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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ancient period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Invasions_of_Alexander_the_Great_(c._4th_century_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasions_of_Alexander_the_Great_(c._4th_century_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Invasions of Alexander the Great (c. 4th century BCE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasions_of_Alexander_the_Great_(c._4th_century_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mauryan_Empire_(c._320–180_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mauryan_Empire_(c._320–180_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Mauryan Empire (c. 320–180 BCE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mauryan_Empire_(c._320–180_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Medieval period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hindu_Shahis_(c._820–1030_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu_Shahis_(c._820–1030_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Hindu Shahis (c. 820–1030 CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu_Shahis_(c._820–1030_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkic_rule_(c._1030–1320_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkic_rule_(c._1030–1320_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Turkic rule (c. 1030–1320 CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkic_rule_(c._1030–1320_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tughlaq_dynasty_(c._1320–1410_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tughlaq_dynasty_(c._1320–1410_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Tughlaq dynasty (c. 1320–1410 CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tughlaq_dynasty_(c._1320–1410_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sayyid_dynasty_(c._1410–1450_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sayyid_dynasty_(c._1410–1450_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Sayyid dynasty (c. 1410–1450 CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sayyid_dynasty_(c._1410–1450_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Langah_Sultanate_(c._1450–1540_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Langah_Sultanate_(c._1450–1540_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.5 Langah Sultanate (c. 1450–1540 CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Langah_Sultanate_(c._1450–1540_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mughal_Empire_(c._1526–1761_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mughal_Empire_(c._1526–1761_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Mughal Empire (c. 1526–1761 CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mughal_Empire_(c._1526–1761_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikh_Empire_(c._1799–1849_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikh_Empire_(c._1799–1849_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Sikh Empire (c. 1799–1849 CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikh_Empire_(c._1799–1849_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Punjab_(c._1849–1947_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Punjab_(c._1849–1947_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 British Punjab (c. 1849–1947 CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Punjab_(c._1849–1947_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sikh_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikh_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Sikh Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikh_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punjab_(British_India)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punjab_(British_India)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Punjab (British India) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punjab_(British_India)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partition_of_British_Punjab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partition_of_British_Punjab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Partition of British Punjab </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partition_of_British_Punjab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Major cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Climate </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Climate subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_Punjab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Punjab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Western Punjab </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Punjab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Punjab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Punjab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Central Punjab </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Punjab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Punjab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Punjab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Eastern Punjab </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Punjab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Colonial era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-partition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-partition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Post-partition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-partition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Tribes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Punjab</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" > 84 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8_(%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9)" title="بنجاب (منطقة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنجاب (منطقة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punyab" title="Punyab – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Punyab" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%99ncab_regionu" title="Pəncab regionu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pəncab regionu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC_(%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2)" title="পাঞ্জাব (অঞ্চল) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাঞ্জাব (অঞ্চল)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B6%D3%99%D0%B1" title="Пәнжәб – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пәнжәб" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD)" title="Пенджаб (рэгіён) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пенджаб (рэгіён)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Пенджаб – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пенджаб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjab" title="Panjab – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Panjab" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjab" title="Panjab – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Panjab" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%88d%C5%BE%C3%A1b" title="Paňdžáb – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paňdžáb" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(rhanbarth)" title="Punjab (rhanbarth) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Punjab (rhanbarth)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C5%BEab" title="Pandžab – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pandžab" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80" title="Παντζάμπ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παντζάμπ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punyab" title="Punyab – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Punyab" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%C4%9Dabio" title="Panĝabio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Panĝabio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%87_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="منطقه پنجاب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منطقه پنجاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendjab" title="Pendjab – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pendjab" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puinse%C3%A1b" title="Puinseáb – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Puinseáb" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AC" title="પંજાબ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પંજાબ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%80%EC%9E%90%EB%B8%8C" title="펀자브 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="펀자브" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A2" title="Փանջաբ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փանջաբ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="पंजाब क्षेत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पंजाब क्षेत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pend%C5%BEab_(regija)" title="Pendžab (regija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pendžab (regija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Пенджаб – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Пенджаб" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BAnjab" title="Púnjab – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Púnjab" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(regione)" title="Punjab (regione) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Punjab (regione)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%91%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%91" title="חבל פנג'אב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חבל פנג'אב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Пенжаб – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пенжаб" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengabum" title="Pengabum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pengabum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pend%C5%BE%C4%81ba" title="Pendžāba – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pendžāba" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C5%BEabas" title="Pandžabas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pandžabas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandzs%C3%A1b_r%C3%A9gi%C3%B3" title="Pandzsáb régió – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pandzsáb régió" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D" title="പഞ്ചാബ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പഞ്ചാബ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="पंजाब प्रदेश – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पंजाब प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="پنجاب – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پنجاب" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rantau_Punjab" title="Rantau Punjab – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rantau Punjab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Панжаб – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Панжаб" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(gebied)" title="Punjab (gebied) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Punjab (gebied)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="पञ्जाब – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पञ्जाब" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96" title="パンジャーブ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パンジャーブ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandjab_(Regiuun)" title="Pandjab (Regiuun) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pandjab (Regiuun)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjab" title="Panjab – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Panjab" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjab" title="Panjab – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Panjab" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjob" title="Panjob – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Panjob" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC" title="ਪੰਜਾਬ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੰਜਾਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="پنجاب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پنجاب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pend%C5%BCab" title="Pendżab – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pendżab" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjabe" title="Panjabe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Panjabe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Пенджаб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пенджаб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D" title="पञ्जाब् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पञ्जाब्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="پنجاب – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="پنجاب" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_region" title="Punjab region – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Punjab region" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="پنجاب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پنجاب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C5%BE%C3%A1b_(historick%C3%A9_%C3%BAzemie)" title="Pandžáb (historické územie) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pandžáb (historické územie)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%86%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="ناوچەی پەنجاب – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناوچەی پەنجاب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%9F%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Панџаб – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Панџаб" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(regija)" title="Punjab (regija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Punjab (regija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="பஞ்சாப் பகுதி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பஞ்சாப் பகுதி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D3%99%D0%BD%D2%97%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Пәнҗаб – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пәнҗаб" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="పంజాబ్ ప్రాంతం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పంజాబ్ ప్రాంతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A" title="ภูมิภาคปัญจาบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภูมิภาคปัญจาบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencap" title="Pencap – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pencap" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Пенджаб (регіон) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пенджаб (регіон)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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status</h2>This is an accepted version of this page</div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
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For the province of Pakistan, see <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a>. For the state in India, see <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a>. 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.ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Punjab</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬ (<a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a>) پنجاب (<a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">Region</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Land of the Five Rivers</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjab_map_(topographic)_with_cities.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Punjab in South Asia"><img alt="Location of Punjab in South Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png/250px-Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png/375px-Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png/500px-Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="527" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Punjab in South Asia</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Punjab&params=31_N_74_E_scale:3000000_type:city_region:IN">31°N 74°E / 31°N 74°E / 31; 74</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Punjab_region_by_population" title="List of cities in the Punjab region by population">Largest city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Second largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Faisalabad" title="Faisalabad">Faisalabad</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Five tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">458,354.5 km2 (176,971.7 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/2011_Indian_census" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Indian census">2011</a> India & <a href="/wiki/2017_Census_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Census of Pakistan">2017</a> Pakistan)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a> 190 million<a href="#cite_note-2011&2017Census-1">[a]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> 115 million <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> 75 million</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Punjabi</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a> Minor: <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_people" title="Saraiki people">Saraikis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindkowans" title="Hindkowans">Hindkowans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_people" title="Haryanvi people">Haryanvis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogras" title="Dogras">Dogras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhajir_(Urdu-speaking_people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)">Muhajirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmiris" title="Kashmiris">Kashmiris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Biharis</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">its dialects and varieties</a> and <a href="#Languages">others</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Religions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Muslims" title="Punjabi Muslims">Islam</a> (60%) <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Hindus" title="Punjabi Hindus">Hinduism</a> (29%) <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (10%) <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Christians" title="Punjabi Christians">Christianity</a> (1%) Others (<1%)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zones</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:30" title="UTC+05:30">UTC+05:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST in India</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:00" title="UTC+05:00">UTC+05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Pakistan" title="Time in Pakistan">PKT in Pakistan</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Punjabi_culture" title="Category:Punjabi culture">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:145%;font-weight:heavy;"><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" title="Punjab region"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Punjabi_example.svg/85px-Punjabi_example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Punjabi_example.svg/128px-Punjabi_example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Punjabi_example.svg/170px-Punjabi_example.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_folklore" title="Punjabi folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi dialects">Dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_diaspora" title="Punjabi diaspora">Diaspora</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis_in_Afghanistan" title="Punjabis in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Punjabis" title="British Punjabis">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> North America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Canadians" title="Punjabi Canadians">Canada</a></li></ul> Oceania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Australians" title="Punjabi Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_New_Zealanders" title="Punjabi New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Malaysians" title="Punjabi Malaysians">Malaysia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Punjab">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_clothing" title="Punjabi clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Punjab" title="Folk dances of Punjab">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_festivals" title="Punjabi festivals">Festivals</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_fairs_and_festivals_in_Punjab,_India" title="List of fairs and festivals in Punjab, India">India</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_festivals_(Pakistan)" title="Punjabi festivals (Pakistan)">Pakistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_literature" title="Punjabi literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi_media" title="List of Punjabi media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Punjab" title="Music of Punjab">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Punjab" title="Religion in the Punjab">Religion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Folk_practices_in_Punjab" title="Folk practices in Punjab">Folk religion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Kabaddi" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi Kabaddi">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi-language_television_channels" title="List of Punjabi-language television channels">Television</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Majha" title="Majha">Majha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa_(Punjab)" title="Malwa (Punjab)">Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doaba" title="Doaba">Doaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puadh" title="Puadh">Puadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagar tract">Bagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau" title="Pothohar Plateau">Pothwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derajat" title="Derajat">Derajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatiore" title="Bhatiore">Bhatiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiana" title="Bhattiana">Bhattiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhachh" title="Chhachh">Chhachh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachhi_(Punjab)" title="Kachhi (Punjab)">Kachhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doab#The_Punjab_Doabs" title="Doab">Doabs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sindh_Sagar_Doab" title="Sindh Sagar Doab">Sindh Sagar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chaj_Doab" title="Chaj Doab">Chaj</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rachna_Doab" title="Rachna Doab">Rachna</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bari_Doab" class="mw-redirect" title="Bari Doab">Bari</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bist_Doab" class="mw-redirect" title="Bist Doab">Bist</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Region" title="Bar Region">Bars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sandal_Bar" title="Sandal Bar">Sandal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kirana_Bar" title="Kirana Bar">Kirana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Neeli_Bar" title="Neeli Bar">Neeli</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ganji_Bar" title="Ganji Bar">Ganji</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gondal_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gondal Bar">Gondal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jungle_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungle Bar">Jungle</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #0047AB;border-bottom:1px solid #0047AB;font-size:95%;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Punjab" title="Portal:Punjab"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png/50px-Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png/75px-Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png/100px-Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="527" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Punjab" title="Portal:Punjab">Punjab portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Punjabis" title="Template:Punjabis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Punjabis" title="Template talk:Punjabis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Punjabis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Punjabis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Punjab (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/pʌnˈdʒɑːb, -ˈdʒæb, ˈpʊn-/</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Punjabi: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">[pə̞ɲˈdʒäːb]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/61\/Punjab.ogg\/Punjab.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Punjab.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Punjab.ogg/Punjab.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Punjab.ogg" title="File:Punjab.ogg">ⓘ</a>; also <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanised</a> as Panjāb or Panj-Āb),<a href="#cite_note-4">[b]</a> also known as the Land of the Five Rivers, is a geopolitical, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_culture" title="Punjabi culture">cultural</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Historical_region" title="Historical region">historical region</a> in South Asia. It is located in the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_South_Asia" title="Northwestern South Asia">northwestern part</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, comprising areas of modern-day eastern-<a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">northwestern</a>-<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Punjab's major cities are <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faisalabad" title="Faisalabad">Faisalabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujranwala" title="Gujranwala">Gujranwala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurgaon" title="Gurgaon">Gurugram</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur" title="Bahawalpur">Bahawalpur</a>. Punjab grew out of the settlements along the five rivers, which served as an important route to the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> as early as the ancient <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley civilization</a>, dating back to 3000 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Nayar1-5">[3]</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan migration">migrations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan peoples</a>. Agriculture has been the chief economic feature of the Punjab and formed the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_culture" title="Punjabi culture">Punjabi culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nayar1-5">[3]</a> The Punjab emerged as an important agricultural region, especially following the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a> during the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s, and has been described as the "<a href="/wiki/Breadbasket" title="Breadbasket">breadbasket</a> of both India and Pakistan."<a href="#cite_note-Nayar1-5">[3]</a> Punjab's history is a tapestry of conflict, marked by the rise of indigenous dynasties and empires. Following <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s invasion in the 4th century BCE, <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a> allied with Punjabi republics to establish the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto72-6">[4]</a> Successive reigns of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a> followed, but were ultimately defeated by Eastern Punjab <a href="/wiki/Janapada" title="Janapada">Janapadas</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Yaudheya" title="Yaudheya">Yaudheya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trigarta_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigarta Kingdom">Trigarta Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audumbaras" title="Audumbaras">Audumbaras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arjunayanas" title="Arjunayanas">Arjunayanas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> In the 5th and 6th centuries CE, Punjab faced devastating Hunnic invasions, yet the <a href="/wiki/Vardhana_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Vardhana dynasty">Vardhana dynasty</a> emerged triumphant, ruling over <a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">Northern India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> The 8th century CE witnessed the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Hindu Shahis</a> rise, known for defeating the <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a>. Concurrently, the <a href="/wiki/Tomara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomara dynasty">Tomara dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Katoch_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Katoch Dynasty">Katoch Dynasty</a> controlled eastern Punjab, resisting <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a> invasions.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> took hold in Western Punjab under Ghaznavid rule. The Delhi Sultanate then succeeded the Ghaznavids in which the <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultans</a> are described as Punjabi origin.<a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto11-12">[10]</a> The 15th century saw the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Langah_Sultanate" title="Langah Sultanate">Langah Sultanate</a> in south Punjab, acclaimed for its victory over the <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-13">[11]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire's</a> decline in the 18th century, Punjab experienced a period of anarchy. In 1799 CE, the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> established its rule, undertaking conquests into <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a> held territories, shaping the diverse and complex history of Punjab. The boundaries of the region are ill-defined and focus on historical accounts and thus the geographical definition of the term "Punjab" has changed over time. In the 16th century <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> the Punjab region was divided into three, with the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Subah">Lahore Subah</a> in the west, the Delhi <a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">Subah</a> in the east and the <a href="/wiki/Multan_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Multan Subah">Multan Subah</a> in the south. Under the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> in 1947, the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province</a> encompassed the present Indian <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">states and union territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Pakistani regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory" title="Islamabad Capital Territory">Islamabad Capital Territory</a>. The predominant <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">ethnolinguistic group</a> of the Punjab region are the <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi people">Punjabi people</a>, who speak the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a>. <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Muslims" title="Punjabi Muslims">Punjabi Muslims</a> are the majority in <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">West Punjab</a> (Pakistan), while <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Sikhs" title="Punjabi Sikhs">Punjabi Sikhs</a> are the majority in <a href="/wiki/Punjab_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab India">East Punjab</a> (India). Other religious groups include <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Hindus" title="Punjabi Hindus">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Christians" title="Punjabi Christians">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The name Punjab is of <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> origin, with its two parts (پنج, panj, 'five' and آب, āb, 'water') being cognates of the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> words पञ्‍च, pañca, 'five' and अप्, áp, 'water', of the same meaning.<a href="#cite_note-EoS-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> The word pañjāb is thus calque of Indo-Aryan "pañca-áp" and means "The Land of Five Waters", referring to the rivers <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_River" title="Jhelum River">Jhelum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chenab_River" title="Chenab River">Chenab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beas_River" title="Beas River">Beas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> All are <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributaries</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>, the Sutlej being the largest. References to a land of five rivers may be found in the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, in which one of the regions is named as Panchanada (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: पञ्चनद, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: pañca-nada, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'five rivers').<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> Earlier, the Punjab was known as <a href="/wiki/Sapta_Sindhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapta Sindhu">Sapta Sindhu</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> or Hapta Hendu in <a href="/wiki/Avestan_geography" title="Avestan geography">Avesta</a>, translating into "The Land of Seven Rivers", with the other two being Indus and <a href="/wiki/Kabul_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabul river">Kabul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> The ancient <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greeks</a> referred to the region as Pentapotamía (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Πενταποταμία), which has the same meaning as that of Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Khalid-21">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taxila_Pakistan_juillet_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Taxila_Pakistan_juillet_2004.jpg/260px-Taxila_Pakistan_juillet_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Taxila_Pakistan_juillet_2004.jpg/390px-Taxila_Pakistan_juillet_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Taxila_Pakistan_juillet_2004.jpg/520px-Taxila_Pakistan_juillet_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> in Pakistan is a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">History of Punjab</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_period">Ancient period</h3></div> The Punjab region is noted as the site of one of the earliest urban societies, the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley Civilization</a> which flourished from about 3000 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a> and declined rapidly 1,000 years later, following the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migrations" title="Indo-Aryan migrations">Indo-Aryan migrations</a> that overran the region in waves between 1500 BCE and 500 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-:9-22">[20]</a> Frequent intertribal wars stimulated the growth of larger groupings ruled by chieftains and kings, who ruled local kingdoms known as <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-22">[20]</a> The rise of kingdoms and dynasties in the Punjab is chronicled in the ancient Hindu epics, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-22">[20]</a> The epic battles described in the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> are chronicled as being fought in what is now the state of Haryana and historic Punjab. The <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandharas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trigartas" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigartas">Trigartas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_in_Indian_epic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Andhra in Indian epic literature">Andhra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pauravas" title="Pauravas">Pauravas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahlikas" title="Bahlikas">Bahlikas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bactrian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactrian people">Bactrian</a> settlers of the Punjab), <a href="/wiki/Yaudheya" title="Yaudheya">Yaudheyas</a>, and others sided with the <a href="/wiki/Kauravas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauravas">Kauravas</a> in the great battle fought at <a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra" title="Kurukshetra">Kurukshetra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> According to Fauja Singh and L. M. Joshi: "There is no doubt that the Kambojas, Daradas, Kaikayas, Andhra, Pauravas, Yaudheyas, Malavas, Saindhavas, and Kurus had jointly contributed to the heroic tradition and composite culture of ancient Punjab."<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Invasions_of_Alexander_the_Great_(c._4th_century_BCE)">Invasions of Alexander the Great (c. 4th century BCE)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surrender_of_Porus_to_the_Emperor_Alexander.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Surrender_of_Porus_to_the_Emperor_Alexander.jpg/200px-Surrender_of_Porus_to_the_Emperor_Alexander.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Surrender_of_Porus_to_the_Emperor_Alexander.jpg/300px-Surrender_of_Porus_to_the_Emperor_Alexander.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Surrender_of_Porus_to_the_Emperor_Alexander.jpg/400px-Surrender_of_Porus_to_the_Emperor_Alexander.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>One of the first known kings of ancient Punjab, <a href="/wiki/King_Porus" class="mw-redirect" title="King Porus">King Porus</a>, fought against Alexander the Great. His surrender is depicted in this 1865 engraving by <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Chappel" title="Alonzo Chappel">Alonzo Chappel</a>.</figcaption></figure> The earliest known notable local king of this region was known as <a href="/wiki/King_Porus" class="mw-redirect" title="King Porus">King Porus</a>, who fought the famous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hydaspes" title="Battle of the Hydaspes">Battle of the Hydaspes</a> against <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. His kingdom spanned between rivers Hydaspes (<a href="/wiki/Jhelum_River" title="Jhelum River">Jhelum</a>) and Acesines (<a href="/wiki/Chenab_River" title="Chenab River">Chenab</a>); <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> had held the territory to contain almost 300 cities.<a href="#cite_note-:6-25">[23]</a> He (alongside <a href="/wiki/Abisares" title="Abisares">Abisares</a>) had a hostile relationship with the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> which was ruled by his extended family.<a href="#cite_note-:6-25">[23]</a> When the armies of Alexander crossed the Indus in its eastward migration, probably in <a href="/wiki/Udabhandapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Udabhandapura">Udabhandapura</a>, he was greeted by the ruler of Taxila, <a href="/wiki/Taxiles" title="Taxiles">Omphis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-25">[23]</a> Omphis had hoped to force both Porus and Abisares into submission leveraging the might of Alexander's forces and diplomatic missions were mounted, but while Abisares accepted the submission, Porus refused.<a href="#cite_note-:6-25">[23]</a> This led Alexander to seek for a face-off with Porus.<a href="#cite_note-:6-25">[23]</a> Thus began the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BCE; the exact site remains unknown.<a href="#cite_note-:6-25">[23]</a> The battle is thought to be resulted in a decisive <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> victory; however, A. B. Bosworth warns against an uncritical reading of Greek sources that were exaggerated.<a href="#cite_note-:6-25">[23]</a> Alexander later founded two cities—<a href="/wiki/Nicaea,_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaea, Punjab">Nicaea</a> at the site of victory and <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Bucephalous" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria Bucephalous">Bucephalous</a> at the battle-ground, in memory of <a href="/wiki/Bucephalus" title="Bucephalus">his horse</a>, who died soon after the battle.<a href="#cite_note-:6-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[c]</a> Later, <a href="/wiki/Tetradrachm" title="Tetradrachm">tetradrachms</a> would be minted depicting Alexander on horseback, armed with a sarissa and attacking a pair of Indians on an elephant.<a href="#cite_note-:6-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> Porus refused to surrender and wandered about atop an elephant, until he was wounded and his force routed.<a href="#cite_note-:6-25">[23]</a> When asked by Alexander how he wished to be treated, Porus replied "Treat me as a king would treat another king".<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> Despite the apparently one-sided results, Alexander was impressed by Porus and chose to not depose him.<a href="#cite_note-:7-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy200423–28-31">[28]</a> Not only was his territory reinstated but also expanded with Alexander's forces annexing the territories of Glausaes, who ruled to the northeast of Porus' kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-:7-29">[26]</a> After Alexander's death in 323 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Perdiccas" title="Perdiccas">Perdiccas</a> became the regent of his empire, and after Perdiccas's murder in 321 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Antipater" title="Antipater">Antipater</a> became the new regent.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus</a>, Antipater recognized Porus's authority over the territories along the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Eudemus_(general)" title="Eudemus (general)">Eudemus</a>, who had served as Alexander's <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrap</a> in the Punjab region, treacherously killed Porus.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mauryan_Empire_(c._320–180_BCE)">Mauryan Empire (c. 320–180 BCE)</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a>, with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Kautilya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kautilya">Kautilya</a>, had established his empire around 320 BCE. The early life of Chandragupta Maurya is not clear. Kautilya enrolled the young Chandragupta in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ancient_Taxila" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ancient Taxila">university at Taxila</a> to educate him in the arts, sciences, logic, mathematics, warfare, and administration. <a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a>' account, as it has survived in Greek texts that quote him, states that Alexander the Great and Chandragupta met, which if true would mean his rule started earlier than 321 BCE. As Alexander never crossed the <a href="/wiki/Beas_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Beas river">Beas River</a>, so his territory probably lay in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] With the help of the small Janapadas of Punjab, he had gone on to conquer much of the North West Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-34">[31]</a> He then defeated the Nanda rulers in <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> to capture the throne. Chandragupta Maurya fought Alexander's successor in the east, <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus</a> when the latter invaded. In a peace treaty, Seleucus ceded all territories west of the Indus and offered a marriage, including a portion of <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, while Chandragupta granted Seleucus 500 elephants.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The chief of the Mauryan military was also always a <a href="/wiki/Yaudheya" title="Yaudheya">Yaudheyan</a> warrior according to the Bijaygadh Pillar inscription, which states that the Yaudheyas elected their own chief who also served as the general for the Mauryans.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto10-36">[33]</a> The Mauryan military was also made up vastly of men from the Punjab Janapadas.<a href="#cite_note-:0-37">[34]</a> Chandragupta's rule was very well organised. The Mauryans had an autocratic and centralised administration system, aided by a council of ministers, and also a well-established espionage system. Much of Chandragupta's success is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a>, the author of the <a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a>. Much of the Mauryan rule had a strong bureaucracy that had regulated tax collection, trade and commerce, industrial activities, mining, statistics and data, maintenance of public places, and upkeep of temples.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hindu_Shahis_(c._820–1030_CE)">Hindu Shahis (c. 820–1030 CE)</h4></div> In the 9th century, the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Hindu Shahi</a> dynasty originating from the region of <a href="/wiki/Oddiyana" title="Oddiyana">Oddiyana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERehman1976-40">[37]</a> replaced the Taank kingdom, ruling Western Punjab along with eastern Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-:9-22">[20]</a> The tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Gakhars" title="Gakhars">Gakhars</a>/<a href="/wiki/Khokhars" class="mw-redirect" title="Khokhars">Khokhars</a>, formed a large part of the Hindu Shahi army according to the Persian historian <a href="/wiki/Firishta" title="Firishta">Firishta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERehman197648–50-41">[38]</a> The most notable rulers of the empire were Lalliya, Bhimadeva and Jayapala who were accredited for military victories. Lalliya had reclaimed the territory at and around Kabul between 879 and 901 CE after it had been lost under his predecessor to the <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERehman1976-40">[37]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] He was described as a fearsome Shahi. Two of his ministers reconstructed by Rahman as Toramana and Asata are said to of have taken advantage of <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-Layth" title="Amr ibn al-Layth">Amr al-Layth</a>'s preoccupation with rebellions in Khorasan, by successfully raiding <a href="/wiki/Ghazna" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazna">Ghazna</a> around 900 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERehman1976-40">[37]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] After a defeat in Eastern Afghanistan suffered on the Shahi ally Lawik, Bhimadeva mounted a combined attack around 963 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERehman1976-40">[37]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_Ibrahim_of_Ghazna" title="Abu Ishaq Ibrahim of Ghazna">Abu Ishaq Ibrahim</a> was expelled from Ghazna and Shahi-Lawik strongholds were restored in Kabul and adjacent areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERehman1976-40">[37]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] This victory appears to have been commemorated in the Hund Slab Inscription (HSI).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERehman1976-40">[37]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkic_rule_(c._1030–1320_CE)">Turkic rule (c. 1030–1320 CE)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khizr_Khan_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Khizr_Khan_%284%29.jpg/220px-Khizr_Khan_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Khizr_Khan_%284%29.jpg/330px-Khizr_Khan_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Khizr_Khan_%284%29.jpg/440px-Khizr_Khan_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Silver copper coin of <a href="/wiki/Khizr_Khan" title="Khizr Khan">Khizr Khan</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid dynasty</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> in the tenth century overthrew the Hindu Shahis and consequently ruled for 157 years in Western Punjab, gradually declining as a power until the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid">Ghurid</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lahore_(1186)" title="Siege of Lahore (1186)">conquest of Lahore</a> by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Muhammad of Ghor</a> in 1186, deposing the last Ghaznavid ruler <a href="/wiki/Khusrau_Malik" title="Khusrau Malik">Khusrau Malik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> Following the death of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Muhammad of Ghor</a> in 1206 by Punjabi assassins near the Jhelum river, the Ghurid state fragmented and was replaced in northern India by the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tughlaq_dynasty_(c._1320–1410_CE)">Tughlaq dynasty (c. 1320–1410 CE)</h4></div> The Tughlaq dynasty's reign formally started in 1320 in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> when Ghazi Malik assumed the throne under the title of <a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Tughluq" title="Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq">Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq</a> after defeating <a href="/wiki/Khusrau_Khan" title="Khusrau Khan">Khusrau Khan</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lahrawat" title="Battle of Lahrawat">Battle of Lahrawat</a>. During Ghazi Malik's reign, in 1321 he sent his eldest son Jauna Khan, later known as <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughlaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Tughlaq">Muhammad bin Tughlaq</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Deogir" class="mw-redirect" title="Deogir">Deogir</a> to plunder the Hindu kingdoms of Arangal and Tilang (now part of <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>). His first attempt was a failure.<a href="#cite_note-lowe296-44">[41]</a> Four months later, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq sent large army reinforcements for his son asking him to attempt plundering Arangal and Tilang again.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> This time Jauna Khan succeeded and Arangal fell, it was renamed to Sultanpur, and all plundered wealth, state treasury and captives were transferred from the captured kingdom to the Delhi Sultanate.The Muslim aristocracy in Lukhnauti (Bengal) invited Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq to extend his coup and expand eastwards into Bengal by attacking <a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Firoz_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamsuddin Firoz Shah">Shamsuddin Firoz Shah</a>, which he did over 1324–1325 CE,<a href="#cite_note-lowe296-44">[41]</a> after placing Delhi under control of his son Ulugh Khan, and then leading his army to Lukhnauti. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq succeeded in this campaign. After his father's death in 1325 CE, Muhammad bin Tughlaq assumed power and his rule saw the empire expand to most of the Indian subcontinent, its peak in terms of geographical reach.<a href="#cite_note-ebmit-46">[43]</a> He attacked and plundered <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakhnauti" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhnauti">Lakhnauti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mithila_(region)" title="Mithila (region)">Mithila</a> and many other regions in India.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> His distant campaigns were expensive, although each raid and attack on non-Muslim kingdoms brought new looted wealth and ransom payments from captured people. The extended empire was difficult to retain, and rebellions became commonplace all over the Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-zbarni-48">[45]</a> Muhammad bin Tughlaq died in March 1351<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2003162-49">[46]</a> while trying to chase and punish people for rebellion and their refusal to pay taxes in <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vsoxford3-50">[47]</a> After Muhammad bin Tughlaq's death, the Tughlaq empire was in a state of disarray with many regions assuming independence; it was at this point that <a href="/wiki/Firuz_Shah_Tughlaq" title="Firuz Shah Tughlaq">Firuz Shah Tughlaq</a>, Ghazi Malik's nephew, took reign. His father's name was Rajab (the younger brother of Ghazi Malik) who had the title <a href="/wiki/Sipahsalar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sipahsalar">Sipahsalar</a>. His mother Naila was a Punjabi Bhatti princess (daughter of Rana Mal) from <a href="/wiki/Dipalpur" title="Dipalpur">Dipalpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abohar" title="Abohar">Abohar</a> according to the historian <a href="/wiki/William_Crooke" title="William Crooke">William Crooke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> The southern states had drifted away from the Sultanate and there were rebellions in Gujarat and Sindh, while "Bengal asserted its independence." He led expeditions against Bengal in 1353 and 1358. He captured <a href="/wiki/Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a>, desecrated the <a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri" title="Jagannath Temple, Puri">Jagannath Temple, Puri</a>, and forced Raja Gajpati of Jajnagar in <a href="/wiki/Orissa,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa, India">Orissa</a> to pay tribute.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> He also laid siege to the <a href="/wiki/Kangra_Fort" title="Kangra Fort">Kangra Fort</a> and forced Nagarkot to pay tribute.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> During this time, Tatar Khan of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a> attacked Punjab, but he was defeated and his face slashed by the sword given by <a href="/wiki/Feroz_Shah_Tughlaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feroz Shah Tughlaq">Feroz Shah Tughlaq</a> to Raja <a href="/wiki/Kailas_Pal" title="Kailas Pal">Kailas Pal</a> who ruled the Nagarkot region in Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sayyid_dynasty_(c._1410–1450_CE)">Sayyid dynasty (c. 1410–1450 CE)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid dynasty</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Khizr_Khan" title="Khizr Khan">Khizr Khan</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid dynasty</a>, the fourth dynasty of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaqs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-57">[54]</a> Following <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>'s 1398 sack of <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2003103-58">[55]</a> he appointed <a href="/wiki/Khizr_Khan" title="Khizr Khan">Khizr Khan</a> as deputy of <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar2020583-59">[56]</a> He held Lahore, Dipalpur, Multan and Upper Sindh.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> Khizr Khan captured Delhi on 28 May 1414 thereby establishing the Sayyid dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar2020583-59">[56]</a> Khizr Khan did not take up the title of <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a>, but continued the fiction of his allegiance to Timur as Rayat-i-Ala(vassal) of the <a href="/wiki/Timurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Timurids">Timurids</a> - initially that of Timur, and later his son <a href="/wiki/Shahrukh_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahrukh Mirza">Shah Rukh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahajan2007237-63">[60]</a> After the accession of Khizr Khan, the Punjab, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> and Sindh were reunited under the Delhi Sultanate, where he spent his time subduing rebellions.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> Punjab was the powerbase of Khizr Khan and his successors as the bulk of the Delhi army during their reigns came from <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dipalpur" title="Dipalpur">Dipalpur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> Khizr Khan was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Shah_(Sayyid_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)">Mubarak Shah</a> after his death on 20 May 1421. Mubarak Shah referred to himself as Muizz-ud-Din Mubarak Shah on his coins, removing the Timurid name with the name of the Caliph, and declared himself a Shah.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> He defeated the advancing <a href="/wiki/Hoshang_Shah" title="Hoshang Shah">Hoshang Shah Ghori</a>, ruler of <a href="/wiki/Malwa_Sultanate" title="Malwa Sultanate">Malwa Sultanate</a> and forced him to pay heavy tribute early in his reign.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> Mubarak Shah also put down the rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Jasrat_Khokhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jasrat Khokhar">Jasrath Khokhar</a> and managed to fend off multiple invasions by the Timurids of Kabul.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> The last ruler of the Sayyids, <a href="/wiki/Alam_Shah" title="Alam Shah">Ala-ud-Din</a>, voluntarily abdicated the throne of the Delhi Sultanate in favour of <a href="/wiki/Bahlul_Khan_Lodi" title="Bahlul Khan Lodi">Bahlul Khan Lodi</a> on 19 April 1451, and left for Badaun, where he died in 1478.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahajan2007244-70">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Langah_Sultanate_(c._1450–1540_CE)">Langah Sultanate (c. 1450–1540 CE)</h4></div> In 1445, Sultan Qutbudin, chief of Langah (a <a href="/wiki/Jat" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat">Jat</a> <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">Zamindar</a> tribe),<a href="#cite_note-Ahmed_1984_pp._428–434-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mubārak_Blochmann_1891_p.321-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lambrick_p.212-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roseberry_1987_p.177-74">[71]</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Langah_Sultanate" title="Langah Sultanate">Langah Sultanate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a> after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid dynasty</a>. Husseyn Langah I (reigned 1456–1502) was the second ruler of Langah Sultanate. He undertook military campaigns in Punjab and captured <a href="/wiki/Chiniot" title="Chiniot">Chiniot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shorkot" title="Shorkot">Shorkot</a> from the Lodis. Shah Husayn successfully repulsed attempted invasion by the Lodis led by <a href="/wiki/Tatar_Khan" title="Tatar Khan">Tatar Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rukunuddin_Barbak_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rukunuddin Barbak Shah">Barbak Shah</a>, as well as his daughter Zeerak Rumman.<a href="#cite_note-:4-13">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mughal_Empire_(c._1526–1761_CE)">Mughal Empire (c. 1526–1761 CE)</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a> came to power in the early 16th century and gradually expanded to control all of the Punjab from their capital at <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>. During the Mughal era, <a href="/wiki/Saadullah_Khan_(Mughal_Empire)" title="Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)">Saadullah Khan</a>, born into a family of Punjabi agriculturalists<a href="#cite_note-Journal_of_Central_Asia_1992_p.842-75">[72]</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Thaheem_(tribe)" title="Thaheem (tribe)">Thaheem tribe</a><a href="#cite_note-Quddus_1992_p.402-76">[73]</a> from <a href="/wiki/Chiniot" title="Chiniot">Chiniot</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-77">[74]</a> remained <a href="/wiki/Grand_vizier" title="Grand vizier">grand vizier</a> (or Prime Minister) of the Mughal Empire in the period 1645–1656.<a href="#cite_note-:13-77">[74]</a> Other prominent Muslims from Punjab who rose to nobility during the Mughal Era include <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_(Lahore)" title="Wazir Khan (Lahore)">Wazir Khan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Koch-78">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adina_Beg" class="mw-redirect" title="Adina Beg">Adina Beg Arain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shahbaz_Khan_Kamboh" title="Shahbaz Khan Kamboh">Shahbaz Khan Kamboh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> The Mughal Empire ruled the region until it was severely weakened in the eighteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-:9-22">[20]</a> As Mughal power weakened, Afghan rulers took control of the region.<a href="#cite_note-:9-22">[20]</a> Contested by the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a> and Afghans, the region was the center of the growing influence of the <a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">misls</a>, who expanded and established the Sikh Confederacy as the Mughals and Afghans weakened, ultimately ruling the Punjab, <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>, and territories north into the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-22">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sikh_Empire_(c._1799–1849_CE)">Sikh Empire (c. 1799–1849 CE)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></div> In the 19th century, Maharajah <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> based in the Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> The empire existed from 1799, when Ranjit Singh captured <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, to 1849, when it was defeated and conquered in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a>. It was forged on the foundations of the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> from a collection of autonomous <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a> <a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">misls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition_1911_Page_892-82">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grewal-83">[80]</a> At its peak in the 19th century, the Empire extended from the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a> in the west to western <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> in the east, and from <a href="/wiki/Mithankot" title="Mithankot">Mithankot</a> in the south to <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> in the north. It was divided into four provinces: <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, in Punjab, which became the Sikh capital; <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>, also in Punjab; <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>; and Kashmir from 1799 to 1849. Religiously diverse, with an estimated population of 3.5 million in 1831 (making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1800" title="List of countries by population in 1800">19th most populous country at the time</a>),<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-84">[81]</a> it was the last major region of the Indian subcontinent to <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">be annexed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_Punjab_(c._1849–1947_CE)">British Punjab (c. 1849–1947 CE)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province (British India)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maharaj_Ranjit_Singh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Maharaj_Ranjit_Singh.jpg/180px-Maharaj_Ranjit_Singh.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Maharaj_Ranjit_Singh.jpg/270px-Maharaj_Ranjit_Singh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Maharaj_Ranjit_Singh.jpg/360px-Maharaj_Ranjit_Singh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></figcaption></figure> The Sikh Empire ruled the Punjab until the British annexed it in 1849 following the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> Most of the Punjabi homeland formed a province of British India, though a number of small <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> retained local rulers who recognized British authority.<a href="#cite_note-:9-22">[20]</a> The Punjab with its rich farmlands became one of the most important colonial assets.<a href="#cite_note-:9-22">[20]</a> Lahore was a noted center of learning and culture, and <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a> became an important military installation.<a href="#cite_note-:9-22">[20]</a> Most Punjabis supported the British during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, providing men and resources to the war effort even though the Punjab remained a source of anti colonial activities.<a href="#cite_note-hibb_1980-86">[83]</a>: 163  Disturbances in the region increased as the war continued.<a href="#cite_note-:9-22">[20]</a> At the end of the war, high casualty rates, heavy taxation, inflation, and a widespread influenza epidemic disrupted Punjabi society.<a href="#cite_note-:9-22">[20]</a> In 1919, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Dyer" title="Reginald Dyer">Reginald Dyer</a> ordered troops under command to fire on a crowd of demonstrators, mostly Sikhs in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala massacre</a> fueled the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-22">[20]</a> Nationalists declared the independence of India from Lahore in 1930 but were quickly suppressed.<a href="#cite_note-:9-22">[20]</a> When the Second World War broke out, nationalism in British India had already divided into religious movements.<a href="#cite_note-:9-22">[20]</a> Many Sikhs and other minorities supported the Hindus, who promised a secular multicultural and multireligious society, and Muslim leaders in Lahore passed a resolution to work for a Muslim Pakistan, making the Punjab region a center of growing conflict between Indian and Pakistani nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-:9-22">[20]</a> At the end of the war, the British granted separate independence to India and Pakistan, setting off massive communal violence as Muslims fled to Pakistan and Hindu and Sikh Punjabis fled east to India.<a href="#cite_note-:9-22">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> had major political, cultural, philosophical, and literary consequences in the Punjab, including the establishment of a new system of education. During the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">independence movement</a>, many Punjabis played a significant role, including <a href="/wiki/Madan_Lal_Dhingra" title="Madan Lal Dhingra">Madan Lal Dhingra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukhdev_Thapar" title="Sukhdev Thapar">Sukhdev Thapar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Ajit_Singh" title="Sardar Ajit Singh">Ajit Singh Sandhu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udham_Singh" title="Udham Singh">Udham Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kartar_Singh_Sarabha" title="Kartar Singh Sarabha">Kartar Singh Sarabha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Parmanand" title="Bhai Parmanand">Bhai Parmanand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choudhry_Rahmat_Ali" title="Choudhry Rahmat Ali">Choudhry Rahmat Ali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a>. At the time of partition in 1947, the province was split into East and West Punjab. <a href="/wiki/East_Punjab" title="East Punjab">East Punjab</a> (48%) became part of India, while <a href="/wiki/West_Punjab" title="West Punjab">West Punjab</a> (52%) became part of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> The Punjab bore the brunt of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_disorder" title="Civil disorder">civil unrest</a> following <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition</a>, with casualties estimated to be in the millions.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-dcosta2011-89">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Silence2000-90">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> Another major consequence of partition was the sudden shift towards religious homogeneity occurred in all districts across Punjab owing to the new international border that cut through the province. This rapid demographic shift was primarily due to wide scale migration but also caused by large-scale <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution#Religious_cleansing" title="Religious persecution">religious cleansing</a> riots which were witnessed across the region at the time. According to historical demographer <a href="/wiki/Tim_Dyson" title="Tim Dyson">Tim Dyson</a>, in the eastern regions of Punjab that ultimately became <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Indian Punjab</a> following independence, districts that were 66% Hindu in 1941 became 80% Hindu in 1951; those that were 20% Sikh became 50% Sikh in 1951. Conversely, in the western regions of Punjab that ultimately became <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Pakistani Punjab</a>, all districts became almost exclusively Muslim by 1951.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson2018188–189-92">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> The geographical definition of the term "Punjab" has changed over time. In the 16th century <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> it referred to a relatively smaller area between the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sutlej_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutlej River">Sutlej</a> rivers.<a href="#cite_note-JS_Grewal_1998-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-94">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikh_Empire">Sikh Empire</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_India_1823.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Map_of_India_1823.jpg/240px-Map_of_India_1823.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Map_of_India_1823.jpg/360px-Map_of_India_1823.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Map_of_India_1823.jpg/480px-Map_of_India_1823.jpg 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the Punjabi Sikh Empire</figcaption></figure> At its height in the first half of the 19th century, the Sikh Empire spanned a total of over 200,000 sq mi (520,000 km2).<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> The Punjab was a region straddling India and the Afghan <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a>. The following modern-day political divisions made up the historical Punjab region during the Sikh Empire: <ul><li>Punjab region, to <a href="/wiki/Mithankot" title="Mithankot">Mithankot</a> in the south <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a>, excluding <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahawalpur State">Bahawalpur State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a>, south to areas just across the <a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a> river</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, India, south to areas just across the <a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a> river</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu Division">Jammu Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, India and Pakistan (1808–1846)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> region, Pakistan/China<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Kashmir Valley</a>, India (1819–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit" title="Gilgit">Gilgit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilgit%E2%80%93Baltistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilgit–Baltistan">Gilgit–Baltistan</a>, Pakistan (1842–1846)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, India (1834–1846)<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a>, Pakistan/Afghanistan<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, Pakistan<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> (taken in 1818, retaken in 1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas" title="Federally Administered Tribal Areas">Federally Administered Tribal Areas</a>, Pakistan (documented from <a href="/wiki/Hazara_region" title="Hazara region">Hazara</a>, taken in 1818, again in 1836 to <a href="/wiki/Bannu" title="Bannu">Bannu</a>)<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Parts of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Western Tibet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> China (<a href="/wiki/Sino-Sikh_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Sikh war">briefly</a> in 1841, to <a href="/wiki/Burang_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Burang Town">Taklakot</a>)<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a></li></ul> After Ranjit Singh's death in 1839, the empire was severely weakened by internal divisions and political mismanagement. This opportunity was used by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> to launch the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh Wars</a>. The country was finally annexed and dissolved at the end of the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849 into separate <a href="/wiki/Princely_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely states">princely states</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (British India)">province of Punjab</a>. Eventually, a Lieutenant Governorship was formed in Lahore as a direct representative of <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hibb_1980-86">[83]</a>: 221  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punjab_(British_India)">Punjab (British India)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province (British India)</a></div> In British India, until the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> in 1947, the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province</a> was geographically a triangular tract of country of which the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> and its tributary the <a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a> formed the two sides up to their confluence, the base of the triangle in the north being the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Himalayan_Range" title="Lower Himalayan Range">Lower Himalayan Range</a> between those two rivers. Moreover, the province as constituted under British rule also included a large tract outside these boundaries. Along the northern border, Himalayan ranges divided it from <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>. On the west it was separated from the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%931955)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)">North-West Frontier Province</a> by the Indus, until it reached the border of <a href="/wiki/Dera_Ghazi_Khan_District" title="Dera Ghazi Khan District">Dera Ghazi Khan District</a>, which was divided from <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochistan (Pakistan)">Baluchistan</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaiman Range">Sulaiman Range</a>. To the south lay <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana</a>, while on the east the rivers <a href="/wiki/Jumna_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumna River">Jumna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tons_River" title="Tons River">Tons</a> separated it from the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chisholm_1911,_p._653-107">[104]</a> In total Punjab had an area of approximately 357 000 km square about the same size as modern day Germany, being one of the largest provinces of the British Raj. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjab_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Punjab_1909.jpg/260px-Punjab_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Punjab_1909.jpg/390px-Punjab_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Punjab_1909.jpg/520px-Punjab_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Punjab Province (British India)</figcaption></figure> It encompassed the present day <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">Indian states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, Haryana, <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, Delhi, and some parts of <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> which were merged with Punjab by the British for administrative purposes (but excluding the former <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> which were later combined into the <a href="/wiki/Patiala_and_East_Punjab_States_Union" title="Patiala and East Punjab States Union">Patiala and East Punjab States Union</a>) and the Pakistani regions of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory" title="Islamabad Capital Territory">Islamabad Capital Territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>. In 1901 the frontier districts beyond the Indus were separated from Punjab and made into a new province: the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%931955)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)">North-West Frontier Province</a>. Subsequently, Punjab was divided into four natural geographical divisions by colonial officials on the decadal census data:<a href="#cite_note-punjab1911-108">[105]</a>: 2 <a href="#cite_note-punjab1941-109">[106]</a>: 4  <ol><li>Indo-Gangetic Plain West geographical division (including <a href="/wiki/Hisar_district" title="Hisar district">Hisar district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loharu_State" title="Loharu State">Loharu State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rohtak_district" title="Rohtak district">Rohtak district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dujana" title="Dujana">Dujana State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurgaon_district" title="Gurgaon district">Gurgaon district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pataudi_State" title="Pataudi State">Pataudi State</a>, Delhi, <a href="/wiki/Karnal_district" title="Karnal district">Karnal district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_district" title="Jalandhar district">Jalandhar district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana_district" title="Ludhiana district">Ludhiana district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malerkotla_State" title="Malerkotla State">Malerkotla State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firozpur_district" title="Firozpur district">Firozpur district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faridkot_State" title="Faridkot State">Faridkot State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patiala_State" title="Patiala State">Patiala State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jind_State" title="Jind State">Jind State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabha_State" title="Nabha State">Nabha State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahore_District" title="Lahore District">Lahore District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_district" title="Amritsar district">Amritsar district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujranwala_District" title="Gujranwala District">Gujranwala District</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sheikhupura_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikhupura district">Sheikhupura district</a>);</li> <li>Himalayan geographical division (including <a href="/wiki/Sirmur_State" title="Sirmur State">Nahan State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simla_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Simla District">Simla District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simla_Hill_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Simla Hill States">Simla Hill States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangra_district" title="Kangra district">Kangra district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandi_State" title="Mandi State">Mandi State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suket_State" title="Suket State">Suket State</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chamba_State" title="Chamba State">Chamba State</a>);</li> <li>Sub-Himalayan geographical division (including <a href="/wiki/Ambala_district" title="Ambala district">Ambala district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalsia_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalsia State">Kalsia State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sialkot_District" title="Sialkot District">Sialkot District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujrat_District" title="Gujrat District">Gujrat District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_District" title="Jhelum District">Jhelum District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_District" title="Rawalpindi District">Rawalpindi District</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Attock_District" title="Attock District">Attock District</a>;</li> <li>North-West Dry Area geographical division (including <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_District" title="Montgomery District">Montgomery District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahpur_District" title="Shahpur District">Shahpur District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianwali_District" title="Mianwali District">Mianwali District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyallpur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyallpur District">Lyallpur District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhang_District" title="Jhang District">Jhang District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multan_District" title="Multan District">Multan District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahawalpur State">Bahawalpur State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzaffargarh_District" title="Muzaffargarh District">Muzaffargarh District</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dera_Ghazi_Khan_District" title="Dera Ghazi Khan District">Dera Ghazi Khan District</a>).</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partition_of_British_Punjab">Partition of British Punjab</h3></div> The struggle for Indian independence witnessed competing and conflicting interests in the Punjab. The landed elites of the Muslim, Hindu and Sikh communities had loyally collaborated with the British since annexation, supported the Unionist Party and were hostile to the Congress party–led independence movement.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated542-110">[107]</a> Amongst the peasantry and urban middle classes, the Hindus were the most active <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">National Congress</a> supporters, the Sikhs flocked to the <a href="/wiki/Akali_movement" title="Akali movement">Akali movement</a> whilst the Muslims eventually supported the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated542-110">[107]</a> Since the partition of the sub-continent had been decided, special meetings of the Western and Eastern Section of the Legislative Assembly were held on 23 June 1947 to decide whether or not the Province of the Punjab be partitioned. After voting on both sides, partition was decided and the existing Punjab Legislative Assembly was also divided into <a href="/wiki/West_Punjab" title="West Punjab">West Punjab</a> Legislative Assembly and the East Punjab Legislative Assembly. This last Assembly before independence, held its last sitting on 4 July 1947.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_cities">Major cities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Punjab_region_by_population" title="List of cities in the Punjab region by population">List of cities in the Punjab region by population</a></div> Historically, <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> has been the capital of the Punjab region and continues to be the most populous city in the region, with a population of 11 million for the city proper. <a href="/wiki/Faisalabad" title="Faisalabad">Faisalabad</a> is the 2nd most populous city and largest industrial hub in this region. Other major cities are <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujranwala" title="Gujranwala">Gujranwala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a> are the other cities in Punjab with a city-proper population of over a million. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Himalayas,_Punjab_region.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Himalayas%2C_Punjab_region.png/220px-Himalayas%2C_Punjab_region.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Himalayas%2C_Punjab_region.png/330px-Himalayas%2C_Punjab_region.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Himalayas%2C_Punjab_region.png 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>The snow-covered Himalayas</figcaption></figure>The climate has significant impact on the economy of Punjab, particularly for agriculture in the region. Climate is not uniform over the whole region, as the areas adjacent to the Himalayas generally receive heavier rainfall than those at a distance.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> There are three main seasons and two transitional periods. During the hot season, from mid-April to the end of June, the temperature may reach 49 °C (120 °F). The <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsoon season">monsoon season</a>, from July to September, is a period of heavy rainfall, providing water for crops in addition to the supply from canals and <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> systems. The transitional period after the monsoon season is cool and mild, leading to the winter season, when the temperature in January falls to 5 °C (41 °F) at night and 12 °C (54 °F) by day. During the transitional period from winter to the hot season, sudden <a href="/wiki/Hailstorm" class="mw-redirect" title="Hailstorm">hailstorms</a> and heavy showers may occur, causing damage to crops.<a href="#cite_note-rgs-113">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Punjab">Western Punjab</h3></div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0 (77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0 (86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0 (98.6) </td> <td style="background: #DC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.0 (111.2) </td> <td style="background: #C60000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.6 (114.1) </td> <td style="background: #9D0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.6 (119.5) </td> <td style="background: #CE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.0 (113.0) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.0 (107.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.1 (100.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.0 (100.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2 (90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3 (82.9) </td> <td style="background: #9D0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">48.6 (119.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7 (63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8 (76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6 (87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1 (97.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.3 (100.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.4 (95.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9 (93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4 (92.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9 (87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4 (68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">28.9 (84.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 (51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 (56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1 (64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6 (74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7 (83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4 (88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.1 (86.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1 (84.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6 (81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3 (73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3 (63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5 (54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22.2 (71.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 (36.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 (44.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 (52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6 (61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5 (70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5 (76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9 (76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2 (75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 (48.4) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 (38.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.2 (59.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10 (14) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8 (18) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.5 (23.9) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6 (34.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5 (41.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13 (55) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2 (59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5 (58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3 (55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 (42.3) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6 (30.9) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.8 (27.0) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−6.0 (21.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #ACFFAC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.2 (2.17) </td> <td style="background: #5CFF5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99.5 (3.92) </td> <td style="background: #00F100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">180.5 (7.11) </td> <td style="background: #44FF44; color:#000000;" class="notheme">120.8 (4.76) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.9 (1.57) </td> <td style="background: #86FF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.4 (3.09) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">310.6 (12.23) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">317.0 (12.48) </td> <td style="background: #2EFF2E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">135.4 (5.33) </td> <td style="background: #CBFFCB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4 (1.35) </td> <td style="background: #E3FFE3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7 (0.70) </td> <td style="background: #D8FFD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9 (1.02) </td> <td style="background: #4BFF4B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,415.3 (55.73) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 </td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">79.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">195.7 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">187.1 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">202.3 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">252.4 </td> <td style="background: #F2F215; color:#000000;" class="notheme">319.0 </td> <td style="background: #F0F011; color:#000000;" class="notheme">300.1 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">264.4 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">250.7 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">262.2 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">275.5 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">247.9 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">195 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,952.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: NOAA (sun, 1961-1990)<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: PMD (extremes)<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Punjab">Central Punjab</h3></div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Lahore (1991-2020, extremes 1931-2018) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8 (82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3 (91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.8 (100.0) </td> <td style="background: #BF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.1 (115.0) </td> <td style="background: #A10000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.3 (118.9) </td> <td style="background: #B00000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.2 (117.0) </td> <td style="background: #BF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.1 (115.0) </td> <td style="background: #ED0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.8 (109.0) </td> <td style="background: #FC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.7 (107.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.6 (105.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0 (95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0 (86.0) </td> <td style="background: #A10000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">48.3 (118.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4 (65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2 (72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5 (81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2 (93.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.9 (102.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.9 (102.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6 (96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.7 (94.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4 (93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4 (90.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1 (80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4 (70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">30.5 (86.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1 (55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5 (61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6 (70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7 (81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3 (90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2 (91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.3 (88.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8 (87.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9 (85.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.3 (79.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4 (68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1 (59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24.9 (76.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 (45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 (51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7 (60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6 (78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4 (81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1 (80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9 (80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1 (68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7 (56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 (47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19.2 (66.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2 (28.0) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 (37.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0 (57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8 (64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0 (66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 (46.9) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 (33.8) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1 (30.0) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−2.2 (28.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #DEFFDE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9 (0.86) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.5 (1.56) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.5 (1.71) </td> <td style="background: #D7FFD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5 (1.00) </td> <td style="background: #D7FFD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7 (1.05) </td> <td style="background: #7CFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.8 (3.34) </td> <td style="background: #00DA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">195.6 (7.70) </td> <td style="background: #00EB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">184.1 (7.25) </td> <td style="background: #76FF76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.6 (3.49) </td> <td style="background: #EBFFEB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3 (0.52) </td> <td style="background: #F4FFF4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 (0.27) </td> <td style="background: #E5FFE5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8 (0.66) </td> <td style="background: #A0FFA0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">747.2 (29.41) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5 </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9 </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">47.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">218.8 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">215.0 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">245.8 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">256.1 </td> <td style="background: #F0F010; color:#000000;" class="notheme">308.3 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">269.0 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">227.5 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">234.9 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">265.6 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">290.0 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">229.6 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">222.9 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,983.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: NOAA (sun, 1961-1990)<a href="#cite_note-WMOCLINO-117">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: PMD<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Punjab">Eastern Punjab</h3></div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chandigarh_weatherbox" title="Template:Chandigarh weatherbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chandigarh_weatherbox" title="Template talk:Chandigarh weatherbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chandigarh_weatherbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chandigarh weatherbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Climate data for Chandigarh (1991-2020, extremes 1954–present)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7 (81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8 (91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.8 (100.0) </td> <td style="background: #E60000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.3 (109.9) </td> <td style="background: #C00000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.0 (114.8) </td> <td style="background: #CA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.3 (113.5) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.0 (107.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0 (102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.5 (99.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0 (98.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0 (93.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5 (83.3) </td> <td style="background: #C00000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">46.0 (114.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2 (64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6 (72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0 (82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.6 (94.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.6 (101.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.7 (99.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1 (93.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2 (91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9 (91.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0 (89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0 (80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1 (71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">29.9 (85.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 (45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 (50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7 (58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3 (68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7 (76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7 (80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9 (80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2 (79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4 (65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 (54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 (46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.2 (64.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 (39.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 (46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 (56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8 (58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2 (57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3 (57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 (48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 (38.7) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.8 (1.49) </td> <td style="background: #C2FFC2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.3 (1.47) </td> <td style="background: #D6FFD6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4 (1.08) </td> <td style="background: #E4FFE4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5 (0.69) </td> <td style="background: #D7FFD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8 (1.06) </td> <td style="background: #1DFF1D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">146.7 (5.78) </td> <td style="background: #006300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">275.6 (10.85) </td> <td style="background: #006700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">273.0 (10.75) </td> <td style="background: #10FF10; color:#000000;" class="notheme">154.6 (6.09) </td> <td style="background: #E9FFE9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2 (0.56) </td> <td style="background: #F6FFF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 (0.20) </td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3 (0.88) </td> <td style="background: #7BFF7B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,038.4 (40.88) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 </td> <td style="background: #ACACFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">47.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) (at 17:30 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>) </th> <td style="background: #4B4BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39 </td> <td style="background: #1111FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40 </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46 </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">44 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a><a href="#cite_note-IMDnormals-119">[116]</a> <a href="#cite_note-IMDextremes-120">[117]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan#Languages" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan § Languages</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">Punjabi dialects and languages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mother_Tongue_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mother_Tongue_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/350px-Mother_Tongue_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mother_Tongue_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/525px-Mother_Tongue_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mother_Tongue_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/700px-Mother_Tongue_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption> <div style="text-align: center">The dominant <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a> in each <a href="/wiki/District_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Pakistan">District of Pakistan</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/2017_Pakistan_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Pakistan Census">2017 Pakistan Census</a></div></figcaption></figure> The major language is <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, which is written in India with the <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> script, and in Pakistan using the <a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a> script.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> The Punjabi language has official status and is widely used in education and administration in Indian Punjab, whereas in Pakistani Punjab these roles are instead fulfilled by the <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> language. Several languages closely related to Punjabi are spoken in the various parts of the region. <a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a>,<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kangri_language" title="Kangri language">Kangri</a>,<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">western Pahari</a> dialects are spoken in the north-central and northeastern parts of the region, while <a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> is spoken in south-central and southeastern sections. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a> is generally spoken across a wide belt covering the southwest, while in the northwest there are large pockets containing speakers of <a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pothwari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pothwari language">Pothwari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1979198-125">[122]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Linguistic demographics of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">Language</a> </th> <th colspan="1">Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <th>1911<a href="#cite_note-punjab1911-108">[105]</a>: 370  </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">Punjabi</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[e]</a> </th> <td>75.93% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Western_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hindi">Western Hindi</a><a href="#cite_note-westernhindi-128">[f]</a> </th> <td>15.82% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Western Pahari</a> </th> <td>4.11% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a> </th> <td>3.0% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> </th> <td>0.29% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> </th> <td>0.28% </td></tr> <tr> <th>English </th> <td>0.15% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Other </th> <td>0.42% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religions">Religions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Punjab" title="Religion in the Punjab">Religion in the Punjab</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Background">Background</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1500-1200_BCE_Rigveda,_manuscript_page_sample_i,_Mandala_1,_Hymn_1_(Sukta_1),_Adhyaya_1,_lines_1.1.1_to_1.1.9,_Sanskrit,_Devanagari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1500-1200_BCE_Rigveda%2C_manuscript_page_sample_i%2C_Mandala_1%2C_Hymn_1_%28Sukta_1%29%2C_Adhyaya_1%2C_lines_1.1.1_to_1.1.9%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/220px-1500-1200_BCE_Rigveda%2C_manuscript_page_sample_i%2C_Mandala_1%2C_Hymn_1_%28Sukta_1%29%2C_Adhyaya_1%2C_lines_1.1.1_to_1.1.9%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1500-1200_BCE_Rigveda%2C_manuscript_page_sample_i%2C_Mandala_1%2C_Hymn_1_%28Sukta_1%29%2C_Adhyaya_1%2C_lines_1.1.1_to_1.1.9%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/330px-1500-1200_BCE_Rigveda%2C_manuscript_page_sample_i%2C_Mandala_1%2C_Hymn_1_%28Sukta_1%29%2C_Adhyaya_1%2C_lines_1.1.1_to_1.1.9%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1500-1200_BCE_Rigveda%2C_manuscript_page_sample_i%2C_Mandala_1%2C_Hymn_1_%28Sukta_1%29%2C_Adhyaya_1%2C_lines_1.1.1_to_1.1.9%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/440px-1500-1200_BCE_Rigveda%2C_manuscript_page_sample_i%2C_Mandala_1%2C_Hymn_1_%28Sukta_1%29%2C_Adhyaya_1%2C_lines_1.1.1_to_1.1.9%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2791" data-file-height="1150" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a>, the oldest known Hindu text, originated in the Punjab region.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> is the oldest of the religions practised by Punjabi people, however, the term Hindu was also applied over a vast territory with much regional diversity.<a href="#cite_note-Nayar12-129">[123]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">historical Vedic religion</a> constituted the religious ideas and practices in the Punjab during the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a> (1500–500 BCE), centered primarily in the worship of <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a> The bulk of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> was composed in the Punjab region between circa 1500 and 1200 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a> while later Vedic scriptures were composed more eastwards, between the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> rivers. An ancient Indian law book called the <a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a>, developed by Brahmin Hindu priests, shaped Punjabi religious life from 200 BCE onward.<a href="#cite_note-Nayar-135">[129]</a> Later, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">spread of Buddhisim</a> and Jainism in the Indian subcontinent saw the growth of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> in the Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> was introduced via southern Punjab in the 8th century, becoming the majority by the 16th century, via local conversion.<a href="#cite_note-oxford22-137">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a> There was a small Jain community left in Punjab by the 16th century, while the Buddhist community had largely disappeared by the turn of the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a> The region became predominantly <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> due to missionary <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> saints whose <a href="/wiki/Dargah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dargah">dargahs</a> dot the landscape of the Punjab region.<a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a> The rise of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> in the 1700s saw some Punjabis, both Hindu and Muslim, accepting the new Sikh faith.<a href="#cite_note-Nayar-135">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[135]</a> A number of Punjabis during the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">colonial period of India</a> became Christians, with all of these religions characterizing the religious diversity now found in the Punjab region.<a href="#cite_note-Nayar-135">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Punjab#Subregions" title="Religion in the Punjab">Religion in the Punjab § Subregions</a></div> A number of Punjabis during the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">colonial period of India</a> became Christians, with all of these religions characterizing the religious diversity now found in the Punjab region.<a href="#cite_note-Nayar2-142">[136]</a> Additionally during the colonial era, the practice of <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">religious syncretism</a> among <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Muslims" title="Punjabi Muslims">Punjabi Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Hindus" title="Punjabi Hindus">Punjabi Hindus</a> was noted and documented by officials in census reports: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"In other parts of the Province, too, traces of Hindu festivals are noticeable among the Muhammadans. In the western Punjab, <a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Baisakhi</a>, the new year's day of the Hindus, is celebrated as an agricultural festival, by all Muhammadans, by racing bullocks yoked to the well gear, with the beat of tom-toms, and large crowds gather to witness the show, The race is called Baisakhi and is a favourite pastime in the well-irrigated tracts. Then the processions of <a href="/wiki/Ta%27zieh#Ta'zīya_in_South_Asia" title="Ta'zieh">Tazias</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a>, with the accompaniment of tom-toms, fencing parties and bands playing on flutes and other musical instruments (which is disapproved by the orthodox Muhammadans) and the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Sebil_(fountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil (fountain)">Sabils</a> (shelters where water and <a href="/wiki/Sharbat_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharbat (beverage)">sharbat</a> are served out) are clearly influenced by similar practices at Hindu festivals, while the illuminations on occasions like the <a href="/wiki/Mela_Chiraghan" title="Mela Chiraghan">Chiraghan fair</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore" title="Shalimar Gardens, Lahore">Shalamar (Lahore)</a> are no doubt practices answering to the holiday-making instinct of the converted Hindus."<a href="#cite_note-punjab1911-108">[105]</a>: 174  "Besides actual conversion, Islam has had a considerable influence on the Hindu religion. The sects of reformers based on a revolt from the orthodoxy of <a href="/wiki/Varnashrama_Dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Varnashrama Dharma">Varnashrama Dharma</a> were obviously the outcome of the knowledge that a different religion could produce equally pious and right thinking men. Laxity in social restrictions also appeared simultaneously in various degrees and certain customs were assimilated to those of the Muhammadans. On the other hand the miraculous powers of Muhammadan saints were enough to attract the saint worshiping Hindus, to allegiance, if not to a total change of faith... The <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Saudagaran-e-Delhi" title="Punjabi Saudagaran-e-Delhi">Shamsis</a> are believers in <a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Sabzwari" title="Shamsuddin Sabzwari">Shah Shamas Tabrez</a> of <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>, and follow the <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a>, for the time being, of the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismailia</a> sect of <a href="/wiki/Shias" class="mw-redirect" title="Shias">Shias</a>... they belong mostly to the <a href="/wiki/Sunar" title="Sunar">Sunar caste</a> and their connection with the sect is kept a secret, like Freemasonry. They pass as ordinary Hindus, but their devotion to the Imam is very strong."<a href="#cite_note-punjab1911-108">[105]</a>: 130  <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Excerpts from the <a href="/wiki/Census_of_India" title="Census of India">Census of India</a> (<a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province</a>), 1911</cite></div></blockquote> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Population trends for major religious groups in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>(1881–1941)<a href="#cite_note-krishan2004-143">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-punjab1941-109">[106]</a>: 46  </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align: left;"> <th>Religious group </th> <th>Population % 1881<a href="#cite_note-Delhi-144">[g]</a> </th> <th>Population % 1891 </th> <th>Population % 1901<a href="#cite_note-Delhi-144">[g]</a> </th> <th>Population % 1911<a href="#cite_note-Delhi-144">[g]</a> </th> <th>Population % 1921 </th> <th>Population % 1931 </th> <th>Population % 1941 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background: green; color: white;">Islam </th> <td>47.6%</td> <td>47.8%</td> <td>49.2%</td> <td>50.8%</td> <td>51.1%</td> <td>52.4%</td> <td>53.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: OrangeRed; color: white;">Hinduism<a href="#cite_note-ad-dharmi-145">[h]</a> </th> <td>43.8%</td> <td>43.6%</td> <td>41.8%</td> <td>36.3%</td> <td>35.1%</td> <td>31.7%</td> <td>30.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: orange;">Sikhism </th> <td>8.2%</td> <td>8.2%</td> <td>8.5%</td> <td>11.9%</td> <td>12.4%</td> <td>14.3%</td> <td>14.9% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: DodgerBlue; color: white;">Christianity </th> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>0.8%</td> <td>1.3%</td> <td>1.5%</td> <td>1.5% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: GreenYellow;">Other religions / No religion </th> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.2% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable"> <caption>Religious groups in <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province</a> (1881–1941) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religious</a> group </th> <th colspan="2">1881<a href="#cite_note-Census1881-146">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1881B-147">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1881C-148">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Delhi-144">[g]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1901<a href="#cite_note-Census1901-149">[141]</a>: 34 <a href="#cite_note-Delhi-144">[g]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1911<a href="#cite_note-Census1911-150">[142]</a>: 27 <a href="#cite_note-Census1911B-151">[143]</a>: 27 <a href="#cite_note-Delhi-144">[g]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1921<a href="#cite_note-Census1921-152">[144]</a>: 29  </th> <th colspan="2">1931<a href="#cite_note-Census1931-153">[145]</a>: 277  </th> <th colspan="2">1941<a href="#cite_note-Census1941-154">[146]</a>: 42  </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/15px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/23px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a> </th> <td>9,872,745 </td> <td>47.58% </td> <td>12,183,345 </td> <td>49.22% </td> <td>12,275,477 </td> <td>50.75% </td> <td>12,813,383 </td> <td>51.05% </td> <td>14,929,896 </td> <td>52.4% </td> <td>18,259,744 </td> <td>53.22% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a><a href="#cite_note-ad-dharmi-145">[h]</a> </th> <td>9,095,175 </td> <td>43.84% </td> <td>10,344,469 </td> <td>41.79% </td> <td>8,773,621 </td> <td>36.27% </td> <td>8,799,651 </td> <td>35.06% </td> <td>9,018,509 </td> <td>31.65% </td> <td>10,336,549 </td> <td>30.13% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/15px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/23px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/30px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a> </th> <td>1,706,165 </td> <td>8.22% </td> <td>2,102,896 </td> <td>8.49% </td> <td>2,883,729 </td> <td>11.92% </td> <td>3,107,296 </td> <td>12.38% </td> <td>4,071,624 </td> <td>14.29% </td> <td>5,116,185 </td> <td>14.91% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/15px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/23px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/30px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a> </th> <td>42,572 </td> <td>0.21% </td> <td>49,983 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>46,775 </td> <td>0.19% </td> <td>41,321 </td> <td>0.16% </td> <td>43,140 </td> <td>0.15% </td> <td>45,475 </td> <td>0.13% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/15px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/23px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/30px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a> </th> <td>28,054 </td> <td>0.14% </td> <td>66,591 </td> <td>0.27% </td> <td>199,751 </td> <td>0.83% </td> <td>332,939 </td> <td>1.33% </td> <td>419,353 </td> <td>1.47% </td> <td>512,466 </td> <td>1.49% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/15px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/23px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/30px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> </th> <td>3,251 </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td>6,940 </td> <td>0.03% </td> <td>7,690 </td> <td>0.03% </td> <td>5,912 </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td>7,753 </td> <td>0.03% </td> <td>854 </td> <td>0.002% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Faravahar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/15px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/23px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/30px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a> </th> <td>413 </td> <td>0.002% </td> <td>477 </td> <td>0.002% </td> <td>653 </td> <td>0.003% </td> <td>526 </td> <td>0.002% </td> <td>569 </td> <td>0.002% </td> <td>4,359 </td> <td>0.01% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/15px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/23px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>24 </td> <td>0.0001% </td> <td>54 </td> <td>0.0002% </td> <td>19 </td> <td>0.0001% </td> <td>13 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>39 </td> <td>0.0001% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Others </th> <td>57 </td> <td>0.0003% </td> <td>12 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>13 </td> <td>0.0001% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>34,190 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total population </th> <th>20,748,432 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>24,754,737 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>24,187,750 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>25,101,060 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>28,490,857 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>34,309,861 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Religion in West Punjab (1881–1941) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religious</a> group </th> <th colspan="2">1881<a href="#cite_note-Census1881-146">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1881B-147">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1881C-148">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shakargarh1881-155">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-WestPunjab1881-156">[i]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1901<a href="#cite_note-Census1901-149">[141]</a>: 34 <a href="#cite_note-Shakargarh1901-157">[148]</a>: 62 <a href="#cite_note-WestPunjab1901-158">[j]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1911<a href="#cite_note-Census1911-150">[142]</a>: 27 <a href="#cite_note-Census1911B-151">[143]</a>: 27 <a href="#cite_note-WestPunjab1911-159">[k]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1921<a href="#cite_note-Census1921-152">[144]</a>: 29 <a href="#cite_note-WestPunjab1921-160">[l]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1931<a href="#cite_note-Census1931-153">[145]</a>: 277 <a href="#cite_note-WestPunjab1931-161">[m]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1941<a href="#cite_note-Census1941-154">[146]</a>: 42 <a href="#cite_note-WestPunjab1941-162">[n]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/15px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/23px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a> </th> <td>6,201,859 </td> <td>78.09% </td> <td>7,951,155 </td> <td>76.25% </td> <td>8,494,314 </td> <td>76.49% </td> <td>8,975,288 </td> <td>75.49% </td> <td>10,570,029 </td> <td>75.28% </td> <td>13,022,160 </td> <td>75.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a><a href="#cite_note-ad-dharmi-145">[h]</a> </th> <td>1,449,913 </td> <td>18.26% </td> <td>1,944,363 </td> <td>18.65% </td> <td>1,645,758 </td> <td>14.82% </td> <td>1,797,141 </td> <td>15.12% </td> <td>1,957,878 </td> <td>13.94% </td> <td>2,373,466 </td> <td>13.69% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/15px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/23px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/30px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a> </th> <td>272,908 </td> <td>3.44% </td> <td>483,999 </td> <td>4.64% </td> <td>813,441 </td> <td>7.33% </td> <td>863,091 </td> <td>7.26% </td> <td>1,180,789 </td> <td>8.41% </td> <td>1,520,112 </td> <td>8.77% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/15px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/23px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/30px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a> </th> <td>12,992 </td> <td>0.16% </td> <td>42,371 </td> <td>0.41% </td> <td>144,514 </td> <td>1.3% </td> <td>247,030 </td> <td>2.08% </td> <td>324,730 </td> <td>2.31% </td> <td>395,311 </td> <td>2.28% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/15px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/23px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/30px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a> </th> <td>4,352 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td>5,562 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td>5,977 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td>5,930 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td>6,921 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td>9,520 </td> <td>0.05% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Faravahar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/15px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/23px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/30px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a> </th> <td>354 </td> <td>0.004% </td> <td>300 </td> <td>0.003% </td> <td>377 </td> <td>0.003% </td> <td>309 </td> <td>0.003% </td> <td>413 </td> <td>0.003% </td> <td>312 </td> <td>0.002% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/15px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/23px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/30px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> </th> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>6 </td> <td>0.0001% </td> <td>168 </td> <td>0.002% </td> <td>172 </td> <td>0.001% </td> <td>32 </td> <td>0.0002% </td> <td>87 </td> <td>0.001% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/15px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/23px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>9 </td> <td>0.0001% </td> <td>36 </td> <td>0.0003% </td> <td>16 </td> <td>0.0001% </td> <td>6 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>7 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Others </th> <td>21 </td> <td>0.0003% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>8 </td> <td>0.0001% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>19,128 </td> <td>0.11% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total Population </th> <th>7,942,399 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>10,427,765 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>11,104,585 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>11,888,985 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>14,040,798 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>17,340,103 </th> <th>100% </th></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="14">Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory" title="Islamabad Capital Territory">Islamabad Capital Territory</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Religion in East Punjab (1881–1941) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religious</a> group </th> <th colspan="2">1881<a href="#cite_note-Census1881-146">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1881B-147">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1881C-148">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shakargarh1881-155">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-EastPunjab1881-163">[o]</a><a href="#cite_note-Delhi-144">[g]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1901<a href="#cite_note-Census1901-149">[141]</a>: 34 <a href="#cite_note-Shakargarh1901-157">[148]</a>: 62 <a href="#cite_note-EastPunjab1901-164">[p]</a><a href="#cite_note-Delhi-144">[g]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1911<a href="#cite_note-Census1911-150">[142]</a>: 27 <a href="#cite_note-Census1911B-151">[143]</a>: 27 <a href="#cite_note-EastPunjab1911-165">[q]</a><a href="#cite_note-Delhi-144">[g]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1921<a href="#cite_note-Census1921-152">[144]</a>: 29 <a href="#cite_note-EastPunjab1921-166">[r]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1931<a href="#cite_note-Census1931-153">[145]</a>: 277 <a href="#cite_note-EastPunjab1931-167">[s]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1941<a href="#cite_note-Census1941-154">[146]</a>: 42 <a href="#cite_note-EastPunjab1941-168">[t]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a><a href="#cite_note-ad-dharmi-145">[h]</a> </th> <td>7,645,262 </td> <td>59.7% </td> <td>8,400,106 </td> <td>58.63% </td> <td>7,127,863 </td> <td>54.48% </td> <td>7,002,510 </td> <td>53% </td> <td>7,060,631 </td> <td>48.86% </td> <td>7,963,083 </td> <td>46.93% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/15px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/23px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a> </th> <td>3,670,886 </td> <td>28.67% </td> <td>4,232,190 </td> <td>29.54% </td> <td>3,781,163 </td> <td>28.9% </td> <td>3,838,095 </td> <td>29.05% </td> <td>4,359,867 </td> <td>30.17% </td> <td>5,237,584 </td> <td>30.86% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/15px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/23px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/30px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a> </th> <td>1,433,257 </td> <td>11.19% </td> <td>1,618,897 </td> <td>11.3% </td> <td>2,070,288 </td> <td>15.82% </td> <td>2,244,205 </td> <td>16.99% </td> <td>2,890,835 </td> <td>20.01% </td> <td>3,596,073 </td> <td>21.19% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/15px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/23px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/30px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a> </th> <td>38,220 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>44,421 </td> <td>0.31% </td> <td>40,798 </td> <td>0.31% </td> <td>35,391 </td> <td>0.27% </td> <td>36,219 </td> <td>0.25% </td> <td>35,955 </td> <td>0.21% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/15px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/23px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/30px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a> </th> <td>15,062 </td> <td>0.12% </td> <td>24,220 </td> <td>0.17% </td> <td>55,237 </td> <td>0.42% </td> <td>85,909 </td> <td>0.65% </td> <td>94,623 </td> <td>0.65% </td> <td>117,155 </td> <td>0.69% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/15px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/23px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/30px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> </th> <td>3,251 </td> <td>0.03% </td> <td>6,934 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td>7,522 </td> <td>0.06% </td> <td>5,740 </td> <td>0.04% </td> <td>7,721 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td>767 </td> <td>0.005% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Faravahar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/15px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/23px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/30px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a> </th> <td>59 </td> <td>0.0005% </td> <td>177 </td> <td>0.001% </td> <td>276 </td> <td>0.002% </td> <td>217 </td> <td>0.002% </td> <td>156 </td> <td>0.001% </td> <td>4,047 </td> <td>0.02% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/15px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/23px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>15 </td> <td>0.0001% </td> <td>18 </td> <td>0.0001% </td> <td>3 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>7 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>32 </td> <td>0.0002% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Others </th> <td>36 </td> <td>0.0003% </td> <td>12 </td> <td>0.0001% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>5 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>15,062 </td> <td>0.09% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total Population </th> <th>12,806,033 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>14,326,972 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>13,083,165 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>13,212,075 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>14,450,059 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>16,969,758 </th> <th>100% </th></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="14">Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Religious groups in the Indo—Gangetic Plain West geographical division of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province</a> (1881–1941) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religious</a> group </th> <th colspan="2">1881<a href="#cite_note-Census1881-146">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1881B-147">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1881C-148">[140]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1901<a href="#cite_note-Census1901-149">[141]</a>: 34  </th> <th colspan="2">1911<a href="#cite_note-Census1911-150">[142]</a>: 27 <a href="#cite_note-Census1911B-151">[143]</a>: 27  </th> <th colspan="2">1921<a href="#cite_note-Census1921-152">[144]</a>: 29  </th> <th colspan="2">1931<a href="#cite_note-Census1931-153">[145]</a>: 277  </th> <th colspan="2">1941<a href="#cite_note-Census1941-154">[146]</a>: 42  </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a><a href="#cite_note-ad-dharmi-145">[h]</a> </th> <td>4,975,901 </td> <td>48.94% </td> <td>5,825,964 </td> <td>48.64% </td> <td>4,790,624 </td> <td>43.44% </td> <td>4,735,960 </td> <td>41.37% </td> <td>4,709,545 </td> <td>36.59% </td> <td>5,314,610 </td> <td>34.43% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/15px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/23px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a> </th> <td>3,751,891 </td> <td>36.9% </td> <td>4,481,366 </td> <td>37.42% </td> <td>4,144,971 </td> <td>37.59% </td> <td>4,350,186 </td> <td>38% </td> <td>5,112,215 </td> <td>39.72% </td> <td>6,247,791 </td> <td>40.48% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/15px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/23px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/30px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a> </th> <td>1,390,873 </td> <td>13.68% </td> <td>1,605,457 </td> <td>13.4% </td> <td>1,993,750 </td> <td>18.08% </td> <td>2,186,429 </td> <td>19.1% </td> <td>2,816,785 </td> <td>21.88% </td> <td>3,576,659 </td> <td>23.17% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/15px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/23px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/30px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a> </th> <td>36,479 </td> <td>0.36% </td> <td>41,877 </td> <td>0.35% </td> <td>39,111 </td> <td>0.35% </td> <td>33,515 </td> <td>0.29% </td> <td>34,806 </td> <td>0.27% </td> <td>34,744 </td> <td>0.23% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/15px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/23px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/30px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a> </th> <td>11,729 </td> <td>0.12% </td> <td>22,103 </td> <td>0.18% </td> <td>58,462 </td> <td>0.53% </td> <td>140,104 </td> <td>1.22% </td> <td>198,081 </td> <td>1.54% </td> <td>247,028 </td> <td>1.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Faravahar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/15px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/23px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/30px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a> </th> <td>139 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>299 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>412 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>318 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>314 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>235 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/15px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/23px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/30px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> </th> <td>1 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>3 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>132 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>184 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>23 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>39 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/15px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/23px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>19 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>28 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>14 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>5 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>30 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Others </th> <td>49 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>12 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>6 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>14,844 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total population<a href="#cite_note-GeoDivisionTotal-169">[u]</a> </th> <th>10,167,062 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>11,977,100 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>11,027,490 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>11,446,716 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>12,871,774 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>15,435,980 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> The Indo−Gangetic Plain West geographical division included <a href="/wiki/Hisar_district" title="Hisar district">Hisar district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loharu_State" title="Loharu State">Loharu State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rohtak_district" title="Rohtak district">Rohtak district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dujana" title="Dujana">Dujana State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurgaon_district" title="Gurgaon district">Gurgaon district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pataudi_State" title="Pataudi State">Pataudi State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnal_district" title="Karnal district">Karnal district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_district" title="Jalandhar district">Jalandhar district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana_district" title="Ludhiana district">Ludhiana district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malerkotla_State" title="Malerkotla State">Malerkotla State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firozpur_district" title="Firozpur district">Firozpur district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faridkot_State" title="Faridkot State">Faridkot State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patiala_State" title="Patiala State">Patiala State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jind_State" title="Jind State">Jind State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabha_State" title="Nabha State">Nabha State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahore_District" title="Lahore District">Lahore District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_district" title="Amritsar district">Amritsar district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujranwala_District" title="Gujranwala District">Gujranwala District</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sheikhupura_District" title="Sheikhupura District">Sheikhupura District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-punjab1911-108">[105]</a>: 2 <a href="#cite_note-punjab1941-109">[106]</a>: 4  <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable"> <caption>Religious groups in the Himalayan geographical division of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province</a> (1881–1941) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religious</a> group </th> <th colspan="2">1881<a href="#cite_note-Census1881-146">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1881B-147">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1881C-148">[140]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1901<a href="#cite_note-Census1901-149">[141]</a>: 34  </th> <th colspan="2">1911<a href="#cite_note-Census1911-150">[142]</a>: 27 <a href="#cite_note-Census1911B-151">[143]</a>: 27  </th> <th colspan="2">1921<a href="#cite_note-Census1921-152">[144]</a>: 29  </th> <th colspan="2">1931<a href="#cite_note-Census1931-153">[145]</a>: 277  </th> <th colspan="2">1941<a href="#cite_note-Census1941-154">[146]</a>: 42  </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a><a href="#cite_note-ad-dharmi-145">[h]</a> </th> <td>1,458,481 </td> <td>94.74% </td> <td>1,598,853 </td> <td>94.6% </td> <td>1,630,084 </td> <td>94.53% </td> <td>1,642,176 </td> <td>94.5% </td> <td>1,729,008 </td> <td>94.42% </td> <td>1,929,634 </td> <td>94.76% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/15px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/23px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a> </th> <td>70,642 </td> <td>4.59% </td> <td>76,480 </td> <td>4.53% </td> <td>74,205 </td> <td>4.3% </td> <td>77,425 </td> <td>4.46% </td> <td>82,711 </td> <td>4.52% </td> <td>87,485 </td> <td>4.3% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/15px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/23px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/30px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a> </th> <td>3,840 </td> <td>0.25% </td> <td>3,415 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>4,400 </td> <td>0.26% </td> <td>4,471 </td> <td>0.26% </td> <td>2,586 </td> <td>0.14% </td> <td>2,129 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/15px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/23px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/30px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> </th> <td>3,250 </td> <td>0.21% </td> <td>6,931 </td> <td>0.41% </td> <td>7,518 </td> <td>0.44% </td> <td>5,718 </td> <td>0.33% </td> <td>7,705 </td> <td>0.42% </td> <td>614 </td> <td>0.03% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/15px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/23px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/30px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a> </th> <td>2,680 </td> <td>0.17% </td> <td>3,897 </td> <td>0.23% </td> <td>7,894 </td> <td>0.46% </td> <td>7,610 </td> <td>0.44% </td> <td>8,948 </td> <td>0.49% </td> <td>12,245 </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/15px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/23px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/30px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a> </th> <td>536 </td> <td>0.03% </td> <td>483 </td> <td>0.03% </td> <td>358 </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td>356 </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td>291 </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td>425 </td> <td>0.02% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Faravahar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/15px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/23px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/30px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a> </th> <td>4 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>7 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>18 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>40 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>3 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>3,895 </td> <td>0.19% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/15px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/23px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>3 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Others </th> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total population<a href="#cite_note-GeoDivisionTotal-169">[u]</a> </th> <th>1,539,433 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>1,690,066 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>1,724,480 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>1,737,801 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>1,831,253 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>2,036,428 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> The Himalayan geographical division included <a href="/wiki/Sirmur_State" title="Sirmur State">Sirmoor State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simla_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Simla District">Simla District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simla_Hill_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Simla Hill States">Simla Hill States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_State_(princely_state)" title="Bilaspur State (princely state)">Bilaspur State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangra_district" title="Kangra district">Kangra district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandi_State" title="Mandi State">Mandi State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suket_State" title="Suket State">Suket State</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chamba_State" title="Chamba State">Chamba State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-punjab1911-108">[105]</a>: 2 <a href="#cite_note-punjab1941-109">[106]</a>: 4  <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable"> <caption>Religious groups in the Sub—Himalayan geographical division of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province</a> (1881–1941) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religious</a> group </th> <th colspan="2">1881<a href="#cite_note-Census1881-146">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1881B-147">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1881C-148">[140]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1901<a href="#cite_note-Census1901-149">[141]</a>: 34  </th> <th colspan="2">1911<a href="#cite_note-Census1911-150">[142]</a>: 27 <a href="#cite_note-Census1911B-151">[143]</a>: 27  </th> <th colspan="2">1921<a href="#cite_note-Census1921-152">[144]</a>: 29  </th> <th colspan="2">1931<a href="#cite_note-Census1931-153">[145]</a>: 277  </th> <th colspan="2">1941<a href="#cite_note-Census1941-154">[146]</a>: 42  </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/15px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/23px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a> </th> <td>3,511,174 </td> <td>58.8% </td> <td>3,741,759 </td> <td>60.62% </td> <td>3,551,989 </td> <td>61.19% </td> <td>3,587,246 </td> <td>61.44% </td> <td>4,009,166 </td> <td>61.99% </td> <td>4,751,911 </td> <td>62.32% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a><a href="#cite_note-ad-dharmi-145">[h]</a> </th> <td>2,159,634 </td> <td>36.17% </td> <td>2,042,505 </td> <td>33.09% </td> <td>1,588,097 </td> <td>27.36% </td> <td>1,556,703 </td> <td>26.66% </td> <td>1,565,034 </td> <td>24.2% </td> <td>1,799,915 </td> <td>23.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/15px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/23px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/30px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a> </th> <td>284,592 </td> <td>4.77% </td> <td>350,587 </td> <td>5.68% </td> <td>565,596 </td> <td>9.74% </td> <td>570,759 </td> <td>9.78% </td> <td>753,168 </td> <td>11.65% </td> <td>906,802 </td> <td>11.89% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/15px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/23px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/30px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a> </th> <td>10,363 </td> <td>0.17% </td> <td>29,930 </td> <td>0.48% </td> <td>92,524 </td> <td>1.59% </td> <td>117,172 </td> <td>2.01% </td> <td>132,500 </td> <td>2.05% </td> <td>155,386 </td> <td>2.04% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/15px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/23px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/30px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a> </th> <td>5,231 </td> <td>0.09% </td> <td>7,278 </td> <td>0.12% </td> <td>6,695 </td> <td>0.12% </td> <td>6,866 </td> <td>0.12% </td> <td>7,299 </td> <td>0.11% </td> <td>9,172 </td> <td>0.12% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Faravahar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/15px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/23px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/30px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a> </th> <td>200 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>117 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>152 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>111 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>76 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>141 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/15px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/23px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/30px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> </th> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>6 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>11 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>8 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>22 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>171 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/15px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/23px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>5 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>17 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>7 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>6 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Others </th> <td>1 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>3 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>1,681 </td> <td>0.02% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total population<a href="#cite_note-GeoDivisionTotal-169">[u]</a> </th> <th>5,971,195 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>6,172,187 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>5,805,081 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>5,838,869 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>6,467,272 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>7,625,185 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> The Sub−Himalayan geographical division included <a href="/wiki/Ambala_district" title="Ambala district">Ambala district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalsia_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalsia State">Kalsia State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sialkot_District" title="Sialkot District">Sialkot District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujrat_District" title="Gujrat District">Gujrat District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_District" title="Jhelum District">Jhelum District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_District" title="Rawalpindi District">Rawalpindi District</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Attock_District" title="Attock District">Attock District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-punjab1911-108">[105]</a>: 2 <a href="#cite_note-punjab1941-109">[106]</a>: 4  <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable"> <caption>Religious groups in the North—West Dry Area geographical division of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province</a> (1881–1941) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religious</a> group </th> <th colspan="2">1881<a href="#cite_note-Census1881-146">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1881B-147">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1881C-148">[140]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1901<a href="#cite_note-Census1901-149">[141]</a>: 34  </th> <th colspan="2">1911<a href="#cite_note-Census1911-150">[142]</a>: 27 <a href="#cite_note-Census1911B-151">[143]</a>: 27  </th> <th colspan="2">1921<a href="#cite_note-Census1921-152">[144]</a>: 29  </th> <th colspan="2">1931<a href="#cite_note-Census1931-153">[145]</a>: 277  </th> <th colspan="2">1941<a href="#cite_note-Census1941-154">[146]</a>: 42  </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/15px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/23px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a> </th> <td>2,539,038 </td> <td>82.68% </td> <td>3,883,740 </td> <td>79.01% </td> <td>4,504,312 </td> <td>80% </td> <td>4,798,526 </td> <td>78.95% </td> <td>5,725,804 </td> <td>78.22% </td> <td>7,172,557 </td> <td>77.86% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a><a href="#cite_note-ad-dharmi-145">[h]</a> </th> <td>501,159 </td> <td>16.32% </td> <td>877,147 </td> <td>17.84% </td> <td>764,816 </td> <td>13.58% </td> <td>864,812 </td> <td>14.23% </td> <td>1,014,922 </td> <td>13.86% </td> <td>1,292,390 </td> <td>14.03% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/15px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/23px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/30px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a> </th> <td>28,020 </td> <td>0.91% </td> <td>142,955 </td> <td>2.91% </td> <td>316,489 </td> <td>5.62% </td> <td>342,498 </td> <td>5.64% </td> <td>492,723 </td> <td>6.73% </td> <td>620,479 </td> <td>6.74% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/15px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/23px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/30px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a> </th> <td>2,122 </td> <td>0.07% </td> <td>11,143 </td> <td>0.23% </td> <td>44,365 </td> <td>0.79% </td> <td>71,192 </td> <td>1.17% </td> <td>86,186 </td> <td>1.18% </td> <td>107,923 </td> <td>1.17% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/15px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/23px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/30px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a> </th> <td>326 </td> <td>0.01% </td> <td>345 </td> <td>0.01% </td> <td>611 </td> <td>0.01% </td> <td>584 </td> <td>0.01% </td> <td>744 </td> <td>0.01% </td> <td>1,134 </td> <td>0.01% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Faravahar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/15px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/23px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/30px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a> </th> <td>70 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>54 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>71 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>57 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>176 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>88 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/15px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/23px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/30px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> </th> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>29 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>3 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>30 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/15px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/23px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>6 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>3 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>3 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Others </th> <td>7 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>17,664 </td> <td>0.19% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total population<a href="#cite_note-GeoDivisionTotal-169">[u]</a> </th> <th>3,070,742 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>4,915,384 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>5,630,699 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>6,077,674 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>7,320,558 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>9,212,268 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> The North−West Dry Area geographical division included <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_District" title="Montgomery District">Montgomery District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahpur_District" title="Shahpur District">Shahpur District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianwali_District" title="Mianwali District">Mianwali District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyallpur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyallpur District">Lyallpur District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhang_District" title="Jhang District">Jhang District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multan_District" title="Multan District">Multan District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahawalpur State">Bahawalpur State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzaffargarh_District" title="Muzaffargarh District">Muzaffargarh District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dera_Ghazi_Khan_District" title="Dera Ghazi Khan District">Dera Ghazi Khan District</a>, and the Biloch Trans–Frontier Tract.<a href="#cite_note-punjab1911-108">[105]</a>: 2 <a href="#cite_note-punjab1941-109">[106]</a>: 4  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-partition">Post-partition</h4></div> In the present-day, the vast majority of Pakistani Punjabis are Sunni Muslim by faith, but also include significant minority faiths, such as Shia Muslims, Ahmadi Muslims, <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> and Christians. Sikhism, founded by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> is the main religion practised in the post-1966 Indian Punjab state. About 57.7% of the population of Punjab state is <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a>, 38.5% is <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>, with the remaining population including <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Punjab,_India" title="Islam in Punjab, India">Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Punjab,_India" title="Christianity in Punjab, India">Christians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[149]</a> Punjab state contains the holy Sikh cities of <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib" title="Anandpur Sahib">Anandpur Sahib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarn_Taran_Sahib" title="Tarn Taran Sahib">Tarn Taran Sahib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatehgarh_Sahib" title="Fatehgarh Sahib">Fatehgarh Sahib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chamkaur_Sahib" title="Chamkaur Sahib">Chamkaur Sahib</a>. The Punjab was home to several <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_saints" title="List of Sufi saints">Sufi saints</a>, and Sufism is <a href="/wiki/Sufism_in_Punjab" title="Sufism in Punjab">well established in the region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[150]</a> Also, <a href="/wiki/Kirpal_Singh" title="Kirpal Singh">Kirpal Singh</a> revered the Sikh Gurus as saints.<a href="#cite_note-172">[151]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Religious groups in the Punjab Region (<a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 Census of India</a> & <a href="/wiki/2017_Census_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Census of Pakistan">2017 Census of Pakistan</a>)<a href="#cite_note-WestPunjab&IslamabadReligions-173">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-EastPunjabReligions-174">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haryana&Himachal&Delhi&ChandigarhReligions-175">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-2011&2017Census-1">[a]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Religious group </th> <th colspan="2">Punjab Region </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab (Pakistan)</a><a href="#cite_note-WestPunjab&IslamabadReligions-173">[152]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab (India)</a><a href="#cite_note-EastPunjabReligions-174">[153]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a><a href="#cite_note-Haryana&Himachal&Delhi&ChandigarhReligions-175">[154]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a><a href="#cite_note-Haryana&Himachal&Delhi&ChandigarhReligions-175">[154]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a><a href="#cite_note-Haryana&Himachal&Delhi&ChandigarhReligions-175">[154]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory" title="Islamabad Capital Territory">Islamabad</a><a href="#cite_note-WestPunjab&IslamabadReligions-173">[152]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a><a href="#cite_note-Haryana&Himachal&Delhi&ChandigarhReligions-175">[154]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total population </th> <th>Percentage </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/15px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/23px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a> </td> <th>114,130,322 </th> <th>60.13% </th> <td>107,541,602 </td> <td>97.77% </td> <td>535,489 </td> <td>1.93% </td> <td>1,781,342 </td> <td>7.03% </td> <td>2,158,684 </td> <td>12.86% </td> <td>149,881 </td> <td>2.18% </td> <td>1,911,877 </td> <td>95.43% </td> <td>51,447 </td> <td>4.87% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td> <th>54,159,083 </th> <th>28.54% </th> <td>211,641 </td> <td>0.19% </td> <td>10,678,138 </td> <td>38.49% </td> <td>22,171,128 </td> <td>87.46% </td> <td>13,712,100 </td> <td>81.68% </td> <td>6,532,765 </td> <td>95.17% </td> <td>737 </td> <td>0.04% </td> <td>852,574 </td> <td>80.78% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/15px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/23px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/30px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a> </td> <th>18,037,312 </th> <th>9.5% </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>16,004,754 </td> <td>57.69% </td> <td>1,243,752 </td> <td>4.91% </td> <td>570,581 </td> <td>3.4% </td> <td>79,896 </td> <td>1.16% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>138,329 </td> <td>13.11% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/15px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/23px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/30px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a> </td> <th>2,715,952 </th> <th>1.43% </th> <td>2,063,063 </td> <td>1.88% </td> <td>348,230 </td> <td>1.26% </td> <td>50,353 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>146,093 </td> <td>0.87% </td> <td>12,646 </td> <td>0.18% </td> <td>86,847 </td> <td>4.34% </td> <td>8,720 </td> <td>0.83% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/15px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/23px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/30px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a> </td> <th>267,649 </th> <th>0.14% </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>45,040 </td> <td>0.16% </td> <td>52,613 </td> <td>0.21% </td> <td>166,231 </td> <td>0.99% </td> <td>1,805 </td> <td>0.03% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1,960 </td> <td>0.19% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg/15px-Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg/23px-Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg/30px-Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="550" /></a> </td> <th>160,759 </th> <th>0.08% </th> <td>158,021 </td> <td>0.14% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>2,738 </td> <td>0.14% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/15px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/23px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/30px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> </td> <th>139,019 </th> <th>0.07% </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>33,237 </td> <td>0.12% </td> <td>7,514 </td> <td>0.03% </td> <td>18,449 </td> <td>0.11% </td> <td>78,659 </td> <td>1.15% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1,160 </td> <td>0.11% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Others </td> <th>185,720 </th> <th>0.1% </th> <td>15,328 </td> <td>0.01% </td> <td>98,450 </td> <td>0.35% </td> <td>44,760 </td> <td>0.18% </td> <td>15,803 </td> <td>0.09% </td> <td>8,950 </td> <td>0.13% </td> <td>1,169 </td> <td>0.06% </td> <td>1,260 </td> <td>0.12% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total population </th> <th>189,795,816 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>109,989,655 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>27,743,338 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>25,351,462 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>16,787,941 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>6,864,602 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>2,003,368 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>1,055,450 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tribes">Tribes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi_tribes" title="List of Punjabi tribes">List of Punjabi tribes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JatsAroundDelhi1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/JatsAroundDelhi1868.jpg/150px-JatsAroundDelhi1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/JatsAroundDelhi1868.jpg/225px-JatsAroundDelhi1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/JatsAroundDelhi1868.jpg/300px-JatsAroundDelhi1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>Jats in Delhi (1868)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Shepherd_and_Arthur_Robertson01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Charles_Shepherd_and_Arthur_Robertson01.jpg/150px-Charles_Shepherd_and_Arthur_Robertson01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Charles_Shepherd_and_Arthur_Robertson01.jpg/225px-Charles_Shepherd_and_Arthur_Robertson01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Charles_Shepherd_and_Arthur_Robertson01.jpg/300px-Charles_Shepherd_and_Arthur_Robertson01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Rajputs in Delhi (1868)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grey-scale_scan_of_a_painting_of_a_Hindu_official_or_courtier_(possibly_identifiable_as_Misr_Diwan_Chand)_of_the_court_of_the_Sikh_Empire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Grey-scale_scan_of_a_painting_of_a_Hindu_official_or_courtier_%28possibly_identifiable_as_Misr_Diwan_Chand%29_of_the_court_of_the_Sikh_Empire.jpg/150px-Grey-scale_scan_of_a_painting_of_a_Hindu_official_or_courtier_%28possibly_identifiable_as_Misr_Diwan_Chand%29_of_the_court_of_the_Sikh_Empire.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Grey-scale_scan_of_a_painting_of_a_Hindu_official_or_courtier_%28possibly_identifiable_as_Misr_Diwan_Chand%29_of_the_court_of_the_Sikh_Empire.jpg/225px-Grey-scale_scan_of_a_painting_of_a_Hindu_official_or_courtier_%28possibly_identifiable_as_Misr_Diwan_Chand%29_of_the_court_of_the_Sikh_Empire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Grey-scale_scan_of_a_painting_of_a_Hindu_official_or_courtier_%28possibly_identifiable_as_Misr_Diwan_Chand%29_of_the_court_of_the_Sikh_Empire.jpg/300px-Grey-scale_scan_of_a_painting_of_a_Hindu_official_or_courtier_%28possibly_identifiable_as_Misr_Diwan_Chand%29_of_the_court_of_the_Sikh_Empire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="2927" /></a><figcaption>Brahmin in Lahore (c. 1799–1849)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:From_left_to_right-_A_Gurkha,_a_Brahmin_and_a_Sood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/From_left_to_right-_A_Gurkha%2C_a_Brahmin_and_a_Sood.jpg/150px-From_left_to_right-_A_Gurkha%2C_a_Brahmin_and_a_Sood.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/From_left_to_right-_A_Gurkha%2C_a_Brahmin_and_a_Sood.jpg/225px-From_left_to_right-_A_Gurkha%2C_a_Brahmin_and_a_Sood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/From_left_to_right-_A_Gurkha%2C_a_Brahmin_and_a_Sood.jpg/300px-From_left_to_right-_A_Gurkha%2C_a_Brahmin_and_a_Sood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2801" data-file-height="3473" /></a><figcaption>Left to right: Gurkha, Brahmin and Shudra (Chuhra-Chamar) in Shimla (1868)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arain_men_in_Lahore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Arain_men_in_Lahore.jpg/150px-Arain_men_in_Lahore.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Arain_men_in_Lahore.jpg/225px-Arain_men_in_Lahore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Arain_men_in_Lahore.jpg/300px-Arain_men_in_Lahore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="1045" /></a><figcaption>Arains in Lahore (1868)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_three_unidentified_Lahore_carpenters_(likely_Tarkhan)_with_tools,_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Portrait_of_three_unidentified_Lahore_carpenters_%28likely_Tarkhan%29_with_tools%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png/150px-Portrait_of_three_unidentified_Lahore_carpenters_%28likely_Tarkhan%29_with_tools%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Portrait_of_three_unidentified_Lahore_carpenters_%28likely_Tarkhan%29_with_tools%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png/225px-Portrait_of_three_unidentified_Lahore_carpenters_%28likely_Tarkhan%29_with_tools%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Portrait_of_three_unidentified_Lahore_carpenters_%28likely_Tarkhan%29_with_tools%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png/300px-Portrait_of_three_unidentified_Lahore_carpenters_%28likely_Tarkhan%29_with_tools%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png 2x" data-file-width="4676" data-file-height="6572" /></a><figcaption>Tarkhans in Lahore (c. 1862–1872)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_Gurjar_(also_transliterated_as_Gujjar,_Gujar,_Gurjara,_%26_Gujjer)_Men_on_a_Pavement_and_a_Woman_in_a_Doorway_in_Delhi,_Shepherd_%26_Robertson_(possibly),_ca.1859%E2%80%9369.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Two_Gurjar_%28also_transliterated_as_Gujjar%2C_Gujar%2C_Gurjara%2C_%26_Gujjer%29_Men_on_a_Pavement_and_a_Woman_in_a_Doorway_in_Delhi%2C_Shepherd_%26_Robertson_%28possibly%29%2C_ca.1859%E2%80%9369.png/150px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Two_Gurjar_%28also_transliterated_as_Gujjar%2C_Gujar%2C_Gurjara%2C_%26_Gujjer%29_Men_on_a_Pavement_and_a_Woman_in_a_Doorway_in_Delhi%2C_Shepherd_%26_Robertson_%28possibly%29%2C_ca.1859%E2%80%9369.png/225px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Two_Gurjar_%28also_transliterated_as_Gujjar%2C_Gujar%2C_Gurjara%2C_%26_Gujjer%29_Men_on_a_Pavement_and_a_Woman_in_a_Doorway_in_Delhi%2C_Shepherd_%26_Robertson_%28possibly%29%2C_ca.1859%E2%80%9369.png/300px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-file-width="4732" data-file-height="6526" /></a><figcaption>Gujjars in Delhi (c. 1859–1869)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_an_unidentified_Arora_Storekeeper_from_Lahore_with_coins_in_hand_and_in_front_of_him,_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Portrait_of_an_unidentified_Arora_Storekeeper_from_Lahore_with_coins_in_hand_and_in_front_of_him%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png/150px-Portrait_of_an_unidentified_Arora_Storekeeper_from_Lahore_with_coins_in_hand_and_in_front_of_him%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Portrait_of_an_unidentified_Arora_Storekeeper_from_Lahore_with_coins_in_hand_and_in_front_of_him%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png/225px-Portrait_of_an_unidentified_Arora_Storekeeper_from_Lahore_with_coins_in_hand_and_in_front_of_him%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Portrait_of_an_unidentified_Arora_Storekeeper_from_Lahore_with_coins_in_hand_and_in_front_of_him%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png/300px-Portrait_of_an_unidentified_Arora_Storekeeper_from_Lahore_with_coins_in_hand_and_in_front_of_him%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png 2x" data-file-width="4672" data-file-height="6528" /></a><figcaption>Arora in Lahore (c. 1862–1872)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_two_unknown_Kumhar_potters_from_Lahore,_ca.1859%E2%80%9369.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Portrait_of_two_unknown_Kumhar_potters_from_Lahore%2C_ca.1859%E2%80%9369.png/150px-Portrait_of_two_unknown_Kumhar_potters_from_Lahore%2C_ca.1859%E2%80%9369.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Portrait_of_two_unknown_Kumhar_potters_from_Lahore%2C_ca.1859%E2%80%9369.png/225px-Portrait_of_two_unknown_Kumhar_potters_from_Lahore%2C_ca.1859%E2%80%9369.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Portrait_of_two_unknown_Kumhar_potters_from_Lahore%2C_ca.1859%E2%80%9369.png/300px-Portrait_of_two_unknown_Kumhar_potters_from_Lahore%2C_ca.1859%E2%80%9369.png 2x" data-file-width="4924" data-file-height="6600" /></a><figcaption>Kumhars in Lahore (c. 1859–1869)</figcaption></figure> The Punjab region is diverse. Historic census reports taken in the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">colonial era</a> details the main <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">castes</a> are represented, alongside numerous subcastes and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scheduled Tribes in India">tribes</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a> or <a href="/wiki/Baradari_(brotherhood)" title="Baradari (brotherhood)">Barādarī</a>), formed parts of the various ethnic groups in the region, contemporarily known as <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_people" title="Saraiki people">Saraikis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_people" title="Haryanvi people">Haryanvis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindkowans" title="Hindkowans">Hindkowans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogras" title="Dogras">Dogras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahari_people_(Kashmir)" title="Pahari people (Kashmir)">Paharis</a>, and more. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Tribes of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province</a> (1881–1931)<a href="#cite_note-punjab1911-108">[105]</a>: 478 <a href="#cite_note-punjab1921A-176">[155]</a>: 348 <a href="#cite_note-punjab1921B-177">[156]</a>: 193–254 <a href="#cite_note-punjab1931A-178">[157]</a>: 367 <a href="#cite_note-punjab1931B-179">[158]</a>: 281–309  </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Tribe </th> <th colspan="2">1881 </th> <th colspan="2">1891 </th> <th colspan="2">1901 </th> <th colspan="2">1911 </th> <th colspan="2">1921 </th> <th colspan="2">1931 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Jats" title="Jats">Jat</a> </th> <td>4,223,885 </td> <td>20.31% </td> <td>4,500,340 </td> <td>19.64% </td> <td>4,884,285 </td> <td>20.04% </td> <td>4,891,060 </td> <td>20.56% </td> <td>5,453,747 </td> <td>21.73% </td> <td>6,070,032 </td> <td>23.74% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> </th> <td>1,648,426 </td> <td>7.92% </td> <td>1,747,989 </td> <td>7.63% </td> <td>1,784,402 </td> <td>7.32% </td> <td>1,586,274 </td> <td>6.67% </td> <td>1,853,025 </td> <td>7.38% </td> <td>2,792,060 </td> <td>10.92% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahman</a> </th> <td>1,040,771 </td> <td>5% </td> <td>1,069,132 </td> <td>4.67% </td> <td>1,077,252 </td> <td>4.42% </td> <td>985,901 </td> <td>4.14% </td> <td>994,529 </td> <td>3.96% </td> <td>1,058,598 </td> <td>4.14% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Chuhra" title="Chuhra">Chuhra</a> </th> <td>1,039,039 </td> <td>5% </td> <td>1,175,504 </td> <td>5.13% </td> <td>1,175,003 </td> <td>4.82% </td> <td>912,998 </td> <td>3.84% </td> <td>750,596 </td> <td>2.99% </td> <td>681,359 </td> <td>2.66% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Chamar" title="Chamar">Chamar</a> </th> <td>1,033,727 </td> <td>4.97% </td> <td>1,147,913 </td> <td>5.01% </td> <td>1,172,118 </td> <td>4.81% </td> <td>1,075,941 </td> <td>4.52% </td> <td>1,134,700 </td> <td>4.52% </td> <td>1,102,465 </td> <td>4.31% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Arain" title="Arain">Arain</a> </th> <td>795,471 </td> <td>3.82% </td> <td>890,264 </td> <td>3.88% </td> <td>1,003,698 </td> <td>4.12% </td> <td>973,888 </td> <td>4.09% </td> <td>1,086,455 </td> <td>4.33% </td> <td>1,331,295 </td> <td>5.21% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Julaha" title="Julaha">Julaha</a> </th> <td>593,199 </td> <td>2.85% </td> <td>620,401 </td> <td>2.71% </td> <td>651,800 </td> <td>2.67% </td> <td>626,960 </td> <td>2.64% </td> <td>643,403 </td> <td>2.56% </td> <td>672,243 </td> <td>2.63% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tarkhan_(Punjab)" title="Tarkhan (Punjab)">Tarkhan</a> </th> <td>564,385 </td> <td>2.71% </td> <td>621,718 </td> <td>2.71% </td> <td>675,361 </td> <td>2.77% </td> <td>637,971 </td> <td>2.68% </td> <td>614,912 </td> <td>2.45% </td> <td>654,053 </td> <td>2.56% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gujjar</a> </th> <td>539,251 </td> <td>2.59% </td> <td>600,198 </td> <td>2.62% </td> <td>611,904 </td> <td>2.51% </td> <td>595,598 </td> <td>2.5% </td> <td>627,451 </td> <td>2.5% </td> <td>696,442 </td> <td>2.72% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Arora" title="Arora">Arora</a> </th> <td>538,465 </td> <td>2.59% </td> <td>603,131 </td> <td>2.63% </td> <td>647,945 </td> <td>2.66% </td> <td>667,943 </td> <td>2.81% </td> <td>707,495 </td> <td>2.82% </td> <td>775,734 </td> <td>3.03% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kumhar" title="Kumhar">Kumhar</a> </th> <td>465,676 </td> <td>2.24% </td> <td>515,331 </td> <td>2.25% </td> <td>561,298 </td> <td>2.3% </td> <td>542,906 </td> <td>2.28% </td> <td>570,158 </td> <td>2.27% </td> <td>620,402 </td> <td>2.43% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bania_(caste)" title="Bania (caste)">Bania</a> </th> <td>437,000 </td> <td>2.1% </td> <td>442,000 </td> <td>1.93% </td> <td>452,000 </td> <td>1.85% </td> <td>404,000 </td> <td>1.7% </td> <td>374,169 </td> <td>1.49% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Jhinwar" title="Jhinwar">Jhinwar</a> </th> <td>418,499 </td> <td>2.01% </td> <td>458,702 </td> <td>2% </td> <td>450,362 </td> <td>1.85% </td> <td>331,951 </td> <td>1.4% </td> <td>371,418 </td> <td>1.48% </td> <td>281,512 </td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Khatri</a> </th> <td>392,413 </td> <td>1.89% </td> <td>418,517 </td> <td>1.83% </td> <td>433,579 </td> <td>1.78% </td> <td>423,704 </td> <td>1.78% </td> <td>452,902 </td> <td>1.8% </td> <td>516,207 </td> <td>2.02% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Awan_(tribe)" title="Awan (tribe)">Awan</a> </th> <td>350,848 </td> <td>1.69% </td> <td>389,402 </td> <td>1.7% </td> <td>420,504 </td> <td>1.73% </td> <td>425,450 </td> <td>1.79% </td> <td>439,975 </td> <td>1.75% </td> <td>539,242 </td> <td>2.11% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kanet" title="Kanet">Kanet</a> </th> <td>346,000 </td> <td>1.66% </td> <td>370,000 </td> <td>1.61% </td> <td>390,000 </td> <td>1.6% </td> <td>404,000 </td> <td>1.7% </td> <td>288,159 </td> <td>1.15% </td> <td>305,814 </td> <td>1.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mochi_(disambiguation)#People" class="mw-disambig" title="Mochi (disambiguation)">Mochi</a> </th> <td>334,034 </td> <td>1.61% </td> <td>384,179 </td> <td>1.68% </td> <td>408,314 </td> <td>1.68% </td> <td>410,977 </td> <td>1.73% </td> <td>429,242 </td> <td>1.71% </td> <td>472,616 </td> <td>1.85% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people_in_Punjab" title="Baloch people in Punjab">Baloch</a> </th> <td>331,851 </td> <td>1.6% </td> <td>383,138 </td> <td>1.67% </td> <td>466,645 </td> <td>1.92% </td> <td>530,976 </td> <td>2.23% </td> <td>531,084 </td> <td>2.12% </td> <td>624,695 </td> <td>2.44% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nai_(caste)" title="Nai (caste)">Nai</a> </th> <td>323,703 </td> <td>1.56% </td> <td>371,144 </td> <td>1.62% </td> <td>370,019 </td> <td>1.52% </td> <td>344,845 </td> <td>1.45% </td> <td>360,653 </td> <td>1.44% </td> <td>380,657 </td> <td>1.49% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Shaikhs_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaikhs in South Asia">Sheikh</a> </th> <td>293,606 </td> <td>1.41% </td> <td>287,778 </td> <td>1.26% </td> <td>264,656 </td> <td>1.09% </td> <td>276,687 </td> <td>1.16% </td> <td>244,800 </td> <td>0.98% </td> <td>414,623 </td> <td>1.62% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lohar_(caste)" title="Lohar (caste)">Lohar</a> </th> <td>291,506 </td> <td>1.4% </td> <td>323,420 </td> <td>1.41% </td> <td>347,099 </td> <td>1.42% </td> <td>319,847 </td> <td>1.34% </td> <td>322,195 </td> <td>1.28% </td> <td>333,910 </td> <td>1.31% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Teli" title="Teli">Teli</a> </th> <td>250,544 </td> <td>1.2% </td> <td>291,513 </td> <td>1.27% </td> <td>309,433 </td> <td>1.27% </td> <td>284,505 </td> <td>1.2% </td> <td>305,122 </td> <td>1.22% </td> <td>346,342 </td> <td>1.35% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pathans_of_Punjab" title="Pathans of Punjab">Pathan</a> </th> <td>210,613 </td> <td>1.01% </td> <td>221,262 </td> <td>0.97% </td> <td>246,790 </td> <td>1.01% </td> <td>272,547 </td> <td>1.15% </td> <td>261,729 </td> <td>1.04% </td> <td>350,008 </td> <td>1.37% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sayyid#South_Asia" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a> </th> <td>200,728 </td> <td>0.96% </td> <td>217,034 </td> <td>0.95% </td> <td>230,802 </td> <td>0.95% </td> <td>239,160 </td> <td>1.01% </td> <td>247,087 </td> <td>0.98% </td> <td>294,223 </td> <td>1.15% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mirasi" title="Mirasi">Mirasi</a> </th> <td>192,107 </td> <td>0.92% </td> <td>230,700 </td> <td>1.01% </td> <td>244,506 </td> <td>1% </td> <td>223,093 </td> <td>0.94% </td> <td>232,280 </td> <td>0.93% </td> <td>244,726 </td> <td>0.96% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Machiyar" title="Machiyar">Machhi</a> </th> <td>167,882 </td> <td>0.81% </td> <td>196,574 </td> <td>0.86% </td> <td>236,122 </td> <td>0.97% </td> <td>239,702 </td> <td>1.01% </td> <td>280,956 </td> <td>1.12% </td> <td>314,862 </td> <td>1.23% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ahir" title="Ahir">Ahir</a> </th> <td>165,878 </td> <td>0.8% </td> <td>188,838 </td> <td>0.82% </td> <td>197,805 </td> <td>0.81% </td> <td>201,299 </td> <td>0.85% </td> <td>201,539 </td> <td>0.8% </td> <td>221,933 </td> <td>0.87% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kashmiris_in_Punjab" title="Kashmiris in Punjab">Kashmiri</a> </th> <td>149,733 </td> <td>0.72% </td> <td>141,280 </td> <td>0.62% </td> <td>189,878 </td> <td>0.78% </td> <td>175,334 </td> <td>0.74% </td> <td>166,449 </td> <td>0.66% </td> <td>202,920 </td> <td>0.79% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Saini" title="Saini">Saini</a> </th> <td>147,183 </td> <td>0.71% </td> <td>120,507 </td> <td>0.53% </td> <td>121,722 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>107,759 </td> <td>0.45% </td> <td>120,376 </td> <td>0.48% </td> <td>165,190 </td> <td>0.65% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sunar" title="Sunar">Sunar</a> </th> <td>145,903 </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>164,087 </td> <td>0.72% </td> <td>174,628 </td> <td>0.72% </td> <td>155,993 </td> <td>0.66% </td> <td>127,090 </td> <td>0.51% </td> <td>159,655 </td> <td>0.62% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kamboj" title="Kamboj">Kamboh</a> </th> <td>129,468 </td> <td>0.62% </td> <td>150,646 </td> <td>0.66% </td> <td>173,780 </td> <td>0.71% </td> <td>171,536 </td> <td>0.72% </td> <td>180,870 </td> <td>0.72% </td> <td>239,582 </td> <td>0.94% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dhobi" title="Dhobi">Dhobi</a> </th> <td>123,767 </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>139,421 </td> <td>0.61% </td> <td>142,342 </td> <td>0.58% </td> <td>151,566 </td> <td>0.64% </td> <td>163,908 </td> <td>0.65% </td> <td>175,557 </td> <td>0.69% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Meo_(ethnic_group)" title="Meo (ethnic group)">Meo</a> </th> <td>112,566 </td> <td>0.54% </td> <td>115,916 </td> <td>0.51% </td> <td>133,300 </td> <td>0.55% </td> <td>120,752 </td> <td>0.51% </td> <td>111,564 </td> <td>0.44% </td> <td>133,089 </td> <td>0.52% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Faqir_(clan)" title="Faqir (clan)">Faqir</a> </th> <td>111,995 </td> <td>0.54% </td> <td>300,214 </td> <td>1.31% </td> <td>362,266 </td> <td>1.49% </td> <td>262,511 </td> <td>1.1% </td> <td>270,070 </td> <td>1.08% </td> <td>287,445 </td> <td>1.12% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ghirth" title="Ghirth">Ghirath</a> </th> <td>110,507 </td> <td>0.53% </td> <td>118,631 </td> <td>0.52% </td> <td>121,718 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>121,107 </td> <td>0.51% </td> <td>117,949 </td> <td>0.47% </td> <td>124,340 </td> <td>0.49% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Chhimba" title="Chhimba">Chhimba</a> </th> <td>100,448 </td> <td>0.48% </td> <td>141,819 </td> <td>0.62% </td> <td>147,152 </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>124,090 </td> <td>0.52% </td> <td>120,695 </td> <td>0.48% </td> <td>96,269 </td> <td>0.38% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Qassab" title="Qassab">Qassab</a> </th> <td>92,571 </td> <td>0.45% </td> <td>109,435 </td> <td>0.48% </td> <td>114,158 </td> <td>0.47% </td> <td>117,363 </td> <td>0.49% </td> <td>120,820 </td> <td>0.48% </td> <td>127,198 </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Rath_tribe" title="Rath tribe">Rathi</a> </th> <td>82,957 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>100,656 </td> <td>0.44% </td> <td>37,793 </td> <td>0.16% </td> <td>97,763 </td> <td>0.41% </td> <td>118,015 </td> <td>0.47% </td> <td>134,096 </td> <td>0.52% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dhagi" title="Dhagi">Dagi</a> & <a href="/wiki/Koli_people" title="Koli people">Koli</a> </th> <td>78,559 </td> <td>0.38% </td> <td>167,772 </td> <td>0.73% </td> <td>153,990 </td> <td>0.63% </td> <td>172,269 </td> <td>0.72% </td> <td>165,159 </td> <td>0.66% </td> <td>182,235 </td> <td>0.71% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a> </th> <td>92,000 </td> <td>0.44% </td> <td>118,000 </td> <td>0.51% </td> <td>98,000 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>99,000 </td> <td>0.42% </td> <td>88,951 </td> <td>0.35% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Jogi_(caste)" title="Jogi (caste)">Jogi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Rawal_(caste)" title="Rawal (caste)">Rawal</a> </th> <td>90,000 </td> <td>0.43% </td> <td>91,000 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>76,000 </td> <td>0.31% </td> <td>83,000 </td> <td>0.35% </td> <td>80,577 </td> <td>0.32% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Castes" title="List of Scheduled Castes">Dumna</a> </th> <td>66,169 </td> <td>0.32% </td> <td>64,046 </td> <td>0.28% </td> <td>53,394 </td> <td>0.22% </td> <td>72,250 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>36,669 </td> <td>0.15% </td> <td>37,541 </td> <td>0.15% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dhanuk" title="Dhanuk">Dhanuk</a> </th> <td>66,000 </td> <td>0.32% </td> <td>74,000 </td> <td>0.32% </td> <td>77,000 </td> <td>0.32% </td> <td>83,000 </td> <td>0.35% </td> <td>87,278 </td> <td>0.35% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dogar" title="Dogar">Dogar</a> </th> <td>63,000 </td> <td>0.01% </td> <td>70,000 </td> <td>0.01% </td> <td>75,000 </td> <td>0.01% </td> <td>68,000 </td> <td>0.29% </td> <td>74,369 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a> </th> <td>62,000 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>90,000 </td> <td>0.39% </td> <td>99,000 </td> <td>0.41% </td> <td>63,000 </td> <td>0.26% </td> <td>87,461 </td> <td>0.35% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mallaah" title="Mallaah">Mallah</a> </th> <td>62,000 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>77,000 </td> <td>0.34% </td> <td>73,000 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>78,000 </td> <td>0.33% </td> <td>74,233 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mali_caste" title="Mali caste">Mali</a> </th> <td>58,672 </td> <td>0.28% </td> <td>95,989 </td> <td>0.42% </td> <td>105,956 </td> <td>0.43% </td> <td>96,883 </td> <td>0.41% </td> <td>92,933 </td> <td>0.37% </td> <td>85,758 </td> <td>0.34% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bharai" title="Bharai">Bharai</a> </th> <td>56,000 </td> <td>0.27% </td> <td>67,000 </td> <td>0.29% </td> <td>66,000 </td> <td>0.27% </td> <td>58,000 </td> <td>0.24% </td> <td>61,721 </td> <td>0.25% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Barwala </th> <td>55,000 </td> <td>0.26% </td> <td>64,000 </td> <td>0.28% </td> <td>69,000 </td> <td>0.28% </td> <td>64,000 </td> <td>0.27% </td> <td>65,907 </td> <td>0.26% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mahtam" title="Mahtam">Mahtam</a> </th> <td>50,313 </td> <td>0.24% </td> <td>56,982 </td> <td>0.25% </td> <td>82,719 </td> <td>0.34% </td> <td>81,805 </td> <td>0.34% </td> <td>94,325 </td> <td>0.38% </td> <td>65,262 </td> <td>0.26% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Labana" title="Labana">Labana</a> </th> <td>47,000 </td> <td>0.23% </td> <td>55,000 </td> <td>0.24% </td> <td>56,000 </td> <td>0.23% </td> <td>58,000 </td> <td>0.24% </td> <td>56,316 </td> <td>0.22% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Meghwal" title="Meghwal">Megh</a> </th> <td>37,373 </td> <td>0.18% </td> <td>41,068 </td> <td>0.18% </td> <td>44,315 </td> <td>0.18% </td> <td>39,549 </td> <td>0.17% </td> <td>30,465 </td> <td>0.12% </td> <td>23,207 </td> <td>0.09% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Khokhar" title="Khokhar">Khokhar</a> </th> <td>36,000 </td> <td>0.17% </td> <td>130,000 </td> <td>0.57% </td> <td>108,000 </td> <td>0.44% </td> <td>60,000 </td> <td>0.25% </td> <td>69,169 </td> <td>0.28% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Darzi" title="Darzi">Darzi</a> </th> <td>30,190 </td> <td>0.15% </td> <td>36,919 </td> <td>0.16% </td> <td>39,164 </td> <td>0.16% </td> <td>35,508 </td> <td>0.15% </td> <td>38,256 </td> <td>0.15% </td> <td>45,688 </td> <td>0.18% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bawaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bawaria">Bawaria</a> </th> <td>22,013 </td> <td>0.11% </td> <td>26,420 </td> <td>0.12% </td> <td>29,112 </td> <td>0.12% </td> <td>32,849 </td> <td>0.14% </td> <td>34,807 </td> <td>0.14% </td> <td>32,527 </td> <td>0.13% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sansi_people" title="Sansi people">Sansi</a> </th> <td>19,920 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>22,218 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>26,000 </td> <td>0.11% </td> <td>24,439 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>17,402 </td> <td>0.07% </td> <td>165,190 </td> <td>0.65% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Orh" title="Orh">Od</a> </th> <td>15,652 </td> <td>0.08% </td> <td>22,450 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>26,160 </td> <td>0.11% </td> <td>31,690 </td> <td>0.13% </td> <td>28,502 </td> <td>0.11% </td> <td>32,719 </td> <td>0.13% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Saryara" title="Saryara">Sarera</a> </th> <td>10,792 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td>11,366 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td>9,587 </td> <td>0.04% </td> <td>10,743 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td>9,873 </td> <td>0.04% </td> <td>11,230 </td> <td>0.04% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pakhiwara </th> <td>3,741 </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td>3,674 </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td>3,595 </td> <td>0.01% </td> <td>3,711 </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td>2,801 </td> <td>0.01% </td> <td>4,540 </td> <td>0.02% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ghosi_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosi tribe">Ghosi</a> </th> <td>2,221 </td> <td>0.01% </td> <td>2,652 </td> <td>0.01% </td> <td>3,012 </td> <td>0.01% </td> <td>2,419 </td> <td>0.01% </td> <td>502 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>3,853 </td> <td>0.02% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Harni" title="Harni">Harni</a> </th> <td>1,318 </td> <td>0.01% </td> <td>4,157 </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td>3,462 </td> <td>0.01% </td> <td>3,360 </td> <td>0.01% </td> <td>2,988 </td> <td>0.01% </td> <td>3,928 </td> <td>0.02% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Maliar" title="Maliar">Maliar</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>81,000 </td> <td>0.33% </td> <td>90,000 </td> <td>0.38% </td> <td>88,755 </td> <td>0.35% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Chuhra#In_Islam" title="Chuhra">Mussalli</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>57,367 </td> <td>0.24% </td> <td>309,543 </td> <td>1.3% </td> <td>323,549 </td> <td>1.29% </td> <td>412,300 </td> <td>1.61% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Qureshi" title="Qureshi">Qureshi</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>53,000 </td> <td>0.22% </td> <td>71,000 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>97,625 </td> <td>0.39% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Agrawal" title="Agrawal">Aggarwal</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>339,494 </td> <td>1.43% </td> <td>349,322 </td> <td>1.39% </td> <td>379,068 </td> <td>1.48% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Bagaria </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1,262 </td> <td>0.01% </td> <td>1,619 </td> <td>0.01% </td> <td>2,446 </td> <td>0.01% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ramdasia" title="Ramdasia">Ramdasia</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>126,487 </td> <td>0.49% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kahar" title="Kahar">Kahar</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>88,656 </td> <td>0.35% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tank Kshatrya </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>37,376 </td> <td>0.15% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dhiman Brahman </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>13,533 </td> <td>0.05% </td></tr> <tr> <th>No tribe </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>6,816 </td> <td>0.03% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total responses </th> <th data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </th> <th data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </th> <th data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </th> <th data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </th> <th data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </th> <th data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </th> <th data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </th> <th data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </th> <th data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </th> <th data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </th> <th>25,569,792 </th> <th>89.75% </th></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th>Total population </th> <th>20,800,995 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>22,915,894 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>24,367,113 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>23,791,841 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>25,101,514 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>28,490,869 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Punjab, Pakistan">Economy of Punjab, Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">Economy of Punjab, India</a></div> The historical region of Punjab produces a relatively high proportion of the food output from India and Pakistan.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The region has been used for extensive wheat farming. In addition, rice, cotton, <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, fruit, and vegetables are also grown.<a href="#cite_note-Agropedia_2013-180">[159]</a> The agricultural output of the Punjab region in Pakistan contributes significantly to Pakistan's GDP. Both Indian and Pakistani Punjab is considered to have the best infrastructure of their respective countries. The Indian state of Punjab is currently the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita">16th richest state</a> or the eighth richest large state of India. Pakistani Punjab produces 68% of Pakistan's foodgrain production.<a href="#cite_note-181">[160]</a> Its share of Pakistan's GDP has historically ranged from 51.8% to 54.7%.<a href="#cite_note-182">[161]</a> Called "The Granary of India" or "The Bread Basket of India", Indian Punjab produces 1% of the <a href="/wiki/Rice_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice production">world's rice</a>, 2% of its wheat, and 2% of its cotton.<a href="#cite_note-Agropedia_2013-180">[159]</a> In 2001, it was recorded that farmers made up 39% of Indian Punjab's workforce.<a href="#cite_note-183">[162]</a> In the Punjab region of Pakistan, 42.3% of the labour force is engaged in the agriculture sector.<a href="#cite_note-184">[163]</a> Alternatively, Punjab is also adding to the economy with the increase in employment of Punjab youth in the <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a>. Government schemes such as 'Ghar Ghar Rozgar and Karobar Mission' have brought enhanced employability in the private sector. As of October 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjab&action=edit">[update]</a>, more than 32,000 youths have been placed in different jobs and 12,000 have been skill-trained.<a href="#cite_note-185">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/32px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/48px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/64px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="964" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Punjab" title="Portal:Punjab">Punjab portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chak_(village)" title="Chak (village)">Chak (village)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhani_(settlement_type)" title="Dhani (settlement type)">Dhani (settlement type)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh" title="Jallianwala Bagh">Jallianwala Bagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Punjab" title="Music of Punjab">Music of Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panjab_Digital_Library" title="Panjab Digital Library">Panjab Digital Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi dance">Punjabi dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattagydia" title="Sattagydia">Sattagydia</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2011&2017Census-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2011&2017Census_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011&2017Census_1-1">b</a> Estimates from combining <a href="/wiki/2011_Indian_census" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Indian census">2011 Indian census</a> and <a href="/wiki/2017_Pakistani_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Pakistani Census">2017 Pakistani census</a> with religious data amalgamated from <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WestPunjab&IslamabadReligions-173">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-EastPunjabReligions-174">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haryana&Himachal&Delhi&ChandigarhReligions-175">[154]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> From <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> پنج panj—meaning literally "five"—and آب âb—meaning literally "water" or "river". Thus, Panjâb, پنجاب (from Panj-Âb, پنج‌آب) translates as 'five waters'.<a href="#cite_note-EoS-3">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Craterus supervised the construction. These cities are yet to be identified. </li> <li id="cite_note-lahnda-126"><a href="#cite_ref-lahnda_126-0">^</a> Western Punjabi languages and dialects including <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a>, and other related languages or dialects </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Standard_Punjabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Punjabi">Standard Punjabi</a>: 58.34% <a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a>:<a href="#cite_note-lahnda-126">[d]</a> 17.59% </li> <li id="cite_note-westernhindi-128"><a href="#cite_ref-westernhindi_128-0">^</a> Including <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>), <a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a>, and other related languages or dialects </li> <li id="cite_note-Delhi-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Delhi_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delhi_144-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delhi_144-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delhi_144-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delhi_144-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delhi_144-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delhi_144-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delhi_144-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delhi_144-8">i</a> Including Delhi district, which was later made into a separate province in 1912, following <a href="/wiki/Delhi#Colonial_period" title="Delhi">the transfer from Calcutta to Delhi as capital of India in 1911</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-ad-dharmi-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ad-dharmi_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ad-dharmi_145-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ad-dharmi_145-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ad-dharmi_145-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ad-dharmi_145-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ad-dharmi_145-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ad-dharmi_145-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ad-dharmi_145-7">h</a> 1931 & 1941 censuses: Including <a href="/wiki/Ad-Dharmi" title="Ad-Dharmi">Ad-Dharmis</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-WestPunjab1881-156"><a href="#cite_ref-WestPunjab1881_156-0">^</a> 1881 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lahore_District" title="Lahore District">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sialkot_District" title="Sialkot District">Sialkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujranwala_District" title="Gujranwala District">Gujranwala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujrat_District" title="Gujrat District">Gujrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahpur_District" title="Shahpur District">Shahpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_District" title="Jhelum District">Jhelum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_District" title="Rawalpindi District">Rawalpindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_District" title="Montgomery District">Montgomery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhang_District" title="Jhang District">Jhang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multan_District" title="Multan District">Multan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzaffargarh_District" title="Muzaffargarh District">Muzaffargargh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dera_Ghazi_Khan_District" title="Dera Ghazi Khan District">Dera Ghazi Khan</a>), one <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">tehsil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shakargarh_Tehsil" title="Shakargarh Tehsil">Shakargarh</a> – then part of <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur District</a>), and one <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Bahawalpur</a>) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a>. See 1881 census data here:<a href="#cite_note-Census1881-146">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1881B-147">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1881C-148">[140]</a> Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Bahawalpur</a>. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-WestPunjab1901-158"><a href="#cite_ref-WestPunjab1901_158-0">^</a> 1901 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lahore_District" title="Lahore District">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sialkot_District" title="Sialkot District">Sialkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujranwala_District" title="Gujranwala District">Gujranwala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujrat_District" title="Gujrat District">Gujrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahpur_District" title="Shahpur District">Shahpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_District" title="Jhelum District">Jhelum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_District" title="Rawalpindi District">Rawalpindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianwali_District" title="Mianwali District">Mianwali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_District" title="Montgomery District">Montgomery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyallpur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyallpur District">Lyallpur</a> (inscribed as the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Canal_Colonies#Chenab_Colony" title="Punjab Canal Colonies">Chenab Colony</a> on the 1901 census), <a href="/wiki/Jhang_District" title="Jhang District">Jhang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multan_District" title="Multan District">Multan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzaffargarh_District" title="Muzaffargarh District">Muzaffargargh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dera_Ghazi_Khan_District" title="Dera Ghazi Khan District">Dera Ghazi Khan</a>), one <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">tehsil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shakargarh_Tehsil" title="Shakargarh Tehsil">Shakargarh</a> – then part of <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur District</a>), one <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Bahawalpur</a>), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a>. See 1901 census data here:<a href="#cite_note-Census1901-149">[141]</a>: 34  Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Bahawalpur</a>. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-WestPunjab1911-159"><a href="#cite_ref-WestPunjab1911_159-0">^</a> 1911 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lahore_District" title="Lahore District">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sialkot_District" title="Sialkot District">Sialkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujranwala_District" title="Gujranwala District">Gujranwala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujrat_District" title="Gujrat District">Gujrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahpur_District" title="Shahpur District">Shahpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_District" title="Jhelum District">Jhelum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_District" title="Rawalpindi District">Rawalpindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attock_District" title="Attock District">Attock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianwali_District" title="Mianwali District">Mianwali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_District" title="Montgomery District">Montgomery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyallpur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyallpur District">Lyallpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhang_District" title="Jhang District">Jhang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multan_District" title="Multan District">Multan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzaffargarh_District" title="Muzaffargarh District">Muzaffargargh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dera_Ghazi_Khan_District" title="Dera Ghazi Khan District">Dera Ghazi Khan</a>), one <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">tehsil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shakargarh_Tehsil" title="Shakargarh Tehsil">Shakargarh</a> – then part of <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur District</a>), one <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Bahawalpur</a>), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a>. See 1911 census data here:<a href="#cite_note-Census1911-150">[142]</a>: 27 <a href="#cite_note-Census1911B-151">[143]</a>: 27  Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Bahawalpur</a>. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-WestPunjab1921-160"><a href="#cite_ref-WestPunjab1921_160-0">^</a> 1921 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lahore_District" title="Lahore District">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sialkot_District" title="Sialkot District">Sialkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujranwala_District" title="Gujranwala District">Gujranwala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheikhupura_District" title="Sheikhupura District">Sheikhupura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujrat_District" title="Gujrat District">Gujrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahpur_District" title="Shahpur District">Shahpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_District" title="Jhelum District">Jhelum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_District" title="Rawalpindi District">Rawalpindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attock_District" title="Attock District">Attock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianwali_District" title="Mianwali District">Mianwali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_District" title="Montgomery District">Montgomery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyallpur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyallpur District">Lyallpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhang_District" title="Jhang District">Jhang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multan_District" title="Multan District">Multan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzaffargarh_District" title="Muzaffargarh District">Muzaffargargh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dera_Ghazi_Khan_District" title="Dera Ghazi Khan District">Dera Ghazi Khan</a>), one <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">tehsil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shakargarh_Tehsil" title="Shakargarh Tehsil">Shakargarh</a> – then part of <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur District</a>), one <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Bahawalpur</a>), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a>. See 1921 census data here:<a href="#cite_note-Census1921-152">[144]</a>: 29  Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Bahawalpur</a>. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-WestPunjab1931-161"><a href="#cite_ref-WestPunjab1931_161-0">^</a> 1931 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lahore_District" title="Lahore District">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sialkot_District" title="Sialkot District">Sialkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujranwala_District" title="Gujranwala District">Gujranwala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheikhupura_District" title="Sheikhupura District">Sheikhupura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujrat_District" title="Gujrat District">Gujrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahpur_District" title="Shahpur District">Shahpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_District" title="Jhelum District">Jhelum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_District" title="Rawalpindi District">Rawalpindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attock_District" title="Attock District">Attock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianwali_District" title="Mianwali District">Mianwali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_District" title="Montgomery District">Montgomery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyallpur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyallpur District">Lyallpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhang_District" title="Jhang District">Jhang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multan_District" title="Multan District">Multan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzaffargarh_District" title="Muzaffargarh District">Muzaffargargh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dera_Ghazi_Khan_District" title="Dera Ghazi Khan District">Dera Ghazi Khan</a>), one <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">tehsil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shakargarh_Tehsil" title="Shakargarh Tehsil">Shakargarh</a> – then part of <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur District</a>), one <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Bahawalpur</a>), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a>. See 1931 census data here:<a href="#cite_note-Census1931-153">[145]</a>: 277  Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Bahawalpur</a>. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-WestPunjab1941-162"><a href="#cite_ref-WestPunjab1941_162-0">^</a> 1941 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lahore_District" title="Lahore District">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sialkot_District" title="Sialkot District">Sialkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujranwala_District" title="Gujranwala District">Gujranwala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheikhupura_District" title="Sheikhupura District">Sheikhupura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujrat_District" title="Gujrat District">Gujrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahpur_District" title="Shahpur District">Shahpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_District" title="Jhelum District">Jhelum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_District" title="Rawalpindi District">Rawalpindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attock_District" title="Attock District">Attock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianwali_District" title="Mianwali District">Mianwali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_District" title="Montgomery District">Montgomery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyallpur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyallpur District">Lyallpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhang_District" title="Jhang District">Jhang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multan_District" title="Multan District">Multan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzaffargarh_District" title="Muzaffargarh District">Muzaffargargh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dera_Ghazi_Khan_District" title="Dera Ghazi Khan District">Dera Ghazi Khan</a>), one <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">tehsil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shakargarh_Tehsil" title="Shakargarh Tehsil">Shakargarh</a> – then part of <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur District</a>), one <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Bahawalpur</a>), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a>. See 1941 census data here:<a href="#cite_note-Census1941-154">[146]</a>: 42  Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Bahawalpur</a>. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-EastPunjab1881-163"><a href="#cite_ref-EastPunjab1881_163-0">^</a> 1881 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hisar_district" title="Hisar district">Hisar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rohtak_district" title="Rohtak district">Rohtak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurgaon_district" title="Gurgaon district">Gurgaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnal_district" title="Karnal district">Karnal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirsa_district" title="Sirsa district">Sirsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_district" title="Jalandhar district">Jalandhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana_district" title="Ludhiana district">Ludhiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firozpur_district" title="Firozpur district">Firozpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_district" title="Amritsar district">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simla_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Simla District">Simla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangra_district" title="Kangra district">Kangra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambala_district" title="Ambala district">Ambala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur</a> (minus <a href="/wiki/Shakargarh_Tehsil" title="Shakargarh Tehsil">Shakargarh Tehsil</a>)), and <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loharu_State" title="Loharu State">Loharu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dujana" title="Dujana">Dujana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pataudi_State" title="Pataudi State">Pataudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalsia_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalsia State">Kalsia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malerkotla_State" title="Malerkotla State">Malerkotla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faridkot_State" title="Faridkot State">Faridkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patiala_State" title="Patiala State">Patiala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jind_State" title="Jind State">Jind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabha_State" title="Nabha State">Nabha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Simla_Hill_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Simla Hill States">Simla Hill</a>) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a>. See 1881 census data here:<a href="#cite_note-Census1881-146">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1881B-147">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1881C-148">[140]</a> Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included <a href="/wiki/Patiala_and_East_Punjab_States_Union" title="Patiala and East Punjab States Union">Patiala and East Punjab States Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Commissioner%27s_Province_of_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh">Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_State_(1950%E2%80%931954)" title="Bilaspur State (1950–1954)">Bilaspur State</a>. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-EastPunjab1901-164"><a href="#cite_ref-EastPunjab1901_164-0">^</a> 1901 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hisar_district" title="Hisar district">Hisar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rohtak_district" title="Rohtak district">Rohtak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurgaon_district" title="Gurgaon district">Gurgaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnal_district" title="Karnal district">Karnal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_district" title="Jalandhar district">Jalandhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana_district" title="Ludhiana district">Ludhiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firozpur_district" title="Firozpur district">Firozpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_district" title="Amritsar district">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simla_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Simla District">Simla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangra_district" title="Kangra district">Kangra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambala_district" title="Ambala district">Ambala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur</a> (minus <a href="/wiki/Shakargarh_Tehsil" title="Shakargarh Tehsil">Shakargarh Tehsil</a>)), and <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loharu_State" title="Loharu State">Loharu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dujana" title="Dujana">Dujana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pataudi_State" title="Pataudi State">Pataudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalsia_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalsia State">Kalsia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malerkotla_State" title="Malerkotla State">Malerkotla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faridkot_State" title="Faridkot State">Faridkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patiala_State" title="Patiala State">Patiala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jind_State" title="Jind State">Jind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabha_State" title="Nabha State">Nabha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirmur_State" title="Sirmur State">Nahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simla_Hill_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Simla Hill States">Simla Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandi_State" title="Mandi State">Mandi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suket_State" title="Suket State">Suket</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chamba_State" title="Chamba State">Chamba</a>) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a>. See 1901 census data here:<a href="#cite_note-Census1901-149">[141]</a>: 34  Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included <a href="/wiki/Patiala_and_East_Punjab_States_Union" title="Patiala and East Punjab States Union">Patiala and East Punjab States Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Commissioner%27s_Province_of_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh">Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_State_(1950%E2%80%931954)" title="Bilaspur State (1950–1954)">Bilaspur State</a>. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-EastPunjab1911-165"><a href="#cite_ref-EastPunjab1911_165-0">^</a> 1911 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hisar_district" title="Hisar district">Hisar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rohtak_district" title="Rohtak district">Rohtak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurgaon_district" title="Gurgaon district">Gurgaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnal_district" title="Karnal district">Karnal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_district" title="Jalandhar district">Jalandhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana_district" title="Ludhiana district">Ludhiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firozpur_district" title="Firozpur district">Firozpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_district" title="Amritsar district">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simla_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Simla District">Simla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangra_district" title="Kangra district">Kangra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambala_district" title="Ambala district">Ambala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur</a> (minus <a href="/wiki/Shakargarh_Tehsil" title="Shakargarh Tehsil">Shakargarh Tehsil</a>)), and <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loharu_State" title="Loharu State">Loharu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dujana" title="Dujana">Dujana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pataudi_State" title="Pataudi State">Pataudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalsia_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalsia State">Kalsia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malerkotla_State" title="Malerkotla State">Malerkotla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faridkot_State" title="Faridkot State">Faridkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patiala_State" title="Patiala State">Patiala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jind_State" title="Jind State">Jind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabha_State" title="Nabha State">Nabha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirmur_State" title="Sirmur State">Nahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simla_Hill_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Simla Hill States">Simla Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandi_State" title="Mandi State">Mandi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suket_State" title="Suket State">Suket</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chamba_State" title="Chamba State">Chamba</a>) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a>. See 1911 census data here:<a href="#cite_note-Census1911-150">[142]</a>: 27 <a href="#cite_note-Census1911B-151">[143]</a>: 27  Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included <a href="/wiki/Patiala_and_East_Punjab_States_Union" title="Patiala and East Punjab States Union">Patiala and East Punjab States Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Commissioner%27s_Province_of_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh">Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_State_(1950%E2%80%931954)" title="Bilaspur State (1950–1954)">Bilaspur State</a>. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-EastPunjab1921-166"><a href="#cite_ref-EastPunjab1921_166-0">^</a> 1921 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hisar_district" title="Hisar district">Hisar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rohtak_district" title="Rohtak district">Rohtak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurgaon_district" title="Gurgaon district">Gurgaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnal_district" title="Karnal district">Karnal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_district" title="Jalandhar district">Jalandhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana_district" title="Ludhiana district">Ludhiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firozpur_district" title="Firozpur district">Firozpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_district" title="Amritsar district">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simla_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Simla District">Simla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangra_district" title="Kangra district">Kangra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambala_district" title="Ambala district">Ambala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur</a> (minus <a href="/wiki/Shakargarh_Tehsil" title="Shakargarh Tehsil">Shakargarh Tehsil</a>)), and <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loharu_State" title="Loharu State">Loharu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dujana" title="Dujana">Dujana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pataudi_State" title="Pataudi State">Pataudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalsia_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalsia State">Kalsia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malerkotla_State" title="Malerkotla State">Malerkotla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faridkot_State" title="Faridkot State">Faridkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patiala_State" title="Patiala State">Patiala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jind_State" title="Jind State">Jind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabha_State" title="Nabha State">Nabha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirmur_State" title="Sirmur State">Nahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simla_Hill_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Simla Hill States">Simla Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_State_(princely_state)" title="Bilaspur State (princely state)">Bilaspur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandi_State" title="Mandi State">Mandi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suket_State" title="Suket State">Suket</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chamba_State" title="Chamba State">Chamba</a>) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a>. See 1921 census data here:<a href="#cite_note-Census1921-152">[144]</a>: 29  Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included <a href="/wiki/Patiala_and_East_Punjab_States_Union" title="Patiala and East Punjab States Union">Patiala and East Punjab States Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Commissioner%27s_Province_of_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh">Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_State_(1950%E2%80%931954)" title="Bilaspur State (1950–1954)">Bilaspur State</a>. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-EastPunjab1931-167"><a href="#cite_ref-EastPunjab1931_167-0">^</a> 1931 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hisar_district" title="Hisar district">Hisar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rohtak_district" title="Rohtak district">Rohtak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurgaon_district" title="Gurgaon district">Gurgaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnal_district" title="Karnal district">Karnal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_district" title="Jalandhar district">Jalandhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana_district" title="Ludhiana district">Ludhiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firozpur_district" title="Firozpur district">Firozpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_district" title="Amritsar district">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simla_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Simla District">Simla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangra_district" title="Kangra district">Kangra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambala_district" title="Ambala district">Ambala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur</a> (minus <a href="/wiki/Shakargarh_Tehsil" title="Shakargarh Tehsil">Shakargarh Tehsil</a>)), and <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loharu_State" title="Loharu State">Loharu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dujana" title="Dujana">Dujana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pataudi_State" title="Pataudi State">Pataudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalsia_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalsia State">Kalsia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malerkotla_State" title="Malerkotla State">Malerkotla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faridkot_State" title="Faridkot State">Faridkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patiala_State" title="Patiala State">Patiala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jind_State" title="Jind State">Jind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabha_State" title="Nabha State">Nabha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirmur_State" title="Sirmur State">Sirmoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simla_Hill_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Simla Hill States">Simla Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_State_(princely_state)" title="Bilaspur State (princely state)">Bilaspur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandi_State" title="Mandi State">Mandi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suket_State" title="Suket State">Suket</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chamba_State" title="Chamba State">Chamba</a>) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a>. See 1931 census data here:<a href="#cite_note-Census1931-153">[145]</a>: 277  Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included <a href="/wiki/Patiala_and_East_Punjab_States_Union" title="Patiala and East Punjab States Union">Patiala and East Punjab States Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Commissioner%27s_Province_of_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh">Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_State_(1950%E2%80%931954)" title="Bilaspur State (1950–1954)">Bilaspur State</a>. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-EastPunjab1941-168"><a href="#cite_ref-EastPunjab1941_168-0">^</a> 1941 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hisar_district" title="Hisar district">Hisar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rohtak_district" title="Rohtak district">Rohtak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurgaon_district" title="Gurgaon district">Gurgaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnal_district" title="Karnal district">Karnal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_district" title="Jalandhar district">Jalandhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana_district" title="Ludhiana district">Ludhiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firozpur_district" title="Firozpur district">Firozpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_district" title="Amritsar district">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simla_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Simla District">Simla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangra_district" title="Kangra district">Kangra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambala_district" title="Ambala district">Ambala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur</a> (minus <a href="/wiki/Shakargarh_Tehsil" title="Shakargarh Tehsil">Shakargarh Tehsil</a>)), and <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loharu_State" title="Loharu State">Loharu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dujana" title="Dujana">Dujana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pataudi_State" title="Pataudi State">Pataudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalsia_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalsia State">Kalsia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malerkotla_State" title="Malerkotla State">Malerkotla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faridkot_State" title="Faridkot State">Faridkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patiala_State" title="Patiala State">Patiala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jind_State" title="Jind State">Jind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabha_State" title="Nabha State">Nabha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirmur_State" title="Sirmur State">Sirmoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simla_Hill_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Simla Hill States">Simla Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_State_(princely_state)" title="Bilaspur State (princely state)">Bilaspur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandi_State" title="Mandi State">Mandi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suket_State" title="Suket State">Suket</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chamba_State" title="Chamba State">Chamba</a>) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a>. See 1941 census data here:<a href="#cite_note-Census1941-154">[146]</a>: 42  Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included <a href="/wiki/Patiala_and_East_Punjab_States_Union" title="Patiala and East Punjab States Union">Patiala and East Punjab States Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Commissioner%27s_Province_of_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh">Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_State_(1950%E2%80%931954)" title="Bilaspur State (1950–1954)">Bilaspur State</a>. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-GeoDivisionTotal-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GeoDivisionTotal_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GeoDivisionTotal_169-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GeoDivisionTotal_169-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GeoDivisionTotal_169-3">d</a> See total breakdowns in tables on <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Punjab#Subregions" title="Religion in the Punjab">Religion in the Punjab</a> page. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2015/oct/04/elections-in-bihar-campaigning-in-punjab-to-woo-bihari-migrants-824629.html">"Elections in Bihar, Campaigning in Punjab to Woo Bihari Migrants"</a>. 4 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329091742/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2015/oct/04/Elections-in-Bihar-Campaigning-in-Punjab-to-Woo-Bihari-Migrants-824629.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2024. <q>Punjab, as per official estimates, is home to some two million migrants from Bihar. They are engaged in various jobs and occupations in Punjab. Of this, over 1.3 million are living in and around the industrial hub of Ludhiana.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elections+in+Bihar%2C+Campaigning+in+Punjab+to+Woo+Bihari+Migrants&rft.date=2015-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fnation%2F2015%2Foct%2F04%2Felections-in-bihar-campaigning-in-punjab-to-woo-bihari-migrants-824629.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoS-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EoS_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoS_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH_K_Manmohan_Siṅgh" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">H K Manmohan Siṅgh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/PUNJAB.html">"The Punjab"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Editor-in-Chief Harbans Singh. <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_University" title="Punjabi University">Punjabi University</a>, Patiala. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305062705/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/PUNJAB.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Punjab&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism%2C+Editor-in-Chief+Harbans+Singh&rft.pub=Punjabi+University%2C+Patiala&rft.au=H+K+Manmohan+Si%E1%B9%85gh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.learnpunjabi.org%2Feos%2FPUNJAB.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nayar1-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nayar1_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nayar1_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nayar1_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNayar2012" class="citation book cs1">Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q7pO-IZY218C&pg=PA7">The Punjabis in British Columbia: Location, Labour, First Nations, and Multiculturalism</a>. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-4070-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-4070-5"><bdi>978-0-7735-4070-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Punjabis+in+British+Columbia%3A+Location%2C+Labour%2C+First+Nations%2C+and+Multiculturalism&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%E2%80%93+MQUP&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-4070-5&rft.aulast=Nayar&rft.aufirst=Kamala+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq7pO-IZY218C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto72-6"><a href="#cite_ref-auto72_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookerji2016" class="citation book cs1">Mookerji, Radhakumud (1 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t5g2EAAAQBAJ&dq=yaudheyas+chandragupta&pg=PA22">Chandragupta Maurya and His Times</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0433-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0433-3"><bdi>978-81-208-0433-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314141224/https://books.google.com/books?id=t5g2EAAAQBAJ&dq=yaudheyas+chandragupta&pg=PA22">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023. <q>Rhys Davids [Buddhist India p. 267] points out that 'it was from the Panjab that Chandragupta recruited the nucleus of the force with which he besieged and conquered Dhana Nanda'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chandragupta+Maurya+and+His+Times&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0433-3&rft.aulast=Mookerji&rft.aufirst=Radhakumud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt5g2EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dyaudheyas%2Bchandragupta%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-7"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarn2010" class="citation book cs1">Tarn, William Woodthorpe (24 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-HeJS3nE9cAC&pg=PA324">The Greeks in Bactria and India</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-00941-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-00941-6"><bdi>978-1-108-00941-6</bdi></a>. <q>Audumbaras, Trigartas, Kunindas, Yaudheyas, Arjunayanas - began to coin in the first century BC, which means that they had become independent kingdoms or republics; but the coins do not all tell the same story. Those of the two sounthernmost peoples begin somewhere about 100 BC and bear the legends 'Victory of the Arjunayanas' and (on their copper issue) 'Victory of the Yaudheyas', which point to their having won independence by the sword.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greeks+in+Bactria+and+India&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-06-24&rft.isbn=978-1-108-00941-6&rft.aulast=Tarn&rft.aufirst=William+Woodthorpe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-HeJS3nE9cAC%26pg%3DPA324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdarAltekar1986" class="citation book cs1">Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OswUZtL1_CUC&q=madra+republic">Vakataka gupta age: circa 200–550</a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0026-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0026-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0026-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004104524/https://books.google.com/books?id=OswUZtL1_CUC&q=madra+republic">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vakataka+gupta+age%3A+circa+200%E2%80%93550&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0026-7&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=Ramesh+Chandra&rft.au=Altekar%2C+Anant+Sadashiv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOswUZtL1_CUC%26q%3Dmadra%2Brepublic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham2023" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, Alexander (23 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FN2vEAAAQBAJ&dq=alexander+cunningham+vardhana+empire&pg=PA280">Archaeological Survey of India: Vol. 1</a>. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-382-11929-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-382-11929-4"><bdi>978-3-382-11929-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004104524/https://books.google.com/books?id=FN2vEAAAQBAJ&dq=alexander+cunningham+vardhana+empire&pg=PA280">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Survey+of+India%3A+Vol.+1&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=BoD+%E2%80%93+Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2023-02-23&rft.isbn=978-3-382-11929-4&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFN2vEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dalexander%2Bcunningham%2Bvardhana%2Bempire%26pg%3DPA280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchisonVogel1994" class="citation book cs1">Hutchison, John; Vogel, Jean Philippe (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3btDw4S2FmYC&q=diwan+i+salman+jalandhar">History of the Panjab Hill States</a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0942-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0942-6"><bdi>978-81-206-0942-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325135205/https://books.google.com/books?id=3btDw4S2FmYC&q=diwan+i+salman+jalandhar">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Panjab+Hill+States&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0942-6&rft.aulast=Hutchison&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Vogel%2C+Jean+Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3btDw4S2FmYC%26q%3Ddiwan%2Bi%2Bsalman%2Bjalandhar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaston,_Richard_M.2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Eaton" title="Richard M. Eaton">Easton, Richard M.</a> (2019). India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765. University of California Press. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520325128" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520325128"><bdi>978-0520325128</bdi></a>. <q>The career of Khizr Khan, a Punjabi chieftain belonging to the Khokar clan...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+in+the+Persianate+Age%3A+1000%E2%80%931765&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0520325128&rft.au=Easton%2C+Richard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto11-12"><a href="#cite_ref-auto11_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFauja_Singh1972" class="citation book cs1">Fauja Singh (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fLW1AAAAIAAJ">History of the Punjab: A.D. 1000-1526</a>. Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University. p. 152. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230501193142/https://books.google.com/books?id=fLW1AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023. <q>The Tughlaqs had close links with the Punjab . According to Firishta and Sujan Rai Bhandari, Tughlaq, the founder of the dynasty, was born in the Punjab to a Jat mother</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Punjab%3A+A.D.+1000-1526.&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Department+of+Punjab+Historical+Studies%2C+Punjabi+University&rft.date=1972&rft.au=Fauja+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfLW1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._A._BalochA._Q._Rafiqi1998" class="citation book cs1">N. A. Baloch; A. Q. Rafiqi (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/default/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_IVa%20silk%20road_the%20regions%20of%20sind%2C%20baluchistan%2C%20multan%20and%20kashmir.pdf">"Chapter 15. The Regions Of Sind, Baluchistan, Multan And Kashmir: The Historical, Social And Economic Setting"</a> (PDF). In M. S. Asimov; <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">C. E. Bosworth</a> (eds.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Age of Achievement, 750 AD to the End of the 15th Century. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. p. 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103467-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103467-1"><bdi>978-92-3-103467-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220306193338/https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/default/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_IVa%20silk%20road_the%20regions%20of%20sind%2C%20baluchistan%2C%20multan%20and%20kashmir.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+15.+The+Regions+Of+Sind%2C+Baluchistan%2C+Multan+And+Kashmir%3A+The+Historical%2C+Social+And+Economic+Setting&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%3A+Age+of+Achievement%2C+750+AD+to+the+End+of+the+15th+Century&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103467-1&rft.au=N.+A.+Baloch&rft.au=A.+Q.+Rafiqi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fsilkroad%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fknowledge-bank-article%2Fvol_IVa%2520silk%2520road_the%2520regions%2520of%2520sind%252C%2520baluchistan%252C%2520multan%2520and%2520kashmir.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2013" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Rajmohan (2013). Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten. New Delhi, India, Urbana, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>: Aleph Book Company. p. 1 ("Introduction"). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-83064-41-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-83064-41-0"><bdi>978-93-83064-41-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjab%3A+A+History+from+Aurangzeb+to+Mountbatten&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India%2C+Urbana%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=1+%28%22Introduction%22%29&rft.pub=Aleph+Book+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-93-83064-41-0&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Rajmohan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> "Punjab." Pp. 107 in <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica (9th ed.)</a>, vol. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Pletcher2010" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth Pletcher, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA199">The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places</a>. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-202-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-202-4"><bdi>978-1-61530-202-4</bdi></a>. <q>The word's origin can perhaps be traced to panca nada, Sanskrit for "five rivers" and the name of a region mentioned in the ancient epic the Mahabharata.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geography+of+India%3A+Sacred+and+Historic+Places&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-202-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGdKcAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajesh_Bala2005" class="citation book cs1">Rajesh Bala (2005). "Foreign Invasions and their Effect on Punjab". In Sukhdial Singh (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PzduAAAAMAAJ">Punjab History Conference, Thirty-seventh Session, March 18–20, 2005: Proceedings</a>. Punjabi University. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7380-990-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7380-990-3"><bdi>978-81-7380-990-3</bdi></a>. <q>The word Punjab is a compound of two words-Panj (Five) and aab (Water), thus signifying the land of five waters or rivers. This origin can perhaps be traced to panch nada, Sanskrit for "Five rivers" the word used before the advent of Muslims with a knowledge of Persian to describe the meeting point of the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers, before they joined the Indus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreign+Invasions+and+their+Effect+on+Punjab&rft.btitle=Punjab+History+Conference%2C+Thirty-seventh+Session%2C+March+18%E2%80%9320%2C+2005%3A+Proceedings&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Punjabi+University&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7380-990-3&rft.au=Rajesh+Bala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPzduAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenet2005" class="citation book cs1">Grenet, Frantz (2005). "An Archaeologist's Approach to Avestan Geography". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (eds.). Birth of the Persian Empire Volume I. I.B.Tauris. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-2459-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-2459-1"><bdi>978-0-7556-2459-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Archaeologist%27s+Approach+to+Avestan+Geography&rft.btitle=Birth+of+the+Persian+Empire+Volume+I&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7556-2459-1&rft.aulast=Grenet&rft.aufirst=Frantz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lassen" title="Christian Lassen">Lassen, Christian</a>. 1827. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XbBCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA3">Commentatio Geographica atque Historica de Pentapotamia Indica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118182901/https://books.google.ca/books?id=XbBCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA3&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> 18 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [A Geographical and Historical Commentary on Indian Pentapotamia]. Weber. p. 4: "That part of India which today we call by the Persian name ''Penjab'' is named Panchanada in the sacred language of the Indians; either of which names may be rendered in Greek by Πενταποταμια. The Persian origin of the former name is not at all in doubt, although the words of which it is composed are both Indian and Persian.... But, in truth, that final word is never, to my knowledge, used by the Indians in proper names compounded in this way; on the other hand, there exist multiple Persian names which end with that word, e.g., Doab and Nilab. Therefore, it is probable that the name Penjab, which is today found in all geographical books, is of more recent origin and is to be attributed to the Muslim kings of India, among whom the Persian language was mostly in use. That the Indian name Panchanada is ancient and genuine is evident from the fact that it is already seen in the Ramayana and Mahabharata, the most ancient Indian poems, and that no other exists in addition to it among the Indians; for Panchála, which English translations of the Ramayana render with Penjab...is the name of another region, entirely distinct from Pentapotamia...."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">whose translation?</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatif1891" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Syad_Muhammad_Latif" title="Syad Muhammad Latif">Latif, Syad Muhammad</a> (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RzBAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PR1">History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time</a>. Calcultta Central Press Company. p. 1. <q>The Panjáb, the Pentapotamia of the Greek historians, the north-western region of the empire of Hindostán, derives its name from two Persian words, panj (five), an áb (water), having reference to the five rivers which confer on the country its distinguishing features."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Panj%C3%A1b+from+the+Remotest+Antiquity+to+the+Present+Time&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Calcultta+Central+Press+Company&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Latif&rft.aufirst=Syad+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRzBAAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khalid-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Khalid_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalid2015" class="citation journal cs1">Khalid, Kanwal (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/history/PDF-FILES/7.%20Kanwal%20Khalid_v52_2_15.pdf">"Lahore of Pre Historic Era"</a> (PDF). Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan. 52 (2): 73. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220811210654/http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/history/PDF-FILES/7.%20Kanwal%20Khalid_v52_2_15.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2019. <q>The earliest mention of five rivers in the collective sense was found in Yajurveda and a word Panchananda was used, which is a Sanskrit word to describe a land where five rivers meet. [...] In the later period, the word Pentapotamia was used by the Greeks to identify this land. (Penta means 5 and potamia, water ___ the land of five rivers) Muslim Historians implied the word "Punjab" for this region. Again, it was not a new word because in Persian-speaking areas, there are references of this name given to any particular place where five rivers or lakes meet.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Research+Society+of+Pakistan&rft.atitle=Lahore+of+Pre+Historic+Era&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=73&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Khalid&rft.aufirst=Kanwal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpu.edu.pk%2Fimages%2Fjournal%2Fhistory%2FPDF-FILES%2F7.%2520Kanwal%2520Khalid_v52_2_15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_22-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_22-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_22-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_22-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_22-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_22-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_22-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_22-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_22-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_22-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_22-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_22-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_22-16">q</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2012" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA257">Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 257–259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-659-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-659-1"><bdi>978-1-59884-659-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927082336/https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA257">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+South+Asia+and+the+Pacific%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=257-259&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-659-1&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DabNDLZQ6quYC%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Buddha Parkash, Evolution of Heroic Tradition in Ancient Panjab, p 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Joshi, L. M., and Fauja Singh. History of Panjab, Vol I. p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_25-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_25-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_25-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_25-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_25-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_25-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1993" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, Albert Brian (1993). "The campaign of the Hydaspes". Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great. Cambridge University Press. pp. 125–130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+campaign+of+the+Hydaspes&rft.btitle=Conquest+and+Empire%3A+The+Reign+of+Alexander+the+Great&rft.pages=125-130&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Albert+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt2003" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Frank Lee (2003). Alexander the Great and the mystery of the elephant medallions. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great+and+the+mystery+of+the+elephant+medallions&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Frank+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Rogers, p.200 </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1993" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, Albert Brian (1993). "From the Hydaspes to the Southern Ocean". Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+the+Hydaspes+to+the+Southern+Ocean&rft.btitle=Conquest+and+Empire%3A+The+Reign+of+Alexander+the+Great&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Albert+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnson2013" class="citation book cs1">Anson, Edward M. (2013). Alexander the Great: Themes and Issues. Bloomsbury. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441193797" title="Special:BookSources/9781441193797"><bdi>9781441193797</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great%3A+Themes+and+Issues&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781441193797&rft.aulast=Anson&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy200423–28-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy200423–28_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoy2004">Roy 2004</a>, pp. 23–28. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRoy2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeckel2006" class="citation book cs1">Heckel, Waldemar (2006). Who's Who in the Age of Alexander the Great: Prosopography of Alexander's Empire. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405112109" title="Special:BookSources/9781405112109"><bdi>9781405112109</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+the+Age+of+Alexander+the+Great%3A+Prosopography+of+Alexander%27s+Empire&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781405112109&rft.aulast=Heckel&rft.aufirst=Waldemar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Irfan_Habib" title="Irfan Habib">Irfan Habib</a>; Vivekanand Jha (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nUvGQgAACAAJ">Mauryan India</a>. A People's History of India. Aligarh Historians Society / <a href="/wiki/Tulika_Books" title="Tulika Books">Tulika Books</a>. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85229-92-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85229-92-8"><bdi>978-81-85229-92-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mauryan+India&rft.series=A+People%27s+History+of+India&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Aligarh+Historians+Society+%2F+Tulika+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-85229-92-8&rft.au=Irfan+Habib&rft.au=Vivekanand+Jha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnUvGQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto7-34"><a href="#cite_ref-auto7_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookerji2016" class="citation book cs1">Mookerji, Radhakumud (1 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t5g2EAAAQBAJ&dq=yaudheyas+chandragupta&pg=PA22">Chandragupta Maurya and His Times</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0433-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0433-3"><bdi>978-81-208-0433-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314141224/https://books.google.com/books?id=t5g2EAAAQBAJ&dq=yaudheyas+chandragupta&pg=PA22">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chandragupta+Maurya+and+His+Times&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0433-3&rft.aulast=Mookerji&rft.aufirst=Radhakumud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt5g2EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dyaudheyas%2Bchandragupta%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-35"><a href="#cite_ref-auto4_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta1999" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Gyan Swarup (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jbjT9GG__nEC&dq=chief+of+the+mauryan+military+yaudheyas&pg=PA194">India: From Indus Valley Civilisation to Mauryas</a>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-763-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-763-2"><bdi>978-81-7022-763-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230708165611/https://books.google.com/books?id=jbjT9GG__nEC&dq=chief+of+the+mauryan+military+yaudheyas&pg=PA194">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+From+Indus+Valley+Civilisation+to+Mauryas&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-763-2&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Gyan+Swarup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjbjT9GG__nEC%26dq%3Dchief%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bmauryan%2Bmilitary%2Byaudheyas%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto10-36"><a href="#cite_ref-auto10_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1969" class="citation book cs1">Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VJQ6AAAAIAAJ&q=bijaygadh+pillar+inscription+yaudheyas">Corporate Life in Ancient India</a>. Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay. p. 222. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314141256/https://books.google.com/books?id=VJQ6AAAAIAAJ&q=bijaygadh+pillar+inscription+yaudheyas">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corporate+Life+in+Ancient+India&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Firma+K.+L.+Mukhopadhyay&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=Ramesh+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVJQ6AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dbijaygadh%2Bpillar%2Binscription%2Byaudheyas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-37"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookerji2016" class="citation book cs1">Mookerji, Radhakumud (1 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t5g2EAAAQBAJ&dq=mauryan+military+mostly+Punjabi&pg=PA27">Chandragupta Maurya and His Times</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0433-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0433-3"><bdi>978-81-208-0433-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230708165613/https://books.google.com/books?id=t5g2EAAAQBAJ&dq=mauryan+military+mostly+Punjabi&pg=PA27">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chandragupta+Maurya+and+His+Times&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0433-3&rft.aulast=Mookerji&rft.aufirst=Radhakumud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt5g2EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmauryan%2Bmilitary%2Bmostly%2BPunjabi%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman2002" class="citation journal cs1">Rahman, Abdul (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v15_37to42.pdf">"New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis"</a> (PDF). Ancient Pakistan. XV: 37–42. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426060455/http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v15_37to42.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2023. <q>The Hindu Śāhis were therefore neither Bhattis, or Janjuas, nor Brahmans. They were simply Uḍis/Oḍis. It can now be seen that the term Hindu Śāhi is a misnomer and, based as it is merely upon religious discrimination, should be discarded and forgotten. The correct name is Uḍi or Oḍi Śāhi dynasty.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Pakistan&rft.atitle=New+Light+on+the+Khingal%2C+Turk+and+the+Hindu+Sahis&rft.volume=XV&rft.pages=37-42&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Abdul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.uop.edu.pk%2Fpapers%2FAP_v15_37to42.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeister2005" class="citation journal cs1">Meister, Michael W. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v16_41to48.pdf">"The Problem of Platform Extensions at Kafirkot North"</a> (PDF). Ancient Pakistan. XVI: 41–48. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201184532/http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v16_41to48.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023. <q>Rehman (2002: 41) makes a good case for calling the Hindu Śāhis by a more accurate name, "Uḍi Śāhis".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Pakistan&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+Platform+Extensions+at+Kafirkot+North&rft.volume=XVI&rft.pages=41-48&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Meister&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.uop.edu.pk%2Fpapers%2FAP_v16_41to48.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERehman1976-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERehman1976_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERehman1976_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERehman1976_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERehman1976_40-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERehman1976_40-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERehman1976_40-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFRehman1976">Rehman 1976</a>. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRehman1976 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERehman197648–50-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERehman197648–50_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRehman1976">Rehman 1976</a>, pp. 48–50. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRehman1976 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_M._Eaton2019" class="citation book cs1">Richard M. Eaton (2019). India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765. University of California Press. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520325128" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520325128"><bdi>978-0520325128</bdi></a>. <q>The career of Khizr Khan, a Punjabi chieftain belonging to the Khokar clan...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+in+the+Persianate+Age%3A+1000%E2%80%931765&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0520325128&rft.au=Richard+M.+Eaton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehta1979" class="citation book cs1">Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&pg=PA76">Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India</a>. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-0617-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-207-0617-0"><bdi>978-81-207-0617-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927082342/https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&pg=PA76#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Study+in+the+History+of+Medieval+India&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-81-207-0617-0&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Jaswant+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiUk5k5AN54sC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lowe296-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lowe296_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lowe296_44-1">b</a> William Lowe (Translator), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RFNOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA296">Muntakhabu-t-tawārīkh</a>, p. 296, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, Volume 1, pages 296-301 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyindiaast06elligoog#page/n240/mode/2up">Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi</a> Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 233-234 </li> <li id="cite_note-ebmit-46"><a href="#cite_ref-ebmit_46-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396460/Muhammad-ibn-Tughluq">Muḥammad ibn Tughluq</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150427052630/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396460/Muhammad-ibn-Tughluq">Archived</a> 27 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Encyclopædia Britannica </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyindiaast06elligoog#page/n242/mode/2up">Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi</a> Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 236–237 </li> <li id="cite_note-zbarni-48"><a href="#cite_ref-zbarni_48-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyindiaast06elligoog#page/n242/mode/2up">Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi</a> Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 235–240 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2003162-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2003162_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2003">Jackson 2003</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-vsoxford3-50"><a href="#cite_ref-vsoxford3_50-0">^</a> Vincent A Smith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2gxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA217">The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911</a>, p. 217, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, Chapter 2, pp. 242–248, Oxford University Press </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrooke1890" class="citation book cs1">Crooke, William (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tCc-AAAAYAAJ&dq=firoz+shah+tughlaq+mother&pg=PA144">An Ethnographical Hand-book for the N.-W. Provinces and Oudh</a>. North-Western provinces and Oudh government Press. p. 144. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230708165612/https://books.google.com/books?id=tCc-AAAAYAAJ&dq=firoz+shah+tughlaq+mother&pg=PA144">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ethnographical+Hand-book+for+the+N.-W.+Provinces+and+Oudh&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=North-Western+provinces+and+Oudh+government+Press&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Crooke&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtCc-AAAAYAAJ%26dq%3Dfiroz%2Bshah%2Btughlaq%2Bmother%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WhFDAAAAYAAJ&q=bibi+naila+punjabi">Proceedings - Punjab History Conference</a>. Publication Bureau, Punjab University. 1966. p. 82. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230708165612/https://books.google.com/books?id=WhFDAAAAYAAJ&q=bibi+naila+punjabi">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+-+Punjab+History+Conference&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Publication+Bureau%2C+Punjab+University&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWhFDAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dbibi%2Bnaila%2Bpunjabi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004" class="citation book cs1">Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&dq=firoz+shah+orissa&pg=PA184">A History of India</a>. Psychology Press. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32919-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32919-4"><bdi>978-0-415-32919-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230708165612/https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&dq=firoz+shah+orissa&pg=PA184">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32919-4&rft.aulast=Kulke&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.au=Rothermund%2C+Dietmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTPVq3ykHyH4C%26dq%3Dfiroz%2Bshah%2Borissa%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaque1980" class="citation book cs1">Haque, Mohammed Anwarul (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Co8eAAAAMAAJ&q=firoz+shah+cuttack">Muslim Administration in Orissa, 1568-1751 A.D.</a> Punthi Pustak. p. 20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230708165610/https://books.google.com/books?id=Co8eAAAAMAAJ&q=firoz+shah+cuttack">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Administration+in+Orissa%2C+1568-1751+A.D.&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Punthi+Pustak&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Haque&rft.aufirst=Mohammed+Anwarul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCo8eAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dfiroz%2Bshah%2Bcuttack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJauhri1990" class="citation book cs1">Jauhri, R. C. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ToRHAAAAMAAJ&q=firoz+shah+tughluq+kangra">Firoz Tughluq, 1351-1388 A.D.</a> ABS Publications. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7072-029-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7072-029-4"><bdi>978-81-7072-029-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230708165613/https://books.google.com/books?id=ToRHAAAAMAAJ&q=firoz+shah+tughluq+kangra">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Firoz+Tughluq%2C+1351-1388+A.D.&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=ABS+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-7072-029-4&rft.aulast=Jauhri&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DToRHAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dfiroz%2Bshah%2Btughluq%2Bkangra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchisonVogel1994" class="citation book cs1">Hutchison, John; Vogel, Jean Philippe (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3btDw4S2FmYC&dq=kailas+pal&pg=PA221">History of the Panjab Hill States</a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0942-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0942-6"><bdi>978-81-206-0942-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230708165611/https://books.google.com/books?id=3btDw4S2FmYC&dq=kailas+pal&pg=PA221">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Panjab+Hill+States&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0942-6&rft.aulast=Hutchison&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Vogel%2C+Jean+Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3btDw4S2FmYC%26dq%3Dkailas%2Bpal%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-57"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_M._Eaton2019" class="citation book cs1">Richard M. Eaton (2019). India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765. University of California Press. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520325128" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520325128"><bdi>978-0520325128</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+in+the+Persianate+Age%3A+1000%E2%80%931765&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0520325128&rft.au=Richard+M.+Eaton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2003103-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2003103_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2003">Jackson 2003</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar2020583-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumar2020583_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumar2020583_59-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKumar2020">Kumar 2020</a>, p. 583. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Pletcher2010" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth Pletcher (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VsujRFvaHI8C&dq=khizr+khan+sind&pg=PA132">The History of India</a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781615301225" title="Special:BookSources/9781615301225"><bdi>9781615301225</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404112659/https://books.google.com/books?id=VsujRFvaHI8C&dq=khizr+khan+sind&pg=PA132">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+India&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781615301225&rft.au=Kenneth+Pletcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVsujRFvaHI8C%26dq%3Dkhizr%2Bkhan%2Bsind%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV._D._Mahajan2007" class="citation book cs1">V. D. Mahajan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=khizr+khan+sind&pg=RA1-PA229">History of Medieval India</a>. S. Chand. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788121903646" title="Special:BookSources/9788121903646"><bdi>9788121903646</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404112707/https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=khizr+khan+sind&pg=RA1-PA229">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medieval+India&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=S.+Chand&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788121903646&rft.au=V.+D.+Mahajan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnMWSQuf4oSIC%26dq%3Dkhizr%2Bkhan%2Bsind%26pg%3DRA1-PA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OghDAAAAYAAJ&q=It+is+generally+acknowledged+that+Khizr+Khan+continued+to+recognise+Timur+and+his+successors+,+Shah+Rukh+,+as+his+nominal+overlords+.+But+later+on+under+his+succesor+,+Mubarak+Khan+,+this+%27+fiction+%27+of+allegiance+to+the+Timurid+rulers">Proceedings:Volume 55</a>. Indian History Congress. 1995. p. 216. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404004957/https://books.google.com/books?id=OghDAAAAYAAJ&q=It+is+generally+acknowledged+that+Khizr+Khan+continued+to+recognise+Timur+and+his+successors+%2C+Shah+Rukh+%2C+as+his+nominal+overlords+.+But+later+on+under+his+succesor+%2C+Mubarak+Khan+%2C+this+%27+fiction+%27+of+allegiance+to+the+Timurid+rulers">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings%3AVolume+55&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Indian+History+Congress&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOghDAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DIt%2Bis%2Bgenerally%2Backnowledged%2Bthat%2BKhizr%2BKhan%2Bcontinued%2Bto%2Brecognise%2BTimur%2Band%2Bhis%2Bsuccessors%2B%2C%2BShah%2BRukh%2B%2C%2Bas%2Bhis%2Bnominal%2Boverlords%2B.%2BBut%2Blater%2Bon%2Bunder%2Bhis%2Bsuccesor%2B%2C%2BMubarak%2BKhan%2B%2C%2Bthis%2B%2527%2Bfiction%2B%2527%2Bof%2Ballegiance%2Bto%2Bthe%2BTimurid%2Brulers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahajan2007237-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahajan2007237_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMahajan2007">Mahajan 2007</a>, p. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F3QbAAAAIAAJ&q=khizr+khan+sindh">Rajasthan [district Gazetteers] Bharatpur</a>. Printed at Government Central Press. 1971. p. 52. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404112704/https://books.google.com/books?id=F3QbAAAAIAAJ&q=khizr+khan+sindh">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rajasthan+%5Bdistrict+Gazetteers%5D+Bharatpur&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Printed+at+Government+Central+Press&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF3QbAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dkhizr%2Bkhan%2Bsindh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal1980" class="citation book cs1">Lal, Kishori Saran (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C-E_SwAACAAJ&q=twilight+of+the+sultanate">Twilight of the Sultanate: A Political, Social and Cultural History of the Sultanate of Delhi from the Invasion of Timur to the Conquest of Babur 1398-1526</a>. Munshiram Manoharlal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0227-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0227-6"><bdi>978-81-215-0227-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230309205559/https://books.google.com/books?id=C-E_SwAACAAJ&q=twilight+of+the+sultanate">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2023. <q>This considerably depleted Iqbal's strength and encouraged Khizr Khan to collect his forces of Multan, Deopalpur and the Punjab</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twilight+of+the+Sultanate%3A+A+Political%2C+Social+and+Cultural+History+of+the+Sultanate+of+Delhi+from+the+Invasion+of+Timur+to+the+Conquest+of+Babur+1398-1526&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-81-215-0227-6&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=Kishori+Saran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC-E_SwAACAAJ%26q%3Dtwilight%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bsultanate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV._D._Mahajan2007" class="citation book cs1">V. D. Mahajan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=sultan+mubarak+shah+timur++caliph&pg=RA1-PA240">History of Medieval India</a>. S. Chand. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-219-0364-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-219-0364-6"><bdi>978-81-219-0364-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404112700/https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=sultan+mubarak+shah+timur++caliph&pg=RA1-PA240">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medieval+India&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=S.+Chand&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-219-0364-6&rft.au=V.+D.+Mahajan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnMWSQuf4oSIC%26dq%3Dsultan%2Bmubarak%2Bshah%2Btimur%2B%2Bcaliph%26pg%3DRA1-PA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIqtidar_Alam_Khan2008" class="citation book cs1">Iqtidar Alam Khan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzZFUcDpDzsC&dq=sultan+mubarak+shah&pg=PA103">Historical Dictionary of Medieval India</a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5503-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5503-8"><bdi>978-0-8108-5503-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404005001/https://books.google.com/books?id=pzZFUcDpDzsC&dq=sultan+mubarak+shah&pg=PA103">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Medieval+India&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5503-8&rft.au=Iqtidar+Alam+Khan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpzZFUcDpDzsC%26dq%3Dsultan%2Bmubarak%2Bshah%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal1980" class="citation book cs1">Lal, Kishori Saran (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C-E_SwAACAAJ&q=twilight+of+the+sultanate">Twilight of the Sultanate: A Political, Social and Cultural History of the Sultanate of Delhi from the Invasion of Timur to the Conquest of Babur 1398-1526</a>. Munshiram Manoharlal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0227-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0227-6"><bdi>978-81-215-0227-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230309205559/https://books.google.com/books?id=C-E_SwAACAAJ&q=twilight+of+the+sultanate">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2023. <q>Hoshang tried his luck against Sultan of Delhi but he was beaten back by Mubarak Shah Saiyyad to whom he had to pay a handsome tribute</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twilight+of+the+Sultanate%3A+A+Political%2C+Social+and+Cultural+History+of+the+Sultanate+of+Delhi+from+the+Invasion+of+Timur+to+the+Conquest+of+Babur+1398-1526&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-81-215-0227-6&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=Kishori+Saran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC-E_SwAACAAJ%26q%3Dtwilight%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bsultanate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal1980" class="citation book cs1">Lal, Kishori Saran (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C-E_SwAACAAJ&q=twilight+of+the+sultanate">Twilight of the Sultanate: A Political, Social and Cultural History of the Sultanate of Delhi from the Invasion of Timur to the Conquest of Babur 1398-1526</a>. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0227-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0227-6"><bdi>978-81-215-0227-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230309205559/https://books.google.com/books?id=C-E_SwAACAAJ&q=twilight+of+the+sultanate">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twilight+of+the+Sultanate%3A+A+Political%2C+Social+and+Cultural+History+of+the+Sultanate+of+Delhi+from+the+Invasion+of+Timur+to+the+Conquest+of+Babur+1398-1526&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-81-215-0227-6&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=Kishori+Saran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC-E_SwAACAAJ%26q%3Dtwilight%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bsultanate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahajan2007244-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahajan2007244_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMahajan2007">Mahajan 2007</a>, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed_1984_pp._428–434-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed_1984_pp._428–434_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed1984" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmed, Iftikhar (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/44140224">"Territorial Distribution of Jatt Castes in Punjab c. 1595 – c. 1881"</a>. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 45. Indian History Congress: 429, 432. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140224">44140224</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220728212635/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140224">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Territorial+Distribution+of+Jatt+Castes+in+Punjab+c.+1595+%E2%80%93+c.+1881&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=429%2C+432&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44140224%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2249-1937&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Iftikhar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44140224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mubārak_Blochmann_1891_p.321-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Mubārak_Blochmann_1891_p.321_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMubārakBlochmann1891" class="citation book cs1">Mubārak, A.F.; Blochmann, H. (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L8IXAAAAYAAJ">The Ain I Akbari</a>. Bibliotheca Indica. Asiatic Society of Bengal. p. 321. Retrieved 28 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ain+I+Akbari&rft.series=Bibliotheca+Indica&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bengal&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Mub%C4%81rak&rft.aufirst=A.F.&rft.au=Blochmann%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL8IXAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lambrick_p.212-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Lambrick_p.212_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambrick1975" class="citation book cs1">Lambrick, H. T. (1975). Sind : a general introduction. Hyderabad: Sindhi Adabi Board. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-577220-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-577220-2"><bdi>0-19-577220-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2404471">2404471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sind+%3A+a+general+introduction&rft.place=Hyderabad&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Sindhi+Adabi+Board&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2404471&rft.isbn=0-19-577220-2&rft.aulast=Lambrick&rft.aufirst=H.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roseberry_1987_p.177-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Roseberry_1987_p.177_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoseberry1987" class="citation book cs1">Roseberry, J.R. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iAMNAAAAIAAJ">Imperial Rule in Punjab: The Conquest and Administration of Multan, 1818–1881</a>. Manohar. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85054-28-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85054-28-5"><bdi>978-81-85054-28-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Rule+in+Punjab%3A+The+Conquest+and+Administration+of+Multan%2C+1818%E2%80%931881&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Manohar&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-85054-28-5&rft.aulast=Roseberry&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiAMNAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Journal_of_Central_Asia_1992_p.842-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Journal_of_Central_Asia_1992_p.842_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ml5xAAAAMAAJ">Journal of Central Asia</a>. Centre for the Study of the Civilizations of Central Asia, Quaid-i-Azam University. 1992. p. 84. Retrieved 30 July 2022. <q>Sadullah Khan was the son of Amir Bakhsh a cultivator of Chiniot . He belongs to Jat family. He was born on Thursday, the 10th Safar 1000 A.H./1591 A.C.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Centre+for+the+Study+of+the+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%2C+Quaid-i-Azam+University&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dml5xAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quddus_1992_p.402-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Quddus_1992_p.402_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuddus1992" class="citation book cs1">Quddus, S.A. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4y9zAAAAMAAJ">Punjab, the Land of Beauty, Love, and Mysticism</a>. Royal Book Company. p. 402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-407-130-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-407-130-5"><bdi>978-969-407-130-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjab%2C+the+Land+of+Beauty%2C+Love%2C+and+Mysticism&rft.pages=402&rft.pub=Royal+Book+Company&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-969-407-130-5&rft.aulast=Quddus&rft.aufirst=S.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4y9zAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqui1986" class="citation journal cs1">Siddiqui, Shabbir A. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141552">"Relations Between Dara Shukoh and Sa'adullah Khan"</a>. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 47: 273–276. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141552">44141552</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220422052225/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141552">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Relations+Between+Dara+Shukoh+and+Sa%27adullah+Khan&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=273-276&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44141552%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2249-1937&rft.aulast=Siddiqui&rft.aufirst=Shabbir+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44141552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koch-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Koch_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2006" class="citation book cs1">Koch, Ebba (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/69022179">The complete Taj Mahal : and the riverfront gardens of Agra</a>. Richard André. Barraud. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-34209-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-34209-1"><bdi>978-0-500-34209-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/69022179">69022179</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118183419/https://www.worldcat.org/title/69022179">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+complete+Taj+Mahal+%3A+and+the+riverfront+gardens+of+Agra&rft.place=London&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F69022179&rft.isbn=978-0-500-34209-1&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Ebba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F69022179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChhabra2005" class="citation book cs1">Chhabra, G.S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UkDi6rVbckoC&dq=adina+beg+punjab&pg=PA38">Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume-1: 1707–1803)</a>. Lotus Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89093-06-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89093-06-8"><bdi>978-81-89093-06-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advance+Study+in+the+History+of+Modern+India+%28Volume-1%3A+1707%E2%80%931803%29&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Lotus+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-89093-06-8&rft.aulast=Chhabra&rft.aufirst=G.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUkDi6rVbckoC%26dq%3Dadina%2Bbeg%2Bpunjab%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisti,_AA_Sheikh_Md_Asrarul_Hoque2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chisti, AA Sheikh Md Asrarul Hoque (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Shahbaz_Khan">"Shahbaz Khan"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a>. Retrieved 28 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shahbaz+Khan&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft.au=Chisti%2C+AA+Sheikh+Md+Asrarul+Hoque&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DShahbaz_Khan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDE822/">"Ranjit Singh: A Secular Sikh Sovereign by K.S. Duggal. (Date:1989. ISBN 8170172446)"</a>. Exoticindiaart.com. 3 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617232755/http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDE822/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ranjit+Singh%3A+A+Secular+Sikh+Sovereign+by+K.S.+Duggal.+%28Date%3A1989.+ISBN+8170172446%29&rft.pub=Exoticindiaart.com&rft.date=2015-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exoticindiaart.com%2Fbook%2Fdetails%2FIDE822%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition_1911_Page_892-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition_1911_Page_892_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ranjit_Singh">"Ranjit Singh" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 892.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ranjit+Singh&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=892&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grewal-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Grewal_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrewal1990" class="citation book cs1">Grewal, J. S. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC">The Sikhs of the Punjab, Chapter 6: The Sikh empire (1799–1849)</a>. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-63764-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-63764-3"><bdi>0-521-63764-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927082839/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+of+the+Punjab%2C+Chapter+6%3A+The+Sikh+empire+%281799%E2%80%931849%29&rft.series=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-63764-3&rft.aulast=Grewal&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2_nryFANsoYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-84"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_84-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Amarinder_Singh" title="Amarinder Singh">Amarinder Singh</a>'s The Last Sunset: The Rise and Fall of the Lahore Durbar </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrewal1998" class="citation book cs1">Grewal, J. S. (1998). "The Sikh empire (1799–1849) - Chapter 6". The Sikhs of the Punjab. The New Cambridge History of India (Revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 126–128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-63764-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-63764-3"><bdi>0-521-63764-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sikh+empire+%281799%E2%80%931849%29+-+Chapter+6&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+of+the+Punjab&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+India&rft.pages=126-128&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-521-63764-3&rft.aulast=Grewal&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hibb_1980-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hibb_1980_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hibb_1980_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbert1980" class="citation book cs1">Hibbert, Christopher (1980). The great mutiny: India 1857. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-004752-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-004752-3"><bdi>978-0-14-004752-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+mutiny%3A+India+1857&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-14-004752-3&rft.aulast=Hibbert&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pakgeotagging.blogspot.co.uk/2014/10/partition-of-punjab-in-1947.html">"Pakistan Geotagging: Partition of Punjab in 1947"</a>. 3 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160208221714/http://pakgeotagging.blogspot.co.uk/2014/10/partition-of-punjab-in-1947.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan+Geotagging%3A+Partition+of+Punjab+in+1947&rft.date=2014-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakgeotagging.blogspot.co.uk%2F2014%2F10%2Fpartition-of-punjab-in-1947.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988">. Daily Times (10 May 2012). Retrieved 12 July 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2009" class="citation journal cs1">Talbot, Ian (2009). "Partition of India: The Human Dimension". Cultural and Social History. 6 (4): 403–410. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2752%2F147800409X466254">10.2752/147800409X466254</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1478-0038">1478-0038</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147110854">147110854</a>. <q>The number of casualties remains a matter of dispute, with figures being claimed that range from 200,000 to 2 million victims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+and+Social+History&rft.atitle=Partition+of+India%3A+The+Human+Dimension&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=403-410&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147110854%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1478-0038&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2752%2F147800409X466254&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dcosta2011-89"><a href="#cite_ref-dcosta2011_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Costa2011" class="citation book cs1">D'Costa, Bina (2011). Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia. Routledge. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415565660" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415565660"><bdi>978-0415565660</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationbuilding%2C+Gender+and+War+Crimes+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0415565660&rft.aulast=D%27Costa&rft.aufirst=Bina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silence2000-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Silence2000_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButalia2000" class="citation book cs1">Butalia, Urvashi (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/butalia-silence.html">The Other Side of Silence: Voices From the Partition of India</a>. Duke University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325043612/https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/butalia-silence.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Side+of+Silence%3A+Voices+From+the+Partition+of+India&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Butalia&rft.aufirst=Urvashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Ffirst%2Fb%2Fbutalia-silence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSikand2004" class="citation book cs1">Sikand, Yoginder (2004). Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations. Routledge. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134378258" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134378258"><bdi>978-1134378258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+India+Since+1947%3A+Islamic+Perspectives+on+Inter-Faith+Relations&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1134378258&rft.aulast=Sikand&rft.aufirst=Yoginder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson2018188–189-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson2018188–189_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyson2018">Dyson 2018</a>, pp. 188–189. </li> <li id="cite_note-JS_Grewal_1998-93"><a href="#cite_ref-JS_Grewal_1998_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._S._Grewal1998" class="citation book cs1">J. S. Grewal (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC">The Sikhs of the Punjab</a>. The New Cambridge History of India (Revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0"><bdi>978-0-521-63764-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927082839/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+of+the+Punjab&rft.series=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+India&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63764-0&rft.au=J.+S.+Grewal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2_nryFANsoYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-94"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9x5FX2RROZgC&pg=PA202">Different Types of History</a>. Pearson Education India. 2009. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1818-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1818-6"><bdi>978-81-317-1818-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Different+Types+of+History&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1818-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9x5FX2RROZgC%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManning2020" class="citation book cs1">Manning, Stephen (30 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sNveDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9">Bayonet to Barrage Weaponry on the Victorian Battlefield</a>. Pen & Sword Books Limited. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526777249" title="Special:BookSources/9781526777249"><bdi>9781526777249</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164802/https://books.google.com/books?id=sNveDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. <q>The Sikh kingdom expanded from Tibet in the east to Kashmir in the west and from Sind in the south to the Khyber Pass in the north, an area of 200,000 square miles</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bayonet+to+Barrage+Weaponry+on+the+Victorian+Battlefield&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Books+Limited&rft.date=2020-09-30&rft.isbn=9781526777249&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsNveDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarczewski2016" class="citation book cs1">Barczewski, Stephanie (22 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ixd8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89">Heroic Failure and the British</a>. Yale University Press. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300186819" title="Special:BookSources/9780300186819"><bdi>9780300186819</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164802/https://books.google.com/books?id=ixd8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. <q>..the Sikh state encompassed over 200,000 square miles (518,000 sq km)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heroic+Failure+and+the+British&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016-03-22&rft.isbn=9780300186819&rft.aulast=Barczewski&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dixd8CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhilani1972" class="citation book cs1">Khilani, N. M. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fGEDAAAAMAAJ&q=punjab+of+over+200,000+square+miles+khilnani">British power in the Punjab, 1839–1858</a>. Asia Publishing House. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780210271872" title="Special:BookSources/9780210271872"><bdi>9780210271872</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405041653/https://books.google.com/books?id=fGEDAAAAMAAJ&q=punjab+of+over+200,000+square+miles+khilnani">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. <q>..into existence a kingdom of the Punjab of over 200,000 square miles</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+power+in+the+Punjab%2C+1839%E2%80%931858&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780210271872&rft.aulast=Khilani&rft.aufirst=N.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfGEDAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dpunjab%2Bof%2Bover%2B200%2C000%2Bsquare%2Bmiles%2Bkhilnani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._Paul_Johnson" title="K. Paul Johnson">Johnson, K. Paul</a> (1994). The Masters Revealed: Madam Blavatsky and the Myth of the Great White Lodge (1st ed.). State University of New York Press. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2063-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2063-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-2063-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Masters+Revealed%3A+Madam+Blavatsky+and+the+Myth+of+the+Great+White+Lodge&rft.pages=128&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2063-8&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=K.+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2012" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Julie G. (2012). Britain and Tibet 1765–1947 (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-59997-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-59997-9"><bdi>978-0-415-59997-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+Tibet+1765%E2%80%931947&rft.pages=116&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-59997-9&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Julie+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandey,_Dr._Hemant_KumarSingh,_Manish_Raj2017" class="citation book cs1">Pandey, Dr. Hemant Kumar; Singh, Manish Raj (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nn5IDwAAQBAJ&q=ladakh+1834+sikh&pg=PA57">India's Major Military and Rescue Operations</a>. Horizon Books. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789386369390" title="Special:BookSources/9789386369390"><bdi>9789386369390</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Major+Military+and+Rescue+Operations&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Horizon+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789386369390&rft.au=Pandey%2C+Dr.+Hemant+Kumar&rft.au=Singh%2C+Manish+Raj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnn5IDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dladakh%2B1834%2Bsikh%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeng2010" class="citation web cs1">Deng, Jonathan M. 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The Real Ranjit Singh. <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_University" title="Punjabi University">Punjabi University</a>. p. vii. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/221246072">221246072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Real+Ranjit+Singh&rft.pages=vii&rft.pub=Punjabi+University&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F221246072&rft.au=Fakir+Syed+Waheeduddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKartar_Singh_Duggal2001" class="citation book cs1">Kartar Singh Duggal (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4udb8LsF3-oC&q=tibet">Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Last to Lay Arms</a>. 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Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 1, Report"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221007223437/https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1911-26575903/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2022. 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Retrieved 14 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cdsp.imdpune.gov.in&rft.atitle=IMD+-+CDSP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdsp.imdpune.gov.in%2Fextremes_1991_2020%2F%3Fstn%3D42105%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMDextremes-120"><a href="#cite_ref-IMDextremes_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf">"Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)"</a> (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M64. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extremes+of+Temperature+%26+Rainfall+for+Indian+Stations+%28Up+to+2012%29&rft.pages=M64&rft.pub=India+Meteorological+Department&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimdpune.gov.in%2Flibrary%2Fpublic%2FEXTREMES%2520OF%2520TEMPERATURE%2520and%2520RAINFALL%2520upto%25202012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omniglot.com/writing/punjabi.htm">"Punjabi language, alphabets and pronunciation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181101213732/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/punjabi.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Punjabi+language%2C+alphabets+and+pronunciation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fpunjabi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lisindia.ciil.org/Dogri/Dogri.html">"Dogri"</a>. lisindia.ciil.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326023902/http://lisindia.ciil.org/Dogri/Dogri.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lisindia.ciil.org&rft.atitle=Dogri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flisindia.ciil.org%2FDogri%2FDogri.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hpkangra.nic.in/language/">"Language | District Kangra, Government of Himachal Pradesh | India"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220816202002/https://hpkangra.nic.in/language/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Language+%7C+District+Kangra%2C+Government+of+Himachal+Pradesh+%7C+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhpkangra.nic.in%2Flanguage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/43105">"Bagri of Rajasthan, Punjab, and Haryana: A Sociolinguistic Survey"</a>. SIL International. 28 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606040411/https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/43105">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIL+International&rft.atitle=Bagri+of+Rajasthan%2C+Punjab%2C+and+Haryana%3A+A+Sociolinguistic+Survey&rft.date=2013-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fresources%2Farchives%2F43105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackle1979198-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackle1979198_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShackle1979">Shackle 1979</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nayar12-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Nayar12_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNayar2012" class="citation book cs1">Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q7pO-IZY218C&pg=PA7">The Punjabis in British Columbia: Location, Labour, First Nations, and Multiculturalism</a>. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-4070-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-4070-5"><bdi>978-0-7735-4070-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Punjabis+in+British+Columbia%3A+Location%2C+Labour%2C+First+Nations%2C+and+Multiculturalism&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+-+MQUP&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-4070-5&rft.aulast=Nayar&rft.aufirst=Kamala+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq7pO-IZY218C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler1874" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, James Talboys (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xSFGIqjWG14C&q=punjab">The History of India from the Earliest Ages: Hindu Buddhist Brahmanical revival</a>. N. Trübner. p. 330. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003135341/https://books.google.com/books?id=xSFGIqjWG14C&q=punjab">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022. <q>The Punjab, to say the least, was less Brahmanical. It was an ancient centre of the worship of Indra, who was always regarded as an enemy by the Bráhmans; and it was also a stronghold of Buddhism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+India+from+the+Earliest+Ages%3A+Hindu+Buddhist+Brahmanical+revival&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=N.+Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=James+Talboys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxSFGIqjWG14C%26q%3Dpunjab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2013" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, W. W. (5 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vdv7AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA80">The Indian Empire: Its People, History and Products</a>. Routledge. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-38301-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-38301-4"><bdi>978-1-136-38301-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128002436/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vdv7AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA80">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022. <q>In the settlements of the Punjab, Indra thus advanced to the first place among the Vedic divinities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Empire%3A+Its+People%2C+History+and+Products&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft.isbn=978-1-136-38301-4&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=W.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVdv7AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirdee2018" class="citation book cs1">Virdee, Pippa (February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WYJIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24">From the Ashes of 1947</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42811-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42811-8"><bdi>978-1-108-42811-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164803/https://books.google.com/books?id=WYJIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023. <q>The Rig Veda and the Upanishads, which belonged to the Vedic religion, were a precursor of Hinduism, both of which were composed in Punjab.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Ashes+of+1947&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018-02&rft.isbn=978-1-108-42811-8&rft.aulast=Virdee&rft.aufirst=Pippa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWYJIDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels (2004</a>, p. 38) harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFMichaels2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>): "The legacy of the Vedic religion in Hinduism is generally overestimated. The influence of the mythology is indeed great, but the religious terminology changed considerably: all the key terms of Hinduism either do not exist in Vedic or have a completely different meaning. The religion of the Veda does not know the ethicised migration of the soul with retribution for acts (karma), the cyclical destruction of the world, or the idea of salvation during one's lifetime (jivanmukti; moksa; nirvana); the idea of the world as illusion (maya) must have gone against the grain of ancient India, and an omnipotent creator god emerges only in the late hymns of the rgveda. Nor did the Vedic religion know a caste system, the burning of widows, the ban on remarriage, images of gods and temples, Puja worship, Yoga, pilgrimages, vegetarianism, the holiness of cows, the doctrine of stages of life (asrama), or knew them only at their inception. Thus, it is justified to see a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamisonWitzel1992" class="citation web cs1">Jamison, Stephanie; Witzel, Michael (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/vedica.pdf">"Vedic Hinduism"</a> (PDF). Harvard University. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180413055150/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/vedica.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vedic+Hinduism&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Jamison&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft.au=Witzel%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.fas.harvard.edu%2F~witzel%2Fvedica.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988">: "... to call this period Vedic Hinduism is a contradictio in terminis since Vedic religion is very different from what we generally call Hindu religion – at least as much as Old Hebrew religion is from medieval and modern Christian religion. However, Vedic religion is treatable as a predecessor of Hinduism." See also <a href="#CITEREFHalbfass1991">Halbfass 1991</a>, pp. 1–2 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHalbfass1991 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin (13 July 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anintroductiontohinduismgavinfloodd.oupseeotherbooks_355_z/page/37/mode/2up">An Introduction to Hinduism</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0"><bdi>978-0-521-43878-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996-07-13&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43878-0&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanintroductiontohinduismgavinfloodd.oupseeotherbooks_355_z%2Fpage%2F37%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nayar-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nayar_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nayar_135-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nayar_135-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNayar2012" class="citation book cs1">Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q7pO-IZY218C&pg=PA7">The Punjabis in British Columbia: Location, Labour, First Nations, and Multiculturalism</a>. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-4070-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-4070-5"><bdi>978-0-7735-4070-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Punjabis+in+British+Columbia%3A+Location%2C+Labour%2C+First+Nations%2C+and+Multiculturalism&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+-+MQUP&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-4070-5&rft.aulast=Nayar&rft.aufirst=Kamala+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq7pO-IZY218C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/in-ancient-punjab-religion-was-fluid-not-watertight-says-romila-thapar-5709145/">"In ancient Punjab, religion was fluid, not watertight, says Romila Thapar"</a>. The Indian Express. 3 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503143856/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/in-ancient-punjab-religion-was-fluid-not-watertight-says-romila-thapar-5709145/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2019. <q>Thapar said Buddhism was very popular in Punjab during the Mauryan and post-Mauryan period. Bookended between Gandhara in Taxila on the one side where Buddhism was practised on a large scale and Mathura on another side where Buddhism, Jainism and Puranic religions were practised, this religion flourished in the state. But after the Gupta period, Buddhism began to decline.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=In+ancient+Punjab%2C+religion+was+fluid%2C+not+watertight%2C+says+Romila+Thapar&rft.date=2019-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fcities%2Fin-ancient-punjab-religion-was-fluid-not-watertight-says-romila-thapar-5709145%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford22-137"><a href="#cite_ref-oxford22_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamboFarhadian2014" class="citation book cs1">Rambo, Lewis R.; Farhadian, Charles E. (6 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U03gAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA490">The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 489–491. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971354-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971354-7"><bdi>978-0-19-971354-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927082337/https://books.google.com/books?id=U03gAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA490#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2021. <q>First, Islam was introduced into the southern Punjab in the opening decades of the eighth century. By the sixteenth century, Muslims were the majority in the region and an elaborate network of mosques and mausoleums marked the landscape. Local converts constituted the majority of this Muslim community, and as far for the mechanisms of conversion, the sources of the period emphasize the recitation of the Islamic confession of faith (shahada), the performance of the circumsicion (indri vaddani), and the ingestion of cow-meat (bhas khana).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Religious+Conversion&rft.pages=489-491&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-03-06&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971354-7&rft.aulast=Rambo&rft.aufirst=Lewis+R.&rft.au=Farhadian%2C+Charles+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU03gAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChhabra1968" class="citation book cs1">Chhabra, G. S. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vF9DAAAAYAAJ">Advanced History of the Punjab: Guru and post-Guru period upto Ranjit Singh</a>. New Academic Publishing Company. p. 37. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927082337/https://books.google.com/books?id=vF9DAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+History+of+the+Punjab%3A+Guru+and+post-Guru+period+upto+Ranjit+Singh&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=New+Academic+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Chhabra&rft.aufirst=G.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvF9DAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamboFarhadian2014" class="citation book cs1">Rambo, Lewis R.; Farhadian, Charles E. (6 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U03gAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA490">The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 490. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971354-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971354-7"><bdi>978-0-19-971354-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927082337/https://books.google.com/books?id=U03gAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA490#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2021. <q>While Punjabi Hindu society was relatively well established, there was also a small but vibrant Jain community in the Punjab. Buddhist communities, however, had largely disappeared by the turn of the tenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Religious+Conversion&rft.pages=490&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-03-06&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971354-7&rft.aulast=Rambo&rft.aufirst=Lewis+R.&rft.au=Farhadian%2C+Charles+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU03gAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichollsRiddell2020" class="citation book cs1">Nicholls, Ruth J.; Riddell, Peter G. (31 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gdz0DwAAQBAJ&q=islam+punjab+sufi">Insights into Sufism: Voices from the Heart</a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-5748-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-5748-2"><bdi>978-1-5275-5748-2</bdi></a>. <q>With the Muslim conquest of Punjab there was a flow of Sufis and other preachers who came to spread Islam. Much of the advance of Islam was due to these preachers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insights+into+Sufism%3A+Voices+from+the+Heart&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2020-07-31&rft.isbn=978-1-5275-5748-2&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=Ruth+J.&rft.au=Riddell%2C+Peter+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgdz0DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dislam%2Bpunjab%2Bsufi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pritam (19 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lQpswqcdDLIC&pg=PA25">Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy</a>. Routledge. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-04946-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-04946-2"><bdi>978-1-134-04946-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federalism%2C+Nationalism+and+Development%3A+India+and+the+Punjab+Economy&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008-02-19&rft.isbn=978-1-134-04946-2&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pritam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlQpswqcdDLIC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nayar2-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Nayar2_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNayar2012" class="citation book cs1">Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q7pO-IZY218C&pg=PA7">The Punjabis in British Columbia: Location, Labour, First Nations, and Multiculturalism</a>. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-4070-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-4070-5"><bdi>978-0-7735-4070-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Punjabis+in+British+Columbia%3A+Location%2C+Labour%2C+First+Nations%2C+and+Multiculturalism&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%E2%80%93+MQUP&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-4070-5&rft.aulast=Nayar&rft.aufirst=Kamala+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq7pO-IZY218C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-krishan2004-143"><a href="#cite_ref-krishan2004_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishan2004" class="citation journal cs1">Krishan, Gopal (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.gisp.d7_sp/files/sitefiles/journals/volume11/no1/6_krishan.pdf">"Demography of the Punjab (1849–1947)"</a> (PDF). Journal of Punjab Studies. 11 (1): 77–89. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209003014/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.gisp.d7_sp/files/sitefiles/journals/volume11/no1/6_krishan.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Punjab+Studies&rft.atitle=Demography+of+the+Punjab+%281849%E2%80%931947%29&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-89&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Krishan&rft.aufirst=Gopal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.global.ucsb.edu%2Fpunjab%2Fsites%2Fsecure.lsit.ucsb.edu.gisp.d7_sp%2Ffiles%2Fsitefiles%2Fjournals%2Fvolume11%2Fno1%2F6_krishan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1881-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census1881_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1881_146-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1881_146-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1881_146-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1881_146-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1881_146-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1881_146-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1881_146-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1881_146-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057656">"Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I."</a> 1881. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057656">saoa.crl.25057656</a>. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1881+Report+on+the+Census+of+the+Panj%C3%A1b+Taken+on+the+17th+of+February+1881%2C+vol.+I.&rft.date=1881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25057656%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25057656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1881B-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census1881B_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1881B_147-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1881B_147-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1881B_147-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1881B_147-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1881B_147-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1881B_147-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1881B_147-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1881B_147-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657">"Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II"</a>. 1881. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657">saoa.crl.25057657</a>. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1881+Report+on+the+Census+of+the+Panj%C3%A1b+Taken+on+the+17th+of+February+1881%2C+vol.+II.&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25057657%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25057657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1881C-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census1881C_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1881C_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1881C_148-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1881C_148-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1881C_148-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1881C_148-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1881C_148-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1881C_148-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1881C_148-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057658">"Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. III"</a>. 1881. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057658">saoa.crl.25057658</a>. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1881+Report+on+the+Census+of+the+Panj%C3%A1b+Taken+on+the+17th+of+February+1881%2C+vol.+III.&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25057658%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25057658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1901-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census1901_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1901_149-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1901_149-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1901_149-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1901_149-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1901_149-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1901_149-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1901_149-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1901_149-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25363739">"Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province"</a>. 1901. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25363739">saoa.crl.25363739</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240128154853/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25363739">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+1901.+%5BVol.+17A%5D.+Imperial+tables%2C+I-VIII%2C+X-XV%2C+XVII+and+XVIII+for+the+Punjab%2C+with+the+native+states+under+the+political+control+of+the+Punjab+Government%2C+and+for+the+North-west+Frontier+Province.&rft.date=1901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25363739%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25363739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1911-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census1911_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1911_150-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1911_150-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1911_150-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1911_150-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1911_150-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1911_150-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1911_150-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1911_150-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393788">"Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables"</a>. 1911. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393788">saoa.crl.25393788</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240109220619/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393788">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+1911.+Vol.+14%2C+Punjab.+Pt.+2%2C+Tables.&rft.date=1911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25393788%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25393788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1911B-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census1911B_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1911B_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1911B_151-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1911B_151-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1911B_151-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1911B_151-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1911B_151-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1911B_151-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1911B_151-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaul,_Harikishan1911" class="citation web cs1">Kaul, Harikishan (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62718">"Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II"</a>. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Of+India+1911+Punjab+Vol+XIV+Part+II&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Kaul%2C+Harikishan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.62718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1921-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census1921_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1921_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1921_152-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1921_152-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1921_152-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1921_152-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1921_152-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1921_152-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1921_152-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430165">"Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables"</a>. 1921. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430165">saoa.crl.25430165</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326083309/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430165">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+1921.+Vol.+15%2C+Punjab+and+Delhi.+Pt.+2%2C+Tables.&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25430165%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25430165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1931-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census1931_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1931_153-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1931_153-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1931_153-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1931_153-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1931_153-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1931_153-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1931_153-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1931_153-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793242">"Census of India 1931. 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Retrieved 14 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=infopak.gov.pk&rft.atitle=Pakistani+government+statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infopak.gov.pk%2Fpunjab.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171226234709/http://www.spdc.org.pk/Data/Publication/PDF/WP5.pdf">"Provincial Accounts of Pakistan: Methodology and Estimates 1973–2000"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spdc.org.pk/Data/Publication/PDF/WP5.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Provincial+Accounts+of+Pakistan%3A+Methodology+and+Estimates+1973%E2%80%932000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spdc.org.pk%2FData%2FPublication%2FPDF%2FWP5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhuman2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ghuman, Ranjit Singh (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4417268">"Rural Non-Farm Employment Scenario: Reflections from Recent Data in Punjab"</a>. Economic and Political Weekly. 40 (41): 4473–4480. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9976">0012-9976</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4417268">4417268</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210929123841/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4417268">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Rural+Non-Farm+Employment+Scenario%3A+Reflections+from+Recent+Data+in+Punjab&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=4473-4480&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4417268%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0012-9976&rft.aulast=Ghuman&rft.aufirst=Ranjit+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4417268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agripunjab.gov.pk/overview">"Agriculture Department, Overview"</a>. agripunjab.gov.pk. 20 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230623161017/http://www.agripunjab.gov.pk/overview">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=agripunjab.gov.pk&rft.atitle=Agriculture+Department%2C+Overview&rft.date=2014-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agripunjab.gov.pk%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/punjab-govt-to-identify-poorest-among-unemployed-in-villages-amarinder-singh-1606817-2019-10-07">"Punjab govt to identify poorest among unemployed in villages: Amarinder Singh"</a>. India Today. 7 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220810105500/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/punjab-govt-to-identify-poorest-among-unemployed-in-villages-amarinder-singh-1606817-2019-10-07">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Punjab+govt+to+identify+poorest+among+unemployed+in+villages%3A+Amarinder+Singh&rft.date=2019-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Feducation-today%2Fnews%2Fstory%2Fpunjab-govt-to-identify-poorest-among-unemployed-in-villages-amarinder-singh-1606817-2019-10-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Dyson" title="Tim Dyson">Dyson, Tim</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ">A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882905-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882905-8"><bdi>978-0-19-882905-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Population+History+of+India%3A+From+the+First+Modern+People+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-882905-8&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3TRtDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2020" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Sunil (2020). "The Delhi Sultanate as Empire". In Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Oxford World History of Empire. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-753276-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-753276-8"><bdi>978-0-19-753276-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Delhi+Sultanate+as+Empire&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+World+History+of+Empire&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-753276-8&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Sunil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson_(historian)" title="Peter Jackson (historian)">Jackson, Peter</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC">The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40477-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40477-8"><bdi>978-0-521-40477-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Delhi+Sultanate%3A+A+Political+and+Military+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-40477-8&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlt2tqOpVRKgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahajan2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Dhar_Mahajan" title="Vidya Dhar Mahajan">Mahajan, Vidya Dhar</a> (2007) [1991]. History of Medieval India, Sultanate Period And Mughal Period. New Delhi: S. Chand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1-219-0364-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-1-219-0364-6"><bdi>978-8-1-219-0364-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medieval+India%2C+Sultanate+Period+And+Mughal+Period&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=S.+Chand&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-8-1-219-0364-6&rft.aulast=Mahajan&rft.aufirst=Vidya+Dhar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRehman2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Rehman, Abdur (2014). The last two dynasties of the Sahis : an analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25911%2F5d74e50054bb9">10.25911/5d74e50054bb9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162856471">162856471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+last+two+dynasties+of+the+Sahis+%3A+an+analysis+of+their+history%2C+archaeology%2C+coinage+and+palaeography&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25911%2F5d74e50054bb9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162856471%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rehman&rft.aufirst=Abdur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackle1979" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Shackle" title="Christopher Shackle">Shackle, Christopher</a> (1979). "Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab". Transactions of the Philological Society. 77 (1): 191–210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x">10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0079-1636">0079-1636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Philological+Society&rft.atitle=Problems+of+classification+in+Pakistan+Panjab&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=191-210&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x&rft.issn=0079-1636&rft.aulast=Shackle&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Condos, Mark. The Insecurity State: Punjab and the Making of Colonial Power in British India (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Insecurity-State-Punjab-Colonial-British/dp/1108407013/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118183411/https://www.amazon.com/Insecurity-State-Punjab-Colonial-British/dp/1108407013/">Archived</a> 18 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarangGupta1969" class="citation book cs1">Narang, K.S.; Gupta, Dr H.R. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apnaorg.com/books/english/history-punjab-narang/history-punjab-narang.pdf">History of the Punjab 1500–1858</a> (PDF). U. C. Kapur & Sons, Delhi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120525030051/http://www.apnaorg.com/books/english/history-punjab-narang/history-punjab-narang.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Punjab+1500%E2%80%931858&rft.pub=U.+C.+Kapur+%26+Sons%2C+Delhi&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Narang&rft.aufirst=K.S.&rft.au=Gupta%2C+Dr+H.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apnaorg.com%2Fbooks%2Fenglish%2Fhistory-punjab-narang%2Fhistory-punjab-narang.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab" class="Z3988"></li> <li>[Quraishee 73] Punjabi Adab De Kahani, Abdul Hafeez Quaraihee, Azeez Book Depot, Lahore, 1973.</li> <li>[Chopra 77] Punjab as a Sovereign State, Gulshan Lal Chopra, Al-Biruni, Lahore, 1977.</li> <li>Patwant Singh. 1999. The Sikhs. New York: Doubleday. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-50206-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-50206-0">0-385-50206-0</a>.</li> <li>The Evolution of Heroic Tradition in Ancient Panjab, 1971, Buddha Parkash.</li> <li>Social and Political Movements in ancient Panjab, Delhi, 1962, Buddha Parkash.</li> <li>History of Porus, Patiala, Buddha Parkash.</li> <li>History of the Panjab, Patiala, 1976, Fauja Singh, L. M. Joshi (Ed).</li> <li>The Legacy of the Punjab, 1997, R. M. Chopra.</li> <li>The Rise Growth and Decline of Indo-Persian Literature, R. M. Chopra, 2012, Iran Culture House, New Delhi. 2nd revised edition, published in 2013.</li> <li>Sims, Holly. "The State and Agricultural Productivity: Continuity versus Change in the Indian and Pakistani Punjabs." <a href="/wiki/Asian_Survey" title="Asian Survey">Asian Survey</a>, 1 April 1986, Vol. 26(4), pp. 483–500.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul 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Britannica/Punjab">Punjab</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://punjabgovt.gov.in">Official website of Punjab, India</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.punjab.gov.pk">Official website of Punjab, Pakistan</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Punjab,_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Punjab,_India" title="Template:Punjab, India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Punjab,_India" title="Template talk:Punjab, India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Punjab,_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Punjab, India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Punjab,_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Punjab,_India" title="Category:Punjab, India">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Punjab,_India" title="Demographics of Punjab, India">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Punjab,_India" title="Education in Punjab, India">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porus" title="Porus">King Porus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Punjab,_India" title="Tourism in Punjab, India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Punjab" title="Music of Punjab">Music</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Punjab_in_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Punjab_in_India.png/50px-Punjab_in_India.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Punjab_in_India.png/75px-Punjab_in_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Punjab_in_India.png/100px-Punjab_in_India.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="426" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Punjab,_India" title="Government of Punjab, India">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Legislative_Assembly" title="Punjab Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Punjab,_India" title="List of chief ministers of Punjab, India">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Punjab,_India" title="List of governors of Punjab, India">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Punjab" title="Raj Bhavan, Punjab">Raj Bhavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Police_(India)" title="Punjab Police (India)">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_culture" title="Punjabi culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cinema" title="Punjabi cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Punjab" title="Folk dances of Punjab">Folk dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(dance)" title="Bhangra (dance)">Bhangra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giddha" title="Giddha">Giddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aawat_pauni" title="Aawat pauni">Aawat pauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipri_dance_(Punjab)" title="Tipri dance (Punjab)">Tipri dance (Punjab)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_folklore" title="Punjabi folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_practices_in_Punjab" title="Folk practices in Punjab">Folk practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanjhi" title="Sanjhi">Sanjhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogaji" title="Gogaji">Gogaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhapar_Mela" title="Chhapar Mela">Chhapar Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhi_Sarwar_(saint)" title="Sakhi Sarwar (saint)">Sakhi Sarwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_fasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi fasts">Punjabi fasts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Punjab" title="Music of Punjab">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(music)" title="Bhangra (music)">Bhangra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Punjab" title="Folk music of Punjab">Folk music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_clothing" title="Punjabi clothing">Dress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salwar" title="Salwar">Salwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_ghagra_suit" title="Punjabi ghagra suit">Punjabi ghagra suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patiala_salwar" title="Patiala salwar">Patiala salwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Tamba_and_Kurta" title="Punjabi Tamba and Kurta">Punjabi Tamba and Kurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulkari" title="Phulkari">Phulkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutti" title="Jutti">Jutti</a></li></ul></li> <li>Calendars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_calendar" title="Punjabi calendar">Punjabi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Bikrami calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fairs_and_festivals_in_Punjab,_India" title="List of fairs and festivals in Punjab, India">Fairs and festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_festivals" title="Punjabi festivals">Punjabi festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lohri" title="Lohri">Lohri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basant_(festival)" title="Basant (festival)">Basant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeyan" title="Teeyan">Teeyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakhri" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakhri">Rakhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Religious festivals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals_in_Punjab" title="List of Hindu festivals in Punjab">Hindu festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sikh_festivals" title="List of Sikh festivals">Sikh festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_sports_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi sports (India)">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi_in_India" title="Kabaddi in India">Kabaddi in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qila_Raipur_Sports_Festival" title="Qila Raipur Sports Festival">Qila Raipur Sports Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_kabaddi" title="Punjabi kabaddi">Punjabi kabaddi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Punjabi nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba_movement" title="Punjabi Suba movement">Punjabi Suba movement</a></li></ul></li> <li>Folk arts and crafts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chowk_poorana" title="Chowk poorana">Chowk poorana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulkari" title="Phulkari">Phulkari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Patiala</li> <li>Rupnagar</li> <li>Jalandhar</li> <li>Faridkot</li> <li>Firozpur</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Punjab,_India" title="List of districts of Punjab, India">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohali_district" title="Mohali district">SAS Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritsar_district" title="Amritsar district">Sri Amritsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnala_district" title="Barnala district">Barnala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathinda_district" title="Bathinda district">Bathinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faridkot_district" title="Faridkot district">Faridkot </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatehgarh_Sahib_district" title="Fatehgarh Sahib district">Fatehgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazilka_district" title="Fazilka district">Fazilka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firozpur_district" title="Firozpur district">Firozpur </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_district" title="Jalandhar district">Jalandhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_district" title="Kapurthala district">Kapurthala </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludhiana_district" title="Ludhiana district">Ludhiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansa_district,_India" title="Mansa district, India">Mansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moga_district" title="Moga district">Moga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathankot_district" title="Pathankot district">Pathankot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patiala_district" title="Patiala district">Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Muktsar_Sahib_district" title="Sri Muktsar Sahib district">Sri Muktsar Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupnagar_district" title="Rupnagar district">Rupnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangrur_district" title="Sangrur district">Sangrur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Bhagat_Singh_Nagar_district" title="Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district">Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarn_Taran_district" title="Tarn Taran district">Tarn Taran Sahib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Chandigarh_and_Punjab,_India_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Chandigarh and Punjab, India by population">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathinda" title="Bathinda">Bathinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur" title="Hoshiarpur">Hoshiarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohali" title="Mohali">Mohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batala" title="Batala">Batala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathankot" title="Pathankot">Pathankot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moga,_Punjab" title="Moga, Punjab">Moga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Punjab,_Pakistan&#124;link=Punjab,_Pakistan_Province_of_Punjab,_Pakistan_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Template:Punjab, Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Punjab, Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Punjab, Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Punjab,_Pakistan&#124;link=Punjab,_Pakistan_Province_of_Punjab,_Pakistan_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan"><img alt="Punjab, Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Punjab.svg/23px-Flag_of_Punjab.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Punjab.svg/35px-Flag_of_Punjab.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Punjab.svg/45px-Flag_of_Punjab.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="528" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (Pakistan)">Punjab</a>, Pakistan topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">History of Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lahore" title="History of Lahore">History of Lahore</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Punjab.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A shield displaying a coat of arms; on a dark blue background, an open book displays the words "Dominus Illuminatio Mea"; two gold crowns above, one below" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Coat_of_arms_of_Punjab.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Punjab.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Coat_of_arms_of_Punjab.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_Punjab.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Coat_of_arms_of_Punjab.svg/320px-Coat_of_arms_of_Punjab.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="379" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Government of Punjab, Pakistan">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_the_Punjab" title="Provincial Assembly of the Punjab">Provincial Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Punjab, Pakistan">Chief Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Governor of Punjab, Pakistan">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_culture" title="Punjabi culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi tribes">Punjabi tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_people" title="Saraiki people">Saraiki people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_folklore" title="Punjabi folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_Ajrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraiki Ajrak">Saraiki Ajrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau" title="Pothohar Plateau">Pothwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pothwari dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_diaspora" title="Punjabi diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_clothing" title="Punjabi clothing">Dress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salwar_(Punjabi)_Suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Salwar (Punjabi) Suit">Salwar (Punjabi) Suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_and_monuments_in_Punjab,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of archaeological sites and monuments in Punjab, Pakistan">Archaeological sites and monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_festivals_(Pakistan)" title="Punjabi festivals (Pakistan)">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Punjab,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Punjab, Pakistan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Punjab,_Pakistan" title="List of districts in Punjab, Pakistan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bahawalpur</li> <li>Dera Ghazi Khan</li> <li>Faisalabad</li> <li>Gujranwala</li> <li>Gujrat</li> <li>Lahore</li> <li>Mianwali</li> <li>Multan</li> <li>Rawalpindi</li> <li>Sahiwal</li> <li>Sarghoda</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attock_District" title="Attock District">Attock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahawalnagar_District" title="Bahawalnagar District">Bahawalnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_District" title="Bahawalpur District">Bahawalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakkar_District" title="Bhakkar District">Bhakkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakwal_District" title="Chakwal District">Chakwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiniot_District" title="Chiniot District">Chiniot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dera_Ghazi_Khan_District" title="Dera Ghazi Khan District">Dera Ghazi Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisalabad_District" title="Faisalabad District">Fasialabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujranwala_District" title="Gujranwala District">Gujranwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujrat_District" title="Gujrat District">Gujrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafizabad_District" title="Hafizabad District">Hafizabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jampur_District" title="Jampur District">Jampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhang_District" title="Jhang District">Jhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhelum_District" title="Jhelum District">Jhelum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanewal_District" title="Khanewal District">Khanewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushab_District" title="Khushab District">Khushab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kot_Addu_District" title="Kot Addu District">Kot Addu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_District" title="Lahore District">Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layyah_District" title="Layyah District">Layyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodhran_District" title="Lodhran District">Lodhran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandi_Bahauddin_District" title="Mandi Bahauddin District">Mandi Bahauddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianwali_District" title="Mianwali District">Mianwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murree_District" title="Murree District">Murree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multan_District" title="Multan District">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffargarh_District" title="Muzaffargarh District">Muzaffargarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nankana_Sahib_District" title="Nankana Sahib District">Nankana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narowal_District" title="Narowal District">Narowal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okara_District" title="Okara District">Okara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakpattan_District" title="Pakpattan District">Pakpattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasur_District" title="Kasur District">Kasur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahim_Yar_Khan_District" title="Rahim Yar Khan District">Rahim Yar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajanpur_District" title="Rajanpur District">Rajanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_District" title="Rawalpindi District">Rawalpindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahiwal_District" title="Sahiwal District">Sahiwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargodha_District" title="Sargodha District">Sargodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhupura_District" title="Sheikhupura District">Sheikhupura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialkot_District" title="Sialkot District">Sialkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talagang_District" title="Talagang District">Talagang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunsa_District" title="Taunsa District">Taunsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Tek_Singh_District" title="Toba Tek Singh District">Toba Tek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehari_District" title="Vehari District">Vehari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazirabad_District" title="Wazirabad District">Wazirabad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Punjab" title="University of the Punjab">University of the Punjab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaddafi_Stadium" title="Gaddafi Stadium">Gaddafi Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Stadium_(Faisalabad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iqbal Stadium (Faisalabad)">Iqbal Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisalabad_Hockey_Stadium" title="Faisalabad Hockey Stadium">Faisalabad Hockey Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisalabad" title="Faisalabad">Faisalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujranwala" title="Gujranwala">Gujranwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Punjab_geography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Punjab" title="Template:Geography of Punjab"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_Punjab" title="Template talk:Geography of Punjab"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_Punjab" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of Punjab"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Punjab_geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Punjab</a> geography</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagar tract">Bagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Region" title="Bar Region">Bars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sandal_Bar" title="Sandal Bar">Sandal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kirana_Bar" title="Kirana Bar">Kirana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Neeli_Bar" title="Neeli Bar">Neeli</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ganji_Bar" title="Ganji Bar">Ganji</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gondal_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gondal Bar">Gondal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jungle_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungle Bar">Jungle</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beas_River" title="Beas River">Beas River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatiore" title="Bhatiore">Bhatiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiana" title="Bhattiana">Bhattiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenab_River" title="Chenab River">Chenab River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhachh" title="Chhachh">Chhachh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholistan_Desert" title="Cholistan Desert">Cholistan Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derajat" title="Derajat">Derajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doaba,_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Doaba, Punjab">Doaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doab#The_Punjab_Doabs" title="Doab">Doabs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indus_Sagar_Doab" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Sagar Doab">Indus Sagar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chaj_Doab" title="Chaj Doab">Chaj</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rachna_Doab" title="Rachna Doab">Rachna</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bari_Doab" class="mw-redirect" title="Bari Doab">Bari</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bist_Doab" class="mw-redirect" title="Bist Doab">Bist</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duggar_(region)" title="Duggar (region)">Duggar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaggar_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaggar river">Ghaggar river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhelum_River" title="Jhelum River">Jhelum River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachhi_(Punjab)" title="Kachhi (Punjab)">Kachhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kala_Chitta_Range" title="Kala Chitta Range">Kala Chitta Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirana_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirana Hills">Kirana Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majha" title="Majha">Majha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa_(Punjab)" title="Malwa (Punjab)">Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margalla_Hills" title="Margalla Hills">Margalla Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puadh" title="Puadh">Puadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau" title="Pothohar Plateau">Pothwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakesar" title="Sakesar">Sakesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Range" title="Salt Range">Salt Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soan_River" title="Soan River">Soan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soon_Valley" title="Soon Valley">Soon Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Mountains" title="Sulaiman Mountains">Sulaiman Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutlej_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutlej River">Sutlej River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thal_Desert" title="Thal Desert">Thal Desert</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:JhangRabwah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/JhangRabwah.jpg/60px-JhangRabwah.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/JhangRabwah.jpg/90px-JhangRabwah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/JhangRabwah.jpg/120px-JhangRabwah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="318" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_regions_of_North_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_regions_of_North_India" title="Template:Historical regions of North India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_regions_of_North_India" title="Template talk:Historical regions of North India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_regions_of_North_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical regions of North India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_regions_of_North_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical regions of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahirwal" title="Ahirwal">Ahirwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagelkhand" title="Bagelkhand">Bagelkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagar_region" title="Bagar region">Bagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_region" title="Bhojpuri region">Bhojpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Braj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundelkhand" title="Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardistan" title="Dardistan">Dardistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doaba" title="Doaba">Doaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundhar" title="Dhundhar">Dhundhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_division" title="Garhwal division">Garhwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorwar" title="Gorwar">Gorwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadoti" title="Hadoti">Hadoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_division" title="Jammu division">Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaon_division" title="Kumaon division">Kumaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majha" title="Majha">Majha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwar" title="Marwar">Marwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewar" title="Mewar">Mewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewat" title="Mewat">Mewat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Punjab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malwa_(Punjab)" title="Malwa (Punjab)">Malwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purvanchal" title="Purvanchal">Purvanchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohilkhand" title="Rohilkhand">Rohilkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhawati" title="Shekhawati">Shekhawati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagad" title="Vagad">Vagad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169132#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169132#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169132#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/105144814393019265730">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4047850-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80152695">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00629038">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130346&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX455877">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/6027560">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/tr57656c14jf94d">Sweden</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027835723">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/pencap">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjab&oldid=1259562242">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjab&oldid=1259562242</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Punjab" title="Category:Punjab">Punjab</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_India" title="Category:Regions of India">Regions of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Regions of Pakistan">Regions of Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_regions" title="Category:Historical regions">Historical regions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Geography of South Asia">Geography of South Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_Indian_regions" title="Category:Historical Indian regions">Historical Indian regions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_regions_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Historical regions of Pakistan">Historical regions of Pakistan</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments" title="Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments">Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the 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