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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yom_Kippur_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Yom Kippur War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yom_Kippur_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_Gulf_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_Gulf_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Persian Gulf War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_Gulf_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>2000s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012_cyber_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012_cyber_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>2012 cyber attack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012_cyber_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019_drone_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019_drone_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>2019 drone attack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019_drone_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019_initial_public_offering_(IPO)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019_initial_public_offering_(IPO)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>2019 initial public offering (IPO)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019_initial_public_offering_(IPO)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_Medium_Term_Note_Programme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_Medium_Term_Note_Programme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Global Medium Term Note Programme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_Medium_Term_Note_Programme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>2020s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Operation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Board_of_directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Board_of_directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Board of directors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Board_of_directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Exploration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refining_and_chemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refining_and_chemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Refining and chemicals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refining_and_chemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_refineries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_refineries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>List of refineries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_refineries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shipping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shipping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Shipping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shipping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_investment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_investment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Global investment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_investment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liquefied_natural_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liquefied_natural_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Liquefied natural gas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liquefied_natural_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Saudization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greenhouse_gas_emissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenhouse_gas_emissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Greenhouse gas emissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenhouse_gas_emissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2007_Haradh_gas_pipeline_explosion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2007_Haradh_gas_pipeline_explosion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>2007 Haradh gas pipeline explosion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2007_Haradh_gas_pipeline_explosion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizational_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizational_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Organizational culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizational_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_of_workers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_of_workers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Treatment of workers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_of_workers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strong-arming_investors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strong-arming_investors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Strong-arming investors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strong-arming_investors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lobbying_and_research_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lobbying_and_research_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lobbying and research projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lobbying_and_research_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Saudi Aramco</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%83%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أرامكو السعودية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أرامكو السعودية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%88" title="سعودی آرامکو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سعودی آرامکو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B" title="সৌদি এরামকো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সৌদি এরামকো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Сауди Арамко – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сауди Арамко" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%88" title="سعودی آرامکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سعودی آرامکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%B0%EB%94%94_%EC%95%84%EB%9E%8C%EC%BD%94" title="사우디 아람코 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사우디 아람코" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="सऊदी अरामको – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सऊदी अरामको" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA" title="עראמקו הסעודית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עראמקו הסעודית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramco" title="Aramco – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aramco" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A" title="സൗദി അരാംകൊ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൗദി അരാംകൊ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%83%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87" title="ارامكو السعوديه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارامكو السعوديه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%88" title="آرامکو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آرامکو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="साउदी अरामको – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="साउदी अरामको" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B3" title="サウジアラムコ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サウジアラムコ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramco" title="Aramco – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aramco" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramco" title="Aramco – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aramco" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B" title="சவுதி அராம்கோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சவுதி அராம்கோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84" title="ซาอุดีอะแรมโค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซาอุดีอะแรมโค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%88" title="سعودی آرامکو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سعودی آرامکو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Saudi Aramco" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="沙特阿拉伯国家石油公司 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="沙特阿拉伯国家石油公司" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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title="Aramco">Aramco</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Saudi Arabian state-owned petroleum company</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/AAMCO" class="mw-redirect" title="AAMCO">AAMCO</a> or <a href="/wiki/Amoco" title="Amoco">Amoco</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">Saudi Arabian Oil Company<br />أرامكو السعودية</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saudi_Aramco_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Saudi_Aramco_logo.svg/250px-Saudi_Aramco_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Saudi_Aramco_logo.svg/375px-Saudi_Aramco_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Saudi_Aramco_logo.svg/500px-Saudi_Aramco_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="168" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aramco_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Aramco_Tower.jpg/250px-Aramco_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Aramco_Tower.jpg/375px-Aramco_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Aramco_Tower.jpg/500px-Aramco_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1350" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Aramco Tower in the <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_Financial_District" title="King Abdullah Financial District">King Abdullah Financial District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Trade_name" title="Trade name">Trade name</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Saudi Aramco</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native name</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Saudi Arabian Oil Company</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">Public</a> (mostly <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">state-owned</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">Traded as</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tadawul" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadawul">Tadawul</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tadawul.com.sa/wps/portal/tadawul/market-participants/issuers/issuers-directory/company-details/!ut/p/z1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfIjo8zi_Tx8nD0MLIy83V1DjA0czVx8nYP8PI0MDAz0I4EKzBEKDEJDLYEKjJ0DA11MjQzcTfXDyzJTy_XDCSkryE4yBQA8k2I6/?companySymbol=2222">2222</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">ISIN</a></th><td class="infobox-data">SA14TG012N13 <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679322?uselang=en#P946" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">Oil and gas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">29 May 1933<span class="noprint">; 91 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">29 May 1933</span>)</span> (as <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History"><i>California-Arabian Standard Oil</i></a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Standard Oil of California</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Dhahran" title="Dhahran">Dhahran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a><sup id="cite_ref-fcom_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcom-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amin_H._Nasser" title="Amin H. Nasser">Amin H. Nasser</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(President & CEO)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yasir_Al-Rumayyan" title="Yasir Al-Rumayyan">Yasir Al-Rumayyan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Chairman)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Petrochemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrochemicals">Petrochemical derivatives</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> US$495.033 billion (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes" title="Earnings before interest and taxes">Operating income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> US$231.544 billion (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> US$121.271 billion (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Total assets</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> US$660.784 billion (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Total equity</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> US$463.225 billion (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Saudi Arabia">Government of Saudi Arabia</a> (90.19%)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Public_Investment_Fund" title="Public Investment Fund">Public Investment Fund</a> (4%)<br />Sanabil (4%)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">146,000<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2025)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SABIC" title="SABIC">SABIC</a> (70%), <a href="/wiki/Petro_Rabigh" title="Petro Rabigh">Petro Rabigh</a>, SATORP, Aramco Trading, <a href="/wiki/Yanbu" title="Yanbu">Yanbu</a>, Yasref, SASREF, <a href="/wiki/S-Oil" title="S-Oil">S-Oil</a>, Luberef, Aro Drilling, South Rub al-Khali, Pengerang Refining Company, The International Maritime Industries</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aramco.com//">aramco.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Saudi Aramco</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أرامكو السعودية</span> <i><b><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʾArāmkū as-Suʿūdiyyah</i></span></b></i>), officially the <b>Saudi Arabian Oil Company</b> or simply <b>Aramco</b> (formerly <b>Arabian-American Oil Company</b>), is a majority state-owned <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> company that is the <a href="/wiki/National_oil_company" title="National oil company">national oil company</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sa-aag_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa-aag-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it is the fourth-<a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest companies by revenue">largest company in the world by revenue</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Dhahran" title="Dhahran">Dhahran</a>. Saudi Aramco has both the world's second-largest proven crude <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a>, at more than 270 <a href="/wiki/Barrel_(unit)#Oil_barrel" title="Barrel (unit)">billion barrels</a> (43 billion cubic metres),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and largest daily oil production of all oil-producing companies.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saudi Aramco operates the world's largest single <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> network, the Master Gas System. In 2024, its oil production total was 12.7 million barrels of oil equivalent per day, and it manages over one hundred oil and gas fields in Saudi Arabia, including 288.4 <a href="/wiki/10%5E12" class="mw-redirect" title="10^12">trillion</a> <a href="/wiki/Standard_cubic_foot" title="Standard cubic foot">standard cubic feet (scf)</a> of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> reserves. Along the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia">Eastern Province</a>, Saudi Aramco most notably operates the <a href="/wiki/Ghawar_Field" title="Ghawar Field">Ghawar Field</a> (the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Onshore_(hydrocarbons)" title="Onshore (hydrocarbons)">onshore oil field</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Safaniya_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Safaniya Field">Safaniya Field</a> (the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Offshore_drilling" title="Offshore drilling">offshore oil field</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-aramcoaboutus_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aramcoaboutus-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 December 2019, the company's shares commenced trading on the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Exchange" title="Saudi Exchange">Saudi Exchange</a>. The shares rose to 35.2 <a href="/wiki/Saudi_riyal" title="Saudi riyal">Saudi riyals</a>, giving it a <a href="/wiki/Market_capitalization" title="Market capitalization">market capitalization</a> of about US$1.88 trillion,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and surpassed the US$2 trillion mark on the second day of trading.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dammam_No._7_on_March_4,_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dammam_No._7_on_March_4%2C_1938.jpg/220px-Dammam_No._7_on_March_4%2C_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dammam_No._7_on_March_4%2C_1938.jpg/330px-Dammam_No._7_on_March_4%2C_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Dammam_No._7_on_March_4%2C_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Dammam_No._7" title="Dammam No. 7">Dammam No. 7</a></i> struck oil in 1938, becoming the first commercial oil well in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Saudi Aramco's origins trace to the oil shortages of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the exclusion of American companies from <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> by the United Kingdom and France under the <a href="/wiki/San_Remo_conference" title="San Remo conference">San Remo Petroleum Agreement</a> of 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US administration had popular support for an "<a href="/wiki/Open_Door_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Door policy">Open Door policy</a>", which <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>, secretary of commerce, initiated in 1921. <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Standard Oil of California</a> (SoCal) was among those US companies seeking new sources of oil from abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Saudi Arabian government granted a concession to SoCal in preference to a rival bid from the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Petroleum_Company" title="Iraq Petroleum Company">Iraq Petroleum Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concession allowed SoCal to explore for oil in Saudi Arabia. SoCal assigned this concession to a wholly owned <a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">subsidiary</a>, California-Arabian Standard Oil (<b>CASOC</b>). In 1936, with the company having had no success at locating oil, the <a href="/wiki/Texaco" title="Texaco">Texas Company</a> (Texaco) purchased a 50% stake of the concession.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After four years of fruitless exploration, the first success came with the seventh drill site in <a href="/wiki/Dhahran" title="Dhahran">Dhahran</a> in 1938, a well referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Dammam_No._7" title="Dammam No. 7">Dammam No. 7</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This well immediately produced over 1,500 barrels per day (240 m<sup>3</sup>/d), giving the company confidence to continue. On 31 January 1944, the company name was changed from California-Arabian Standard Oil Co. to Arabian American Oil Co. (or <a href="/wiki/Aramco" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramco">Aramco</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-GT-DEX-1944-01_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GT-DEX-1944-01-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1948, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil_of_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Oil of New Jersey">Standard Oil of New Jersey</a> (later known as Exxon) purchased 30% and <a href="/wiki/Mobil_Oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobil Oil">Socony Vacuum</a> (later Mobil) purchased 10% of the company, with SoCal and Texaco retaining 30% each.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newcomers were also shareholders in the Iraq Petroleum Co. and had to get the restrictions of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Line_Agreement" title="Red Line Agreement">Red Line Agreement</a> lifted in order to be free to enter into this arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aramco_compound_in_Saudi_Arabia_1954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Aramco_compound_in_Saudi_Arabia_1954.jpg/220px-Aramco_compound_in_Saudi_Arabia_1954.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Aramco_compound_in_Saudi_Arabia_1954.jpg/330px-Aramco_compound_in_Saudi_Arabia_1954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Aramco_compound_in_Saudi_Arabia_1954.jpg/440px-Aramco_compound_in_Saudi_Arabia_1954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1827" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Aramco compound in Saudi Arabia, 1954</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1949, ARAMCO had made incursions into the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Abu_Dhabi" title="Emirate of Abu Dhabi">Emirate of Abu Dhabi</a>, leading to a <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_border_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabia–United Arab Emirates border dispute">border dispute</a> between Abu Dhabi and Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-Buraimidispute_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buraimidispute-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">King Abdulaziz</a> threatened to <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalize</a> his country's oil facilities, thus pressuring Aramco to agree to share profits 50/50.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar process had taken place with American oil companies in <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> a few years earlier. The American government granted US Aramco member companies a <a href="/wiki/Tax_break" title="Tax break">tax break</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_gimmick" title="Golden gimmick">golden gimmick</a> equivalent to the profits given to King Abdulaziz. In the wake of the new arrangement, the company's headquarters were moved from New York to Dhahran.<sup id="cite_ref-san_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-san-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1951, the company discovered the <a href="/wiki/Safaniya_Oil_Field" title="Safaniya Oil Field">Safaniya Oil Field</a>, the world's largest offshore field. In 1957, the discovery of smaller connected oil fields confirmed the <a href="/wiki/Ghawar_Field" title="Ghawar Field">Ghawar Field</a> as the world's largest onshore field.<sup id="cite_ref-aramcoaboutus_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aramcoaboutus-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975, the Saudi Arabia second five-year economic plan included a Master Gas Plan. Natural gas would be used to generate power, rather than <a href="/wiki/Gas_flare" title="Gas flare">flaring the gas</a>. The plan counted on using the <a href="/wiki/Associated_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Associated gas">associated gas</a>, but by 1985, Aramco was able to include a billion <a href="/wiki/Standard_cubic_foot" title="Standard cubic foot">standard cubic foot</a> per day (Bscfd) of non-associated gas. This non-associated gas was produced from the Kuff <a href="/wiki/Formation_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation (geology)">Formation</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> layer 650 metres (2,130 ft) below the oil producing Arab Zone. In 1994, Aramco discovered more non-associated gas in the deeper Jawf <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> formation, and built plants in Hawiyah and <a href="/wiki/Haradh" title="Haradh">Haradh</a> to process it. This increased the capacity of the Master Gas System to 9.4 billion scfd.<sup id="cite_ref-Ali_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 98–100, 104, 129–130, 229">: 98–100, 104, 129–130, 229 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yom_Kippur_War">Yom Kippur War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Yom Kippur War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1973, following US support for Israel during the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>, the Saudi Arabian government acquired a 25% "participation interest" in Aramco's assets. It increased its participation interest to 60% in 1974. Aramco continued to operate and manage the former Aramco assets, including its concessionary interest in certain Saudi Arab oil fields, on behalf of the Saudi Arab Government until 1988. In November 1988, a <a href="/wiki/Royal_decree" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal decree">royal decree</a> created a new Saudi Arab company, the Saudi Arabian Oil Company, to take control of the former Aramco assets (or Saudi Aramco)<sup id="cite_ref-se25_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-se25-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and took the management and operations control of Saudi Arabia's oil and gas fields from Aramco and its partners. In 1989–90, high-quality oil and gas were discovered in three areas south of Riyadh: the Raghib area about 77 miles (124 km) southeast of the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_Gulf_War">Persian Gulf War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Persian Gulf War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 1990, after the start of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Persian Gulf War</a>, Aramco was expected to replace much of the oil production removed from the global market due to the embargo of Iraq and occupied Kuwait. This amounted to producing an extra 4.8 million barrels per day (Mbpd) to keep the global oil market stable. In addition, Aramco was expected to provide all of the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">coalition</a> aviation and diesel needs. Aramco recommissioned 146 Harmaliyah, <a href="/wiki/Khurais_oil_field" title="Khurais oil field">Khurais</a>, and Ghawar oil wells with associated <a href="/wiki/Gas_oil_separation_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas oil separation plant">gas oil separation plants</a>, and saltwater treatment pipeline, that had been <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mothball#Verb" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:mothball">mothballed</a> during the 1980s oil price collapse. Daily production increased from 5.4 Mbpd in July to 8.5 Mbpd in December 1990 after a three-month de-mothball effort.<sup id="cite_ref-Ali_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 125, 135, 148–149, 155–156">: 125, 135, 148–149, 155–156 </span></sup> </p><p>Starting in 1990, Aramco embarked on an expansion of crude oil sales in the Asian market. Agreements with <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and China resulted. By 2016, about 70% of Aramco's crude oil sales were to Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Ali_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 168, 176, 184–185">: 168, 176, 184–185 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2001, Saudi Arabia announced the Gas Initiative, which proposed forming three joint ventures with eight <a href="/wiki/International_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="International Oil Company">IOCs</a> for gas exploration on pure upstream acreage. Core Venture 1 included south Ghawar and north <a href="/wiki/Rub%27_Al-Khali" class="mw-redirect" title="Rub' Al-Khali">Rub' Al-Khali</a>, Core Venture 2 included the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, while Core Venture 3 involved <a href="/wiki/Shaybah" title="Shaybah">Shaybah</a> and Kidan. In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Royal Dutch Shell</a> and <a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a> formed a partnership with Saudi Aramco in Core Venture 3. In 2004, Core Venture 1 became three separate joint ventures with Saudi Aramco holding 20%, one with <a href="/wiki/Lukoil" title="Lukoil">Lukoil</a>, a second with <a href="/wiki/Sinopec" title="Sinopec">Sinopec</a>, and a third with <a href="/wiki/Repsol" title="Repsol">Repsol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ali_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 228–232">: 228–232 </span></sup> </p><p>By 2004, Aramco was producing 8.6 million barrels per day (mbpd) out of a potential 10 mbpd. In 2005, Aramco launched a five-year plan to spend US$50 billion to increase their daily capacity to 12.5 mbpd by increasing production and refining capacity and doubling the number of drilling rigs.<sup id="cite_ref-Ali_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 241–242">: 241–242 </span></sup> </p><p>In 2005, Saudi Aramco was the world's largest company with an estimated market value of US$781 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2008, in response to crude oil prices exceeding US$130 a barrel, Aramco announced it would increase production to 9.7 million barrels per day (mbpd). Then as prices plummeted, Aramco stated in January 2009, that it would reduce production to 7.7 mbpd.<sup id="cite_ref-Ali_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 265–267">: 265–267 </span></sup> </p><p>In 2011, Saudi Aramco started production from the Karan Gas Field, with an output of more than 400 million scf per day.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2016, the Deputy Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_bin_Salman_Al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud">Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud</a>, announced he was considering listing shares of the state-owned company, and selling around 5% of them in order to build a large <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund" title="Sovereign wealth fund">sovereign wealth fund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 April 2017, Saudi security forces thwarted an attempted attack on an Aramco oil distribution center involving an unmanned boat from Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> reported in September 2018, Aramco was considering a US$1 billion venture-capital fund to invest in international technology firms.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2019, a report by <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> claimed that Aramco had been bearing the ministry-related expenses; boosting the finance ministry budget allocation. It also included Energy Minister <a href="/wiki/Khalid_A._Al-Falih" title="Khalid A. Al-Falih">Khalid Al Falih</a>’s company-related and diplomatic trips, as well as his stays in luxurious hotels. However, an ally mentioned that Falih’s policies have delivered additional oil revenues that far exceeded his expenses.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2019, Saudi Arabia appointed <a href="/wiki/Yasir_Al-Rumayyan" title="Yasir Al-Rumayyan">Yasir Al-Rumayyan</a> as the Chairman of Aramco. Al-Rumayyan became head of the country’s sovereign wealth fund by replacing <a href="/wiki/Khalid_A._Al-Falih" title="Khalid A. Al-Falih">Khalid Al-Falih</a>, who was holding the position since 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012_cyber_attack">2012 cyber attack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2012 cyber attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aramco computers were attacked by a virus on 15 August 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_Malware_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran_Malware-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following day Aramco announced that none of the infected computers were part of the network directly tied to oil production, and that the company would soon resume full operations.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hackers claimed responsibility for the spread of the computer virus.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The virus hit companies within the oil and energy sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-dj_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dj-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group named "Cutting Sword of Justice" claimed responsibility for an attack on 30,000 Saudi Aramco workstations, causing the company to spend months restoring their services.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_Malware_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran_Malware-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group later indicated that the <a href="/wiki/Shamoon" title="Shamoon">Shamoon</a> virus had been used in the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-cnet_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnet-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to this attack, the main site of Aramco went down and a message came to the home page apologizing to customers.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Computer security specialists said that "The attack, known as Shamoon, is said to have hit "at least one organization" in the sector. Shamoon is capable of wiping files and rendering several computers on a network unusable."<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Clarke" title="Richard A. Clarke">Richard Clarke</a> suggests the attack was part of Iran's retaliation for the US involvement in <a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Security researcher <a href="/wiki/Chris_Kubecka" title="Chris Kubecka">Chris Kubecka</a>, who helped the company establish security after the attack, detailed the level of sophistication in her Black Hat USA 2015 presentation<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and episode 30 of Darknet Diaries.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019_drone_attack">2019 drone attack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2019 drone attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Abqaiq%E2%80%93Khurais_attack" title="Abqaiq–Khurais attack">Abqaiq–Khurais attack</a></div> <p>On 14 September 2019, there was a drone attack on two Saudi Aramco plants:<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Abqaiq" title="Abqaiq">Abqaiq</a> oil processing facility and <a href="/wiki/Khurais_oil_field" title="Khurais oil field">Khurais oil field</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi movement">Houthi rebels</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claimed responsibility for the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack cut 5.7 million barrels per day (bpd) of Saudi crude output, over 5% of the world's supply.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were discussions by Saudi Arabian officials on postponing Aramco's IPO, because the attacks "sidelined more than half of the kingdom's output" of oil.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019_initial_public_offering_(IPO)"><span id="2019_initial_public_offering_.28IPO.29"></span>2019 initial public offering (IPO)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2019 initial public offering (IPO)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since around 2018, Saudi Arabia had been considering to put a portion of Saudi Aramco's ownership, up to 5%, onto public trading via a staged <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">initial public offering</a> (IPO), as to reduce the cost to the government of running the company. While the IPO had been vetted by major banks, the IPO was delayed over concerns of Aramco's corporate structure through 2018 into 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The September 2019 drone attacks on Aramco's facilities also delayed the onset of the IPO.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 April 2019, Aramco issued bonds collectively valued at US$12 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its first international bond issue received more than US$100 billion in orders from foreign investors, which breaks all records for a bond issue by an emerging market entity.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aramco announced on Sunday 3 November 2019 its plan to list 1.5% of its value as an IPO on the <a href="/wiki/Tadawul" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadawul">Tadawul stock exchange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 November 2019, Saudi Aramco released a 600-page prospectus giving details of the IPO. According to the specifications provided, up to 0.5% of the shares were locked for individual retail investors.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 December 2019, Saudi Aramco priced its offering at 32 <a href="/wiki/Saudi_riyal" title="Saudi riyal">Saudi riyals</a> (approximately US$8.53 at the time) per share. The company generated subscriptions of total amount equals US$119 billion representing 456% of total offer shares. It raised US$25.6 billion in its IPO, making it the world's largest IPO, succeeding that of the <a href="/wiki/Alibaba_Group" title="Alibaba Group">Alibaba Group</a> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company commenced trading on Tadawul on 11 December 2019, with shares rising 10% to 35.2 riyals, giving the company a market capitalization of about US$1.88 trillion, and making Saudi Aramco the world's largest listed company. The entire Tadawul has a market capitalization of US$2.22 trillion.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_Medium_Term_Note_Programme">Global Medium Term Note Programme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Global Medium Term Note Programme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a bourse filing made by Aramco, the likes of <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a>, <a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Stanley" title="Morgan Stanley">Morgan Stanley</a>, <a href="/wiki/JPMorgan" class="mw-redirect" title="JPMorgan">JPMorgan</a>, and NCB Capital were hired by the company for organizing investor calls prior to the planned transaction. The document published by one of the other banks said to be involved in the deal showed that the deal included BNP Paribas, MUFG, BofA Securities, SMBC Nikko, First Abu Dhabi Bank, Societe Generale, and BOC International. The company has reported a fall in the net profit of its third-quarter for November 2020, due to increased crude prices and a drop in its demand following the COVID-19 pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020s">2020s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2020s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 10 March 2020 Saudi Aramco announced a global partnership with <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> landing a multi-year deal.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 June 2020, Saudi Aramco acquired a 70% share in <a href="/wiki/SABIC" title="SABIC">SABIC</a>, a chemicals manufacturing company.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2020, Saudi Aramco laid off nearly 500 of its more than 70,000 employees, as global energy firms reduced their workforce due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. Most of the workers who lost their job at Aramco were foreigners.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 July 2020, Saudi Aramco lost its title as the world's largest listed company by market capitalization to <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 August 2020, Saudi Aramco reported a 50% fall in net income for the first half of its financial year, as demand for oil and prices continued to fall due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">coronavirus crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 November 2020, Saudi Aramco reported a 44.6% drop in third-quarter net profit amid the COVID-19 pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 December 2020, Saudi state TV announced that an oil tanker carrying over 60,000 metric tons of unleaded gasoline from an Aramco refinery at Yanbu, had been attacked by a smaller boat rigged with explosives.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2021, Saudi Aramco announced that earnings in 2020 fell by nearly 45% compared with 2019, as lockdowns around the world following the <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic curbed demand for oil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 March 2021, an Aramco refinery was attacked by six bomb-laden drones.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack, which was claimed by Houthi rebels, started a fire but caused no injuries or damage, according to the official Saudi Press Agency.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 March 2021, Saudi Aramco signed an agreement to secure China's energy supplies for the next 50 years, and also to develop new technologies to combat climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, they signed a deal with a consortium led by EIG.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2021, Saudi Aramco appointed former <a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC Holdings Plc</a> Chief Executive Officer <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Gulliver" title="Stuart Gulliver">Stuart Gulliver</a> to the company's board of directors.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2021, Saudi Aramco announced plans to achieve net-zero carbon emissions from its wholly-owned operations by 2060.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 November 2021, Houthi fighters took credit for launching 14 drones at military targets in Riyadh, Abha, Jizan, Najran, and Jeddah, and Aramco's refineries in Jeddah.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, <i>The Guardian</i> reported that Aramco was not trying to diversify at the same rate as other oil companies, such as Shell and BP.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather, Aramco announced in 2021 that the company intended to increase crude capacity from 12m barrels a day to 13m barrels by 2027.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2022, following crude's ascent to nearly $95 per barrel, Saudi Arabia's Aramco boosted oil prices for clients in Asia, the United States, and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2022, Houthi fighters attacked an Aramco storage site in Jeddah causing a fire in two storage tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incident occurred during qualifying for the <a href="/wiki/2022_Saudi_Arabian_Grand_Prix" title="2022 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix">2022 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix</a>. </p><p>On 11 May 2022, Saudi Aramco became the largest (most valuable) company in the world by market cap, surpassing <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2022, Saudi Aramco announced that it would acquire <a href="/wiki/Valvoline" title="Valvoline">Valvoline's</a> petroleum unit for $2.65 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2023, Saudi Aramco announced that they had seen record profits of $161 billion as prices of petrol soared following the COVID-19 pandemic. The figures eclipsed the numbers posted by ExxonMobil and Shell, who reported $55.7 and $39.9 billion in profit respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2023, Saudi Aramco announced it was going to acquire a 10% stake in China's Rongsheng Petrochemical Co. Ltd, with an estimated purchase price of $3.6 billion, and plans to build a new refining and petrochemical complex in northeast China through a joint venture.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2023, it was announced that Saudi Aramco had reached an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> <a href="/wiki/Private_equity_fund" title="Private equity fund">private equity fund</a>, Southern Cross Group to acquire the <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>-headquartered fuel retailer, Esmax Distribución SPA, operator of <a href="/wiki/Petrobras" title="Petrobras">Petrobras</a>-branded service stations in Chile. The acquisition marks Saudi Aramco's entry into the <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South American</a> fuel retailing market,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and beginning in May 2024, the 300 Petrobras service stations in Chile will be gradually converted to Aramco service stations.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2023, Indian engineering and construction giant Larsen & Toubro (L&T) signed a contract with Saudi Aramco. The Jafoor unconventional gas development expansion project in Saudi Arabia where L&T will build a gas processing plant and major processing facilities is worth $2.9 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2023, Saudi Aramco acquired 40% shares in Gas & Oil Pakistan for an undisclosed amount.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oilgasops.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Oilgasops.svg/220px-Oilgasops.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Oilgasops.svg/330px-Oilgasops.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Oilgasops.svg/440px-Oilgasops.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1551" data-file-height="909" /></a><figcaption>Exploration</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AramcoServicesCompanyHQ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/AramcoServicesCompanyHQ.jpg/220px-AramcoServicesCompanyHQ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/AramcoServicesCompanyHQ.jpg/330px-AramcoServicesCompanyHQ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/AramcoServicesCompanyHQ.jpg/440px-AramcoServicesCompanyHQ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of Aramco Services Co. in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Saudi Aramco is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Dhahran" title="Dhahran">Dhahran</a>, but its operations span the globe and include exploration, production, refining, chemicals, distribution and marketing. All these activities of the company are monitored by the Saudi Arabian <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Petroleum_and_Mineral_Resources_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources of Saudi Arabia">Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources</a> together with the Supreme Council for Petroleum and Minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-rwi_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwi-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the ministry has much more responsibility in this regard than the council.<sup id="cite_ref-rwi_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwi-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Board_of_directors">Board of directors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Board of directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Yasir Othman Al-Rumayyan (chairman), member of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_and_Development_Affairs_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Council of Economic and Development Affairs (Saudi Arabia)">Council of Economic and Development Affairs (Saudi Arabia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Abdulaziz_Al-Assaf" title="Ibrahim Abdulaziz Al-Assaf">Ibrahim Abdulaziz Al-Assaf</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Saudi Arabia)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Ministry of Finance (Saudi Arabia)">Minister of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Al-Jadaan" title="Mohammed Al-Jadaan">Mohammed Al-Jadaan</a>, current <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Ministry of Finance (Saudi Arabia)">Minister of Finance</a></li> <li>Mohammad M. Al-Tuwaijri, former Minister of Economy and Planning</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabil_Al-Amoudi" title="Nabil Al-Amoudi">Nabil Al-Amoudi</a>, former Minister of Transport</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Moody-Stuart" title="Mark Moody-Stuart">Mark Moody-Stuart</a>, former group managing director and chairman of <a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Royal Dutch Shell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo_American_plc" title="Anglo American plc">Anglo American</a>, <a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a>, and the Foundation for the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Global_Compact" title="United Nations Global Compact">United Nations Global Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_N._Liveris" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew N. Liveris">Andrew N. Liveris</a>, former chairman and CEO of <a href="/wiki/Dow_Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Dow Chemical">Dow Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Elsenhans" title="Lynn Elsenhans">Lynn Elsenhans</a>, former chairwoman and CEO of <a href="/wiki/Sunoco" title="Sunoco">Sunoco</a></li> <li>Peter Cella, former president and CEO of Chevron Philips Chemical</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Weinberger" title="Mark Weinberger">Mark Weinberger</a>, former chairman and CEO of <a href="/wiki/Ernst_%26_Young" title="Ernst & Young">Ernst & Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_H._Nasser" title="Amin H. Nasser">Amin H. Nasser</a>, president and CEO of Saudi Aramco</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exploration">Exploration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A significant portion of the Saudi Aramco workforce consists of <a href="/wiki/Geophysicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Geophysicist">geophysicists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologists</a>. Saudi Aramco has been exploring for oil and gas reservoirs since 1982. Most of this process takes place at the <a href="/wiki/EXPEC_Advanced_Research_Center" title="EXPEC Advanced Research Center">EXPEC Advanced Research Center</a>. Originally, Saudi Aramco used <a href="/wiki/Cray" title="Cray">Cray</a> Supercomputers (<a href="/wiki/CRAY-1M" class="mw-redirect" title="CRAY-1M">CRAY-1M</a>) in its <a href="/wiki/EXPEC_Advanced_Research_Center" title="EXPEC Advanced Research Center">EXPEC Advanced Research Center</a> (ECC)<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to assist in <a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">processing the colossal quantity of data</a> obtained during exploration and in 2001, ECC decided to use <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> clusters as a replacement for the decommissioned Cray systems. ECC installed a new <a href="/wiki/Supercomputing" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercomputing">supercomputing</a> system in late 2009 with a disk storage capacity of 1,050 <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">terabytes</a> (i.e., exceeding one <a href="/wiki/Petabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Petabyte">petabyte</a>), the largest storage installation in Saudi Aramco's history to support its exploration in the frontier areas and the Red Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-hpcwire_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hpcwire-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refining_and_chemicals">Refining and chemicals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Refining and chemicals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the company did not originally plan on refining oil, the Saudi government wished to have only one company dealing with oil production. Therefore, on 1 July 1993, the government issued a royal decree merging Saudi Aramco with Samarec, the country's oil refining company. The following year, a Saudi Aramco subsidiary acquired a 40% equity interest in <a href="/wiki/Petron_Corporation" title="Petron Corporation">Petron Corporation</a>, the largest crude oil refiner and marketer in the Philippines. Since then, Saudi Aramco has taken on the responsibility of refining oil and distributing it in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-aramcoaboutus_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aramcoaboutus-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, Saudi Aramco sold its entire stake to the Ashmore Group, a London-listed investment group. Ashmore acquired an additional 11% when it made a required tender offer to other shareholders. By July 2008, Ashmore, through its SEA Refinery Holdings B.V., had a 50.57% of Petron's stock. Ashmore's payment was made in December 2008. In December 2008, Ashmore acquired PNOC's 40% stake. In the same month, San Miguel Corporation (SMC) said it was in the final stages of negotiations with the Ashmore Group to buy up to 50.1% of Petron. In 2010, SMC acquired majority control of Petron Corporation. </p><p>Currently,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2019)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> Saudi Aramco's refining capacity is 5.4 million barrels per day (860,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d) (International joint and equity ventures: 2,500 Mbbl/d (400,000,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d), domestic joint ventures: 1,900 mpbd, and wholly owned domestic operations: 1,000 Mbbl/d (160,000,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d).)<sup id="cite_ref-annual_review_2015_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annual_review_2015-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saudi Aramco's downstream operations are shifting emphasis to integrate refineries with petrochemical facilities. Their first venture into it is with <a href="/wiki/Petro_Rabigh" title="Petro Rabigh">Petro Rabigh</a>, which is a joint venture with Sumitomo Chemical Co. that began in 2005 on the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aramcoaboutus_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aramcoaboutus-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to become a global leader in chemicals, Aramco will acquire 50% of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Royal Dutch Shell</a>'s stake in their refiner in Saudi Arabia for US$631 million.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_of_refineries">List of refineries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: List of refineries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>List of domestic refineries:<sup id="cite_ref-annual_review_2015_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annual_review_2015-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Jazan Refinery and terminal projects (JRTP) (400,000 bbl/d (64,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d)), Jazan construction is ongoing.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> Refinery (78,000 bbl/d (12,400 m<sup>3</sup>/d)) Jeddah converted to product storage terminal in November 2017.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Tanura" title="Ras Tanura">Ras Tanura</a> Refinery (550,000 bbl/d (87,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d)) (includes a Crude <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a> Unit, a Gas Condensate Unit, a <a href="/wiki/Hydrocracker" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocracker">hydrocracker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_reforming" title="Catalytic reforming">catalytic reforming</a>)</li> <li>The Saudi Aramco Jubail Refinery Co. (SASREF), Jubail (305,000 bbl/d (48,500 m<sup>3</sup>/d))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> Refinery (126,000 bbl/d (20,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanbu" title="Yanbu">Yanbu</a> Refinery (245,000 bbl/d (39,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d))</li></ul> <p>List of domestic refining ventures:<sup id="cite_ref-annual_review_2015_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annual_review_2015-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The Saudi Aramco Mobil Refinery Co. Ltd. (SAMREF), Yanbu (400,000 bbl/d (64,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Rabigh" title="Petro Rabigh">Petro Rabigh</a>, Rabigh (400,000 bbl/d (64,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d))</li> <li>Saudi Aramco Base Oil Co. (Luberef)</li> <li>Saudi Aramco Total Refining and Petrochemical Co. (SATORP), Jubail<sup id="cite_ref-GT-DEX-2008-09_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GT-DEX-2008-09-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (400,000 bbl/d (64,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d))</li> <li>Yanbu Aramco Sinopec Refinery (YASREF), Yanbu (400,000 bbl/d (64,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d))</li></ul> <p>List of international refining ventures:<sup id="cite_ref-facts2012_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facts2012-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Fujian Refining and Petrochemical Co. (FRPC), <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a></li> <li>Sinopec SenMei (Fujian) Petroleum Co. Ltd. (SSPC), People's Republic of China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motiva_Enterprises_LLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Motiva Enterprises LLC">Motiva Enterprises LLC</a>, United States, Port Arthur Texas 635,000 bbl/d (101,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d)</li> <li>Showa Shell, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> 445,000 bbl/d (70,700 m<sup>3</sup>/d)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-Oil" title="S-Oil">S-Oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Korea">Republic of Korea</a> 669,000 bbl/d (106,400 m<sup>3</sup>/d)</li> <li>Saudi Refining Inc., United States<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Reliance Industries, (no investment) India<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Saudi Aramco at one point had been exploring projects in Pakistan, including a $10 billion refinery project in Gwandar<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has since been cancelled.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022 it was revealed that Saudi Aramco was creating a joint venture with North Huajin Chemical Industries group to create a new company called Huajin Aramco Petrochemical Company which would develop a 300,000 bpd refining facility with ethylene <a href="/wiki/Steam_cracking" title="Steam cracking">steam cracking</a> capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shipping">Shipping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Shipping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saudi Aramco has employed several tankers to ship crude oil, refined oil, and natural gas to various countries. It used to have its own created subsidiary company, <a href="/wiki/Vela_International_Marine" title="Vela International Marine">Vela International Marine</a>, which was merged with Bahri company, to handle shipping to North America, Europe, and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a stakeholder in the <a href="/wiki/King_Salman_Global_Maritime_Industries_Complex" title="King Salman Global Maritime Industries Complex">King Salman Global Maritime Industries Complex</a>, a shipyard that will be the largest in the world when complete.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_investment">Global investment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Global investment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saudi Aramco expanded its presence worldwide to include the three major global energy markets of Asia, Europe, and North America.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2019, Aramco has signed a deal to acquire a 13% stake in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korean</a> oil refiner <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Oilbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyundai Oilbank">Hyundai Oilbank</a> for US$1.24 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, on 11 April 2019, Aramco signed an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>’s leading oil refiner <a href="/wiki/PKN_Orlen" class="mw-redirect" title="PKN Orlen">PKN Orlen</a> to supply it with Arabian Crude Oil.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liquefied_natural_gas">Liquefied natural gas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Liquefied natural gas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aramco is planning to be a major producer of liquefied natural gas (<a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">LNG</a>) in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It sold its first cargo of LNG from Singapore to an Indian buyer.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company is looking globally for potential joint ventures and partnerships to achieve its goal regarding LNG market.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_118-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Saudization">Saudization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Saudization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original concession agreement included Article 23; as <a href="/wiki/Ali_Al-Naimi" title="Ali Al-Naimi">Ali Al-Naimi</a> pointed out, this was a "key building block in the shaping of Saudi society for decades to come." It reads, "The enterprise under this contract shall be directed and supervised by Americans who shall employ Saudi nationals as far as practicable, and in so far as the company can find suitable Saudi employees it will not employ other nationals." The first company school was started in May 1940 in the Al-Khobar home of Hijji bin Jassim, company interpreter, translator and first instructor. Al-Naimi pointed out, "From the beginning, the development of Aramco was directly tied to the betterment of Saudi Arabia." Another school was located in Dhahran in 1941, and was called the Jebel School. Boys hired into entry-level positions attended at 7 AM for four hours, followed by four hours of work in the afternoon. In 1950, Aramco built schools for 2,400 students. In 1959, Aramco sent the first group of Saudi students to college in the States. In 1970, Aramco started hiring its first high school graduates, and in 1979 started offering college scholarships. In 1965, Zafer H. Husseini was named the first Saudi manager and in 1974, Faisal Al-Bassam was named the first Saudi vice president. One of the early students was Al-Naimi, who was named the first Saudi president of Aramco in November 1983. As Al-Naimi states, "The oil company committed itself to developing qualified Saudis to become fully educated and trained industry professionals." Al-Naimi acknowledged <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Barger" title="Thomas Barger">Thomas Barger</a>'s championing of Saudization, "You, of all of Aramco's leaders, had the greatest vision when you supported the training effort of Saudi Arab employees during its early days. That visionary support and effort is bearing fruit now and many executive positions are filled by Saudis because of that effort." In 1943, 1,600 Saudis were employed at Aramco, but by 1987, nearly two-thirds of Aramco's 43,500 strong workforce were Saudis. In 1988, Al-Naimi became <a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hisham_Nazer" title="Hisham Nazer">Hisham Nazer</a> became <a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">chairman</a>, the first Saudis to hold those positions. The "pinnacle of Saudization" occurred when the <a href="/wiki/Shaybah" title="Shaybah">Shaybah</a> oil field came on line in July 1998, after a three-year effort by a team consisting of 90% Saudis. The Aramco of 2016 still maintained an <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriate</a> workforce of about 15%, so Aramco can, in the words of Al-Naimi, "be sure it is getting access to the latest innovations and technical expertise."<sup id="cite_ref-Ali_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saudi Aramco has emitted 59.26 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent since it began operations, accounting for 4.38% of worldwide anthropogenic <a href="/wiki/CO2_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="CO2 emissions">CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions</a> since 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a letter sent to nine international banks reportedly hired by Aramco to assist it in arranging its US$2 trillion market debut, ten environmental groups warned about the listing causing a highly possible hindrance in the effort to reduce <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> and end <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> abuses committed by the Saudi regime.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 November 2019, Saudi Aramco joined the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>'s initiative to reduce <a href="/wiki/Gas_flare" title="Gas flare">gas flaring</a> to zero by 2030. The firm reported flaring of less than 1% of its total raw gas production in the first half of 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greenhouse_gas_emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Greenhouse gas emissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to environmentalists Aramco is responsible for more than 4% of global <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> since 1965. Most of this is from the use of the oil they sold, for example burning gasoline in car engines. In <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_accounting" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse gas accounting">greenhouse gas accounting</a> such emissions from use of a product are called "scope 3" emissions. Aramco has no plan to limit scope 3 emissions. However the government says it will have <a href="/wiki/Net_zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero">net zero</a> carbon emissions by 2060 within the country.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2023, Saudi Aramco announced a <a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">direct air capture</a> pilot program in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Siemens_Energy" title="Siemens Energy">Siemens Energy</a> to be completed in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 December, 2024, Aramco along with <a href="/wiki/Schlumberger" title="Schlumberger">SLB</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linde_plc" title="Linde plc">Linde</a> signed an agreement to build a carbon capture and storage project in Jubail, Saudi Arabia. Aramco will be owning 60% of the project while SLB and Linde will hold 20% each.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first phase has been estimated to be completed by the end of 2027, while capturing and storing up to 9 million metric tons of carbon dioxide each year.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2007_Haradh_gas_pipeline_explosion">2007 Haradh gas pipeline explosion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 2007 Haradh gas pipeline explosion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2007_Haradh,_Saudi_Arabia_gas_pipeline_explosion" title="2007 Haradh, Saudi Arabia gas pipeline explosion">2007 Haradh, Saudi Arabia gas pipeline explosion</a></div> <p>On 18 November 2007, reports came out that a natural gas pipeline explosion had taken the lives of several workers, the death toll was later determined to be 34.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aramco asserts it was a purely maintenance-related incident. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizational_culture">Organizational culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Organizational culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 9 December 2020, the Financial Times published an article about an engineer, whose family claims that Saudi Aramco was negligent in handling his COVID-19 infection.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to his family, he had been asking the company and authorities for help, three weeks before his death, but was simply asked to keep his gloves and mask on. Saudi Aramco did not formally contact his family until approximately 14 hours after his death, refused to release his body, and allegedly erased information from his mobile phone. His grieving family had to do without financial support for almost five months, and only received $400,000 in benefits, back pay and insurance after the Financial Times had started asking questions. </p><p>In the same article, five whistleblowers accuse Aramco of bullying and mismanagement.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One former employee expressed his concerns about the company's highly dangerous failure to pressure-test valves and mains units, detailing cracks in the refinery structure and sinking of roads and foundations. The refinery runs a real risk of becoming Aramco's <a href="/wiki/Piper_Alpha" title="Piper Alpha">Piper Alpha</a>, said another expatriate employee, who also accuses Aramco of lacking a culture of challenge, facilitating ineptitude and laziness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment_of_workers">Treatment of workers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Treatment of workers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2020, Saudi Aramco came under fire after photos of a migrant worker dressed as a large hand-sanitizer dispenser went viral on social media.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> condemned the act as "modern-day slavery," "humiliating" and "dehumanizing."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the company, the display was organized without the approval of Aramco officials.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strong-arming_investors">Strong-arming investors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Strong-arming investors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2019, sources told the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> that wealthy families of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> had been coerced into joining the Saudi Aramco IPO.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lobbying_and_research_projects">Lobbying and research projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Lobbying and research projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saudi Aramco has funded almost 500 studies in last five years on energy issues and collaborated with the United States Department of Energy on projects to boost oil production, such as developing more efficient gasoline, enhanced oil recovery and methods to increase the flow of oil from wells. Since 2016, Saudi Arabia has spent around $140 million on <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Saudi Arabia lobby in the United States">lobbying to influence public opinion</a> and policies in the US. In an effort to keep gasoline cars competitive, Saudi Aramco is working on a device which would trap some of the carbon dioxide upon attaching it to cars running on gasoline. Saudi Aramco has partnered with Hyundai to develop a fuel for gas-electric vehicles which will run on petroleum.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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gimmick">Golden gimmick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Barger" title="Thomas Barger">Thomas Barger</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discovery!_The_Search_for_Arabian_Oil" title="Discovery! The Search for Arabian Oil">Discovery! The Search for Arabian Oil</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco_Residential_Camp_in_Dhahran" title="Saudi Aramco Residential Camp in Dhahran">Saudi Aramco Residential Camp in Dhahran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest companies of Saudi Arabia">List of largest companies of Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corporations_by_market_capitalization" class="mw-redirect" title="List of corporations by market capitalization">List of corporations by market capitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaybah" title="Shaybah">Shaybah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Tanura" title="Ras Tanura">Ras Tanura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanbu" title="Yanbu">Yanbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udhailiyah" title="Udhailiyah">Udhailiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui-Hai_Liu" title="Hui-Hai Liu">Hui-Hai Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMR_GP" title="AMR GP">AMR GP</a> (a Formula 1 team with Aramco as its main sponsor)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/companies/saudi-arabian-oil-company-saudi-aramco/#1da846621aca">"Saudi Arabian Oil Company (Saudi Aramco)"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806221754/https://www.forbes.com/companies/saudi-arabian-oil-company-saudi-aramco/#1da846621aca">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabian+Oil+Company+%28Saudi+Aramco%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fcompanies%2Fsaudi-arabian-oil-company-saudi-aramco%2F%231da846621aca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aramco.com/-/media/publications/corporate-reports/annual-reports/saudi-aramco-ara-2023-english.pdf">"Saudi Aramco Annual Report 2023"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240827091748/https://www.aramco.com/-/media/publications/corporate-reports/annual-reports/saudi-aramco-ara-2023-english.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Aramco+Annual+Report+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aramco.com%2F-%2Fmedia%2Fpublications%2Fcorporate-reports%2Fannual-reports%2Fsaudi-aramco-ara-2023-english.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/05/investing/saudi-aramco-ipo-price/index.html">"Saudi Aramco raises $348 billion in the world's biggest IPO"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saudi+Aramco+raises+%24348+billion+in+the+world%27s+biggest+IPO&rft.date=2019-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2019%2F12%2F05%2Finvesting%2Fsaudi-aramco-ipo-price%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fintel.io/so/sa/aramco">"ARAMCO Institutional Ownership - Saudi Arabian Oil Co"</a>. <i>fintel.io</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408174837/https://fintel.io/so/sa/aramco">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Aramco+boosts+dividend+as+Q2+profit+drops+38%25+to+%2430.1+bln&rft.date=2023-08-07&rft.aulast=Saba&rft.aufirst=Yousef&rft.au=El+Dahan%2C+Maha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fmarkets%2Fcommodities%2Faramco-q2-profit-down-38-30-bln-2023-08-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sa-aag-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sa-aag_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramco.com/en/home.html#our-company%257C%252Fen%252Fhome%252Four-company%252Fat-a-glance.baseajax.html">"Our company. At a glance"</a>. 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(2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2013/06/once-upon-a-red-line-the-iraq-petroleum-company-story">"Once Upon a Red Line: The Iraq Petroleum Company Story"</a>. <i>GeoExpro</i> (Ipad App 6). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101626/http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2013/06/once-upon-a-red-line-the-iraq-petroleum-company-story">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GeoExpro&rft.atitle=Once+Upon+a+Red+Line%3A+The+Iraq+Petroleum+Company+Story&rft.issue=Ipad+App+6&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Michael+Q.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geoexpro.com%2Farticles%2F2013%2F06%2Fonce-upon-a-red-line-the-iraq-petroleum-company-story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buraimidispute-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buraimidispute_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClive.1983" class="citation book cs1">Clive., Leatherdale (1983). <i>Britain and Saudi Arabia, 1925-1939 : the Imperial Oasis</i>. London, England: F. Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714632209" title="Special:BookSources/9780714632209"><bdi>9780714632209</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10877465">10877465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+Saudi+Arabia%2C+1925-1939+%3A+the+Imperial+Oasis&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=F.+Cass&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10877465&rft.isbn=9780714632209&rft.aulast=Clive.&rft.aufirst=Leatherdale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHfVWjHAjCoC&pg=PA108">"From Arab Nationalism to OPEC: Eisenhower, King Saʻūd, and the making of U.S-Saudi relations"</a>, <i>Nathan J. Citino</i>, Indian University Press, 2002, 2002, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253340955" title="Special:BookSources/9780253340955"><bdi>9780253340955</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151025050417/https://books.google.com/books?id=iHfVWjHAjCoC&pg=PA108">archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nathan+J.+Citino&rft.atitle=From+Arab+Nationalism+to+OPEC%3A+Eisenhower%2C+King+Sa%CA%BB%C5%ABd%2C+and+the+making+of+U.S-Saudi+relations&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780253340955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHfVWjHAjCoC%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-san-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-san_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200803/75.years.saudi.aramco.by.the.numbers.htm">"Saudi Aramco by the Numbers"</a>. <i>Saudi Aramco World</i>. <b>9</b> (3). May–June 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006082605/https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200803/75.years.saudi.aramco.by.the.numbers.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=Saudi+Aramco+by+the+Numbers&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2008-05%2F2008-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F200803%2F75.years.saudi.aramco.by.the.numbers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ali-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ali_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ali_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ali_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ali_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ali_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ali_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ali_27-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Naimi2016" class="citation book cs1">Al-Naimi, Ali (2016). <i>Out of the Desert</i>. 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Saudi Embassy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131226175236/http://www.saudiembassy.net/timelineInfo.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+is+considering+an+IPO+of+Aramco%2C+probably+the+world%27s+most+valuable+company&rft.date=2016-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21685529-biggest-oil-all-saudi-arabia-considering-ipo-aramco-probably&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/78ac6a1525e74fdcb875575120bfe2ae">"Saudis thwart attempted attack on oil facility near Yemen"</a>. <i>AP NEWS</i>. 26 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309213314/https://apnews.com/article/78ac6a1525e74fdcb875575120bfe2ae">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=Saudis+thwart+attempted+attack+on+oil+facility+near+Yemen&rft.date=2017-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2F78ac6a1525e74fdcb875575120bfe2ae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJonesSaid2018" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Rory; Said, Summer (6 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/aramco-weighs-1-billion-venture-capital-fund-for-tech-1536247788">"Aramco Weighs $1 Billion Venture Capital Fund For Tech"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180907103354/https://www.wsj.com/articles/aramco-weighs-1-billion-venture-capital-fund-for-tech-1536247788">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Aramco+Weighs+%241+Billion+Venture+Capital+Fund+For+Tech&rft.date=2018-09-06&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft.au=Said%2C+Summer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Faramco-weighs-1-billion-venture-capital-fund-for-tech-1536247788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRavalKerr2019" class="citation news cs1">Raval, Anjli; Kerr, Simeon (20 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/96a6fc26-8b92-11e9-a24d-b42f641eca37">"Saudi Aramco battles oil ministry over use of company funds"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620131221/https://www.ft.com/content/96a6fc26-8b92-11e9-a24d-b42f641eca37">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Saudi+Aramco+battles+oil+ministry+over+use+of+company+funds&rft.date=2019-06-20&rft.aulast=Raval&rft.aufirst=Anjli&rft.au=Kerr%2C+Simeon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F96a6fc26-8b92-11e9-a24d-b42f641eca37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compuserve.com/news/world/story/0002/20190902/KCN1VN1HM_3?guccounter=1&guce_referrer_us=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_cs=ZRXa2ThF809cLNhIQCK0ow">"Saudi Arabia names head of PIF as Aramco chairman"</a>. <i>CompuServe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/48681786/ns/technology_and_science-security/t/saudi-aramco-says-virus-shuts-down-its-computer-network/">the original</a> on 4 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saudi+Aramco+says+virus+shuts+down+its+computer+network&rft.date=2012-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F48681786%2Fns%2Ftechnology_and_science-security%2Ft%2Fsaudi-aramco-says-virus-shuts-down-its-computer-network%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120819115200/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-08-15/aramco-says-virus-attacks-network-oil-output-unaffected">"Aramco Says Virus Attacks Network, Oil Output Unaffected"</a>. 16 August 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-08-15/aramco-says-virus-attacks-network-oil-output-unaffected">the original</a> on 19 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aramco+Says+Virus+Attacks+Network%2C+Oil+Output+Unaffected&rft.date=2012-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fnews%2F2012-08-15%2Faramco-says-virus-attacks-network-oil-output-unaffected&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArthur2012" class="citation news cs1">Arthur, Charles (16 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/aug/16/saudi-aramco-computer-virus-hacking-claims">"Saudi Aramco hit by computer virus"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160327034327/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/aug/16/saudi-aramco-computer-virus-hacking-claims">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Saudi+Aramco+hit+by+computer+virus&rft.date=2012-08-16&rft.aulast=Arthur&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2012%2Faug%2F16%2Fsaudi-aramco-computer-virus-hacking-claims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dj-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dj_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/331033">"Shamoon virus attacks Saudi oil company"</a>. <i>Digital Journal</i>. 18 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120821002549/http://digitaljournal.com/article/331033">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digital+Journal&rft.atitle=Shamoon+virus+attacks+Saudi+oil+company&rft.date=2012-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitaljournal.com%2Farticle%2F331033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19293797">"Shamoon virus targets energy sector infrastructure"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 16 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181017110356/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19293797">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Shamoon+virus+targets+energy+sector+infrastructure&rft.date=2012-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-19293797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnet-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnet_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-1009_3-57503641-83/virus-knocks-out-computers-at-qatari-gas-firm-rasgas/">"Virus knocks out computers at Qatari gas firm RasGas"</a>. CNET. 30 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104020942/http://news.cnet.com/8301-1009_3-57503641-83/virus-knocks-out-computers-at-qatari-gas-firm-rasgas/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Virus+knocks+out+computers+at+Qatari+gas+firm+RasGas&rft.date=2012-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2F8301-1009_3-57503641-83%2Fvirus-knocks-out-computers-at-qatari-gas-firm-rasgas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://threatpost.com/en_us/blogs/some-signs-point-shamoon-malware-aramco-attack-082212">"Some Signs Point to Shamoon as Malware in Aramco Attack"</a>. <i>Threat Post</i>. 16 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120824203446/http://threatpost.com/en_us/blogs/some-signs-point-shamoon-malware-aramco-attack-082212">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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It nonetheless could be the most important IPO ever"</a>. <i>Business News</i>. 28 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191111055938/https://biz.blogdady.com/saudi-aramco-will-provide-lower-than-1-of-its-shares-to-particular-person-traders-it-nonetheless-could-be-the-most-important-ipo-ever/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://in.reuters.com/article/aramco-bonds-int/saudi-aramco-hires-banks-for-multi-tranche-bond-deal-idUSKBN27W0H0">the original</a> on 2 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Saudi+Aramco+plans+debt+market+comeback+with+multi-tranche+bond+deal&rft.date=2020-11-16&rft.aulast=Saba&rft.aufirst=Davide+Barbuscia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fin.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Faramco-bonds-int%2Fsaudi-aramco-hires-banks-for-multi-tranche-bond-deal-idUSKBN27W0H0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tadawul.com.sa/wps/portal/tadawul/home/announcement-details/!ut/p/z1/pc9NDoIwFATgs3CCTqFgXdYqpVjrHyB2Y1gREkUXxvOLxK3VxLd7yTfJDHGkJq5vHl3b3Ltr35yH_-iSk82MzMDDJYoFIFbrPN3FOeUG5DCCMJScThmM0nYCsRVZlVZFBBUR908e7Lc8PpzA97wbid4oRvVAeJHMIEpp7NzuKeLkDXwTveC1YQSekrdLWdbodCuC4AmudiqM/dz/d5/L0lDU0lKQ2dwUkNTQ2lDbEVLSUtVUUEhIS9vTG9RQUFJUXhCQUlFb3lqQ1VSemdoU0ZMZ2xLMHJYRkFBISEvNEpDaWpzWXBNaFRqVUU1bEVtdDJVdHROUXpXN0tXMW1vNUEhL1o3X05ITENIMDgySzBUTkYwQVFWT0NCTUVLVTIyL1o2X05ITENIMDgySzBUTkYwQVFWT0NCTUVLVUs2L0FOTk9VTkNFTUVOVF9OVU1CRVIvNjExMzAvZ2xvYmFsL2h0dHA6JTAlMHRhZGF3dWwlMC9hbm5DYXQvMS9jb21wYW55U3ltYm9sLzIyMjI!/">"Saudi Arabian Oil Company (Aramco) announces its intention to issue international bonds pursuant to its Global Medium Term Note Programme"</a>. <i>Tadawul</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225165833/https://www.tadawul.com.sa/wps/portal/tadawul/home/announcement-details/!ut/p/z1/pc9NDoIwFATgs3CCTqFgXdYqpVjrHyB2Y1gREkUXxvOLxK3VxLd7yTfJDHGkJq5vHl3b3Ltr35yH_-iSk82MzMDDJYoFIFbrPN3FOeUG5DCCMJScThmM0nYCsRVZlVZFBBUR908e7Lc8PpzA97wbid4oRvVAeJHMIEpp7NzuKeLkDXwTveC1YQSekrdLWdbodCuC4AmudiqM/dz/d5/L0lDU0lKQ2dwUkNTQ2lDbEVLSUtVUUEhIS9vTG9RQUFJUXhCQUlFb3lqQ1VSemdoU0ZMZ2xLMHJYRkFBISEvNEpDaWpzWXBNaFRqVUU1bEVtdDJVdHROUXpXN0tXMW1vNUEhL1o3X05ITENIMDgySzBUTkYwQVFWT0NCTUVLVTIyL1o2X05ITENIMDgySzBUTkYwQVFWT0NCTUVLVUs2L0FOTk9VTkNFTUVOVF9OVU1CRVIvNjExMzAvZ2xvYmFsL2h0dHA6JTAlMHRhZGF3dWwlMC9hbm5DYXQvMS9jb21wYW55U3ltYm9sLzIyMjI!/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/8bd1f982-6a67-4542-9655-fa3276dc64ff">the original</a></span> on 10 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Saudi+Aramco+extends+payment+plan+as+it+closes+%2469bn+Sabic+deal&rft.date=2020-06-17&rft.aulast=Raval&rft.aufirst=Anjli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F8bd1f982-6a67-4542-9655-fa3276dc64ff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-aramco-jobs/saudi-aramco-cuts-hundreds-of-jobs-amid-oil-market-downturn-sources-say-idUSKBN23P2PN">"Saudi Aramco cuts hundreds of jobs amid oil market downturn, sources say"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 18 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619021002/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-aramco-jobs/saudi-aramco-cuts-hundreds-of-jobs-amid-oil-market-downturn-sources-say-idUSKBN23P2PN">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Saudi+Aramco+cuts+hundreds+of+jobs+amid+oil+market+downturn%2C+sources+say&rft.date=2020-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-saudi-aramco-jobs%2Fsaudi-aramco-cuts-hundreds-of-jobs-amid-oil-market-downturn-sources-say-idUSKBN23P2PN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBursztynsky2020" class="citation web cs1">Bursztynsky, Jessica (31 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/31/apple-surpasses-saudi-aramco-to-become-worlds-most-valuable-company.html">"Apple surpasses Saudi Aramco to become world's most valuable company"</a>. <i>CNBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309213314/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/31/apple-surpasses-saudi-aramco-to-become-worlds-most-valuable-company.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-aramco-results-idUKKBN27J0K3">the original</a> on 6 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Saudi+Aramco+third-quarter+profit+slumps+44.6%25+as+pandemic+chokes+demand&rft.date=2020-11-03&rft.aulast=Gamal&rft.aufirst=Hadeel+Al+Sayegh%2C+Rania+El&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-saudi-aramco-results-idUKKBN27J0K3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/saudi-arabia-oil-tanker-hit-external-source-jiddah-amid-yemen-war-iran-houthis/">"Oil tanker attacked in Saudi Arabian port by "booby-trapped boat" amid ongoing war in Yemen"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. 14 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldoil.com&rft.atitle=Successful+drone+attack+on+Saudi+Aramco+in+Riyadh+claimed+by+Yemen+rebels&rft.date=2021-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldoil.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F3%2F19%2Fsuccessful-drone-attack-on-saudi-aramco-in-riyadh-claimed-by-yemen-rebels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/dubai-yemen-saudi-arabia-riyadh-united-arab-emirates-1ae00495e96e873c31211c865c4311ee">"Saudi Arabia: Drones attack Riyadh oil facility, no damage"</a>. <i>AP NEWS</i>. 20 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309182657/https://apnews.com/article/dubai-yemen-saudi-arabia-riyadh-united-arab-emirates-1ae00495e96e873c31211c865c4311ee">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+Drones+attack+Riyadh+oil+facility%2C+no+damage&rft.date=2021-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fdubai-yemen-saudi-arabia-riyadh-united-arab-emirates-1ae00495e96e873c31211c865c4311ee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arab.news/vqqqa">"Saudi Aramco offers China partnership in energy transition"</a>. <i>Arab News</i>. 23 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Aramco+signs+%2412.4+billion+pipeline+deal+with+EIG-led+consortium&rft.date=2021-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-saudi-aramco-pipeline-stakesale-idUSKBN2BW2RM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-04/saudi-aramco-appoints-ex-hsbc-ceo-stuart-gulliver-to-board">"Saudi Aramco Appoints Ex-HSBC CEO Stuart Gulliver to Board"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a></i>. 4 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210713051511/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-04/saudi-aramco-appoints-ex-hsbc-ceo-stuart-gulliver-to-board">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.saudiaramco.com&rft.atitle=Global+presence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramco.com%2Fen%2Fwho-we-are%2Foverview%2Fglobal-presence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJung-a2019" class="citation news cs1">Jung-a, Song (15 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/a405eb2c-5f49-11e9-b285-3acd5d43599e">"Saudi Aramco to take 13% stake in Hyundai Oilbank"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190415184214/https://www.ft.com/content/a405eb2c-5f49-11e9-b285-3acd5d43599e">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.saudiaramco.com&rft.atitle=Saudi+Aramco+to+acquire+stake+in+South+Korean+Hyundai+Oilbank&rft.date=2019-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramco.com%2Fen%2Fnews-media%2Fnews%2F2019%2Fsa-to-acquire-stake-in-hyundai-oilbank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saudiaramco.com/en/news-media/news/2019/pkn-orlen-mou">"Aramco Trading expands collaborations in key European markets by signing Supply Agreement with "PKN Orlen", Poland's leading oil refiner"</a>. <i>www.saudiaramco.com</i>. 11 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190415184216/https://www.saudiaramco.com/en/news-media/news/2019/pkn-orlen-mou">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009060640090">the original</a> on 2 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Gazette+-+Al-Hawiya+fire+fatwa+permits+burial+of+non-Muslims&rft.date=2012-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudigazette.com.sa%2Findex.cfm%3Fmethod%3Dhome.regcon%26contentID%3D2009060640090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSheppard2020" class="citation news cs1">Sheppard, David (10 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/34242eae-0f43-4da7-a826-f5246495cd20">"Missiles, bullying claims, a tragic death: what's going on at Saudi Aramco?"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309112725/https://www.ft.com/content/34242eae-0f43-4da7-a826-f5246495cd20">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Missiles%2C+bullying+claims%2C+a+tragic+death%3A+what%27s+going+on+at+Saudi+Aramco%3F&rft.date=2020-12-10&rft.aulast=Sheppard&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F34242eae-0f43-4da7-a826-f5246495cd20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/3/11/saudi-aramco-slammed-over-migrant-worker-dressed-as-sanitiser">"Saudi Aramco slammed over migrant worker dressed as sanitiser"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309084453/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/3/11/saudi-aramco-slammed-over-migrant-worker-dressed-as-sanitiser">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Saudi+Aramco+slammed+over+migrant+worker+dressed+as+sanitiser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F3%2F11%2Fsaudi-aramco-slammed-over-migrant-worker-dressed-as-sanitiser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/saudi-oil-company-apologizes-dressing-migrant-worker-human/story?id=69534120">"Saudi oil company apologizes for dressing migrant worker as human sanitizer dispenser amid coronavirus outbreak"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309084453/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/saudi-oil-company-apologizes-dressing-migrant-worker-human/story?id=69534120">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Saudi+oil+company+apologizes+for+dressing+migrant+worker+as+human+sanitizer+dispenser+amid+coronavirus+outbreak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2Fsaudi-oil-company-apologizes-dressing-migrant-worker-human%2Fstory%3Fid%3D69534120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSheppard2020" class="citation news cs1">Sheppard, David (10 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/34242eae-0f43-4da7-a826-f5246495cd20">"Missiles, bullying claims, a tragic death: What's going on at Saudi Aramco?"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309112725/https://www.ft.com/content/34242eae-0f43-4da7-a826-f5246495cd20">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Missiles%2C+bullying+claims%2C+a+tragic+death%3A+What%27s+going+on+at+Saudi+Aramco%3F&rft.date=2020-12-10&rft.aulast=Sheppard&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F34242eae-0f43-4da7-a826-f5246495cd20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSheppardKerrRaval2019" class="citation news cs1">Sheppard, David; Kerr, Simeon; Raval, Anjli (20 September 2019). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/e9fe2862-dada-11e9-8f9b-77216ebe1f17">"Saudi Arabia 'bullies' wealthy families to pump cash into oil IPO"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/e9fe2862-dada-11e9-8f9b-77216ebe1f17">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+%27bullies%27+wealthy+families+to+pump+cash+into+oil+IPO&rft.date=2019-09-20&rft.aulast=Sheppard&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Kerr%2C+Simeon&rft.au=Raval%2C+Anjli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fe9fe2862-dada-11e9-8f9b-77216ebe1f17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Wealthy-Saudis-Are-Being-Bullied-Into-Buying-Aramco.html">"Wealthy Saudis Are Being Bullied Into Buying Aramco"</a>. <i>OilPrice.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220117115527/http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Wealthy-Saudis-Are-Being-Bullied-Into-Buying-Aramco.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OilPrice.com&rft.atitle=Wealthy+Saudis+Are+Being+Bullied+Into+Buying+Aramco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foilprice.com%2FEnergy%2FEnergy-General%2FWealthy-Saudis-Are-Being-Bullied-Into-Buying-Aramco.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTabuchi2022" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hiroko_Tabuchi" title="Hiroko Tabuchi">Tabuchi, Hiroko</a> (21 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/21/climate/saudi-arabia-aramco-oil-solar-climate.html">"Inside the Saudi Strategy to Keep the World Hooked on Oil"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124152724/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/21/climate/saudi-arabia-aramco-oil-solar-climate.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Saudi+Strategy+to+Keep+the+World+Hooked+on+Oil&rft.date=2022-11-21&rft.aulast=Tabuchi&rft.aufirst=Hiroko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F11%2F21%2Fclimate%2Fsaudi-arabia-aramco-oil-solar-climate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVitalis2006" class="citation book cs1">Vitalis, Robert (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americaskingdomm00vita"><i>America's Kingdom: Mythmaking on the Saudi Oil Frontier</i></a></span>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5446-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5446-0"><bdi>978-0-8047-5446-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Kingdom%3A+Mythmaking+on+the+Saudi+Oil+Frontier&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5446-0&rft.aulast=Vitalis&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericaskingdomm00vita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Aramco" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Aramco&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Petroleum_industry431" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Petroleum_industry" title="Template:Petroleum industry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Petroleum_industry" title="Template talk:Petroleum industry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Petroleum_industry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Petroleum industry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Petroleum_industry431" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">Petroleum industry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_energy" title="Primary energy">Primary energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(crude_oil)" title="Benchmark (crude oil)">Benchmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argus_Sour_Crude_Index" title="Argus Sour Crude Index">Argus Sour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonny_Light_oil" title="Bonny Light oil">Bonny Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Crude" title="Brent Crude">Brent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubai_Crude" title="Dubai Crude">Dubai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Basket" title="Indian Basket">Indian Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Crude_Price" title="Indonesian Crude Price">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus-34_Light" title="Isthmus-34 Light">Isthmus-34 Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Crude_Cocktail" title="Japan Crude Cocktail">Japan Cocktail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC_Reference_Basket" title="OPEC Reference Basket">OPEC Reference Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapis_crude" title="Tapis crude">Tapis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urals_oil" title="Urals oil">Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Texas_Intermediate" title="West Texas Intermediate">West Texas Intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canadian_Select" title="Western Canadian Select">Western Canadian Select</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Natural gas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_consumption" title="List of countries by natural gas consumption">Consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_production" title="List of countries by natural gas production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves" title="List of countries by natural gas proven reserves">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_imports" title="List of countries by natural gas imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_exports" title="List of countries by natural gas exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_prices" title="Natural gas prices">Price</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Petroleum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_consumption" title="List of countries by oil consumption">Consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_production" title="List of countries by oil production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_imports" title="List of countries by oil imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_exports" title="List of countries by oil exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posted_oil_price" title="Posted oil price">Posted oil price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_of_oil" title="Price of oil">Price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_and_diesel_usage_and_pricing" title="Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing">of gasoline and diesel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Core_sample" title="Core sample">Core sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_geophysics" title="Exploration geophysics">Geophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_asset_modelling" title="Integrated asset modelling">Integrated asset modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_simulation" title="Reservoir simulation">Reservoir simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_modeling" title="Reservoir modeling">Reservoir modeling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_geology" title="Petroleum geology">Petroleum geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrophysics" title="Petrophysics">Petrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflection_seismology" title="Reflection seismology">Reflection seismology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_inversion" title="Seismic inversion">Seismic inversion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_source" title="Seismic source">Seismic source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">Drilling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowout_(well_drilling)" title="Blowout (well drilling)">Blowout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Completion_(oil_and_gas_wells)" title="Completion (oil and gas wells)">Completion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squeeze_job" title="Squeeze job">Squeeze job</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_sticking" title="Differential sticking">Differential sticking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directional_drilling" title="Directional drilling">Directional drilling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geosteering" title="Geosteering">Geosteering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_stem_test" title="Drill stem test">Drill stem test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_engineering" title="Drilling engineering">Drilling engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid" title="Drilling fluid">Drilling fluid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid_invasion" title="Drilling fluid invasion">invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_circulation" title="Lost circulation">Lost circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measurement_while_drilling" title="Measurement while drilling">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_oil_extraction" title="Shale oil extraction">Shale oil extraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Ljungstr%C3%B6m#Shale_oil_extraction" title="Fredrik Ljungström">Ljungström method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracer_use_in_the_oil_industry" title="Tracer use in the oil industry">Tracers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underbalanced_drilling" title="Underbalanced drilling">Underbalanced drilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_logging" title="Well logging">Well logging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleum" title="Extraction of petroleum">Production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_fiscal_regime" title="Petroleum fiscal regime">Petroleum fiscal regime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_licensing" title="Petroleum licensing">Concessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_sharing_agreement" title="Production sharing agreement">Production sharing agreements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_lift" title="Artificial lift">Artificial lift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_lift" title="Gas lift">Gas lift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpjack" title="Pumpjack">Pumpjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_pump" title="Submersible pump">Submersible pump (ESP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Downstream (petroleum industry)">Downstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_oil_recovery" title="Enhanced oil recovery">Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_reinjection" title="Gas reinjection">Gas reinjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_injection_(oil_industry)" title="Steam injection (oil industry)">Steam injection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midstream" title="Midstream">Midstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_product" title="Petroleum product">Petroleum product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline" title="Pipeline">Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">Refining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Upstream (petroleum industry)">Upstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_injection_(oil_production)" title="Water injection (oil production)">Water injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_intervention" title="Well intervention">Well intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_(oil_well)" title="Christmas tree (oil well)">XT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry" title="History of the petroleum industry">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Oil_Embargo" title="1967 Oil Embargo">1967 Oil Embargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">1980s oil glut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_oil_price_shock" title="1990 oil price shock">1990 oil price shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis" title="2000s energy crisis">2000s energy crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_oil_glut" title="2010s oil glut">2010s oil glut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war" title="2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war">2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_oil_supplies" title="Nationalization of oil supplies">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_Exporting_Countries_Forum" title="Gas Exporting Countries Forum">GECF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters_(oil_companies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Sisters (oil companies)">Seven Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="History of the petroleum industry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_France" title="History of the petroleum industry in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_oil_industry_in_India" title="History of the oil industry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Norway" title="History of the petroleum industry in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_oil_industry_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the oil industry in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the petroleum industry in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Venezuelan_oil_industry" title="History of the Venezuelan oil industry">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Provinces<br />and fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_gas_fields" title="List of natural gas fields">List of natural gas fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_fields" title="List of oil fields">List of oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_Oil_Province" title="East Midlands Oil Province">East Midlands Oil Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Texas_Oil_Field" title="East Texas Oil Field">East Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta#Nigerian_oil" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permian_Basin_(North_America)" title="Permian Basin (North America)">Permian Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay_Oil_Field" title="Prudhoe Bay Oil Field">Prudhoe Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Russia" title="Oil reserves in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Venezuela" title="Oil reserves in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canadian_Sedimentary_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin">Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abbreviations_in_oil_and_gas_exploration_and_production" title="List of abbreviations in oil and gas exploration and production">Abbreviations</a></li> <li>Classification <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_crude_oil" title="Sweet crude oil">sweet oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sour_crude_oil" title="Sour crude oil">sour oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_gas" title="Oil shale gas">Oil shale gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_wells" title="Orphan wells">Orphan wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicting_the_timing_of_peak_oil" title="Predicting the timing of peak oil">timing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocurrency" title="Petrocurrency">Petrocurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrodollar_recycling" title="Petrodollar recycling">Petrodollar recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrofiction" title="Petrofiction">Petrofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_band" title="Shale band">Shale band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_gas" title="Shale gas">Shale gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_producer" title="Swing producer">Swing producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_(oil_and_gas)_reservoir" title="Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir">Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_crude_oil" title="Heavy crude oil">heavy crude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">oil sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tight_oil" title="Tight oil">tight oil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Companies and<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Major<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_exploration_and_production_companies" title="List of oil exploration and production companies">petroleum<br />companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Big_Oil" title="Big Oil">Supermajors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">Eni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/National_oil_company" title="National oil company">National oil<br />companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_National_Oil_Company" title="Abu Dhabi National Oil Company">Abu Dhabi National Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANCAP_(Uruguay)" title="ANCAP (Uruguay)">ANCAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Petroleum" title="Bharat Petroleum">Bharat Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Offshore_Oil_Corporation" title="China National Offshore Oil Corporation">China National Offshore Oil Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation" title="China National Petroleum Corporation">China National Petroleum Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopetrol" title="Ecopetrol">Ecopetrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinor" title="Equinor">Equinor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Petroleum" title="Hindustan Petroleum">Hindustan Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Oil_Corporation" title="Indian Oil Corporation">Indian Oil Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_National_Oil_Company" title="Iraq National Oil Company">Iraq National Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KazMunayGas" title="KazMunayGas">KazMunayGas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Petroleum_Corporation" title="Kuwait Petroleum Corporation">Kuwait Petroleum Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupa_Lotos" title="Grupa Lotos">Lotos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftogaz" title="Naftogaz">Naftogaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_South_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian South Oil Company">National Iranian South Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNPC_Limited" title="NNPC Limited">NNPC Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_%26_Gas_Development_Company" title="Oil & Gas Development Company">Oil & Gas Development Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_Natural_Gas_Corporation" title="Oil and Natural Gas Corporation">Oil and Natural Gas Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlen" title="Orlen">Orlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDVSA" title="PDVSA">PDVSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemex" title="Pemex">Pemex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertamina" title="Pertamina">Pertamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrobangla" title="Petrobangla">Petrobangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrobras" title="Petrobras">Petrobras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PetroChina" title="PetroChina">PetroChina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovietnam" title="Petrovietnam">Petrovietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTT_Public_Company_Limited" title="PTT Public Company Limited">PTT Public Company Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QatarEnergy" title="QatarEnergy">QatarEnergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosneft" title="Rosneft">Rosneft</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saudi Aramco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopec" title="Sinopec">Sinopec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOCAR" title="SOCAR">SOCAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonangol_Group" title="Sonangol Group">Sonangol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonatrach" title="Sonatrach">Sonatrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPAO" title="TPAO">TPAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YPF" title="YPF">YPF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Energy_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy trading">Energy trading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enron" title="Enron">Enron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunvor" title="Gunvor">Gunvor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercuria" title="Mercuria">Mercuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftiran_Intertrade" title="Naftiran Intertrade">Naftiran Intertrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafigura" title="Trafigura">Trafigura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitol" title="Vitol">Vitol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APA_Corporation" title="APA Corporation">APA Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenovus_Energy" title="Cenovus Energy">Cenovus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cepsa" title="Cepsa">Cepsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConocoPhillips" title="ConocoPhillips">ConocoPhillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Energy" title="Devon Energy">Devon Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eneos_Holdings" title="Eneos Holdings">Eneos Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galp_Energia" title="Galp Energia">Galp Energia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hess_Corporation" title="Hess Corporation">Hess Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husky_Energy" title="Husky Energy">Husky Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Oil" title="Imperial Oil">Imperial Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukoil" title="Lukoil">Lukoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_Oil" title="Marathon Oil">Marathon Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_Petroleum" title="Marathon Petroleum">Marathon Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum">Occidental Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMV" title="OMV">OMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_66" title="Phillips 66">Phillips 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt_Refining_Company" title="Port Harcourt Refining Company">Port Harcourt Refining Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliance_Industries" title="Reliance Industries">Reliance Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repsol" title="Repsol">Repsol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suncor_Energy" title="Suncor Energy">Suncor Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunoco" title="Sunoco">Sunoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgutneftegas" title="Surgutneftegas">Surgutneftegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TechnipFMC" title="TechnipFMC">TechnipFMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNK-BP" title="TNK-BP">TNK-BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullow_Oil" title="Tullow Oil">Tullow Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCpra%C5%9F" title="Tüpraş">Tüpraş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valero_Energy" title="Valero Energy">Valero Energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Major<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_oilfield_service_companies" title="List of oilfield service companies">services<br />companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amec_Foster_Wheeler" title="Amec Foster Wheeler">Amec Foster Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Hughes" title="Baker Hughes">Baker Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_International" title="Cameron International">Cameron International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGG_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="CGG (company)">CGG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CH2M" title="CH2M">CH2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bridge_%26_Iron_Company" title="Chicago Bridge & Iron Company">Chicago Bridge & Iron Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Oilfield_Services" title="China Oilfield Services">China Oilfield Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge" title="Enbridge">Enbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Power" title="GE Power">GE Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halliburton" title="Halliburton">Halliburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabors_Industries" title="Nabors Industries">Nabors Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftiran_Intertrade" title="Naftiran Intertrade">Naftiran Intertrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOV_Inc." title="NOV Inc.">NOV Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrofac" title="Petrofac">Petrofac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saipem" title="Saipem">Saipem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlumberger" title="Schlumberger">Schlumberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snam" title="Snam">Snam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsea_7" title="Subsea 7">Subsea 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC_Energy" title="TC Energy">TC Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transocean" title="Transocean">Transocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valaris_Limited" title="Valaris Limited">Valaris Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weatherford_International" title="Weatherford International">Weatherford International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wood_Group" title="John Wood Group">John Wood Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute" title="American Petroleum Institute">American Petroleum Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_petroleum_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian petroleum companies">Canadian petroleum companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_Exchange_Futures" title="Intercontinental Exchange Futures">Intercontinental Exchange Futures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Oil_%26_Gas_Producers" title="International Association of Oil & Gas Producers">International Association of Oil & Gas Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Petroleum_Engineers" title="Society of Petroleum Engineers">Society of Petroleum Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Petroleum_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="World Petroleum Council">World Petroleum Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Petroleum_industry" title="Category:Petroleum industry">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saudi_Arabia_articles633" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saudi_Arabia_topics" title="Template:Saudi Arabia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saudi_Arabia_topics" title="Template talk:Saudi Arabia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saudi_Arabia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saudi Arabia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saudi_Arabia_articles633" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Saudi Arabia–related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of Saudi Arabia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Pre-Islamic Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Medina" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad in Medina">Early Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Diriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nejd" title="Emirate of Nejd">Emirate of Nejd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Kingdom of Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Unification of Saudi Arabia">Unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Modern history of Saudi Arabia">Modern history</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Emblem of Saudi Arabia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg/200px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Geography of Saudi Arabia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Template:Borders of Saudi Arabia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Climate of Saudi Arabia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of earthquakes in Saudi Arabia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governorates_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of governorates of Saudi Arabia">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of mountains in Saudi Arabia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Provinces of Saudi Arabia">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wadis_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of wadis of Saudi Arabia">Wadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Wildlife of Saudi Arabia">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Politics of Saudi Arabia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegiance_Council" title="Allegiance Council">Allegiance Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia">Consultative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia">Crown Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabahith" title="Mabahith">Mabahith (secret police)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="National Security Council (Saudi Arabia)">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia">Nuclear program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.95em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Legal system of Saudi Arabia">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Basic Law of Saudi Arabia">Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Elections in Saudi Arabia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Freedom of religion in Saudi Arabia">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Human rights in Saudi Arabia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Saudi Arabia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rape in Saudi Arabia">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Women's rights in Saudi Arabia">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Judiciary of Saudi Arabia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)">Mutaween (religious police)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_passport" title="Saudi passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Visa policy of Saudi Arabia">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Saudi Arabia">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_Army" title="Saudi Arabian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Navy" title="Royal Saudi Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Force" title="Royal Saudi Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Saudi Air Defense">Air Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Strategic_Missile_Force" title="Royal Saudi Strategic Missile Force">Strategic Missile Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_National_Guard" title="Saudi Arabian National Guard">National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_General_Staff" title="Chairman of the General Staff">Chairman of the General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Staff_Presidency" title="General Staff Presidency">General Staff Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Presidency" title="General Intelligence Presidency">General Intelligence Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_military_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian military ranks">Military ranks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Agriculture in Saudi Arabia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of companies of Saudi Arabia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Market_Authority_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Capital Market Authority (Saudi Arabia)">Capital Market Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_and_Development_Affairs_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Council of Economic and Development Affairs (Saudi Arabia)">Council of Economic and Development Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Energy in Saudi Arabia">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Oil reserves in Saudi Arabia">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_oil_industry_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the oil industry in Saudi Arabia">History of the oil industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_workers_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia">Foreign workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Irrigation in Saudi Arabia">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_riyal" title="Saudi riyal">Riyal (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Central_Bank" title="Saudi Central Bank">Saudi Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Economic_Council_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Supreme Economic Council of Saudi Arabia">Supreme Economic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadawul" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadawul">Tadawul (stock exchange)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Telecommunications in Saudi Arabia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Tourism in Saudi Arabia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Transport in Saudi Arabia">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rail transport in Saudi Arabia">rail</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Category:Society of Saudi Arabia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abortion in Saudi Arabia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Censorship in Saudi Arabia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Crime in Saudi Arabia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Demographics of Saudi Arabia">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Youth in Saudi Arabia">youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_and_racial_discrimination_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Social and racial discrimination in Saudi Arabia">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Education in Saudi Arabia">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Libraries in Saudi Arabia">libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of universities and colleges in Saudi Arabia">universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Health care in Saudi Arabia">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Human trafficking in Saudi Arabia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Obesity in Saudi Arabia">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Polygamy in Saudi Arabia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Prostitution in Saudi Arabia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia">Terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Response_of_Saudi_Arabia_to_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Response of Saudi Arabia to ISIL">response to ISIL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Saudi Arabia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Culture of Saudi Arabia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_art" title="Saudi Arabian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Visual arts in Saudi Arabia">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Cinema of Saudi Arabia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Saudi Arabia">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Television in Saudi Arabia">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Public holidays in Saudi Arabia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Islam in Saudi Arabia">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Sport in Saudi Arabia">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Football in Saudi Arabia">football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in Saudi Arabia">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Heritage in Saudi Arabia">Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="National symbols of Saudi Arabia">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Anthem of Saudi Arabia">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardah" title="Ardah">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Emblem of Saudi Arabia">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Flag of Saudi Arabia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Motto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Outline of Saudi Arabia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Saudi Arabia–related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Saudi_Arabia" title="Category:Saudi Arabia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saudi_Arabia" title="Portal:Saudi Arabia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia_Saudi_Arabia–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States456" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:Saudi Arabia–United States relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template talk:Saudi Arabia–United States relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saudi Arabia–United States relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia_Saudi_Arabia–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States456" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United States relations">Saudi Arabia–United States relations</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Riyadh" title="Embassy of the United States, Riyadh">Embassy of the United States, Riyadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Saudi_Arabia_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to the United States">Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Saudi Arabia">Ambassadors of the United States to Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_House_(U.S._Ambassador_residence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quincy House (U.S. Ambassador residence)">Quincy House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Near_Eastern_Affairs" title="Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs">Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hajji_Baba" title="Operation Hajji Baba">Operation Hajji Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Training_Mission" title="United States Military Training Mission">United States Military Training Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Program_Manager,_Saudi_Arabian_National_Guard_Modernization_Program" title="Office of the Program Manager, Saudi Arabian National Guard Modernization Program">Saudi Arabian National Guard Modernization Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._support_for_Saudi-led_operations_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. support for Saudi-led operations in Yemen">U.S. support for Saudi-led operations in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_States%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_arms_deal" title="2017 United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal">2017 United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Riyadh_summit" title="2017 Riyadh summit">2017 Riyadh summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Security_Construct" title="International Maritime Security Construct">International Maritime Security Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Jeddah_(2023)" title="Treaty of Jeddah (2023)">Treaty of Jeddah (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_Saudi_Embassy_in_Khartoum" title="Attack on the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum">1973 attack on the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_AWACS_Sale" title="US–Saudi Arabia AWACS Sale">US–Saudi Arabia AWACS Sale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_v._Nelson" title="Saudi Arabia v. Nelson">Saudi Arabia v. Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alleged_Saudi_role_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="Alleged Saudi role in the September 11 attacks">Alleged Saudi role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_re_Terrorist_Attacks_on_September_11,_2001" title="In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001">In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Against_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_Act" title="Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act">Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saudi_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay" title="List of Saudi detainees at Guantanamo Bay">Saudi Guantanamo Bay detainees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homaidan_Al-Turki" title="Homaidan Al-Turki">Homaidan Al-Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contents_of_the_United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (Saudi Arabia)">United States diplomatic cables leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos_phone_hacking_incident" title="Jeff Bezos phone hacking incident">Jeff Bezos phone hacking incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi">Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola_shooting" title="Naval Air Station Pensacola shooting">Naval Air Station Pensacola shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_gimmick" title="Golden gimmick">Golden gimmick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roush" title="Patricia Roush">Patricia Roush</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saudi Aramco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Saudi Arabia lobby in the United States">Saudi Arabia lobby in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_American_Public_Relation_Affairs_Committee" title="Saudi American Public Relation Affairs Committee">Saudi American Public Relation Affairs Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWE_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="WWE in Saudi Arabia">WWE in Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sultan_Air_Base" title="Prince Sultan Air Base">Prince Sultan Air Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_Air_Base" title="King Abdulaziz Air Base">King Abdulaziz Air Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Khalid_Military_City" title="King Khalid Military City">King Khalid Military City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Khalid_Military_College" title="King Khalid Military College">King Khalid Military College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_International_School_of_Jeddah" title="American International School of Jeddah">American International School of Jeddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_International_School_%E2%80%93_Riyadh" title="American International School – Riyadh">American International School – Riyadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhahran_School" title="Dhahran School">Dhahran School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISG_Dammam" class="mw-redirect" title="ISG Dammam">ISG Dammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Saudi_Academy" title="Islamic Saudi Academy">Islamic Saudi Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_Academy" title="King Abdullah Academy">King Abdullah Academy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bush,_House_of_Saud" title="House of Bush, House of Saud">House of Bush, House of Saud</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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