becoming-more-efficient-a7208816.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/iraq-sunni-shia-nasiriyah-prison-hangman-excutions-back-and-they-re-becoming-more-efficient-a7208816.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>Iraq’s hangmen are back and they’re becoming more efficient</a></h1> </div> </div> </article><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container grid-mod-story bottom-text grow-photo " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-syria-kurds-middle-east-a7207506.html" data-tb-region-item="3-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-cc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1/public/thumbnails/image/2016/08/24/09/turkey-tanks-jarablus.jpg"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-syria-kurds-middle-east-a7207506.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-syria-kurds-middle-east-a7207506.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>Turkey is now in Syria and this is what it means for the Middle East</a></h1> </div> </div> </article><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1" data-locked="true"> <div id="mpu5" class="grid-mod-single-mpu"> </div> </article></div><div class="row" data-tb-region="row-13"><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container-half grid-mod-half-story grid-mod-half-height " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-kurdish-wedding-gaziantep-bomb-isis-gaziantep-erdogan-putin-syria-robert-fisk-a7202751.html" data-tb-region-item="1-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-tc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1_half/public/thumbnails/image/2016/08/20/23/turkey-bombing.jpg"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-kurdish-wedding-gaziantep-bomb-isis-gaziantep-erdogan-putin-syria-robert-fisk-a7202751.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-kurdish-wedding-gaziantep-bomb-isis-gaziantep-erdogan-putin-syria-robert-fisk-a7202751.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>Turkey's hit list of enemies grows as Erdogan prepares to enter Syria</a></h1> <div class="lead"> <p><span>Could it be that the Sultan is thinking of renewing his old friendship with the Lion of Damascus? Be sure that he is</span></p> </div> </div> </div> </article><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container-half grid-mod-half-story grid-mod-half-height " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/the-shiites-are-winning-in-the-middle-east-and-its-all-thanks-to-russia-a7197081.html" data-tb-region-item="2-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-tc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1_half/public/thumbnails/image/2016/08/09/15/putin-erdogan.jpg"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/the-shiites-are-winning-in-the-middle-east-and-its-all-thanks-to-russia-a7197081.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/the-shiites-are-winning-in-the-middle-east-and-its-all-thanks-to-russia-a7197081.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>The Shias are winning in the Middle East – thanks to Russia</a></h1> <div class="lead"> <p>Just as Erdogan has become pals with Putin, the Turkish and Iranian foreign ministers have been embracing in Ankara with many a promise that their own talks will produce new alliances</p> </div> </div> </div> </article><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container-half grid-mod-half-story grid-mod-half-height " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-release-prisoners-make-room-arrested-failed-coup-robert-fisk-a7195401.html" data-tb-region-item="3-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-tc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1_half/public/thumbnails/image/2016/08/11/11/turkey.jpg"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-release-prisoners-make-room-arrested-failed-coup-robert-fisk-a7195401.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-release-prisoners-make-room-arrested-failed-coup-robert-fisk-a7195401.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>Erdogan’s new prisoners could languish for years without trial</a></h1> <div class="lead"> <p><span>When the Turkish army staged a coup in 1980, the country’s prison capacity had to be raised from 55,000 to 80,000 to make way for detainees. There is no reason to suppose that the next lot of inmates will fare any better</span></p> </div> </div> </div> </article><article data-weight="1" class="weight-1"><div class="container-half grid-mod-half-story grid-mod-half-height " data-url="/web/20161103082145oe_/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/isis-syria-radical-islam-extremism-not-radicalised-infantilised-young-muslims-robert-fisk-a7184746.html" data-tb-region-item="4-1"> <div class="image_wrapper"> <div class="image image-align-tc lazy" data-original="https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/styles/size1_half/public/thumbnails/image/2016/06/02/09/isisflag.jpg"> <a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/isis-syria-radical-islam-extremism-not-radicalised-infantilised-young-muslims-robert-fisk-a7184746.html"></a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="capsules" data-capsule-count="0"> <ul> <li class="shares"> <span class="icon-trending"></span> <span class="label"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <h1><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/isis-syria-radical-islam-extremism-not-radicalised-infantilised-young-muslims-robert-fisk-a7184746.html"><span class="media-prefix "></span>Isis has not radicalised Muslims, it has infantilised them </a></h1> <div class="lead"> <p><span>Isis has broken down the precious wall which separates childhood from adulthood, innocence from guilt. This, far more than mass murder, is its final dark achievement</span></p> </div> </div> </div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer id="mastfooter" tynt-data="no-content"> <div class="stamp"></div> <ul class="follow"> <li>Follow us:</li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103082145/https://www.facebook.com/TheIndependentOnline" target="_blank" title="Facebook" class="icon-facebook"></a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103082145/https://twitter.com/independent" target="_blank" title="Twitter" class="icon-twitter"></a> </li> </ul> <ul class="links"><li><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/service/user-policies-a6184151.html" title="">User Policies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/service/privacy-policy-a6184181.html" title="">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/service/cookie-policy-a6184186.html" title="">Cookie Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/service/code-of-conduct-a6184241.html" title="">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103082145/https://independentnews.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/requests/new" title="">Complaint Form</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/service/contact-us-759589.html" title="">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/service/external-contributors-policy-7905982.html" title="">Contributors</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/topics-list" title="">All Topics</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/archive" title="">Archive</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/register" title="">Newsletters</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103082145/http://independentjobs.independent.co.uk/" title="">Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103082145/https://www.independentsubscriptions.co.uk/" title="">Subscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103082145/http://esimedia.co.uk/" title="">Advertising Guide</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103082145/http://syndication.independent.co.uk/" title="">Syndication</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103082145/http://www.standard.co.uk/" title="">Evening Standard</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103082145/http://en.novayagazeta.ru/" title="">Novaya Gazeta</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103082145/http://www.independent.co.uk/marketing/apps/" title="">Install our Apps</a></li> </ul> </footer> <div id="outofpageslot"> </div> <div id="teadsib"> </div> <div id="znaptag" tynt-data="no-content"> </div> <div id="thirdparty01"> </div> </div>  <script>(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i["GoogleAnalyticsObject"]=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)})(window,document,"script","//web.archive.org/web/20161103082145/http://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js","ga");ga("create", "UA-27212627-1", {"cookieDomain":"auto"});ga("set", "anonymizeIp", true);ga("send", "pageview"); ; </script>  <div class="region region-page-bottom">  <script type="text/javascript" src="//web.archive.org/web/20161103082145js_/http://www.independent.co.uk/sites/all/libraries/sitecatalyst/ind_am_code.js?og0f6x"></script> <script type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript"></script> <noscript><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103082145im_/http://independent.122.2o7.net/b/ss/indepdev/1/H.27.5--NS/0?[AQB]&cdp=3&[AQE]/5944180" height="1" width="1" alt=""></noscript>   <div class="adblock-modal adblock" style="display: none;"> <aside class="adblock-notice"> <div class="ctrl"><button class="close" data-action="close">Close</button></div> <h2><span class="logo"></span></h2> <div class="adblock-container main"> <div class="content"> <p><strong>We've noticed that you are using an ad blocker.</strong></p> <p>Advertising helps fund our journalism and keep it truly independent. 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