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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>'3 Needles'</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-'3_Needles'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Needle_exchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Needle_exchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Needle exchange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Needle_exchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_sex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_sex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Commercial sex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_sex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yunnan_ahead" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yunnan_ahead"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Yunnan ahead</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yunnan_ahead-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yunnan_Red_Cross" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yunnan_Red_Cross"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Yunnan Red Cross</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yunnan_Red_Cross-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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.ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChinaHIVAIDSmap.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/ChinaHIVAIDSmap.svg/300px-ChinaHIVAIDSmap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/ChinaHIVAIDSmap.svg/450px-ChinaHIVAIDSmap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/ChinaHIVAIDSmap.svg/600px-ChinaHIVAIDSmap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Reported <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> cases in all <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Chinese provinces</a>, 2005.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>'s first reported <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> case was identified in 1985 in a dying tourist.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989, the first indigenous cases were reported as an outbreak in 146 infected <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a> users in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> province, near <a href="/wiki/Southwest_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest China">China's southwest</a> border.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yunnan is the area most affected by <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in the People's Republic of China">HIV/AIDS in China</a>. In 1989 first infections appeared among needle sharing drug users near the <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burmese</a> border. Up until 1993, the disease had remained a problem in the border areas before mobile people (truck drivers, construction and migrant workers and travelers) brought the virus further into the country. In 1995, the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> reported their first HIV cases, and by 1998, the virus had spread all over China. </p><p>Low awareness of the disease among China's general population appears to be a major culprit. Most Chinese consider HIV/AIDS as a foreign issue<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, and even educated people are less knowledgeable of the virus, its transmission and prevention, than people in other countries. Until recently,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2020)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the use of condoms was not very common, even among sex workers and their clients. As a result, the epidemic has spread from high-risk groups (drug users, sex workers, unsafe blood donors) to the general population. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heroin_flow">Heroin flow</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Yunnan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Heroin flow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heroin flows into Yunnan Province from neighboring <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, bringing with it HIV. The province's first cases were reported in 1989. With a population of 44 million, Yunnan now has only 200 health workers trained for the disease. Officials estimate that the province has 80,000 infected people, most of them <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">intravenous</a> drug users who have spread the disease by sharing needles. In <a href="/wiki/Gejiu" title="Gejiu">Gejiu</a>, a city of 310,000 people on a route favored by drug traffickers, initial rounds of <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> testing in recent years found more than 1,000 people with HIV, nearly all drug users or prostitutes. Unlike some other provinces, Yunnan has welcomed international nonprofit groups and support from <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and more recently the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="'3_Needles'"><span id=".273_Needles.27"></span>'3 Needles'</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Yunnan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: '3 Needles'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GaoYaojie2-70_percent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/GaoYaojie2-70_percent.jpg/180px-GaoYaojie2-70_percent.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/GaoYaojie2-70_percent.jpg/270px-GaoYaojie2-70_percent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/GaoYaojie2-70_percent.jpg/360px-GaoYaojie2-70_percent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="1216" /></a><figcaption>Dr. <a href="/wiki/Gao_Yaojie" title="Gao Yaojie">Gao Yaojie</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gynecologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynecologist">gynecologist</a> and AIDS activist from <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> province.</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/3_Needles" title="3 Needles">3 Needles</a></i> is a 2005 dramatic film depicting the lives of people in Yunnan during the HIV/AIDS epidemic. One of the film's protagonists, a pregnant black-market operative played by <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Liu" title="Lucy Liu">Lucy Liu</a>, makes her living as a blood smuggler. But when several blood donors begin to get sick and die, she realizes that she may have jeopardized the health of the village's safety and beyond. <i>3 Needles</i> is an attempt to visualize the profound experience of <a href="/wiki/Gao_Yaojie" title="Gao Yaojie">Gao Yaojie</a> and many others as we can read in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> sequel.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Needle_exchange">Needle exchange</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Yunnan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Needle exchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2001, the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council of the People's Republic of China</a> has officially advocated needle social marketing as an HIV prevention measure.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence from research and study tours to countries such as <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which runs successful needle exchange programmes, prompted the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(China)" title="Ministry of Health (China)">Ministry of Health (China)</a> to support the first such programme in Yunnan province and <a href="/wiki/Guangxi_Zhuang_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region">Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region</a> in 1999. On the basis of the successes of the pilot, the programme was expanded in 2004, and plans are in place to open an additional 1500 <a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">methadone</a> maintenance treatment clinics for about 300 000 heroin users by 2008. A National Training Centre for methadone maintenance treatment has been established in Yunnan to provide clinical and technical support.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_sex">Commercial sex</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Yunnan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Commercial sex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commercial sex work is illegal in the People's Republic of China; hence, brothels are illegal and commercial sex workers operate out of places of entertainment (e.g., karaoke bars), hotels, hair-dressing salons, or on the street.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional strategy for controlling HIV transmission through commercial sex workers has been the development of stricter laws to prevent risky behaviours,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> accompanied by raids on suspected sex establishments by public security officials.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996–97, following the success of prevention interventions in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Public_health_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Public health in the People's Republic of China">Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention</a> launched the first intervention projects to promote safer sex behaviours to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases in commercial sex workers working at entertainment establishments in Yunnan.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numbers">Numbers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Yunnan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002, a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>-commissioned report, entitled <i>China's Titanic peril</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> estimating that the People's Republic of China had about 1 million cases of HIV, and that it was on the brink of an "explosive HIV/AIDS epidemic…with an imminent risk to widespread dissemination to the general population". The report continued: "a potential HIV/AIDS disaster of unimaginable proportion now lies in wait." A few months later, the US <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Council" title="National Intelligence Council">National Intelligence Council</a> estimated that 1-2 million people were living with HIV in People's Republic of China, and predicted 10–15 million cases by 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other reports at this time were similarly pessimistic: from the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies" title="Center for Strategic and International Studies">Center for Strategic and International Studies</a> (Washington, DC, USA), HIV/AIDS was referred to as China's time-bomb;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from the <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a> as the AIDS typhoon.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as Wu and colleagues note, by 2006 the number of people living with <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> is estimated to be 650,000—a figure revised downwards by 200,000 from 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a slow start and reluctance to recognise the existence of risk activities in its population and of the HIV epidemic, China has responded to international influences, media coverage, and scientific evidence to take bold steps to control the epidemic, using scientifically validated strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Joint Assessment of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Treatment and Care in China (2004),<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed jointly by <a href="/wiki/UNAIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="UNAIDS">UNAIDS</a> and the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council of the People's Republic of China</a>, estimated that the country had 840,000 people living with HIV/AIDS. This figure was revised down to 650,000 in 2005 in light of more representative data collection and more appropriate estimation methods.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yunnan_ahead">Yunnan ahead</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Yunnan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Yunnan ahead"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yunnan province has shown strong support for implementation and advocacy of harm-reduction strategies that reduce HIV transmission in its many drug users, whereas <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> province had been slower to respond to the needs of former plasma donors in the early stages of the epidemic.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distribution of HIV in China is not even, and is concentrated in areas with high drug use (i.e. Yunnan, Guangxi, Xinjiang, and Sichuan) and in areas where people were infected through unsafe blood or plasma donation (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>). The number of cases ranges dramatically between provinces (see the map of China on your right), with, for example, just 20 cases reported from <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> but well over 40,000 in neighbouring Yunnan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yunnan_Red_Cross">Yunnan Red Cross</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Yunnan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Yunnan Red Cross"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yunnan Red Cross was one of the first non-government organizations fighting <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_China" title="HIV/AIDS in China">HIV/AIDS in China</a>. It was established in 1994, as an adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Red_Cross" title="Australian Red Cross">Australian Red Cross</a>, and is operating five projects in various locations throughout the province.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Yunnan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in the People's Republic of China">HIV/AIDS in the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Yaojie" title="Gao Yaojie">Gao Yaojie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Institute_of_Development" title="Yunnan Institute of Development">Yunnan Institute of Development</a> (YID)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Yunnan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Settle E. AIDS in China: an annotated chronology: 1985–2003. Montreal: China AIDS Survey, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ma Y, Li ZZ, Zhang KX. Identifi cation of HIV infection among drug users in China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 1990; 11:184–85 (in Chinese).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chinese City Emerges As Model in AIDS Fight (June 16) by JIM YARDLEY. The New York Times (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Detained AIDS Doctor Allowed to Visit U.S. Later, China Says (February 17); China Covers Up Detention of AIDS Doctor (February 16); China Places AIDS Activist Under House Arrest (February 6) by JIM YARDLEY. The New York Times (2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">State Council of the People's Republic of China. China's action plan on HIV/AIDS prevention and containment (2001–2005). State Council Document (2001) number 40. Beijing, 2001 (in Chinese)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowtell W. Australia. In: Yamamoto T, Itoh S, eds. Fighting a rising tide: the response to AIDS in East Asia, 1st edn. Tokyo: Japan Center for International Exchange, 2006: 19–52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gil VE, Wang MS, Anderson AF, Lin GM, Wu ZO. Prostitutes, prostitution and Sexually transmitted disease/HIV transmission in mainland China. Soc Sci Med 1996; 42: 141–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. Decision on the strict prohibition against prostitution and whoring. Beijing, 1991 (in Chinese)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Husain L. Policing AIDS in China: official discourses, change, continuity, and unofficial voices. In: Christiansen F, Dosch J, Caroline R, Hamelman S, eds. Leeds East Asia Papers. Leeds: Department of East Asia Studies, University of Leeds, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gil VE, Wang MS, Anderson AF, Lin GM, Wu ZO. Prostitutes, prostitution and STD/HIV transmission in mainland China. Soc Sci Med 1996; 42: 141–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anon. Thailand condom campaign reduced AIDS infections by fifty percent. AIDS Wkly Plus 1996; Aug 12, 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wu Z. Final Report for Intervention on Female Prostitutes in Yunnan. Final Report to the World Bank. Beijing, China: Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wu Z. Promoting condom use among female prostitutes in natural settings in Yunnan, China. 12th International AIDS Conference; Geneva, Switzerland; June 28–July 3, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eldis gateway. HIV/AIDS: China's Titanic peril: 2001 update of the AIDS situation and needs assessment report. UNAIDS, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.eldis.org/static/DOC9892.htm">http://www.eldis.org/static/DOC9892.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060518053757/http://www.eldis.org/static/DOC9892.htm">Archived</a> 2006-05-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Intelligence Council. The next wave of HIV/AIDS: Nigeria, Ethiopia, Russia, India, China. ICA 2002-04 D. September, 2002: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://fas.org/irp/nic/hiv-aids.html">https://fas.org/irp/nic/hiv-aids.html</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bates G, Morrison SJ, Thompson D, eds. Defusing China's time-bomb-sustaining the momentum of China's HIV/AIDS response. A report of the CSIS HIV/AIDS delegation to China, April 13–18, 2004. 2004: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/040413_china_aids.pdf">http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/040413_china_aids.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American Enterprise Institute, Washington, D.C. Can Asia avoid the AIDS typhoon? Nov 11, 2002: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210305/http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/hcast_index.cfm?display=detail&hc=722">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Can Asia Avoid the AIDS Typhoon?" - Kaisernetwork.org"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/hcast_index.cfm?display=detail&hc=722">the original</a> on 2007-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Can+Asia+Avoid+the+AIDS+Typhoon%3F%22+-+Kaisernetwork.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaisernetwork.org%2Fhealth_cast%2Fhcast_index.cfm%3Fdisplay%3Ddetail%26hc%3D722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+Yunnan" class="Z3988"></span> (accessed Oct 19, 2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. Update on the HIV/AIDS epidemic and response in China. 2006: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://data.unaids.org/publications/External-Documents/RP_2005ChinaEstimation_25Jan06_en.pdf">http://data.unaids.org/publications/External-Documents/RP_2005ChinaEstimation_25Jan06_en.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wu Z, Sullivan SG, Wang Y, Rotheram-Borus MJ, Detels R. <i>Lancet</i> (2007) 369(9562):679-90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">State Council AIDS Working Committee Office, UN Theme Group on HIV/AIDS in the People's Republic of China. A joint assessment of HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and care in China. Beijing: China Ministry of Health, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, UNAIDS, WHO. 2005 update on the HIV/AIDS epidemic and response in China. Beijing: Ministry of Health, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watts J. AIDS in China: new legislation, old doubts. Lancet 2006; 367: 803–04</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Yunnan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynredcross.org.cn/">Yunnan Red Cross - Official Website</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uic.edu.hk/en/index.php?Itemid=272&id=153&option=com_content&task=view">Development Work and Voluntarism in 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title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Province</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_and_former_capitals_of_subnational_entities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China">capital</a>)</small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panlong,_Kunming" title="Panlong, Kunming">Panlong District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhua,_Kunming" title="Wuhua, Kunming">Wuhua District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guandu,_Kunming" title="Guandu, Kunming">Guandu District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xishan,_Kunming" title="Xishan, Kunming">Xishan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenggong,_Kunming" title="Chenggong, Kunming">Chenggong District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongchuan,_Kunming" title="Dongchuan, Kunming">Dongchuan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinning,_Kunming" title="Jinning, Kunming">Jinning District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anning,_Yunnan" title="Anning, Yunnan">Anning</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumin_County" title="Fumin County">Fumin County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiliang_County,_Kunming" title="Yiliang County, Kunming">Yiliang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songming_County" title="Songming County">Songming County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilin_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Shilin Yi Autonomous County">Shilin County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luquan_Yi_and_Miao_Autonomous_County" title="Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County">Luquan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xundian_Hui_and_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County">Xundian County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Qujing" title="Qujing">Qujing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qilin,_Qujing" title="Qilin, Qujing">Qilin District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhanyi,_Qujing" title="Zhanyi, Qujing">Zhanyi District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malong,_Qujing" title="Malong, Qujing">Malong District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanwei" title="Xuanwei">Xuanwei</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyuan_County,_Yunnan" title="Fuyuan County, Yunnan">Fuyuan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoping_County" title="Luoping County">Luoping County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shizong_County" title="Shizong County">Shizong County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luliang_County" title="Luliang County">Luliang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huize_County" title="Huize County">Huize County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Yuxi" title="Yuxi">Yuxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hongta,_Yuxi" title="Hongta, Yuxi">Hongta District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangchuan,_Yuxi" title="Jiangchuan, Yuxi">Jiangchuan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengjiang,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Chengjiang, China">Chengjiang</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonghai_County" title="Tonghai County">Tonghai County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaning_County" title="Huaning County">Huaning County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yimen_County" title="Yimen County">Yimen County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshan_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Eshan Yi Autonomous County">Eshan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinping_Yi_and_Dai_Autonomous_County" title="Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County">Xinping County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanjiang_Hani,_Yi_and_Dai_Autonomous_County" title="Yuanjiang Hani, Yi and Dai Autonomous County">Yuanjiang County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Baoshan,_Yunnan" title="Baoshan, Yunnan">Baoshan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longyang,_Baoshan" title="Longyang, Baoshan">Longyang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengchong" title="Tengchong">Tengchong</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidian_County" title="Shidian County">Shidian County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longling_County" title="Longling County">Longling County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changning_County,_Yunnan" title="Changning County, Yunnan">Changning County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Zhaotong" title="Zhaotong">Zhaotong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhaoyang,_Zhaotong" title="Zhaoyang, Zhaotong">Zhaoyang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuifu" title="Shuifu">Shuifu</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludian_County" title="Ludian County">Ludian County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiaojia_County" title="Qiaojia County">Qiaojia County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanjin_County,_Yunnan" title="Yanjin County, Yunnan">Yanjin County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguan_County" title="Daguan County">Daguan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongshan_County" title="Yongshan County">Yongshan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suijiang_County" title="Suijiang County">Suijiang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenxiong_County" title="Zhenxiong County">Zhenxiong County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiliang_County,_Zhaotong" title="Yiliang County, Zhaotong">Yiliang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weixin_County" title="Weixin County">Weixin County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Lijiang" title="Lijiang">Lijiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gucheng,_Lijiang" title="Gucheng, Lijiang">Gucheng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongsheng_County" title="Yongsheng County">Yongsheng County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaping_County" title="Huaping County">Huaping County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulong_Naxi_Autonomous_County" title="Yulong Naxi Autonomous County">Yulong County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninglang_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Ninglang Yi Autonomous County">Ninglang County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Pu%27er_City" title="Pu'er City">Pu'er</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simao,_Pu%27er" title="Simao, Pu'er">Simao District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ning%27er_Hani_and_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Ning'er Hani and Yi Autonomous County">Ning'er County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojiang_Hani_Autonomous_County" title="Mojiang Hani Autonomous County">Mojiang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingdong_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Jingdong Yi Autonomous County">Jingdong County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinggu_Dai_and_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Jinggu Dai and Yi Autonomous County">Jinggu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenyuan_Yi,_Hani_and_Lahu_Autonomous_County" title="Zhenyuan Yi, Hani and Lahu Autonomous County">Zhenyuan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangcheng_Hani_and_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County">Jiangcheng County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menglian_Dai,_Lahu_and_Va_Autonomous_County" title="Menglian Dai, Lahu and Va Autonomous County">Menglian County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancang_Lahu_Autonomous_County" title="Lancang Lahu Autonomous County">Lancang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ximeng_Va_Autonomous_County" title="Ximeng Va Autonomous County">Ximeng County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Lincang" title="Lincang">Lincang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linxiang,_Lincang" title="Linxiang, Lincang">Linxiang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengqing_County" title="Fengqing County">Fengqing County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yun_County,_Yunnan" title="Yun County, Yunnan">Yun County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongde_County" title="Yongde County">Yongde County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenkang_County" title="Zhenkang County">Zhenkang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuangjiang_Lahu,_Va,_Blang_and_Dai_Autonomous_County" title="Shuangjiang Lahu, Va, Blang and Dai Autonomous County">Shuangjiang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gengma_Dai_and_Va_Autonomous_County" title="Gengma Dai and Va Autonomous County">Gengma County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangyuan_Va_Autonomous_County" title="Cangyuan Va Autonomous County">Cangyuan County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefecture" title="Autonomous prefecture">Autonomous prefectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Chuxiong_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Chuxiong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuxiong_City" title="Chuxiong City">Chuxiong</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufeng,_Yunnan" title="Lufeng, Yunnan">Lufeng</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuangbai_County" title="Shuangbai County">Shuangbai County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouding_County" title="Mouding County">Mouding County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanhua_County" title="Nanhua County">Nanhua County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao%27an_County" title="Yao'an County">Yao'an County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayao_County" title="Dayao County">Dayao County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongren_County" title="Yongren County">Yongren County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanmou_County" title="Yuanmou County">Yuanmou County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuding_County" title="Wuding County">Wuding County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Honghe_Hani_and_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Honghe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mengzi_City" title="Mengzi City">Mengzi</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gejiu" title="Gejiu">Gejiu</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan,_Yunnan" title="Kaiyuan, Yunnan">Kaiyuan</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile_City" title="Mile City">Mile</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCchun_County" title="Lüchun County">Lüchun County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianshui_County" title="Jianshui County">Jianshui County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiping_County" title="Shiping County">Shiping County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxi_County,_Yunnan" title="Luxi County, Yunnan">Luxi County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanyang_County,_Yunnan" title="Yuanyang County, Yunnan">Yuanyang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honghe_County" title="Honghe County">Honghe County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinping_Miao,_Yao,_and_Dai_Autonomous_County" title="Jinping Miao, Yao, and Dai Autonomous County">Jinping County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hekou_Yao_Autonomous_County" title="Hekou Yao Autonomous County">Hekou County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingbian_Miao_Autonomous_County" title="Pingbian Miao Autonomous County">Pingbian County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Wenshan_Zhuang_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Wenshan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenshan_City" title="Wenshan City">Wenshan</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanshan_County,_Yunnan" title="Yanshan County, Yunnan">Yanshan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xichou_County" title="Xichou County">Xichou County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malipo_County" title="Malipo County">Malipo County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguan_County" title="Maguan County">Maguan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiubei_County" title="Qiubei County">Qiubei County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangnan_County" title="Guangnan County">Guangnan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funing_County,_Yunnan" title="Funing County, Yunnan">Funing County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Xishuangbanna_Dai_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture">Xishuangbanna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinghong" title="Jinghong">Jinghong</a> City</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menghai_County" title="Menghai County">Menghai County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengla_County" title="Mengla County">Mengla County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Dali_Bai_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture">Dali</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dali_City" title="Dali City">Dali</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangyun_County" title="Xiangyun County">Xiangyun County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binchuan_County" title="Binchuan County">Binchuan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midu_County" title="Midu County">Midu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongping_County" title="Yongping County">Yongping County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunlong_County" title="Yunlong County">Yunlong County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eryuan_County" title="Eryuan County">Eryuan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianchuan_County" title="Jianchuan County">Jianchuan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqing_County" title="Heqing County">Heqing County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangbi_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Yangbi Yi Autonomous County">Yangbi County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjian_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Nanjian Yi Autonomous County">Nanjian County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weishan_Yi_and_Hui_Autonomous_County" title="Weishan Yi and Hui Autonomous County">Weishan County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Dehong_Dai_and_Jingpo_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture">Dehong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mangshi" title="Mangshi">Mangshi</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruili" title="Ruili">Ruili</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianghe_County" title="Lianghe County">Lianghe County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingjiang_County" title="Yingjiang County">Yingjiang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchuan_County,_Yunnan" title="Longchuan County, Yunnan">Longchuan County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Nujiang_Lisu_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture">Nujiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lushui" title="Lushui">Lushui</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugong_County" title="Fugong County">Fugong County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongshan_Derung_and_Nu_Autonomous_County" title="Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County">Gongshan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanping_Bai_and_Pumi_Autonomous_County" title="Lanping Bai and Pumi Autonomous County">Lanping County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AAq%C3%AAn_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Dêqên Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Dêqên</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shangri-La,_Yunnan" title="Shangri-La, Yunnan">Shangri-La</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AAq%C3%AAn_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Dêqên County">Dêqên County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weixi_Lisu_Autonomous_County" title="Weixi Lisu Autonomous County">Weixi County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sexuality_and_gender_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sexuality_and_gender_in_China" title="Template:Sexuality and gender in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sexuality_and_gender_in_China" title="Template talk:Sexuality and gender in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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title="All-China Women's Federation">All-China Women's Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagongmei" title="Dagongmei">Female migrant workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_China" title="Women's health in China">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_women_in_China" title="Globalization and women in China">Globalization and women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ideals_of_female_beauty" title="Chinese ideals of female beauty">Ideals of female beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_and_imperial_China" title="Women in ancient and imperial China">In ancient and imperial times</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foot_binding" title="Foot binding">Foot binding</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Good_Wife,_Wise_Mother" title="Good Wife, Wise Mother">Good Wife, Wise Mother</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Three_Obediences_and_Four_Virtues" title="Three Obediences and Four Virtues">Three Obediences and Four Virtues</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_women_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Missing women of China">Missing women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_China" title="Prostitution in China">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_preference_in_China" title="Son preference in China">Son preference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_infanticide_in_China" title="Female infanticide in China">Female infanticide</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese marriage">Marriage</a> and family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese-foreign_marriages_in_mainland_China" title="Chinese-foreign marriages in mainland China">Chinese-foreign marriages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_policies_of_China" title="Family planning policies of China">Family planning policies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">Two-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-child_policy" title="Three-child policy">Three-child policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ghost_marriage" title="Chinese ghost marriage">Ghost marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_modern_China" title="Marriage in modern China">Marriage in modern China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_marriage_in_China" title="Naked marriage in China">Naked marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Marriage_Law" title="New Marriage Law">New Marriage Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_Tibet" title="Polyandry in Tibet">Polyandry in Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_marriage" title="Traditional Chinese marriage">Traditional Chinese marriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">LGBT</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in China">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_China" title="Homosexuality in China">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_China" title="Intersex rights in China">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_Beijing" title="LGBTQ culture in Beijing">LGBTQ culture in Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_Chengdu" title="LGBTQ culture in Chengdu">LGBTQ culture in Chengdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_Hong_Kong" title="LGBTQ culture in Hong Kong">LGBTQ culture in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_Shanghai" title="LGBTQ culture in Shanghai">LGBTQ culture in Shanghai</a></li> <li><a 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