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(PDF) Is there thiaminase activity in Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)?
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A lowering of thiamine levels in a modified version of Grace's medium was confirmed. Free thiamine decreased or disappeared from the medium when the extracts were present. It is clear from the results obtained that thiamine consumption was dependent on a saturation phenomenon. Attempts to identify any enzyme activity in the et(tract of R. prolixus, which might be responsiblc for reducing thiamine levels and might also cause a similar effect in the insect's gut, thus stimulating metacyclogenesis, proved however unsuccessful. KrY Wonos: Rhodnius prolixus' Chagas'disease vector, thiamine, thiaminase activity, metacyclogenesis of Tiypanosoma cruzi. Research and Reviews in Parasitology, 53 (3-a): n7-140 (1993) O tggl Asociaci6n de Parasit6logos Espafloles","publication_date":"1993,,","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"83803928"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Is there thiaminase activity in Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)?","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [15266903]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":83803928,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Is there thiaminase activity in Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)?”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/83803928/mini_magick20220411-18111-1lzc3tq.png?1649695217" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Is there thiaminase activity in Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)?</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15266903" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Jos%C3%A9AntonioLupi%C3%A1%C3%B1ezCara"><img alt="Profile image of José Antonio Lupiáñez Cara" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/15266903/4116520/4798112/s65_jos_antonio.lupi_ez_cara.jpg_oh_4405f641f7e601baf7afbad8b2433e31_oe_54758337___gda___1415279930_9facc876cf897b8c73f117d8fc702b72" />José Antonio Lupiáñez Cara</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">1993</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">4 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 76136279; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=76136279"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">ABS'rRAcr: Studies were performed in order to elucidate if thiamine changes are related to the increase of the percentage of metacyclogenesis of Trypanosoma cruzi when cultivated in Grace's medium and an extract of Rhodnius prolixus is added. A lowering of thiamine levels in a modified version of Grace's medium was confirmed. Free thiamine decreased or disappeared from the medium when the extracts were present. It is clear from the results obtained that thiamine consumption was dependent on a saturation phenomenon. Attempts to identify any enzyme activity in the et(tract of R. prolixus, which might be responsiblc for reducing thiamine levels and might also cause a similar effect in the insect's gut, thus stimulating metacyclogenesis, proved however unsuccessful. KrY Wonos: Rhodnius prolixus' Chagas'disease vector, thiamine, thiaminase activity, metacyclogenesis of Tiypanosoma cruzi. Research and Reviews in Parasitology, 53 (3-a): n7-140 (1993) O tggl Asociaci6n de Parasit6logos Espafloles</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":83803928,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/76136279/Is_there_thiaminase_activity_in_Rhodnius_prolixus_Hemiptera_Reduviidae_"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":83803928,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/76136279/Is_there_thiaminase_activity_in_Rhodnius_prolixus_Hemiptera_Reduviidae_"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research.</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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The aim of this work was to investigate whether T. rangeli is able to modify the redox state of its 45 insect vector, Rhodnius prolixus, through the modulation of such antioxidant enzymes as superoxide dis-46 mutase (SOD), catalase, and GPx present in the midgut of the insect. We verified that in R. prolixus fed 47 with blood infected with T. rangeli there is an increase in SOD activity in the anterior and posterior mid-48 guts. However, the activities of enzymes related to hydrogen peroxide and hydroperoxides metabolism, 49 such as catalase and GPx, were decreased in relation to the insect control group, which was only fed 50 blood. These changes in the redox state of the vector led to an increase in lipid peroxidation and thiol 51 oxidation levels in the anterior and posterior midgut tissues. We also verified that the addition of 52 1 mM GSH in the blood meal of the infected insects increased the proliferation of these parasites by 53 50%. These results suggest that there is an increase in oxidative stress in the insect gut during T. rangeli 54 infection, and this condition could contribute to the control of the proliferation of these parasites.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Rhodnius prolixus: Modulation of antioxidant defenses by Trypanosoma rangeli","attachmentId":112444476,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116264903/Rhodnius_prolixus_Modulation_of_antioxidant_defenses_by_Trypanosoma_rangeli","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/116264903/Rhodnius_prolixus_Modulation_of_antioxidant_defenses_by_Trypanosoma_rangeli"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="31266851" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31266851/Ascorbate_variations_and_dehydroascorbate_reductase_activity_in_Trypanosoma_cruzi_epimastigotes_and_trypomastigotes">Ascorbate variations and dehydroascorbate reductase activity in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes and trypomastigotes</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34953946" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JorgeGuevaraArevalo">Jorge Guevara Arevalo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 1994</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ascorbate variations and dehydroascorbate reductase activity in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes and trypomastigotes","attachmentId":51670342,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31266851/Ascorbate_variations_and_dehydroascorbate_reductase_activity_in_Trypanosoma_cruzi_epimastigotes_and_trypomastigotes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31266851/Ascorbate_variations_and_dehydroascorbate_reductase_activity_in_Trypanosoma_cruzi_epimastigotes_and_trypomastigotes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="20728474" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20728474/Towards_an_understanding_of_the_interactions_of_Trypanosoma_cruzi_and_Trypanosoma_rangeli_within_the_reduviid_insect_host_Rhodnius_prolixus">Towards an understanding of the interactions of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli within the reduviid insect host Rhodnius prolixus</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10271" href="https://swansea.academia.edu/NormanRatcliffe">Norman A Ratcliffe</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This review outlines aspects on the developmental stages of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli in the invertebrate host, Rhodnius prolixus. Special attention is given to the interactions of these parasites with gut and hemolymph molecules and the effects of the organization of midgut epithelial cells on the parasite development. The vector insect's permissiveness to T. cruzi, which develops in the vector gut, largely depends on the host nutritional state, the parasite strain and the molecular interactions with trypanolytic compounds, lectins and resident bacteria in the gut. T. rangeli invades the hemocoel and once in the hemolymph, can be recognized and activates the defense system of its insect vector, i.e., the prophenoloxidase system, phagocytosis, hemocyte microaggregation, superoxide and nitric oxide activity and the eicosanoid biosynthesis pathway. Taken together, these findings not only provide a better understanding of the interactions parasite -insect vector, but also offer new insights into basic physiological processes involved in the parasites transmission.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Towards an understanding of the interactions of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli within the reduviid insect host Rhodnius prolixus","attachmentId":41529141,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/20728474/Towards_an_understanding_of_the_interactions_of_Trypanosoma_cruzi_and_Trypanosoma_rangeli_within_the_reduviid_insect_host_Rhodnius_prolixus","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/20728474/Towards_an_understanding_of_the_interactions_of_Trypanosoma_cruzi_and_Trypanosoma_rangeli_within_the_reduviid_insect_host_Rhodnius_prolixus"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="6240467" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6240467/A_standardizable_protocol_for_infection_of_Rhodnius_prolixus_with_Trypanosoma_rangeli_which_mimics_natural_infections_and_reveals_physiological_effects_of_infection_upon_the_insect">A standardizable protocol for infection of Rhodnius prolixus with Trypanosoma rangeli, which mimics natural infections and reveals physiological effects of infection upon the insect</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9592707" href="https://fiocruz.academia.edu/AlessandraGuarneri">Alessandra Guarneri</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Trypanosoma rangeli is a protozoan parasite that shares hosts -mammals and triatomines -with Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. Although T. rangeli is customarily considered to be non-pathogenic to human hosts, it is able to produce pathologies in its invertebrate hosts. However, advances are hindered by a lack of standardization of infection procedures and these pathologies need documentation. To establish a suitable, and standardizable, infection protocol, the duration of the fourth instar was evaluated in nymphs infected by injection into the thorax with different concentrations of parasites, and compared with nymphs infected naturally (i.e. orally). We demonstrate that delays in moult were attributable to the presence of the parasite in the haemolymph (vs. the gut) and propose that the protocol presented here simulates closely natural infections. This methodology was then used for the evaluation of physiological parameters and several hitherto unreported effects of T. rangeli infection on Rhodnius prolixus were revealed. Haemolymph volume was greater in infected than uninfected nymphs but this alteration could not be attributed to water retention, since infected insects lost the same amount of water as controls. However, we found that lipid content and fat body weight were both increased in insects infected by T. rangeli. We propose that this is due to the parasite's sequestration of host blood lipids and carrier proteins. With these findings, we have taken a few first steps to unravelling physiological details of the host-parasite interaction. We suggest future directions towards a fuller understanding of mechanistic and adaptive aspects of triatomine-trypanosomatid interactions.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A standardizable protocol for infection of Rhodnius prolixus with Trypanosoma rangeli, which mimics natural infections and reveals physiological effects of infection upon the insect","attachmentId":48950052,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6240467/A_standardizable_protocol_for_infection_of_Rhodnius_prolixus_with_Trypanosoma_rangeli_which_mimics_natural_infections_and_reveals_physiological_effects_of_infection_upon_the_insect","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6240467/A_standardizable_protocol_for_infection_of_Rhodnius_prolixus_with_Trypanosoma_rangeli_which_mimics_natural_infections_and_reveals_physiological_effects_of_infection_upon_the_insect"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="5987556" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5987556/Aspectos_del_comportamiento_de_los_triatominos_Hemiptera_Reduviidae_vectores_de_la_enfermedad_de_Chagas">Aspectos del comportamiento de los triatominos (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), vectores de la enfermedad de Chagas</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8938611" href="https://udea.academia.edu/mwolff">marta wolff</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The present paper presents evidence of the domiciliation of Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus in La Gardenia, Colombia through the collection of 2 unhatched eggs, 81 nymphs and 10 adults (4 males and 6 females), from 2 rural houses. The transmission risk indicators of Trypanosoma cruzi by P. rufotuberculatus in La Gardenia, were: domiciliary infestation 7.5%, density 2.35, colonization 66.6%, overcrowding 31.33, natural infection 4.6%, and relative infection 2.5%.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Aspectos del comportamiento de los triatominos (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), vectores de la enfermedad de Chagas","attachmentId":35428804,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5987556/Aspectos_del_comportamiento_de_los_triatominos_Hemiptera_Reduviidae_vectores_de_la_enfermedad_de_Chagas","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5987556/Aspectos_del_comportamiento_de_los_triatominos_Hemiptera_Reduviidae_vectores_de_la_enfermedad_de_Chagas"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="77325833" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77325833/Effects_of_Trypanosoma_cruzi_on_the_phenoloxidase_and_prophenoloxidase_activity_in_the_vector_Meccus_pallidipennis_Hemiptera_Reduviidae_">Effects of Trypanosoma cruzi on the phenoloxidase and prophenoloxidase activity in the vector Meccus pallidipennis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="62721357" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArmandoP%C3%A9rezTorres">Armando Pérez Torres</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Parasites & Vectors, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background: Triatomine insects are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causal agent of Chagas disease. The insectparasite interaction has been studied in relation to the transmission and prevalence of this disease. For most triatomines, however, several crucial aspects of the insect immune response are still unknown. For example, only for Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma infestans has the activity of phenoloxidase (PO) and its zymogen prophenoloxidase (proPO) been reported in relation to the hemolymph and anterior midgut (AM). The aim of this study was to gain insight into the immune response to T. cruzi infection of an important triatomine in Mexico, Meccus pallidipennis. Methods: Parasites were quantified in the rectal contents of infected M. pallidipennis groups. We examined some key factors in disease transmission, including the systemic (hemolymph) and local (gut) immune response. Results: Parasites were present in the rectal contents at 4 days post-infection (pi) and reached their maximum density on day 7 pi. At 7 and 9 days pi mainly metacyclic trypomastigotes occurred. Compared to the control, the infected insects exhibited diminished PO activity in the hemolymph on days 9, 16 and 20 pi, and in the AM only on day 9. Additionally, infected insects displayed lower proPO activity in the hemolymph on day 1, but greater activity in the AM on day 28. Conclusions: The parasite strain originating from M. pallidipennis rapidly colonized the rectum of nymphs of this triatomine and developed high numbers of metacyclic trypomastigotes. Neither the changes of concentrations of PO and proPO in the hemolymph nor in the AM correlated with the changes in the population of T. cruzi.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Effects of Trypanosoma cruzi on the phenoloxidase and prophenoloxidase activity in the vector Meccus pallidipennis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)","attachmentId":84718015,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/77325833/Effects_of_Trypanosoma_cruzi_on_the_phenoloxidase_and_prophenoloxidase_activity_in_the_vector_Meccus_pallidipennis_Hemiptera_Reduviidae_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/77325833/Effects_of_Trypanosoma_cruzi_on_the_phenoloxidase_and_prophenoloxidase_activity_in_the_vector_Meccus_pallidipennis_Hemiptera_Reduviidae_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="20728495" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20728495/Role_of_Superoxide_and_Reactive_Nitrogen_Intermediates_in_Rhodnius_prolixus_Reduviidae_Trypanosoma_rangeli_Interactions">Role of Superoxide and Reactive Nitrogen Intermediates in Rhodnius prolixus (Reduviidae)/Trypanosoma rangeli Interactions</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10271" href="https://swansea.academia.edu/NormanRatcliffe">Norman A Ratcliffe</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Experimental Parasitology, 2001</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Role of Superoxide and Reactive Nitrogen Intermediates in Rhodnius prolixus (Reduviidae)/Trypanosoma rangeli Interactions","attachmentId":41929415,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/20728495/Role_of_Superoxide_and_Reactive_Nitrogen_Intermediates_in_Rhodnius_prolixus_Reduviidae_Trypanosoma_rangeli_Interactions","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/20728495/Role_of_Superoxide_and_Reactive_Nitrogen_Intermediates_in_Rhodnius_prolixus_Reduviidae_Trypanosoma_rangeli_Interactions"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="19620580" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19620580/Massive_Experimental_Inoculation_of_Trypanosoma_rangeli_Kinetoplastida_Trypanosomatidae_in_Rhodnius_neglectus_Lent_1954_Hemiptera_Reduviidae_and_Mus_musculus">Massive Experimental Inoculation of Trypanosoma rangeli (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) in Rhodnius neglectus Lent, 1954 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) and Mus musculus</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40780023" href="https://fiocruz.academia.edu/MarinaViannaBraga">Marina Vianna Braga</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26733065" href="https://fiocruz.academia.edu/ReginaldoBrazil">Reginaldo P Brazil</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 1998</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Massive Experimental Inoculation of Trypanosoma rangeli (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) in Rhodnius neglectus Lent, 1954 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) and Mus musculus","attachmentId":42070125,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19620580/Massive_Experimental_Inoculation_of_Trypanosoma_rangeli_Kinetoplastida_Trypanosomatidae_in_Rhodnius_neglectus_Lent_1954_Hemiptera_Reduviidae_and_Mus_musculus","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19620580/Massive_Experimental_Inoculation_of_Trypanosoma_rangeli_Kinetoplastida_Trypanosomatidae_in_Rhodnius_neglectus_Lent_1954_Hemiptera_Reduviidae_and_Mus_musculus"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="27436384" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27436384/The_interaction_between_Trypanosoma_rangeli_and_the_nitrophorins_in_the_salivary_glands_of_the_triatomine_Rhodnius_prolixus_Hemiptera_Reduviidae_">The interaction between Trypanosoma rangeli and the nitrophorins in the salivary glands of the triatomine Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera; Reduviidae)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9592707" href="https://fiocruz.academia.edu/AlessandraGuarneri">Alessandra Guarneri</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The parasite Trypanosoma rangeli develops in the intestinal tract of triatomines and, particularly in species of the genus Rhodnius, invades the hemolymph and salivary glands, where subsequent metacyclogenesis takes place. Many aspects of the interaction between T. rangeli and triatomines are still unclear, especially concerning the development of the parasite in the salivary glands and how the parasite interacts with the saliva. In this work, we describe new findings on the process of T. rangeli infection of the salivary glands and the impact of infection on the saliva composition. To ensure a complete infection (intestinal tract, hemolymph and salivary glands), 3rd instar Rhodnius prolixus nymphs were fed on blood containing T. rangeli epimastigotes using an artificial feeder. After molt to the 4th instar, the nymphs were inoculated with epimastigotes in the hemolymph. The results showed that the flagellates started to invade the salivary glands by the 7th day after the injection. The percentage of trypomastigotes inside the salivary glands continuously increased until the 25th day, at which time the trypomastigotes were more than 95% of the T. rangeli forms present. The salivary contents from T. rangeli-infected insects showed a pH that was significantly more acidic (<6.0) and had a lower total protein and hemeprotein contents compared with non-infected insects. However, the ratio of hemeprotein to total protein was similar in both control and infected insects. qPCR demonstrated that the expression levels of three housekeeping genes (18S rRNA, b-actin and a-tubulin) and nitrophorins 1e4 were not altered in the salivary glands after an infection with T. rangeli. In addition, the four major nitrophorins (NPs 1e4) were knocked down using RNAi and their suppression impacted T. rangeli survival in the salivary glands to the point that the parasite burden inside the R. prolixus salivary glands was reduced by more than 3-fold. These results indicated that these parasites most likely non-specifically incorporated the proteins that were present in R. prolixus saliva as nutrients, without impairing the biosynthesis of the antihemostatic molecules.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The interaction between Trypanosoma rangeli and the nitrophorins in the salivary glands of the triatomine Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera; Reduviidae)","attachmentId":47694076,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27436384/The_interaction_between_Trypanosoma_rangeli_and_the_nitrophorins_in_the_salivary_glands_of_the_triatomine_Rhodnius_prolixus_Hemiptera_Reduviidae_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27436384/The_interaction_between_Trypanosoma_rangeli_and_the_nitrophorins_in_the_salivary_glands_of_the_triatomine_Rhodnius_prolixus_Hemiptera_Reduviidae_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="112217366" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/112217366/Chagas_Disease_and_its_Insect_Vector_Effect_of_Azadirachtin_A_on_the_Interaction_of_a_Triatomine_Host_Rhodnius_prolixus_and_its_Parasite_Trypanosoma_cruzi_">Chagas' Disease and its Insect Vector. Effect of Azadirachtin A on the Interaction of a Triatomine Host (Rhodnius prolixus) and its Parasite (Trypanosoma cruzi)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40764417" href="https://uff.academia.edu/MarceloGonzalez">Marcelo S Gonzalez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 1989</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">and P. herrera in the range of 10-25 ng/larva. In Rhodnius prolixus, the survival of T. cruzi was studied after treatment with the drug. If the trypomastigotes were fed in presence of 1.0 (.ig aza dirachtin A/ml blood, the number of parasites decreased near to the limit of detection within 30 days. If the drug was applied 20 days after T. cruzi infection, it still completely abolished the parasite in the host's gut within the subsequent 20 days. The same holds true if the insect larvae were pretreated with azadirachtin A 20 days before the subsequent infection with T. cruzi. Azadirachtin A, if applied at the dose of 1 (.tg/ml, did not affect the hemolytic activity of the crop contents orthe proteinase content of the intestine. A parallel between azadirachtin effects on the hormone balance of the host and growth inhibition of the parasite is discussed on the basis of the present results. Chagas' disease fl] is endemic in most parts of Brazil. Its causative agent, Trypanosoma cruzi, is transm itted by triatom ine bugs during a blood meal. The physiological relationship between the path ogenic T. cruzi and its blood sucking insect vectors is, like in other trypanosomiases, far from a real understanding. There are several reports on growth and metacyclogenesis of the parasite in the insect's gut. These biological events are apparently m od ulated by num erous factors related to the insect and/ or the parasite [2-4]. One of these factors which may influence the triatom ines' infection by the trypanosomes, is the physiological status of the insect. The high biological activity of azadirachtin, an in sect growth inhibitor isolated from neem (A zadirachta indica) seed, on the development and reproduc tion of insects is well established [5-9]. These effects Reprint requests to Prof. Dr. H. Rembold.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Chagas' Disease and its Insect Vector. Effect of Azadirachtin A on the Interaction of a Triatomine Host (Rhodnius prolixus) and its Parasite (Trypanosoma cruzi)","attachmentId":109515171,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/112217366/Chagas_Disease_and_its_Insect_Vector_Effect_of_Azadirachtin_A_on_the_Interaction_of_a_Triatomine_Host_Rhodnius_prolixus_and_its_Parasite_Trypanosoma_cruzi_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/112217366/Chagas_Disease_and_its_Insect_Vector_Effect_of_Azadirachtin_A_on_the_Interaction_of_a_Triatomine_Host_Rhodnius_prolixus_and_its_Parasite_Trypanosoma_cruzi_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":83803928,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":83803928,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_83803928" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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