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style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> <source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/cld_cover.png@.webp?1716143655 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/cld_cover.png@.webp?1715693721 1280w, local/adapt-img/870/20x/IMG/png/cld_cover.png@.webp?1715606071 1740w" sizes="(min-width: 960px) 960px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/cld_cover.png?1718494559 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/cld_cover.png?1718209931 1280w, local/adapt-img/870/20x/IMG/png/cld_cover.png?1716648621 1740w" sizes="(min-width: 960px) 960px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/cld_cover.png@.webp?1718551492 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/cld_cover.png@.webp?1716139710 960w, local/adapt-img/870/15x/IMG/png/cld_cover.png@.webp?1715606242 1305w" sizes="(min-width: 960px) 960px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/cld_cover.png?1718500228 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/cld_cover.png?1718490369 960w, local/adapt-img/870/15x/IMG/png/cld_cover.png?1718495589 1305w" sizes="(min-width: 960px) 960px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/cld_cover.png@.webp?1717797864 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/cld_cover.png@.webp?1716534587 640w, local/adapt-img/870/10x/IMG/png/cld_cover.png@.webp?1715606322 870w" sizes="(min-width: 960px) 960px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/870/10x/IMG/png/cld_cover.png?1715612897' width="870" height="1316" alt='Competition Law Dictionary' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/cld_cover.png?1718548723 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/cld_cover.png?1718495584 640w, local/adapt-img/870/10x/IMG/png/cld_cover.png?1715612897 870w' sizes='(min-width: 960px) 960px, 100vw' /></picture> </div> <div class="crayon rubrique-texte-161 cartouche__text texte"><p><strong> <i>The Competition Law Dictionary</i> </strong> is the first dictionary dedicated to competition and antitrust law worldwide, edited by <a href="en/authors/deborah-healey" class="spip_in">Deborah Healey</a> (University of New South Wales), <a href="en/authors/richard-whish" class="spip_in">Richard Whish</a> (King’s College London), <a href="en/authors/william-e-kovacic" class="spip_in">Bill Kovacic</a> (George Washington University), and <a href="en/authors/pablo-trevisan" class="spip_in">Pablo Trevisan</a> (Instituto de Derecho de la Competencia). As the competition community continues to grow around the world, the Editors have introduced an evolutionary and adaptable process to incorporate practices from multiple jurisdictions. Readers are invited to build on the existing definitions with short paragraphs on their respective countries. These national complements are subject to review by the Editors and the primary authors before inclusion, and the contributors will be credited in the Dictionary. <strong>To propose national complements, or new entries, prospective contributors are welcome to reach out to <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/page/contact/">Concurrences</a>.<br class='autobr' /> <i></strong></i></p> <p>Watch <a href="https://vimeo.com/688830198" class="spip_out" rel="external">Deborah Healey (University of New South Wales)</a> and <a href="https://vimeo.com/688842759" class="spip_out" rel="external">Richard Whish (King’s College London)</a>.</p></div> <div class="cartouche__authors"> <div class="entry auteur entry_auteur_rounded" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/deborah-healey" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:100px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L200xH200/auton21785-23405.png?1711359755) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Deborah Healey</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">University of New South Wales (Sydney)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Australia</span> <span class="articles"><em>7</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>52516</em> visits</span> </div> </div> <div class="entry auteur entry_auteur_rounded" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/richard-whish" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:100px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L140xH140/auton140-a8302.jpg?1711359192) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Richard Whish</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">King’s College (London)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">United Kingdom</span> <span class="articles"><em>36</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>131497</em> visits</span> </div> </div> <div class="entry auteur entry_auteur_rounded" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/william-e-kovacic" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:100px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L200xH200/auton876-845cc.jpg?1711359755) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">William E. Kovacic</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">George Washington University - School of Law (Washington)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">United States</span> <span class="articles"><em>81</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>112578</em> visits</span> </div> </div> <div class="entry auteur entry_auteur_rounded" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/pablo-trevisan" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:100px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L107xH107/auton41412-7feda.jpg?1711362272) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Pablo Trevisán</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">Instituto de Derecho de la Competencia (Buenos Aires)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Argentina</span> <span class="articles"><em>6</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>15242</em> visits</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <section class="section section_primary section_authors"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__content"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1+XvRhKto5A7x7AToj1AhTWlwgko2heiHxhxH8ogKLY/rHyNuU57pSBMUWDU9qlTb7kazF4GmhHXPKoSuj/GYgDriiBVHAWjHnrjCqLdbdTwIC+NamaMEi8Au34n9HUBxu8+bMBwgssX7KcKfSPx06+wqU2A1gqChkWR763C/NCdrsO4htx2Ua5iciwX0JL5Pt38ocjpLJ8rBJMq33uvGayFDVU9c5wFi5IXWD0s8ud9u+TqHlpawv0m06NNsvA8oceoTrVzacWShoe2nET157Kzxfru9/kvmHJK/c2JeA==' data-origin="/en/dictionary/"> <div class="menu menu_minitabs" id="definitions"> <div class="menu__items"> <strong class="on active">Index</strong> <a href='/en/dictionary/?tab=auteurs#definitions' class='ajax preload'>Authors</a> </div> </div> <div class="content-definitions tab-index"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1+XVZhK9p1EbJ7qy0KF2meA1/UwTA4UN5sL8Zt5EpLMHIy7QobVQT0cF7Dp+GHY9/nQbCuRiTo06X3VNV5dLgS7aPWlG7QP3iSUtr51MBs6uEJ8LmUySipJuf0Ap+k2v1XV+ujQ422rgtcUDA0pQTqBf2lOoD21ufBZ/CMr3kRiDwG3uWIeZgEOyQfSMR/tF3FfdZ33iwSKWvcF7RHu8giXKblg3MqUvTJ0duMfAx0rDz2wDFTnfZp0uUNuqg+BQnz6TAkNiqjfWgbGatVg2YMGvBfrud2JwfL2KMT4=' data-origin="/en/dictionary/"> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div class="main"> <div class="index"> <a class="lettre" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/#a" data-anchor="#a">a</a> <a class="lettre" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/#b" data-anchor="#b">b</a> <a class="lettre" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/#c" data-anchor="#c">c</a> <a class="lettre" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/#d" data-anchor="#d">d</a> <a class="lettre" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/#e" data-anchor="#e">e</a> <a class="lettre" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/#f" data-anchor="#f">f</a> <a class="lettre" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/#g" data-anchor="#g">g</a> <a class="lettre" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/#h" data-anchor="#h">h</a> <a class="lettre" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/#i" data-anchor="#i">i</a> <a class="lettre" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/#j" data-anchor="#j">j</a> <a class="lettre" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/#k" data-anchor="#k">k</a> <a class="lettre" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/#l" data-anchor="#l">l</a> <a class="lettre" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/#m" data-anchor="#m">m</a> <a class="lettre" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/#n" data-anchor="#n">n</a> <a class="lettre" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/#o" data-anchor="#o">o</a> <a class="lettre" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/#p" data-anchor="#p">p</a> <a class="lettre" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/#r" data-anchor="#r">r</a> <a class="lettre" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div> </div> </div> </section> <aside class="section section_primary section_testimonials"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__content"> <div class="temoignages-wrapper"> <h2>Testimonial</h2> <div class="temoignages carousel slide" id="temoignages_"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well carousel-inner"> <li class="item active"><div class="entry temoignage hentry" itemprop="review" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Review"> <div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/eleanor-m-fox" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:100px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L200xH200/fox_eleanor_m_1_-fe152-9f428.png?1711359657) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Eleanor M. Fox</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">NYU School of Law (New York)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">United States</span> <span class="articles"><em>31</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>60613</em> visits</span> </div> </div> <blockquote class="crayon temoignage-texte-1069 entry-content" itemprop="reviewBody"><p>The Global Dictionary is a remarkable addition to the literature on competition law. It is an excellent collection of very short summaries or mini-essays by experts on almost every topic of competition law and policy. The entries are straightforward as well as nuanced, and provide a quick orientation to a wide audience from established members of the competition community to students of the law and policy.</p></blockquote> </div></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </aside> </main> <aside class="aside secondary" id="aside"> </aside> <aside class="extra secondary" id="extra"> </aside> </div> </div> <footer class="banner-bottom" id="banner-bottom"> <div class="container"> <div class="banners clearfix format-full position-bas" 1 data-ride="carousel" data-interval="5000"> <div class="banners-inner" role="listbox" style="padding-bottom: 5.33%"> <div class="item active"> <a href="https://www.filigranes.be/philippe-emmanuel-partsch-les-5-travaux-d-europe-une-europe-qui-nous-fera-grandir"><picture class="adapt-img-wrapper c1198031097 png" 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