CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="ro" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Shen Kuo - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )rowikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","ianuarie","februarie","martie","aprilie","mai","iunie","iulie","august","septembrie","octombrie","noiembrie","decembrie"],"wgRequestId":"d4ce0fd8-0b41-4cb0-a3cf-fa0631c22732","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Shen_Kuo","wgTitle":"Shen Kuo","wgCurRevisionId":15551093,"wgRevisionId":15551093,"wgArticleId":788695,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Erori CS1: parameter link","Articole cu legături către elemente fără etichetă în limba română","Cioturi Biografii Chinezi","Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori BIBSYS","Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori BNF","Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori CINII","Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori GND","Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori ISNI","Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori LCCN","Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori NDL","Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori NLA","Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori SUDOC","Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori VIAF","Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori WorldCat-VIAF","Articole Wikipedia cu control de autoritate","Nașteri în 1031","Decese în 1095","Agronomi","Astronomi chinezi","Botaniști","Geografi chinezi","Filozofi chinezi","Farmacologi","Poeți chinezi","Zoologi chinezi","Enciclopediști","Filozofi din secolul al XI-lea","Astronomi din secolul al XI-lea","Eponime ale asteroizilor"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"ro","wgPageContentLanguage":"ro","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Shen_Kuo","wgRelevantArticleId":788695,"wgTempUserName":null,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"ro","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"ro"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":5000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q270085","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ro&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=ro&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ro&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Beijing_Ancient_Observatory_20090715-19_%28cropped%29.jpg/1200px-Beijing_Ancient_Observatory_20090715-19_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1097"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Beijing_Ancient_Observatory_20090715-19_%28cropped%29.jpg/960px-Beijing_Ancient_Observatory_20090715-19_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="731"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="585"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Shen Kuo - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//ro.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Modificare" href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (ro)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//ro.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ro"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Abonare Atom" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Schimb%C4%83ri_recente&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Shen_Kuo rootpage-Shen_Kuo skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Sari la conținut</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Meniul principal" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Meniul principal" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Meniul principal</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Meniul principal</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pagina_principal%C4%83" title="Vedeți pagina principală [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Pagina principală</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Schimb%C4%83ri_recente" title="Lista ultimelor schimbări realizate în acest wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Schimbări recente</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cafenea" title="Informații despre evenimentele curente"><span>Cafenea</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Aleatoriu" title="Afișează o pagină aleatoare [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Articol aleatoriu</span></a></li><li id="n-Facebook" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/WikipediaRomana" rel="nofollow"><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Pagini_speciale"><span>Pagini speciale</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Participare" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Participare" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Participare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Cum-încep-pe-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Bun_venit"><span>Cum încep pe Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Cuprins" title="Locul în care găsiți ajutor"><span>Ajutor</span></a></li><li id="n-Portals" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:R%C4%83sfoire"><span>Portaluri tematice</span></a></li><li id="n-Articole-cerute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articole_cerute"><span>Articole cerute</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Pagina_principal%C4%83" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="enciclopedia liberă" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ro.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:C%C4%83utare" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Căutare în Wikipedia [c]" accesskey="c"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Căutare</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Căutare în Wikipedia" aria-label="Căutare în Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Căutare în Wikipedia [c]" accesskey="c" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Căutare"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Căutare</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Unelte personale"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aspect" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aspect</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ro.wikipedia.org&uselang=ro" class=""><span>Donații</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%C3%8Enregistrare&returnto=Shen+Kuo" title="Vă încurajăm să vă creați un cont și să vă autentificați; totuși, nu este obligatoriu" class=""><span>Creare cont</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Autentificare&returnto=Shen+Kuo" title="Sunteți încurajat să vă autentificați, deși acest lucru nu este obligatoriu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Autentificare</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out user-links-collapsible-item" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Unelte personale" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Unelte personale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Meniul de utilizator" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ro.wikipedia.org&uselang=ro"><span>Donații</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%C3%8Enregistrare&returnto=Shen+Kuo" title="Vă încurajăm să vă creați un cont și să vă autentificați; totuși, nu este obligatoriu"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Creare cont</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Autentificare&returnto=Shen+Kuo" title="Sunteți încurajat să vă autentificați, deși acest lucru nu este obligatoriu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Autentificare</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Cuprins" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuprins</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Început</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Contribuții_științifice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contribuții_științifice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Contribuții științifice</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contribuții_științifice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contribuții științifice subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contribuții_științifice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Geografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farmacologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farmacologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Farmacologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farmacologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construcții" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construcții"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Construcții</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construcții-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Anatomie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatomie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matematică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matematică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Matematică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matematică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Optică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Busola" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Busola"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Busola</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Busola-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arheologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arheologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Arheologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arheologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shen Kuo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 53 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7" title="شين كوا – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شين كوا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88" title="شين كيو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شين كيو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Een_Ko" title="Şen Ko – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şen Ko" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7" title="شن‌کوا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شن‌کوا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BE" title="Шън Куо – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шън Куо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%93" title="শেন কুও – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শেন কুও" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Shen Kuo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8E%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%86" title="شێن کوۆ – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شێن کوۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0en_Kua" title="Šen Kua – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šen Kua" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shen Kuo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Shen Kuo" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cen_Kuo" title="Ŝen Kuo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝen Kuo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Shen Kuo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Shen Kuo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7" title="شن کوا – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شن کوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Shen Kuo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shen Kuo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Shen Kuo" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Shen Kuo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95" title="שן קואו – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שן קואו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Shen Kuo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B8" title="Շեն Կուո – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շեն Կուո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Shen Kuo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Shen Kuo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%88%E6%8B%AC" title="沈括 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="沈括" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE" title="Шэн Ко – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шэн Ко" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%AC%EA%B4%84" title="심괄 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="심괄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Shen Kuo" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo – limburgheză" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Shen Kuo" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0e%C5%86s_Kuo" title="Šeņs Kuo – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šeņs Kuo" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Shen Kuo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8B%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C" title="ഷെൻ കുവോ‌‌‌‌‌‌ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഷെൻ കുവോ‌‌‌‌‌‌" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Shen Kuo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Shen Kuo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%86" title="ਸ਼ੇਨ ਕੂਆ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ੇਨ ਕੂਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Shen Kuo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7" title="شن کوا – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شن کوا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Shen Kuo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9A%D0%BE" title="Шэнь Ко – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шэнь Ко" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Shen Kuo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shen Kuo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0en_Kuo" title="Šen Kuo – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Šen Kuo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE" title="Шен Ко – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шен Ко" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shen Kuo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8B" title="சென் குவோ – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சென் குவோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Shen Kuo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BE" title="Шень Куо – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шень Куо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A9m_Qu%C3%A1t" title="Thẩm Quát – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thẩm Quát" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%88%E6%8B%AC" title="沈括 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="沈括" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%88%E6%8B%AC" title="沈括 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="沈括" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%88%E6%8B%AC" title="沈括 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="沈括" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADm_Koat" title="Sím Koat – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sím Koat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%88%E6%8B%AC" title="沈括 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="沈括" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q270085#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie:Shen_Kuo" rel="discussion" title="Discuții despre această pagină [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuție</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">română</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vizualizări"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&action=history" title="Versiunile anterioare ale paginii și autorii lor. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Unelte" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Unelte</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Shen_Kuo" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Shen_Kuo" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fișier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&oldid=15551093" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Shen_Kuo&id=15551093&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FShen_Kuo"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FShen_Kuo"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Shen+Kuo"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Shen_Kuo&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shen_Kuo" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q270085" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><table class="infocaseta"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="antet biografii" style="background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Shen Kuo</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Beijing_Ancient_Observatory_20090715-19_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Beijing_Ancient_Observatory_20090715-19_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Beijing_Ancient_Observatory_20090715-19_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Beijing_Ancient_Observatory_20090715-19_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Beijing_Ancient_Observatory_20090715-19_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Beijing_Ancient_Observatory_20090715-19_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Beijing_Ancient_Observatory_20090715-19_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3723" data-file-height="3402" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Date personale</th></tr><tr><th style=";">Nume la naștere</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span lang="zh">沈括</span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270085#P1449" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Născut</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/1031" title="1031">1031</a><sup id="cite_ref-38b3640a6544b027e5b31f9494f579b8_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38b3640a6544b027e5b31f9494f579b8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270085#P569" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Song_dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Song dynasty — pagină inexistentă">Northern Song dynasty</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319460" class="extiw" title="d:Q319460"><span title="Northern Song dynasty la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270085#P19" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Decedat</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/1095" title="1095">1095</a> (64 de ani)<sup id="cite_ref-38b3640a6544b027e5b31f9494f579b8_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38b3640a6544b027e5b31f9494f579b8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270085#P570" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Zhenjiang" title="Zhenjiang">Zhenjiang</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Song_dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Song dynasty — pagină inexistentă">Northern Song dynasty</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319460" class="extiw" title="d:Q319460"><span title="Northern Song dynasty la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270085#P20" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Părinți</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45365915" class="extiw" title="d:Q45365915"><span lang="en">Shen Zhou</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Shen Zhou</span> (Song dynasty person CBDB = 7323)|]]</span><sup id="cite_ref-edf4e6043594600dafa4344bb300206b_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edf4e6043594600dafa4344bb300206b-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45363992" class="extiw" title="d:Q45363992"><span lang="en">Xu Shi</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Xu Shi</span> (Song dynasty person CBDB = 5100)|]]</span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270085#P22" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Ocupație</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Fizician" title="Fizician">fizician</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1734662" class="extiw" title="d:Q1734662">cartograf</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartograf_(person_preparing_geographical_maps)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cartograf (person preparing geographical maps) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Matematician" title="Matematician">matematician</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Astronom" title="Astronom">astronom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13582652" class="extiw" title="d:Q13582652">inginer constructor</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inginer_constructor_(engineer_specialising_in_design,_construction_and_maintenance_of_the_built_environment)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inginer constructor (engineer specialising in design, construction and maintenance of the built environment) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomat</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Antropolog" class="mw-redirect" title="Antropolog">antropolog</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Geolog" title="Geolog">geolog</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Filozof" title="Filozof">filozof</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Inventator" title="Inventator">inventator</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Scriitor" title="Scriitor">scriitor</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2310145" class="extiw" title="d:Q2310145">meteorolog</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteorolog_(scientist_specialising_in_meteorology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteorolog (scientist specialising in meteorology) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Farmacist" title="Farmacist">farmacist</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Economist_(profesie)" title="Economist (profesie)">economist</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155647" class="extiw" title="d:Q155647">astrolog</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolog_(persoan%C4%83_care_practic%C4%83_astrologia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astrolog (persoană care practică astrologia) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20826540" class="extiw" title="d:Q20826540"><span lang="en">scholar</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">scholar</span> (someone who has great knowledge)|]]</span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374149" class="extiw" title="d:Q2374149">botanist</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanist_(specialist_%C3%AEn_botanic%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Botanist (specialist în botanică) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q350979" class="extiw" title="d:Q350979">zoolog</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoolog_(someone_who_studies_or_practices_zoology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoolog (someone who studies or practices zoology) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3055126" class="extiw" title="d:Q3055126">entomolog</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entomolog_(zoologist_specializing_in_entomology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entomolog (zoologist specializing in entomology) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12094958" class="extiw" title="d:Q12094958">geofizician</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geofizician_(person_who_studies_the_Earth%27s_physical_properties_and_the_physical_processes_acting_upon,_above,_and_within_the_Earth)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geofizician (person who studies the Earth's physical properties and the physical processes acting upon, above, and within the Earth) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1113838" class="extiw" title="d:Q1113838">climatolog</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climatolog_(scientist_who_studies_climate)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Climatolog (scientist who studies climate) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270085#P106" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Limbi vorbite</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Limba_chinez%C4%83" title="Limba chineză">limba chineză</a><sup id="cite_ref-6bd698158817da02bfa4f5a995dcdc04_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6bd698158817da02bfa4f5a995dcdc04-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /><sup id="cite_ref-7b57188bc0d7f319161273f241f2c260_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7b57188bc0d7f319161273f241f2c260-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270085#P1412" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Activitate</th></tr><tr><th style=";">Domiciliu</th><td colspan="1" class="label" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270085#P551" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Semnătură</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Shen_Kuo_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Shen_Kuo_Signature.svg/150px-Shen_Kuo_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Shen_Kuo_Signature.svg/225px-Shen_Kuo_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Shen_Kuo_Signature.svg/300px-Shen_Kuo_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="117" data-file-height="227" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px ##F5F5DC solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color:var(--color-base, #000); text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;">Modifică <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270085" class="extiw" title="d:Q270085">date</a> / <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&action=edit&section=0">text</a></span> <span title="Consultați documentația formatului"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format:Infocaseta_Biografie" title="Consultați documentația formatului"><img alt="Consultați documentația formatului" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/20px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/40px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16861271">.mw-parser-output .infocaseta{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:var(--color-base,#000)}.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style> <table class="infocaseta"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="antet simplu" style="background-color:#f5f5dc;color:#000000;">Shen Kuo</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Shen_Gua_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Shen_Gua_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/250px-Shen_Gua_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Shen_Gua_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/330px-Shen_Gua_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="236" /></a></span><br /><div style="margin-top: 3px"></div><span>„Shen Kuo” în caractere chinezești</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5dc;color:#000000;">Nume chinezesc</th></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px 0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1rem"><a href="/wiki/Limba_chinez%C4%83" title="Limba chineză">Chineză</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size:1rem">沈括</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;;padding:0!important;text-align:left"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;text-align:inherit;font-size:inherit"><div class="NavHead" style="background:#f9ffbc;text-align:left;padding:1px;height:auto">Transcrieri</div><div class="NavContent"><table style="width:100%;border-spacing:inherit;margin:0;padding:0"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#dcffc9;color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Limba_mandarin%C4%83" title="Limba mandarină">Mandarină standard</a></th></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px 0.1em;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span lang="zh-Latn">Shěn Kuò</span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px 0.1em;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span lang="zh-Latn">Shen<sup>3</sup> K'uo<sup>4</sup></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px 0.1em;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Alfabetul_Fonetic_Interna%C8%9Bional" title="Alfabetul Fonetic Internațional">AFI</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span class="IPA" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pronun%C8%9Bie" title="Wikipedia:Pronunție">[ʂə̀n kʰwô]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#dcffc9;color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_(limb%C4%83)" title="Wu (limbă)">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px 0.1em;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limba_suzhounez%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limba suzhouneză — pagină inexistentă">Suzhouneză</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span lang="wuu-Latn">Sèn Kwæh</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#dcffc9;color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Limba_cantonez%C4%83" title="Limba cantoneză">Yue: Cantoneză</a></th></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px 0.1em;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanizarea_Yale_pentru_limba_cantonez%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanizarea Yale pentru limba cantoneză — pagină inexistentă">Yale</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span lang="yue-Latn">Sám Kut</span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px 0.1em;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jyutping&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jyutping — pagină inexistentă">Jyutping</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span lang="yue-Latn">Sam<sup>2</sup> Kut<sup>3</sup></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px 0.1em;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Alfabetul_Fonetic_Interna%C8%9Bional" title="Alfabetul Fonetic Internațional">AFI</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pronun%C8%9Bie" title="Wikipedia:Pronunție">[sɐ̌m kʰūːt̚]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#dcffc9;color:#000000;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Min_Nan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Min Nan — pagină inexistentă">Min Nan</a></th></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px 0.1em;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī — pagină inexistentă">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span lang="nan-Latn">Sím Koat</span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px 0.1em;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A2i-l%C3%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tâi-lô — pagină inexistentă">Tâi-lô</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span lang="nan-Latn">Sím Kuat</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5dc;color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Nume_de_curtoazie" title="Nume de curtoazie">Nume de curtoazie</a></th></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px 0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1rem"><a href="/wiki/Limba_chinez%C4%83" title="Limba chineză">Chineză</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size:1rem">存中</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;;padding:0!important;text-align:left"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;text-align:inherit;font-size:inherit"><div class="NavHead" style="background:#f9ffbc;text-align:left;padding:1px;height:auto">Transcrieri</div><div class="NavContent"><table style="width:100%;border-spacing:inherit;margin:0;padding:0"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#dcffc9;color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Limba_mandarin%C4%83" title="Limba mandarină">Mandarină standard</a></th></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px 0.1em;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span lang="zh-Latn">Cúnzhōng</span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px 0.1em;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span lang="zh-Latn">Tsʻun<sup>2</sup>chung<sup>1</sup></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px 0.1em;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Alfabetul_Fonetic_Interna%C8%9Bional" title="Alfabetul Fonetic Internațional">AFI</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span class="IPA" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pronun%C8%9Bie" title="Wikipedia:Pronunție">[tsʰwə̌nʈʂʊ́ŋ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#dcffc9;color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Limba_cantonez%C4%83" title="Limba cantoneză">Yue: Cantoneză</a></th></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px 0.1em;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanizarea_Yale_pentru_limba_cantonez%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanizarea Yale pentru limba cantoneză — pagină inexistentă">Yale</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span lang="yue-Latn">Chyùhnjūng</span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px 0.1em;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jyutping&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jyutping — pagină inexistentă">Jyutping</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span lang="yue-Latn">Cyun<sup>4</sup>zung<sup>1</sup></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px 0.1em;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Alfabetul_Fonetic_Interna%C8%9Bional" title="Alfabetul Fonetic Internațional">AFI</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pronun%C8%9Bie" title="Wikipedia:Pronunție">[tsʰy̏ːntsóŋ]</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5dc;color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pseudonim" title="Pseudonim">Pseudonim</a></th></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px 0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1rem"><a href="/wiki/Limba_chinez%C4%83" title="Limba chineză">Chineză</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size:1rem">夢溪翁</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;;padding:0!important;text-align:left"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;text-align:inherit;font-size:inherit"><div class="NavHead" style="background:#f9ffbc;text-align:left;padding:1px;height:auto">Transcrieri</div><div class="NavContent"><table style="width:100%;border-spacing:inherit;margin:0;padding:0"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#dcffc9;color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Limba_mandarin%C4%83" title="Limba mandarină">Mandarină standard</a></th></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px 0.1em;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span lang="zh-Latn">Mèngxī Wēng, Mèngqī Wēng</span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px 0.1em;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span lang="zh-Latn">Mêng<sup>4</sup>hsi<sup>1</sup> Wêng<sup>1</sup>, Mêng<sup>4</sup>ch'i<sup>1</sup> Wêng<sup>1</sup></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px 0.1em;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Alfabetul_Fonetic_Interna%C8%9Bional" title="Alfabetul Fonetic Internațional">AFI</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span class="IPA" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pronun%C8%9Bie" title="Wikipedia:Pronunție">[mə̂ŋɕí wə́ŋ]</a></span>, <span class="IPA" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pronun%C8%9Bie" title="Wikipedia:Pronunție">[mə̂ŋtɕʰí wə́ŋ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#dcffc9;color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Limba_cantonez%C4%83" title="Limba cantoneză">Yue: Cantoneză</a></th></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px 0.1em;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanizarea_Yale_pentru_limba_cantonez%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanizarea Yale pentru limba cantoneză — pagină inexistentă">Yale</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span lang="yue-Latn">Muhngkāi Yūng</span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px 0.1em;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jyutping&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jyutping — pagină inexistentă">Jyutping</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span lang="yue-Latn">Mung<sup>6</sup>kai<sup>1</sup> Jung<sup>1</sup></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:2px 0.1em;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Alfabetul_Fonetic_Interna%C8%9Bional" title="Alfabetul Fonetic Internațional">AFI</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pronun%C8%9Bie" title="Wikipedia:Pronunție">[mòŋkʰɐ́i jóŋ]</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="antet default" style="background-color:#f5f5dc;color:#000000;display:none"></td></tr><tr><td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px ##f5f5dc solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color:var(--color-base, #000); text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;">Modifică <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&action=edit&section=0">text</a></span> <span title="Consultați documentația formatului"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format:Infocaseta_Chinez%C4%83" title="Consultați documentația formatului"><img alt="Consultați documentația formatului" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/20px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/40px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16861271" /> <p><b>Shen Kuo</b> sau <b>Shen Gua</b> (în <a href="/wiki/Chinez%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Chineză">chineză</a>: 沈括) (n. 1031 la Hangzhou, <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> –1095 la Zhenjiang, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>) a fost un savant <a href="/wiki/Enciclopedie" title="Enciclopedie">enciclopedist</a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">chinez</a> și <a href="/wiki/Om_de_stat" title="Om de stat">om de stat</a> din perioada <a href="/wiki/Dinastia_Song" title="Dinastia Song">dinastiei Song</a>. S-a manifestat în multe domenii: <a href="/wiki/Matematic%C4%83" title="Matematică">matematică</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie">astronomie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meteorologie" title="Meteorologie">meteorologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geologie" title="Geologie">geologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoologie" title="Zoologie">zoologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botanic%C4%83" title="Botanică">botanică</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farmacologie" title="Farmacologie">farmacologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agronomie" title="Agronomie">agronomie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arheologie" title="Arheologie">arheologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etnografie" title="Etnografie">etnografie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartografie" title="Cartografie">cartografie</a>. </p><p>De asemenea, pe lângă diverse funcții oficiale, ministru de finanțe, consilier, inspector de stat, a fost și <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzician" title="Muzician">muzician</a> și <a href="/wiki/Inventator" title="Inventator">inventator</a>. </p><p>Realizările sale au fost apreciate de <a href="/wiki/Sinologie" title="Sinologie">sinologi</a> ca <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Needham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Needham — pagină inexistentă">Joseph Needham</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathan_Sivin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nathan Sivin — pagină inexistentă">Nathan Sivin</a>. A fost comparat cu alți mari savanți multidisciplinari, precum: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Su_Song&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Su Song — pagină inexistentă">Su Song</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Leibniz">Leibniz</a> și <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Lomonosov" title="Mihail Lomonosov">Lomonosov</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contribuții_științifice"><span id="Contribu.C8.9Bii_.C8.99tiin.C8.9Bifice"></span>Contribuții științifice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Contribuții științifice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Contribuții științifice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geografie">Geografie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Geografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Geografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A întocmit un atlas al Chinei cu 23 de hărți detaliate, la o scară de 1:900.000. Mai mult, a creat o hartă tridimensională a reliefului utilizând materiale organice ca: <a href="/wiki/Cear%C4%83" title="Ceară">ceară</a>, rumeguș, <a href="/wiki/Lemn" title="Lemn">lemn</a> și cocă. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farmacologie">Farmacologie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Farmacologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Farmacologie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A scris despre dificultățile stabilirii diagnosticului și terapiei și a descris o serie de plante farmaceutice, modul de cultivare al acestora, precum și efectele curative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construcții"><span id="Construc.C8.9Bii"></span>Construcții</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Construcții" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Construcții"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În domeniul <a href="/wiki/Hidrotehnic%C4%83" title="Hidrotehnică">hidrotehnicii</a>, a descris construcția <a href="/wiki/Doc_uscat" title="Doc uscat">docului uscat</a>. În ceea ce privește <a href="/wiki/Arhitectur%C4%83" title="Arhitectură">arhitectura</a>, s-a ocupat și de proporțiile care trebuie să existe pentru estetica construcțiilor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anatomie">Anatomie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Anatomie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Anatomie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shen Kuo a acordat un interes deosebit <a href="/wiki/Anatomie" title="Anatomie">anatomiei</a> <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">umane</a>. A efectuat disecția unei persoane executate pentru a studia venele și arterele, precum și organele interne. A considerat că <a href="/wiki/Laringe" title="Laringe">laringele</a> reprezintă calea de acces a energiei vitale <a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">qi</a>. </p><p>Cercetările sale au promovat utilizarea <a href="/wiki/Autopsie" title="Autopsie">autopsiei</a> și progresul medicinei legale în China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matematică"><span id="Matematic.C4.83"></span>Matematică</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Matematică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Matematică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shen Kuo stăpânea <a href="/wiki/Geometrie" title="Geometrie">geometria</a> <a href="/wiki/Trigonometrie" title="Trigonometrie">trigonometria</a>. A găsit modalități de a exprima numere foarte mari, cam de ordinul 10<sup>43</sup>. Utilizând <a href="/wiki/Permutare" title="Permutare">permutările</a>, a stabilit numărul de configurații posibile la jocul <a href="/wiki/Go" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Go">go</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optică"><span id="Optic.C4.83"></span>Optică</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Optică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Optică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dacă lui <a href="/wiki/Alhazen" title="Alhazen">Alhazen</a> i se atribuie primele experiențe cu <a href="/wiki/Camer%C4%83_obscur%C4%83" title="Cameră obscură">camera obscură</a>, Shen Kuo este primul care o descrie cantitativ, din punct de vedere <a href="/wiki/Geometrie" title="Geometrie">geometric</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Busola">Busola</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Busola" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Busola"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deși acul magnetic era de mai mult timp în urmă utilizat pentru orientare în <a href="/wiki/Naviga%C8%9Bie" title="Navigație">navigație</a>, Shen Kuo este primul care descrie conceptul de <i>nord real</i>. </p><p>De asemenea, marele învățat este preocupat de stabilirea exactă a poziției <a href="/wiki/Meridian" class="mw-redirect" title="Meridian">meridianelor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arheologie">Arheologie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Arheologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Arheologie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shen Kuo abordează acest domeniu cu aceeași interdisciplinaritate pe care o utilizează în celelalte domenii. De exemplu, bazat pe cunoștințele sale din domeniul <a href="/wiki/Metalurgie" title="Metalurgie">metalurgiei</a>, descrie modul cum au fost făurite armele și uneltele din vechime. Este interesat și de restaurarea vechilor tehnologii și <a href="/wiki/Instrument_de_m%C4%83sur%C4%83" title="Instrument de măsură">instrumente de măsură</a>. </p><p>Studiind modul de țintire pentru un <a href="/wiki/Arc_(arm%C4%83)" title="Arc (armă)">arc</a>, realizează un dispozitiv cu care putea afla înălțimea unor puncte inaccesibile (cum ar fi vârful unui <a href="/wiki/Munte" title="Munte">munte</a>) și având la bază o metodă precursoare <a href="/wiki/Triangula%C8%9Bie" title="Triangulație">triangulației</a> de azi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-38b3640a6544b027e5b31f9494f579b8-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-38b3640a6544b027e5b31f9494f579b8_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-38b3640a6544b027e5b31f9494f579b8_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/"><i>MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2017-08-22">22 august 2017</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AShen+Kuo" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edf4e6043594600dafa4344bb300206b-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-edf4e6043594600dafa4344bb300206b_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/cbdb"><i><span lang="en">China Biographical Database</span></i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22%3EChina+Biographical+Database%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprojects.iq.harvard.edu%2Fcbdb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AShen+Kuo" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6bd698158817da02bfa4f5a995dcdc04-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6bd698158817da02bfa4f5a995dcdc04_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/"><i>IdRef</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2020-05-02">2 mai 2020</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IdRef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idref.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AShen+Kuo" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7b57188bc0d7f319161273f241f2c260-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7b57188bc0d7f319161273f241f2c260_4-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16744133" class="extiw" title="d:Q16744133">CONOR.SI</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=CONOR.SI_(authority_control_file_for_author_and_corporate_names_in_Slovene_system_COBISS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CONOR.SI (authority control file for author and corporate names in Slovene system COBISS) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%26%238203%3B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AShen+Kuo" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Verificați valoarea <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|titlelink=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_paramlink" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Scrieri la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/author/Shen+Kuo">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Biografie la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Printonly/Shen_Kua.html">MacTutor</a></li></ul> <div class="boilerplate metadata" id="stub"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Zh-Zi.png/20px-Zh-Zi.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Zh-Zi.png/30px-Zh-Zi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Zh-Zi.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="30" /></span></span></td><td><i> Acest <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articole_biografice" title="Wikipedia:Articole biografice">articol biografic</a> despre un <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">chinez</a> este un <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ciot" title="Wikipedia:Ciot">ciot</a>. Puteți ajuta Wikipedia prin <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&action=edit">completarea lui</a>!</i></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate">Control de autoritate</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibsys" title="Bibsys">BIBSYS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/13070766">13070766</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb170960086">cb170960086</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb170960086">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/CiNii" title="CiNii">CiNii</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00444274?l=en">DA00444274</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119022036">119022036</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000083582827">0000 0000 8358 2827</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n82003158">n82003158</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00533819">00533819</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Australia">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36609023">36609023</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/092693202">092693202</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/13108538">13108538</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/WorldCat_Identities" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities">WorldCat Identities</a> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/13108538">13108538</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Adus de la <a dir="ltr" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&oldid=15551093">https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&oldid=15551093</a></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categorii" title="Special:Categorii">Categorii</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Na%C8%99teri_%C3%AEn_1031" title="Categorie:Nașteri în 1031">Nașteri în 1031</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Decese_%C3%AEn_1095" title="Categorie:Decese în 1095">Decese în 1095</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Agronomi" title="Categorie:Agronomi">Agronomi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Astronomi_chinezi" title="Categorie:Astronomi chinezi">Astronomi chinezi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Botani%C8%99ti" title="Categorie:Botaniști">Botaniști</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Geografi_chinezi" title="Categorie:Geografi chinezi">Geografi chinezi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Filozofi_chinezi" title="Categorie:Filozofi chinezi">Filozofi chinezi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Farmacologi" title="Categorie:Farmacologi">Farmacologi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Poe%C8%9Bi_chinezi" title="Categorie:Poeți chinezi">Poeți chinezi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Zoologi_chinezi" title="Categorie:Zoologi chinezi">Zoologi chinezi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Enciclopedi%C8%99ti" title="Categorie:Enciclopediști">Enciclopediști</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Filozofi_din_secolul_al_XI-lea" title="Categorie:Filozofi din secolul al XI-lea">Filozofi din secolul al XI-lea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Astronomi_din_secolul_al_XI-lea" title="Categorie:Astronomi din secolul al XI-lea">Astronomi din secolul al XI-lea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Eponime_ale_asteroizilor" title="Categorie:Eponime ale asteroizilor">Eponime ale asteroizilor</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorii ascunse: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Erori_CS1:_parameter_link" title="Categorie:Erori CS1: parameter link">Erori CS1: parameter link</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_cu_leg%C4%83turi_c%C4%83tre_elemente_f%C4%83r%C4%83_etichet%C4%83_%C3%AEn_limba_rom%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Categorie:Articole cu legături către elemente fără etichetă în limba română">Articole cu legături către elemente fără etichetă în limba română</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Cioturi_Biografii_Chinezi" title="Categorie:Cioturi Biografii Chinezi">Cioturi Biografii Chinezi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_Wikipedia_cu_identificatori_BIBSYS" title="Categorie:Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori BIBSYS">Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori BIBSYS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_Wikipedia_cu_identificatori_BNF" title="Categorie:Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori BNF">Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori BNF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_Wikipedia_cu_identificatori_CINII" title="Categorie:Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori CINII">Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori CINII</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_Wikipedia_cu_identificatori_GND" title="Categorie:Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori GND">Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori GND</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_Wikipedia_cu_identificatori_ISNI" title="Categorie:Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori ISNI">Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori ISNI</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_Wikipedia_cu_identificatori_LCCN" title="Categorie:Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori LCCN">Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori LCCN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_Wikipedia_cu_identificatori_NDL" title="Categorie:Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori NDL">Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori NDL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_Wikipedia_cu_identificatori_NLA" title="Categorie:Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori NLA">Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori NLA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_Wikipedia_cu_identificatori_SUDOC" title="Categorie:Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori SUDOC">Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori SUDOC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_Wikipedia_cu_identificatori_VIAF" title="Categorie:Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori VIAF">Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori VIAF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_Wikipedia_cu_identificatori_WorldCat-VIAF" title="Categorie:Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori WorldCat-VIAF">Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori WorldCat-VIAF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_Wikipedia_cu_control_de_autoritate" title="Categorie:Articole Wikipedia cu control de autoritate">Articole Wikipedia cu control de autoritate</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ultima editare a paginii a fost efectuată la 18 martie 2023, ora 20:19.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Acest text este disponibil sub licența <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ro">Creative Commons cu atribuire și distribuire în condiții identice</a>; pot exista și clauze suplimentare. Vedeți detalii la <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Termenii de utilizare</a>.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Politica de confidențialitate</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Despre">Despre Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Termeni">Termeni</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Cod de conduită</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Dezvoltatori</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/ro.wikipedia.org">Statistici</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Declarație cookie</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//ro.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shen_Kuo&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Versiune mobilă</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Căutare</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Căutare în Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Căutare"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Căutare</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shen Kuo</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>53 limbi</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Adăugare subiect</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-6nmp2","wgBackendResponseTime":116,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.730","walltime":"1.488","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7333,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":46003,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1815,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":13477,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":47,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1129.125 1 -total"," 90.46% 1021.442 1 Format:Infocaseta_Biografie"," 6.46% 72.888 1 Format:Infobox_Chinese"," 2.82% 31.856 10 Format:Listă_de_la_Wikidata"," 2.69% 30.420 4 Format:IPAc-cmn"," 2.43% 27.470 1 Format:Control_de_autoritate"," 1.67% 18.823 2 Format:Infodoc/imagine"," 1.44% 16.247 21 Format:C-cmn"," 1.41% 15.902 3 Format:IPAc-yue"," 1.25% 14.093 1 Format:Valoare_unică_de_la_Wikidata"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.586","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5801287,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-ctwj7","timestamp":"20250329083321","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Shen Kuo","url":"https:\/\/ro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shen_Kuo","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q270085","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q270085","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2010-09-11T14:55:31Z","dateModified":"2023-03-18T17:19:21Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/aa\/Beijing_Ancient_Observatory_20090715-19_%28cropped%29.jpg"}</script> </body> </html>