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Francis Bitter - Wikipedia

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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="فرانسيس بيتر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرانسيس بيتر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="فرانسیس بیتر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فرانسیس بیتر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bitter" title="Francis Bitter – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Francis Bitter" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bitter" title="Francis Bitter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Francis Bitter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bitter" title="Francis Bitter – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francis Bitter" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="فرانسیس بیتر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانسیس بیتر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bitter" title="Francis Bitter – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Francis Bitter" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="فرانسيس بيتر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرانسيس بيتر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bitter" title="Francis Bitter – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Francis Bitter" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Биттер, Фрэнсис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биттер, Фрэнсис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bitter" title="Francis Bitter – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Francis Bitter" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q938606#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&amp;q=%22Francis+Bitter%22">"Francis Bitter"</a>&#160;–&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&amp;q=%22Francis+Bitter%22+-wikipedia&amp;tbs=ar:1">news</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&amp;q=%22Francis+Bitter%22&amp;tbs=bkt:s&amp;tbm=bks">newspapers</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&amp;q=%22Francis+Bitter%22+-wikipedia">books</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Francis+Bitter%22">scholar</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Francis+Bitter%22&amp;acc=on&amp;wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Francis Bitter</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1902-07-22</span>)</span>July 22, 1902<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Weehawken,_New_Jersey" title="Weehawken, New Jersey">Weehawken, New Jersey</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 26, 1967<span style="display:none">(1967-07-26)</span> (aged&#160;65)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma&#160;mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">Berlin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known&#160;for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bitter_electromagnet" title="Bitter electromagnet">Bitter electromagnet</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Caltech" class="mw-redirect" title="Caltech">Caltech</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation">Westinghouse</a><br /><a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Potter_Wills" title="Albert Potter Wills">Albert Potter Wills</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">Robert C. Richardson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Brossel" title="Jean Brossel">Jean Brossel</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Francis Bitter</b> (July 22, 1902 – July 26, 1967) was an American <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bitter invented the Bitter plate used in resistive magnets (also called <a href="/wiki/Bitter_electromagnet" title="Bitter electromagnet">Bitter electromagnets</a>). He also developed the water cooling method inherent to the design of Bitter magnets. Prior to this development, there was no way to cool <a href="/wiki/Electromagnet" title="Electromagnet">electromagnets</a>, limiting their maximum flux density. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bitter&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Francis Bitter was born in <a href="/wiki/Weehawken,_New_Jersey" title="Weehawken, New Jersey">Weehawken, New Jersey</a>. His father, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Bitter" title="Karl Bitter">Karl Bitter</a>, was a prominent sculptor. </p><p>Bitter entered the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> in 1919, but chose to leave his studies there in 1922 to visit Europe. He later transferred to <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> and graduated in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He continued his studies in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> from 1925 to 1926 and received a PhD at Columbia in 1928. At Columbia, Bitter began his lifelong fascination with magnets.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bitter&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under a <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Research Council">National Research Council</a> fellowship, Bitter studied gases at <a href="/wiki/Caltech" class="mw-redirect" title="Caltech">Caltech</a> with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Andrews Millikan</a>, from 1928 to 1930. While at Caltech, he married the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>-born <a href="/wiki/Alice_Coomaraswamy" title="Alice Coomaraswamy">Alice Coomaraswamy</a>. She had been a moderately successful singer working under the stage name Ratan Devi.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1930, Bitter went to work for <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation">Westinghouse</a>, where he worked on various theoretical and applied problems concerning <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">ferromagnetism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>With a <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship" title="Guggenheim Fellowship">Guggenheim Fellowship</a>, Bitter travelled to England in 1933 and worked at the <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratory" title="Cavendish Laboratory">Cavendish Laboratory</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a>. There, he worked with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kapitza" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Kapitza">Peter Kapitza</a> on pulsed magnetic fields.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>The following year, Bitter returned to America and his work at Westinghouse. Later in 1934, he joined the faculty at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> and continued to consult for Westinghouse.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="At_M.I.T.">At M.I.T.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bitter&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: At M.I.T."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bitter joined the Department of Mining and Metallurgy as an associate professor in 1934. (The department is now known as Materials Science and Engineering.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>While at MIT, he developed the <a href="/wiki/Bitter_electromagnet" title="Bitter electromagnet">Bitter electromagnet</a> which was/is the most powerful electromagnet design. He established a magnet laboratory in 1938, where he built a solenoid magnet that produced a constant field of 100,000 gauss (10 <a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">teslas</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>He also did work in the first characterization of the <a href="/wiki/Zeeman_effect" title="Zeeman effect">Zeeman effect</a> with George Harrison.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>During the Second World War, Bitter worked for the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Ordnance" title="Bureau of Ordnance">Naval Bureau of Ordnance</a>. He often traveled to England to find ways to demagnetize British ships to protect them from a new type of German mine, which used a compass needle to trigger detonation. The mine, dropped from the air, would sink to the bottom of a river and remain there with its magnetic needle aligned to the Earth's magnetic field at that location. When a ship passed over it, the mass of the ship caused the magnetic needle to move slightly. The movement was enough to detonate the mine. In his autobiography <i>Magnets, the Education of a Physicist</i>, he referred to this unique work as "Degaussing the fleet". (It is possible that he worked with <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a>, who was researching the same problem.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>After the war, Bitter returned to MIT and joined the faculty of the physics department. He became a full professor in 1951, and from 1956 to 1960, he served as associate dean of MIT's school of science. From 1962 to 1965, Bitter was the housemaster of Ashdown House, MIT's graduate dormitory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bitter&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bitter_Magnet_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory">Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory</a>, formerly a national laboratory,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a> is named in his honor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bitter&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Physics_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT Physics Department">MIT Physics Department</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bitter&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRabi,_I._I.1967" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi, I. I.</a> (September 1967). "Francis Bitter, Authority on Magnetism, Was MIT Physicist". <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>20</b> (9): 127–129. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967PhT....20i.127R">1967PhT....20i.127R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.3034466">10.1063/1.3034466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&amp;rft.atitle=Francis+Bitter%2C+Authority+on+Magnetism%2C+Was+MIT+Physicist&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=127-129&amp;rft.date=1967-09&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.3034466&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1967PhT....20i.127R&amp;rft.au=Rabi%2C+I.+I.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColumbia_College_(Columbia_University)._Office_of_Alumni_Affairs_and_DevelopmentColumbia_College_(Columbia_University)1967–1969" class="citation book cs1">Columbia College (Columbia University). Office of Alumni Affairs and Development; Columbia College (Columbia University) (1967–1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/ldpd_12981092_015"><i>Columbia College today</i></a>. Columbia University Libraries. New York, N.Y.&#160;: Columbia College, Office of Alumni Affairs and Development.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Columbia+College+today&amp;rft.pub=New+York%2C+N.Y.+%3A+Columbia+College%2C+Office+of+Alumni+Affairs+and+Development&amp;rft.date=1967%2F1969&amp;rft.au=Columbia+College+%28Columbia+University%29.+Office+of+Alumni+Affairs+and+Development&amp;rft.au=Columbia+College+%28Columbia+University%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fldpd_12981092_015&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obit-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-obit_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9806EED91F3AE73ABC4D52DFB1668383649EDE">"Ratan Devi is Dead. Wife of Francis Bitter of M. I. T. Had Been a Singer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. July 15, 1958<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Ratan+Devi+is+Dead.+Wife+of+Francis+Bitter+of+M.+I.+T.+Had+Been+a+Singer&amp;rft.date=1958-07-15&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9806EED91F3AE73ABC4D52DFB1668383649EDE&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrabhat_Mehta1990" class="citation news cs1">Prabhat Mehta (September 18, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111126015908/http://tech.mit.edu/V110/N35/magnet.35n.html">"NSB denies MIT magnet appeal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tech_(newspaper)" title="The Tech (newspaper)">The Tech</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.mit.edu/V110/N35/magnet.35n.html">the original</a> on November 26, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Tech&amp;rft.atitle=NSB+denies+MIT+magnet+appeal&amp;rft.date=1990-09-18&amp;rft.au=Prabhat+Mehta&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.mit.edu%2FV110%2FN35%2Fmagnet.35n.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+Bitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bitter&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/fbml/">Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/magnet_laboratory_1959"><i>A Magnet Laboratory</i></a>. 1959 educational film from the <a href="/wiki/Physical_Sciences_Study_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical Sciences Study Committee">Physical Sciences Study Committee</a> featuring Francis Bitter.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Karl_Bitter" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Karl_Bitter" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bitter" title="Karl Bitter">Karl Bitter</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sculpture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_the_Centaurs" title="Fountain of the Centaurs">Louisiana Purchase Group</a></i> (1904)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_(Bitter)" title="Thomas Jefferson (Bitter)">Thomas Jefferson</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Depew_Memorial_Fountain" title="Depew Memorial Fountain">Depew Memorial Fountain</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Fountain" title="Pulitzer Fountain">Pomona</a></i> (1915)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architectural<br />sculpture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church_(Manhattan)" title="Trinity Church (Manhattan)">Trinity Church (Manhattan)</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Street_Station_(Philadelphia)" title="Broad Street Station (Philadelphia)">Broad Street Station</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Jayne_House" title="Horace Jayne House">Horace Jayne House</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biltmore_Estate" title="Biltmore Estate">Biltmore Estate</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (1895-1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Paul_Building" title="St. Paul Building">St. Paul Building</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Angels%27_Church" title="All Angels&#39; Church">All Angels' Church (Manhattan)</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_U.S._Custom_House" title="Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House">Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KeyBank" title="KeyBank">Cleveland Trust Company</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Capitol" title="Wisconsin State Capitol">Wisconsin State Capitol</a> (1910-1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_County_Courthouse" title="Cuyahoga County Courthouse">Cuyahoga County Courthouse</a> (1911)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World&#39;s Columbian Exposition">World's Columbian Exposition</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Exposition" title="Pan-American Exposition">Pan-American Exposition</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition" title="Louisiana Purchase Exposition">Louisiana Purchase Exposition</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93Pacific_International_Exposition" title="Panama–Pacific International Exposition">Panama–Pacific International Exposition</a> (1915)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis Bitter</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stirling_Calder" title="Alexander Stirling Calder">Alexander Stirling Calder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Furness" title="Frank Furness">Frank Furness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Morris_Hunt" title="Richard Morris Hunt">Richard Morris Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Munson" title="Audrey Munson">Audrey Munson</a> (model)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Karl_Bitter" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Karl Bitter">Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108915289">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/41923338">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/3596/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbxygk77dGhpBtKCK6VG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/140647333">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50011964">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123921446">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123921446">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00433390">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07189862X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018H8169">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/xv8bb2ng59q0v4q">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007258720605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03399813?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=200412">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:bitter.francis">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/793345">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd140647333.html?language=en">Deutsche 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