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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geology of Damariscotta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology_of_Damariscotta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats_to_middens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats_to_middens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Threats to middens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats_to_middens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_historic_site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_historic_site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>State historic site</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_historic_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oyster_culturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oyster_culturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Oyster culturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oyster_culturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Whaleback_Shell_Midden&params=44_02_31_N_69_30_47_W_type:landmark_region:US-ME"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°02′31″N</span> <span class="longitude">69°30′47″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.04194°N 69.51306°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.04194; -69.51306</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historic site in Maine, United States</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States historic place</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:1px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding:0; border:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF; line-height:1.5">Damariscotta Oyster Shell Heaps</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF;"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5; color: #202122;background: #CCFFCC"><a href="/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Historic districts in the United States">U.S. Historic district</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Contributing_property" title="Contributing property">Contributing property</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Whaleback_Shell_Midden_State_Historic_Site_-_20070722_07999.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Whaleback_Shell_Midden_State_Historic_Site_-_20070722_07999.JPG/280px-Whaleback_Shell_Midden_State_Historic_Site_-_20070722_07999.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Whaleback_Shell_Midden_State_Historic_Site_-_20070722_07999.JPG/420px-Whaleback_Shell_Midden_State_Historic_Site_-_20070722_07999.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Whaleback_Shell_Midden_State_Historic_Site_-_20070722_07999.JPG/560px-Whaleback_Shell_Midden_State_Historic_Site_-_20070722_07999.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Entrance to state historic site</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:280px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:280px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:280px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Maine_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Whaleback Shell Midden is located in Maine"><img alt="Whaleback Shell Midden is located in Maine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/USA_Maine_relief_location_map.svg/280px-USA_Maine_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="427" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/USA_Maine_relief_location_map.svg/420px-USA_Maine_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/USA_Maine_relief_location_map.svg/560px-USA_Maine_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="1250" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:73.161%;left:38.847%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Whaleback Shell Midden"><img alt="Whaleback Shell Midden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Whaleback Shell Midden</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Maine</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Damariscotta,_Maine" title="Damariscotta, Maine">Damariscotta, Maine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Whaleback_Shell_Midden&params=44_02_31_N_69_30_47_W_type:landmark_region:US-ME"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°02′31″N</span> <span class="longitude">69°30′47″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.04194°N 69.51306°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.04194; -69.51306</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">11 acres (4.5 ha)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Damariscotta_Shell_Midden_Historic_District" title="Damariscotta Shell Midden Historic District">Damariscotta Shell Midden Historic District</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/98001238">ID98001238</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">NRHP reference <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/69000027">69000027</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background: #A8EDEF">Significant dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Added to NRHP</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">December 30, 1969</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Designated CP</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">October 8, 1998</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Whaleback Shell Midden</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Midden#Shells" title="Midden">shell midden</a>, or dump, consisting primarily of <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oyster</a> shells located on the east side of the <a href="/wiki/Damariscotta_River" title="Damariscotta River">Damariscotta River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, United States. It is preserved as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Maine_state_parks" title="List of Maine state parks">Maine state historic site</a> and was included as part of the <b>Damariscotta Oyster Shell Heaps</b> listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in 1969. <a href="/wiki/Damariscotta_Shell_Midden_Historic_District" title="Damariscotta Shell Midden Historic District">Other shell middens</a> are located on the estuary in both <a href="/wiki/Damariscotta,_Maine" title="Damariscotta, Maine">Damariscotta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_Maine" title="Newcastle, Maine">Newcastle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-museum_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The middens in this area were formed over about 1,000 years between 200 BC to AD 1000. </p><p>The midden originally had three main layers of shells. In the bottom two layers, individual shells were generally 5–8 inches (10–20 cm) long. These two layers are separated by a layer of soil, and the middle layer is mixed with animal bones. The top layer contains smaller shells. Artifacts unearthed lead scientists to believe that successive tribes of prehistoric people used the area. The top layer was deposited by members of the <a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a> tribes that fished in the area in the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-MAGDE_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAGDE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally, the Whaleback midden was more than thirty feet deep, more than 1,650 feet (500 metres) in length, and a width varying from 1,320 to 1,650 feet (400–500 metres). It got its name from its shape. Only a small portion of this midden remains today as much of it was processed into chicken feed from 1886 to 1891 by the Massachusetts-based Damariscotta Shell and Fertilizer company, eroded by rising sea levels, or looted. Because of this, the Glidden midden, located across the river in Newcastle, is now the largest in Maine and the largest on the U.S. east coast north of Georgia. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_and_culture">Climate and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaleback_Shell_Midden&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Climate and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early people in Maine were influenced by a changing climate largely shaped by <a href="/wiki/Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciation">glacial processes</a>. The Late Wisconsinan Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) covered Maine's landscape 35,000 years ago, extending far into the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the climate warmed and the ice sheet retreated, Maine's landscape underwent <a href="/wiki/Deglaciation" title="Deglaciation">deglaciation</a> from 14,500 to 11,000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to <a href="/wiki/Post-glacial_rebound" title="Post-glacial rebound">isostatic rebound</a>, a geological process in which the earth “rebounds” from the depression of a glacier, sea levels fluctuated immensely. At the start of the deglaciation, sea level was much higher inland;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the landscape at the time would have resembled modern-day <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Alaska">northern Alaska</a>. This promoted <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> practices that could respond more quickly to changing climates.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the glacier retreated, sea levels dropped, as low as 180 feet below what we now recognize as the coast of Maine.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the last few thousands of years, the sea level has slowly risen,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> creating Maine’s large <a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">littoral zones</a> recognizable to humans today.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America)" title="Archaic period (North America)">Archaic Period</a> of human culture was taking place from about 3,500 to 9,000 years ago, characterized by cultures who started to exploit marine resources.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is much speculation about the <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a> of these early peoples – some hypotheses posit that settlement occupation would cause populations of people to live inland during the summer and by the coast during the winter.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is not much archaeological evidence to suggest this, and it’s more likely that there were ethnic boundaries between groups of people and that transhumance was not occurring, meaning that populations were staying coastal or inland year-round.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Damariscotta River had been used by humans as early as 5,000 years ago based on archaeological evidence of midden sites along the banks.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Whaleback shell midden was most heavily populated, it could have been sustaining year-round populations of people. This leads into the question of why the site was occupied so much later than other portions of the river, a question which can be answered by looking at the regional-level geology and sea-level rise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology_of_Damariscotta">Geology of Damariscotta</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaleback_Shell_Midden&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geology of Damariscotta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Damariscotta middens are notable for their size and their many oysters by a stream that has few today. The large presence is connected to coastal change, sea-level rise, and the geology of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The midden is located between two <a href="/wiki/Sill_(geology)" title="Sill (geology)">sills</a>, Johnny Orr and Indraft. These sills, volcanic in origin and most likely millions of years old, have influenced the <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> and temperature of the river. In fact, on the oceanside of the Johnny Orr sill, the level of the water at high tide is higher than the level on the riverside.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_oyster" title="Eastern oyster">Eastern oyster</a> (<i>Crassostrea virginica</i>) makes up a large portion of the shells located in the middens.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, oysters are not present in significant populations in the river today.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led geologists to the understanding that at some point in time, there was a great deal of change occurring on the banks of the Damariscotta River that influenced the creation of such substantial middens. Oysters tend to like warmer, <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish</a> waters<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – at some point in time, salty, cold oceanic water breached the Johnny Orr sill, mixed with warmer, less salty riverine water and created an environment that could sustain oyster populations about 2400 B.P.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The water may have overtaken the sill as sea levels were slowly rising. The reason for the water coming over the sill still remains a gap in the story of the Damariscotta River. </p><p>Though oysters do still exist buried underneath <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> near the middens,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> significant oyster populations no longer exist within the river due to four possible reasons: 1) predator introduction,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2) suffocation from the dust of the sawmill upshore,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3) increasingly <a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">saline</a> environments,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 4) lower water temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all likelihood, it was probably a combination of all of these factors.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damariscotta is just another example of how changes in the climate have influenced human realities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threats_to_middens">Threats to middens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaleback_Shell_Midden&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Threats to middens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over 2,000 other middens exist along the Maine coast but many of their locations are undisclosed due to fear of <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looting</a>. Unfortunately, looting is not the only threat they face. As <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea levels rise</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">climate change</a>, middens like Whaleback have been swept away to the ocean. The thousands of other middens can offer equally compelling evidence of early-Maine habitation, geology, biology, and many more important disciplines. For example, one midden site has helped scientists piece together that at one point, there was a great deal of <a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">swordfish</a> being caught within the Gulf of Maine despite being a deep-sea fish that could prove difficult to catch with <a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">dugouts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This challenges our understanding of early <a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">maritime</a> technology. Though the need to conduct studies on these studies should be done, it is important to note that they should be carried out with the approval of the landowner on whose property the middens are located, as well as with the associated tribes. To start the process of either studying a shell midden or formally recognizing a midden, interested parties can become involved in the University of Maine ‘Midden Minders’ project<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which seeks to catalog the various sites along the coast and document the impact of shoreline change. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_historic_site">State historic site</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaleback_Shell_Midden&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: State historic site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The area around the remains of the Whaleback is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Maine_state_parks" title="List of Maine state parks">Maine state historic site</a>, first opened for a full season in 2005, with some historical displays and a hiking trail.<sup id="cite_ref-dacf_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dacf-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mainetoday_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mainetoday-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oyster_culturing">Oyster culturing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaleback_Shell_Midden&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Oyster culturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1875 oysters that were once abundant were no longer native to <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> waters.<sup id="cite_ref-drake_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drake-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wild populations have been established in recent years by the spawn of <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> oysters.<sup id="cite_ref-farm_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farm-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaleback_Shell_Midden&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Whaleback_Shell_Midden_gully_-_20070722_07986.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A gully running through the midden to the Damariscotta River."><img alt="A gully running through the midden to the Damariscotta River." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Whaleback_Shell_Midden_gully_-_20070722_07986.JPG/120px-Whaleback_Shell_Midden_gully_-_20070722_07986.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Whaleback_Shell_Midden_gully_-_20070722_07986.JPG/180px-Whaleback_Shell_Midden_gully_-_20070722_07986.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Whaleback_Shell_Midden_gully_-_20070722_07986.JPG/240px-Whaleback_Shell_Midden_gully_-_20070722_07986.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Gully" title="Gully">gully</a> running through the midden to the <a href="/wiki/Damariscotta_River" title="Damariscotta River">Damariscotta River</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Whaleback_Shell_Midden_oyster_shell_closeup_-_20070722_07982.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Closeup of one of the thousand year old oyster shells."><img alt="Closeup of one of the thousand year old oyster shells." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Whaleback_Shell_Midden_oyster_shell_closeup_-_20070722_07982.JPG/90px-Whaleback_Shell_Midden_oyster_shell_closeup_-_20070722_07982.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Whaleback_Shell_Midden_oyster_shell_closeup_-_20070722_07982.JPG/135px-Whaleback_Shell_Midden_oyster_shell_closeup_-_20070722_07982.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Whaleback_Shell_Midden_oyster_shell_closeup_-_20070722_07982.JPG/180px-Whaleback_Shell_Midden_oyster_shell_closeup_-_20070722_07982.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Closeup of one of the thousand year old <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oyster</a> shells.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Damariscotta_River_and_Glidden_Shell_Midden_-_20070722_07991.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Glidden Shell Midden is located immediately across the Damariscotta River."><img alt="The Glidden Shell Midden is located immediately across the Damariscotta River." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Damariscotta_River_and_Glidden_Shell_Midden_-_20070722_07991.JPG/90px-Damariscotta_River_and_Glidden_Shell_Midden_-_20070722_07991.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Damariscotta_River_and_Glidden_Shell_Midden_-_20070722_07991.JPG/135px-Damariscotta_River_and_Glidden_Shell_Midden_-_20070722_07991.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Damariscotta_River_and_Glidden_Shell_Midden_-_20070722_07991.JPG/180px-Damariscotta_River_and_Glidden_Shell_Midden_-_20070722_07991.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Glidden Shell Midden is located immediately across the Damariscotta River.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaleback_Shell_Midden&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damariscotta_Shell_Midden_Historic_District" title="Damariscotta Shell Midden Historic District">Damariscotta Shell Midden Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lincoln_County,_Maine" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lincoln County, Maine">National Register of Historic Places listings in Lincoln County, Maine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaleback_Shell_Midden&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-museum-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-museum_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davistownmuseum.org/bibNorCont.htm">"Damariscotta Shell Middens"</a>. Davistown Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Damariscotta+Shell+Middens&rft.pub=Davistown+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.davistownmuseum.org%2FbibNorCont.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaleback+Shell+Midden" class="Z3988"></span> A compilation of articles and annotations on shell middens in the area.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MAGDE-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MAGDE_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaine_League_of_Historical_Societies_and_Museums1970" class="citation book cs1">Maine League of Historical Societies and Museums (1970). Doris A. Isaacson (ed.). <i>Maine: A Guide 'Down East'<span></span></i>. Rockland, Me.: Courier-Gazette, Inc. p. 258.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maine%3A+A+Guide+%27Down+East%27&rft.place=Rockland%2C+Me.&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Courier-Gazette%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1970&rft.au=Maine+League+of+Historical+Societies+and+Museums&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaleback+Shell+Midden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Braun, Duane D. Guide to the geology of Mount Desert Island and Acadia National Park. Braun, Ruth (Geology instructor). Berkeley, California. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62317-053-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62317-053-0">978-1-62317-053-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> 922836428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Borns, Harold W. Jr.; Doner, Lisa A.; Dorion, Christopher C.; Jacobson, George L. Jr.; Kaplan, Michael R.; Kreutz, Karl J.; Lowell, Thomas V.; Thompson, Woodrow B.; and Weddle, Thomas K., "The Deglaciation of Maine, USA" (2004). Earth Science Faculty Scholarship. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly, J., Belknap, D., Claesson, S., 2010, Drowned coastal deposits with associated archaeological remains from a sea-level “slowstand”: Northwestern Gulf of Maine, USA, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.abbemuseum.org/research/archaeology/maine-timeline.html">"Maine Archaeological Timeline | Research | Abbe Museum"</a>. <i>archive.abbemuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.abbemuseum.org&rft.atitle=Maine+Archaeological+Timeline+%7C+Research+%7C+Abbe+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.abbemuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Farchaeology%2Fmaine-timeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaleback+Shell+Midden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NOAA Coastal Ocean Program Regional Synthesis Series. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA Coastal Ocean Program Office. 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelley, Dickson and Belknap. "Maine's History of Sea-Level Changes" (1996). Maine Geological Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.maine.gov/dacf/mgs/explore/marine/facts/sealevel.pdf">https://www.maine.gov/dacf/mgs/explore/marine/facts/sealevel.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spiess, Aruther E. (2017) “People of the Clam: Shellfish and Diet in Coastal Maine Late Archaic and Ceramic Period Sites”. Journal of the North Atlantic, 10(sp10): 105-112. Eagle Hill Institute.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanger, David. (1996) “Testing the Models: Hunter-Gatherer Use of Space in the Gulf of Maine, USA”. World Archaeology, 27(3). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanger, David, 1936- (1985). Sea-level rise and archaeology in the Damariscotta River. Maine Geological Survey, Dept. of Conservation. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> 26127580.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanger, David, and Douglas C. Kellogg. Prehistoric Archaeology and Evidence of Coastal Subsidence on the Coast of Maine. 1989, pp. 107–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanger, David, and Mary Jo Sanger. “The Damariscotta Oyster Shell Heaps.” Northeastern Naturalist, vol. 4, no. 2, 1997, pp. 93–102. JSTOR, doi:10.2307/3858407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weddle, Tom. “Sea-Level Rise and the Damariscotta River Oyster Shell Middens” Maine Geological Survey. 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Turner Farm Midden Analysis". <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-0-585-27574-1%2F1.pdf">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-0-585-27574-1%2F1.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://umaine.edu/middenminders/">"Welcome - Maine Midden Minders - University of Maine"</a>. <i>Maine Midden Minders</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maine+Midden+Minders&rft.atitle=Welcome+-+Maine+Midden+Minders+-+University+of+Maine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fumaine.edu%2Fmiddenminders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaleback+Shell+Midden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dacf-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dacf_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maine.gov/whalebackshellmidden">"Whaleback Shell Midden"</a>. Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Whaleback+Shell+Midden&rft.pub=Department+of+Agriculture%2C+Conservation+and+Forestry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maine.gov%2Fwhalebackshellmidden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaleback+Shell+Midden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mainetoday-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mainetoday_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoey2005" class="citation web cs1">Hoey, Dennis (June 27, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060515034353/http://outdoors.mainetoday.com/naturewatching/050627midden.shtml">"Midden comes out of its shell"</a>. <i>Outdoors, MaineToday.com</i>. Blethen Maine Newspapers, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://outdoors.mainetoday.com/naturewatching/050627midden.shtml">the original</a> on May 15, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Outdoors%2C+MaineToday.com&rft.atitle=Midden+comes+out+of+its+shell&rft.date=2005-06-27&rft.aulast=Hoey&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foutdoors.mainetoday.com%2Fnaturewatching%2F050627midden.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaleback+Shell+Midden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-drake-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-drake_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrake1875" class="citation book cs1">Drake, Samuel Adams (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nookscornersofne00drake"><i>Nooks and Corners of the New England Coast</i></a>. New York: Harper & Brothers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nooks+and+Corners+of+the+New+England+Coast&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Adams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnookscornersofne00drake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaleback+Shell+Midden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-farm-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-farm_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oysterfarm.com/content/oyster_growing_areas/">"Growing Areas"</a>. Glidden Point Oyster Sea Farm<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Growing+Areas&rft.pub=Glidden+Point+Oyster+Sea+Farm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oysterfarm.com%2Fcontent%2Foyster_growing_areas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaleback+Shell+Midden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaleback_Shell_Midden&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maine.gov/whalebackshellmidden">Whaleback Shell Midden</a> Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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United States">Protected areas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Parks<br />and Historic Sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia_National_Park" title="Acadia National Park">Acadia National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katahdin_Woods_and_Waters_National_Monument" title="Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument">Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix_Island,_Maine" title="Saint Croix Island, Maine">Saint Croix Island International Historic Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">National Wildlife Refuges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroostook_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Aroostook National Wildlife Refuge">Aroostook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Pond_Waterfowl_Production_Area" title="Carlton Pond Waterfowl Production Area">Carlton Pond Waterfowl Production Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Cross Island National Wildlife Refuge">Cross Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Franklin Island National Wildlife Refuge">Franklin Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Coastal_Islands_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Maine Coastal Islands National Wildlife Refuge">Maine Coastal Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moosehorn_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge">Moosehorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit_Manan_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Petit Manan National Wildlife Refuge">Petit Manan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Pond Island National Wildlife Refuge">Pond Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Seal Island National Wildlife Refuge">Seal Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunkhaze_Meadows_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Sunkhaze Meadows National Wildlife Refuge">Sunkhaze Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbagog_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Umbagog National Wildlife Refuge">Umbagog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_forest_(United_States)" title="National forest (United States)">National Forests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_National_Forest" title="White Mountain National Forest">White Mountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Cemetery_System" title="United States National Cemetery System">National Cemeteries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia_National_Cemetery" title="Acadia National Cemetery">Acadia National Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togus_National_Cemetery" title="Togus National Cemetery">Togus National Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Trails_System" title="National Trails System">National Trails</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Trail" title="Appalachian Trail">Appalachian Trail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Estuarine_Research_Reserve" title="National Estuarine Research Reserve">National Estuarine<br />Research Reserves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wells_National_Estuarine_Research_Reserve" title="Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve">Wells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Wild_and_Scenic_Rivers_System" title="National Wild and Scenic Rivers System">National wild and scenic rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allagash_Wilderness_Waterway" title="Allagash Wilderness Waterway">Allagash Wilderness Waterway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_River_(Maine)" title="York River (Maine)">York River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Maine">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maine_state_parks" title="List of Maine state parks">State Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allagash_Wilderness_Waterway" title="Allagash Wilderness Waterway">Allagash Wilderness Waterway</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androscoggin_Riverlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Androscoggin Riverlands (page does not exist)">Androscoggin Riverlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroostook_State_Park" title="Aroostook State Park">Aroostook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baxter_State_Park" title="Baxter State Park">Baxter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_Point_State_Park" title="Birch Point State Park">Birch Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradbury_Mountain_State_Park" title="Bradbury Mountain State Park">Bradbury Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden_Hills_State_Park" title="Camden Hills State Park">Camden Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobscook_Bay_State_Park" title="Cobscook Bay State Park">Cobscook Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescent_Beach_State_Park" title="Crescent Beach State Park">Crescent Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damariscotta_Lake_State_Park" title="Damariscotta Lake State Park">Damariscotta Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry_Beach_State_Park" title="Ferry Beach State Park">Ferry Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Point_State_Park" title="Fort Point State Park">Fort Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton_Notch_State_Park" title="Grafton Notch State Park">Grafton Notch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holbrook_Island_Sanctuary_State_Park" title="Holbrook Island Sanctuary State Park">Holbrook Island Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_St._George_State_Park" title="Lake St. George State Park">Lake St. George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoine_State_Park" title="Lamoine State Park">Lamoine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lily_Bay_State_Park" title="Lily Bay State Park">Lily Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackworth_Island" title="Mackworth Island">Mackworth Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose_Point_State_Park" title="Moose Point State Park">Moose Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Blue_State_Park" title="Mount Blue State Park">Mount Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kineo" title="Mount Kineo">Mount Kineo State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owls_Head_Light" title="Owls Head Light">Owls Head Light State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacock_Beach_State_Park" title="Peacock Beach State Park">Peacock Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaks-Kenny_State_Park" title="Peaks-Kenny State Park">Peaks-Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penobscot_River_Corridor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penobscot River Corridor (page does not exist)">Penobscot River Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popham_Beach_State_Park" title="Popham Beach State Park">Popham Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quoddy_Head_State_Park" title="Quoddy Head State Park">Quoddy Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Range_Ponds_State_Park" title="Range Ponds State Park">Range Ponds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangeley_Lake_State_Park" title="Rangeley Lake State Park">Rangeley Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reid_State_Park" title="Reid State Park">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roque_Bluffs_State_Park" title="Roque Bluffs State Park">Roque Bluffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shackford_Head_State_Park" title="Shackford Head State Park">Shackford Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebago_Lake_State_Park" title="Sebago Lake State Park">Sebago Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swans_Falls_Campground&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swans Falls Campground (page does not exist)">Swans Falls Campground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_Lake_State_Park" title="Swan Lake State Park">Swan Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Lights_State_Park" title="Two Lights State Park">Two Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaughan_Woods_State_Park" title="Vaughan Woods State Park">Vaughan Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Island_State_Park" title="Warren Island State Park">Warren Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfe%27s_Neck_Woods_State_Park" title="Wolfe's Neck Woods State Park">Wolfe's Neck Woods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maine_state_parks" title="List of Maine state parks">State Historic Sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_Point_State_Historic_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bible Point State Historic Site (page does not exist)">Bible Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_Reuben_Colburn_House" title="Major Reuben Colburn House">Colburn House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Pemaquid_State_Historic_Site" title="Colonial Pemaquid State Historic Site">Colonial Pemaquid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Island_(Casco_Bay,_Maine)" title="Eagle Island (Casco Bay, Maine)">Eagle Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Baldwin" title="Fort Baldwin">Fort Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Edgecomb" title="Fort Edgecomb">Fort Edgecomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Halifax_(Maine)" title="Fort Halifax (Maine)">Fort Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Kent_(fort)" title="Fort Kent (fort)">Fort Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Knox_(Maine)" title="Fort Knox (Maine)">Fort Knox</a> (<a href="/wiki/Penobscot_Narrows_Bridge_and_Observatory" title="Penobscot Narrows Bridge and Observatory">Penobscot Narrows Observatory</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McClary" title="Fort McClary">Fort McClary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_O%27Brien" title="Fort O'Brien">Fort O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Paul_Jones_State_Historic_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Paul Jones State Historic Site (page does not exist)">John Paul Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katahdin_Iron_Works" title="Katahdin Iron Works">Katahdin Iron Works</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayall_Mills&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayall Mills (page does not exist)">Mayall Mills</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Whaleback Shell Midden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maine_state_forests" title="List of Maine state forests">State Forests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durham_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Durham State Forest (page does not exist)">Durham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maine_Department_of_Agriculture,_Conservation_and_Forestry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maine Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry (page does not exist)">Maine Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse 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href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Maine" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Maryland" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Massachusetts" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Michigan" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Minnesota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Mississippi" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Montana" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nebraska" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nevada" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Hampshire" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Jersey" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Mexico" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Ohio" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oklahoma" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oregon" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pennsylvania" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rhode_Island" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Tennessee" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Texas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Utah" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Vermont" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington_state" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington state">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_West_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wisconsin" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wyoming" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists by insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_American_Samoa" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Guam" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the United States Minor Outlying Islands">Minor Outlying Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Puerto_Rico" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the United States Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists by associated state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Palau" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington,_D.C." title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Legation,_Tangier" title="American Legation, Tangier">American Legation, Morocco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Preservation_Act" title="National Historic Preservation Act">National Historic Preservation Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Preservation_Fund" title="Historic Preservation Fund">Historic Preservation Fund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jails_and_prisons_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places">List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_and_college_buildings_listed_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places">University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG/32px-HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG/48px-HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG 1.5x, 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title="Category:National Register of Historic Places">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whaleback_Shell_Midden&oldid=1229423685">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whaleback_Shell_Midden&oldid=1229423685</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Maine" title="Category:Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine">Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic 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