Are There GUTs Where the Proton Never Decays?

<!DOCTYPE html> <html id="XF" lang="en-US" dir="LTR" data-app="public" data-template="thread_view" data-container-key="node-66" data-content-key="thread-1063341" data-logged-in="false" data-cookie-prefix="xf_" data-csrf="1740276000,2a552e42a0ddcbc5c5504f8bcb970ba8" class="has-no-js template-thread_view XenBase layout-default style-light sidebar-right xb-toggle-default xb-sidebar-show" > <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-2209856-4"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'UA-2209856-4'); </script> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, viewport-fit=cover"> <title>Are There GUTs Where the Proton Never Decays?</title> <link rel="manifest" href="/webmanifest.php"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#466288" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Physics Forums"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.physicsforums.com/misc/PhysicsForums_logo_192.png"> <meta name="description" content="Are there any GUTs where the proton never decays? One should write such a theory, perhaps me... :oldbiggrin:" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Are there any GUTs where the proton never decays? One should write such a theory, perhaps me... :oldbiggrin:" /> <meta property="twitter:description" content="Are there any GUTs where the proton never decays? One should write such a theory, perhaps me... :oldbiggrin:" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/are-there-guts-where-the-proton-never-decays.1063341/" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/are-there-guts-where-the-proton-never-decays.1063341/" /> <script>document.documentElement.className+=' has-no-fa-brands';</script> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Physics Forums: Science Discussion, Homework Help, Articles" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Are There GUTs Where the Proton Never Decays?" /> <meta property="twitter:title" content="Are There GUTs Where the Proton Never Decays?" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.physicsforums.com/styles/physicsforums/images/physics-forums-logo-og.png" /> <meta property="twitter:image" content="https://www.physicsforums.com/styles/physicsforums/images/physics-forums-logo-og.png" /> <meta property="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css.php?css=public%3Anormalize.css%2Cpublic%3Afa.css%2Cpublic%3Acore.less%2Cpublic%3Aapp.less&s=12&l=1&d=1740257292&k=9d0860d3ac6d1d035719345d5207661b971a33e3" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css.php?css=public%3Abb_code.less%2Cpublic%3Amessage.less%2Cpublic%3Apf_first_post_rss.css%2Cpublic%3Aphysicsforums_badges.less%2Cpublic%3Ashare_controls.less%2Cpublic%3Astructured_list.less%2Cpublic%3Athxpress_xf.less%2Cpublic%3Axb.less%2Cpublic%3Aextra.less&s=12&l=1&d=1740257292&k=9c14e37ec294ab0a1d153006a30b72cc0bbc6c76" /> <script src="/js/xf/preamble.min.js?_v=bab3e795"></script> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://www.physicsforums.com/favicon.ico" sizes="32x32" /> <meta name="theme-color" content="#0275b4"> </head> <body data-template="thread_view" class=" "> <div class="p-pageWrapper" id="top"> <div class="p-pageWrapper--helper"></div> <div class="xb-page-wrapper xb-canvas-menuActive"> <div class="xb-page-wrapper--helper"></div> <div class="xb-content-wrapper"> <div class="navigation-helper"></div> <div class="p-navSticky p-navSticky--primary" data-xf-init="sticky-header"> <div class="p-nav--wrapper"> <nav class="p-nav"> <div class="p-nav-inner"> <button type="button" class="button--plain p-nav-menuTrigger button" data-xf-click="off-canvas" data-menu=".js-headerOffCanvasMenu" tabindex="0" aria-label="Menu"><span class="button-text"> <i aria-hidden="true"></i> </span></button> <div class="p-nav-smallLogo"> <a href="/"> <img src="https://www.physicsforums.com/styles/physicsforums/xenforo/logo.png" srcset="" alt="Physics Forums: Science Discussion, Homework Help, Articles" width="274" height="51" /> <img src="https://www.physicsforums.com/styles/physicsforums/xenforo/logosmall.png" width="52" height="50" alt="Physics Forums: Science Discussion, Homework Help, Articles" class="logo-mobile" /> </a> </div> <div class="p-nav-scroller hScroller" data-xf-init="h-scroller" data-auto-scroll=".p-navEl.is-selected"> <div class="hScroller-scroll"> <ul class="p-nav-list js-offCanvasNavSource"> <li class="navthxlink_1"> <div class="p-navEl " data-has-children="true"> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/" class="p-navEl-link p-navEl-link--splitMenu " data-nav-id="thxlink_1">Insights Blog</a> <a data-xf-key="1" data-xf-click="menu" data-menu-pos-ref="< .p-navEl" class="p-navEl-splitTrigger" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Toggle expanded" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true"></a> <div class="menu menu--structural" data-menu="menu" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="menu-content"> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/postindex/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="toc">-- Browse All Articles --</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-articles/physics-articles/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="physarticles">Physics Articles</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-tutorials/physics-tutorials/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="phystuts">Physics Tutorials</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-guides/physics-guides/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="physguides">Physics Guides</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-faqs/physics-faqs/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="physfaq">Physics FAQ</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-articles/math-articles/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="mathart">Math Articles</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-tutorials/math-tutorials/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="mathtuts">Math Tutorials</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-guides/math-guides/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="mathguide">Math Guides</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-faqs/math-faqs/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="mathfaq">Math FAQ</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-articles/education-articles/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="eduart">Education Articles</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-guides/education-guides/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="eduguide">Education Guides</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-articles/biology-chemistry-articles/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="biochemart">Bio/Chem Articles</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-guides/technology-guides/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="techguides">Technology Guides</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/science-math-tutorials/computer-science-tutorials/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="compscitut">Computer Science Tutorials</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="navforums"> <div class="p-navEl is-selected" data-has-children="true"> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/" class="p-navEl-link p-navEl-link--splitMenu " data-nav-id="forums">Forums</a> <a data-xf-key="2" data-xf-click="menu" data-menu-pos-ref="< .p-navEl" class="p-navEl-splitTrigger" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Toggle expanded" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true"></a> <div class="menu menu--structural" data-menu="menu" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="menu-content"> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/forums/classical-physics.61/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="quantum">Classical Physics</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/forums/quantum-physics.62/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="quantummech">Quantum Physics</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/forums/quantum-interpretations-and-foundations.292/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth1 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="quantum_inter">Quantum Interpretations</a> <hr class="menu-separator" /> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/forums/special-and-general-relativity.70/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="genrel">Special and General Relativity</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/forums/atomic-and-condensed-matter.64/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="atomicphys">Atomic and Condensed Matter</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/forums/high-energy-nuclear-particle-physics.65/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="highenergy">Nuclear and Particle Physics</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/forums/beyond-the-standard-model.66/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="standardmodel">Beyond the Standard Model</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/forums/cosmology.69/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="cosmo">Cosmology</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/forums/astronomy-and-astrophysics.71/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="astrophysics">Astronomy and Astrophysics</a> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/forums/other-physics-topics.111/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="otherphys">Other Physics Topics</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="navhotthreads1"> <div class="p-navEl " > <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/whats-new/hot-threads" class="p-navEl-link " data-xf-key="3" data-nav-id="hotthreads1">Trending</a> </div> </li> <li class="navfeaturedthreads1"> <div class="p-navEl " > <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/featured" class="p-navEl-link " data-xf-key="4" data-nav-id="featuredthreads1">Featured Threads</a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="p-nav-opposite"> <div class="p-navgroup p-account p-navgroup--guest"> <a href="/login/" class="p-navgroup-link p-navgroup-link--textual p-navgroup-link--logIn" data-xf-click="overlay" data-follow-redirects="on"> <span class="p-navgroup-linkText">Log in</span> </a> <a href="/login/register" class="p-navgroup-link p-navgroup-link--textual p-navgroup-link--register" data-xf-click="overlay" data-follow-redirects="on"> <span class="p-navgroup-linkText">Register</span> </a> </div> <div class="p-navgroup p-discovery"> <a href="/whats-new/" class="p-navgroup-link p-navgroup-link--iconic p-navgroup-link--whatsnew" aria-label="What's new" title="What's new"> <i aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="p-navgroup-linkText">What's new</span> </a> <a href="/search/" class="p-navgroup-link p-navgroup-link--iconic p-navgroup-link--search" data-xf-click="menu" data-xf-key="/" aria-label="Search" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" title="Search"> <i aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="p-navgroup-linkText">Search</span> </a> <div class="menu menu--structural menu--wide" data-menu="menu" aria-hidden="true"> <form action="/search/search" method="post" class="menu-content" data-xf-init="quick-search"> <h3 class="menu-header">Search</h3> <div class="menu-row"> <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=physics+forums" rel='nofollow,noreferrer'><b>Google search</b></a>: add "Physics Forums" to query<br><br> <div class="inputGroup inputGroup--joined"> <input type="text" class="input" name="keywords" placeholder="Search…" aria-label="Search" data-menu-autofocus="true" /> <select name="constraints" class="js-quickSearch-constraint input" aria-label="Search within"> <option value="">Everywhere</option> <option value="{"search_type":"post"}">Threads</option> <option value="{"search_type":"post","c":{"nodes":[66],"child_nodes":1}}">This forum</option> <option value="{"search_type":"post","c":{"thread":1063341}}">This thread</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="menu-row"> <label class="iconic"><input type="checkbox" name="c[title_only]" value="1" /><i aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="iconic-label">Search titles only <span tabindex="0" role="button" data-xf-init="tooltip" data-trigger="hover focus click" title="Tags will also be searched in content where tags are supported"> <i class="fa--xf far fa-question-circle u-muted u-smaller" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span></span></label> </div> <div class="menu-row"> <div class="inputGroup"> <span class="inputGroup-text" id="ctrl_search_menu_by_member">By:</span> <input type="text" class="input" name="c[users]" data-xf-init="auto-complete" placeholder="Member" aria-labelledby="ctrl_search_menu_by_member" /> </div> </div> <div class="menu-footer"> <span class="menu-footer-controls"> <button type="submit" class="button--primary button button--icon button--icon--search"><span class="button-text">Search</span></button> <a href="/search/" class="button"><span class="button-text">Advanced search…</span></a> </span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="_xfToken" value="1740276000,2a552e42a0ddcbc5c5504f8bcb970ba8" /> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="p-sectionLinks--wrapper"> <div class="p-sectionLinks"> <div class="p-sectionLinks-inner"> <div class="hScroller" data-xf-init="h-scroller"> <div class="hScroller-scroll"> <ul class="p-sectionLinks-list"> <li> <div class="p-navEl " > <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/forums/classical-physics.61/" class="p-navEl-link " data-xf-key="alt+1" data-nav-id="quantum">Classical Physics</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="p-navEl " data-has-children="true"> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/forums/quantum-physics.62/" class="p-navEl-link p-navEl-link--splitMenu " data-nav-id="quantummech">Quantum Physics</a> <a data-xf-key="alt+2" data-xf-click="menu" data-menu-pos-ref="< .p-navEl" class="p-navEl-splitTrigger" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Toggle expanded" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true"></a> <div class="menu menu--structural" data-menu="menu" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="menu-content"> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/forums/quantum-interpretations-and-foundations.292/" class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy " data-nav-id="quantum_inter">Quantum Interpretations</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="p-navEl " > <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/forums/special-and-general-relativity.70/" class="p-navEl-link " data-xf-key="alt+3" data-nav-id="genrel">Special and General Relativity</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="p-navEl " > <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/forums/atomic-and-condensed-matter.64/" class="p-navEl-link " data-xf-key="alt+4" data-nav-id="atomicphys">Atomic and Condensed Matter</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="p-navEl " > <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/forums/high-energy-nuclear-particle-physics.65/" class="p-navEl-link " data-xf-key="alt+5" data-nav-id="highenergy">Nuclear and Particle Physics</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="p-navEl " > <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/forums/beyond-the-standard-model.66/" class="p-navEl-link " data-xf-key="alt+6" data-nav-id="standardmodel">Beyond the Standard Model</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="p-navEl " > <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/forums/cosmology.69/" class="p-navEl-link " data-xf-key="alt+7" data-nav-id="cosmo">Cosmology</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="p-navEl " > <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/forums/astronomy-and-astrophysics.71/" class="p-navEl-link " data-xf-key="alt+8" data-nav-id="astrophysics">Astronomy and Astrophysics</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="p-navEl " > <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/forums/other-physics-topics.111/" class="p-navEl-link " data-xf-key="alt+9" data-nav-id="otherphys">Other Physics Topics</a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="p-sectionLinks-right"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="offCanvasMenu offCanvasMenu--nav js-headerOffCanvasMenu" data-menu="menu" aria-hidden="true" data-ocm-builder="navigation"> <div class="offCanvasMenu-backdrop" data-menu-close="true"></div> <div class="offCanvasMenu-content"> <div class="offCanvasMenu-content--inner"> <div class="offCanvasMenu-header"> Menu <a class="offCanvasMenu-closer" data-menu-close="true" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Close"></a> </div> <div class="p-offCanvasRegisterLink"> <div class="offCanvasMenu-linkHolder"> <a href="/login/" class="offCanvasMenu-link" data-xf-click="overlay" data-menu-close="true"> Log in </a> </div> <hr class="offCanvasMenu-separator" /> <div class="offCanvasMenu-linkHolder"> <a href="/login/register" class="offCanvasMenu-link" data-xf-click="overlay" data-menu-close="true"> Register </a> </div> <hr class="offCanvasMenu-separator" /> </div> <div class="offCanvasMenu-subHeader">Navigation</div> <div class="js-offCanvasNavTarget"></div>  <div class="offCanvasMenu-subHeader">More options</div> <div class="offCanvasMenu-linkHolder"> <a href="/misc/contact" class="offCanvasMenu-link" data-menu-close="true" data-nav-id="contactUs" data-xf-click="overlay">Contact us</a> </div> <div class="offCanvasMenu-linkHolder"> <a class="offCanvasMenu-link" data-menu-close="true" data-nav-id="closeMenu" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Close">Close Menu</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-body"> <div class="p-body-inner">  <noscript class="js-jsWarning"><div class="blockMessage blockMessage--important blockMessage--iconic u-noJsOnly">JavaScript is disabled. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding.</div></noscript> <div class="blockMessage blockMessage--important blockMessage--iconic js-browserWarning" style="display: none">You are using an out of date browser. It may not display this or other websites correctly.<br />You should upgrade or use an <a href="https://www.google.com/chrome/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">alternative browser</a>.</div> <div class="p-body-main p-body-main--withSidebar "> <div class="p-body-contentCol"></div> <div class="p-body-sidebarCol"></div> <div class="p-body-content"> <div class="p-body-pageContent"> <div class="p-breadcrumbs--parent "> <ul class="p-breadcrumbs " itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"> <li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/" itemprop="item"> <span itemprop="name">Forums</span> </a> <meta itemprop="position" content="1" /> </li> <li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a href="/#physics.9" itemprop="item"> <span itemprop="name">Physics</span> </a> <meta itemprop="position" content="2" /> </li> <li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a href="/forums/beyond-the-standard-models.66/" itemprop="item"> <span itemprop="name">Beyond the Standard Models</span> </a> <meta itemprop="position" content="3" /> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="p-body-header"> <div class="p-title "> <h1 class="p-title-value">Are There GUTs Where the Proton Never Decays? </h1> </div> <div class="p-description"> <ul class="listInline listInline--bullet"> <li> <span data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Level: Intermediate (Undergrad)" ><span class="prefix inter" dir="auto">I</span></span> </li> <li> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-user" aria-hidden="true" title="Thread starter"></i> <span class="u-srOnly">Thread starter</span> <span>billtodd</span> </li> <li> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-clock" aria-hidden="true" title="Start date"></i> <span class="u-srOnly">Start date</span> <time class="u-dt" dir="auto" datetime="2024-06-05T04:14:31-0500" data-time="1717578871" data-date-string="Jun 5, 2024" data-time-string="4:14 AM" title="Jun 5, 2024 at 4:14 AM">Jun 5, 2024</time> </li> <li> <dl class="tagList tagList--thread-1063341 "> <dt> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-tags" aria-hidden="true" title="Tags"></i> <span class="u-srOnly">Tags</span> </dt> <dd> <span class="js-tagList"> <a href="/tags/particle-physics/" data-xf-init="preview-tooltip" data-preview-url="/tags/particle-physics/preview" class="tagItem tagItem--tag_particle-physics" dir="auto"> Particle physics </a> <a href="/tags/proton-decay/" data-xf-init="preview-tooltip" data-preview-url="/tags/proton-decay/preview" class="tagItem tagItem--tag_proton-decay" dir="auto"> Proton decay </a> </span> </dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <script src="https://www.physicsforums.com/check-for-tex.js" defer></script> <div class="block block--messages" data-xf-init="" data-type="post" data-href="/inline-mod/" data-search-target="*"> <span class="u-anchorTarget" id="posts"></span> <div class="block-outer"></div> <div class="block-outer js-threadStatusField"></div> <div class="block-container lbContainer" data-xf-init="lightbox select-to-quote" data-message-selector=".js-post" data-lb-id="thread-1063341" data-lb-universal="0"> <div class="block-body js-replyNewMessageContainer">  <article class="message message--post js-post js-inlineModContainer " data-author="billtodd" data-content="post-7093763" id="js-post-7093763" > <span class="u-anchorTarget" id="post-7093763"></span> <div class="message-header"> <header class="message-attribution message-attribution--split"> <ul class="message-attribution-main listInline "> <li class="u-concealed"> <time class="u-dt" dir="auto" datetime="2024-06-05T04:14:31-0500" data-time="1717578871" data-date-string="Jun 5, 2024" data-time-string="4:14 AM" title="Jun 5, 2024 at 4:14 AM">Jun 5, 2024</time> </li> </ul> <ul class="message-attribution-opposite message-attribution-opposite--list "> <li> <span style="cursor:pointer;" data-xf-init="share-tooltip" data-href="/posts/7093763/share" aria-label="Share" role="button" rel="nofollow"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-share-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span> </li> <li> #1 </li> </ul> </header> </div> <div class="message-inner"> <div class="message-cell message-cell--user"> <section class="message-user" > <div class="message-userDetails"> <span class="message-name"><span class="username " dir="auto" data-user-id="7198"><span class="username--style11">billtodd</span></span></span>   <span class="threadstarter" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Thread Starter"><i class="fal fa-user-edit"></i></span>   </div> <div class="message-userExtras"> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-comments fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Messages"></i></dt> <dd>136</dd> </dl> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-thumbs-up fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Reaction score"></i></dt> <dd>33</dd> </dl> </div> <span class="message-userArrow"></span> </section> </div> <div class="message-cell message-cell--main"> <div class="message-main js-quickEditTarget"> <div class="message-content js-messageContent"> <div class="message-userContent lbContainer js-lbContainer " data-lb-id="post-7093763" data-lb-caption-desc="billtodd · Jun 5, 2024 at 4:14 AM"> <article class="message-body js-selectToQuote"> <div > <div class="bbWrapper">Are there any GUTs where the proton never decays?<br /> One should write such a theory, perhaps me... <img src="https://www.physicsforums.com/styles/physicsforums/xenforo/smilies/oldschool/biggrin.gif" class="smilie" loading="lazy" alt=":oldbiggrin:" title="Big Grin :oldbiggrin:" data-shortname=":oldbiggrin:" /></div> </div> <div class="js-selectToQuoteEnd"> </div> <div class="googleads_fixed"> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6580726045122001" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-6580726045122001" data-ad-slot="3049969336" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> </article> </div> </div> <footer class="message-footer"> <div class="reactionsBar js-reactionsList "> </div> <div class="js-historyTarget message-historyTarget toggleTarget" data-href="trigger-href"></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </article>  <div class="message-cell message-cell--main" id="post-physorg"> <a href="https://phys.org/physics-news/" target="_blank">Physics news</a> on Phys.org <ul class="phys_items"> <li><a href="https://phys.org/news/2025-02-unexpected-nucleus-prompts-reevaluation-atomic.html" target="_blank">Unexpected shape of lead-208 nucleus prompts reevaluation of atomic nuclei models</a></li> <li><a href="https://phys.org/news/2025-02-scientists-elusive-liquid-transition-deep.html" target="_blank">Scientists map elusive liquid-liquid transition point using deep neural network</a></li> <li><a href="https://phys.org/news/2025-02-links-disparate-pion-reactions-nuclear.html" target="_blank">New calculation links disparate pion reactions in nuclear physics</a></li> </ul> </div> <article class="message message--post js-post js-inlineModContainer " data-author="PeterDonis" data-content="post-7093990" id="js-post-7093990" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Comment" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/posts/7093990/"> <meta itemprop="parentItem" itemscope itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/are-there-guts-where-the-proton-never-decays.1063341/" /> <span class="u-anchorTarget" id="post-7093990"></span> <div class="message-header"> <header class="message-attribution message-attribution--split"> <ul class="message-attribution-main listInline "> <li class="u-concealed"> <time class="u-dt" dir="auto" datetime="2024-06-05T20:16:10-0500" data-time="1717636570" data-date-string="Jun 5, 2024" data-time-string="8:16 PM" title="Jun 5, 2024 at 8:16 PM" itemprop="datePublished">Jun 5, 2024</time> </li> </ul> <ul class="message-attribution-opposite message-attribution-opposite--list "> <li> <span style="cursor:pointer;" data-xf-init="share-tooltip" data-href="/posts/7093990/share" aria-label="Share" role="button" rel="nofollow"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-share-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span> </li> <li> #2 </li> </ul> </header> </div> <div class="message-inner"> <div class="message-cell message-cell--user"> <section class="message-user" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/peterdonis.197831/"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/peterdonis.197831/" /> <div class="message-userDetails"> <span class="message-name"><a href="/members/peterdonis.197831/" class="username " dir="auto" data-user-id="197831" data-xf-init="member-tooltip"><span class="username--staff username--moderator" itemprop="name">PeterDonis</span></a></span>    <div class="post-badges"> <div class="post-badge badge-mentor" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="PF Community Staff"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-user-graduate" aria-hidden="true"></i><span> Mentor</span> </div> <div class="post-badge badge-file" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Click to View My Articles"> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/author/PeterDonis/"><i class="fa--xf fal fa-file-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i><span> Insights Author</span></a> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="message-userExtras"> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-comments fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Messages"></i></dt> <dd>47,913</dd> </dl> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-thumbs-up fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Reaction score"></i></dt> <dd>24,148</dd> </dl> </div> <span class="message-userArrow"></span> </section> </div> <div class="message-cell message-cell--main"> <div class="message-main js-quickEditTarget"> <div class="message-content js-messageContent"> <div class="message-userContent lbContainer js-lbContainer " data-lb-id="post-7093990" data-lb-caption-desc="PeterDonis · Jun 5, 2024 at 8:16 PM"> <article class="message-body js-selectToQuote"> <div itemprop="text"> <div class="bbWrapper"><blockquote data-attributes="member: 7198" data-quote="billtodd" data-source="post: 7093763" class="bbCodeBlock bbCodeBlock--expandable bbCodeBlock--quote js-expandWatch"> <div class="bbCodeBlock-title"> billtodd said: </div> <div class="bbCodeBlock-content"> <div class="bbCodeBlock-expandContent js-expandContent "> Are there any GUTs where the proton never decays? </div> </div> </blockquote>Where have you looked to find out?<br /> <br /> <blockquote data-attributes="member: 7198" data-quote="billtodd" data-source="post: 7093763" class="bbCodeBlock bbCodeBlock--expandable bbCodeBlock--quote js-expandWatch"> <div class="bbCodeBlock-title"> billtodd said: </div> <div class="bbCodeBlock-content"> <div class="bbCodeBlock-expandContent js-expandContent "> One should write such a theory, perhaps me... <img src="https://www.physicsforums.com/styles/physicsforums/xenforo/smilies/oldschool/biggrin.gif" class="smilie" loading="lazy" alt=":oldbiggrin:" title="Big Grin :oldbiggrin:" data-shortname=":oldbiggrin:" /> </div> </div> </blockquote>That is off topic here, since PF is not for personal research.</div> </div> <div class="js-selectToQuoteEnd"> </div> </article> </div> </div> <footer class="message-footer"> <div class="message-microdata" itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter" itemscope> <meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content="1" /> <meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/LikeAction" /> </div> <div class="reactionsBar js-reactionsList is-active"> <ul class="reactionSummary"> <li><span class="reaction reaction--small reaction--1" data-reaction-id="1"><i aria-hidden="true"></i><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="reaction-sprite js-reaction" alt="Like" title="Like" /></span></li> </ul> <span class="u-srOnly">Likes</span> <bdi>Vanadium 50</bdi> </div> <div class="js-historyTarget message-historyTarget toggleTarget" data-href="trigger-href"></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </article>  <article class="message message--post js-post js-inlineModContainer " data-author="Vanadium 50" data-content="post-7094070" id="js-post-7094070" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Comment" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/posts/7094070/"> <meta itemprop="parentItem" itemscope itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/are-there-guts-where-the-proton-never-decays.1063341/" /> <span class="u-anchorTarget" id="post-7094070"></span> <div class="message-header"> <header class="message-attribution message-attribution--split"> <ul class="message-attribution-main listInline "> <li class="u-concealed"> <time class="u-dt" dir="auto" datetime="2024-06-06T07:38:28-0500" data-time="1717677508" data-date-string="Jun 6, 2024" data-time-string="7:38 AM" title="Jun 6, 2024 at 7:38 AM" itemprop="datePublished">Jun 6, 2024</time> </li> </ul> <ul class="message-attribution-opposite message-attribution-opposite--list "> <li> <span style="cursor:pointer;" data-xf-init="share-tooltip" data-href="/posts/7094070/share" aria-label="Share" role="button" rel="nofollow"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-share-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span> </li> <li> #3 </li> </ul> </header> </div> <div class="message-inner"> <div class="message-cell message-cell--user"> <section class="message-user" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/vanadium-50.110252/"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/vanadium-50.110252/" /> <div class="message-userDetails"> <span class="message-name"><a href="/members/vanadium-50.110252/" class="username " dir="auto" data-user-id="110252" data-xf-init="member-tooltip"><span itemprop="name">Vanadium 50</span></a></span>    <div class="post-badges"> <div class="post-badge badge-shield" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Retired Mentor"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-shield" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size:12px;color:#990033;"></i><span> Staff Emeritus</span> </div> <div class="post-badge badge-university" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Verified Expert in Science and Math"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-university" aria-hidden="true"></i><span> Science Advisor</span> </div> <div class="post-badge badge-book" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Verified Expert in Academia"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i><span> Education Advisor</span> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="message-userExtras"> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-comments fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Messages"></i></dt> <dd>35,001</dd> </dl> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-thumbs-up fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Reaction score"></i></dt> <dd>21,677</dd> </dl> </div> <span class="message-userArrow"></span> </section> </div> <div class="message-cell message-cell--main"> <div class="message-main js-quickEditTarget"> <div class="message-content js-messageContent"> <div class="message-userContent lbContainer js-lbContainer " data-lb-id="post-7094070" data-lb-caption-desc="Vanadium 50 · Jun 6, 2024 at 7:38 AM"> <article class="message-body js-selectToQuote"> <div itemprop="text"> <div class="bbWrapper"><blockquote data-attributes="member: 197831" data-quote="PeterDonis" data-source="post: 7093990" class="bbCodeBlock bbCodeBlock--expandable bbCodeBlock--quote js-expandWatch"> <div class="bbCodeBlock-title"> PeterDonis said: </div> <div class="bbCodeBlock-content"> <div class="bbCodeBlock-expandContent js-expandContent "> Where have you looked to find out? </div> </div> </blockquote>He asked us!</div> </div> <div class="js-selectToQuoteEnd"> </div> <div class="googleads_fixed"> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6580726045122001" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-6580726045122001" data-ad-slot="5961342082" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> </article> </div> </div> <footer class="message-footer"> <div class="message-microdata" itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter" itemscope> <meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content="0" /> <meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/LikeAction" /> </div> <div class="reactionsBar js-reactionsList "> </div> <div class="js-historyTarget message-historyTarget toggleTarget" data-href="trigger-href"></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </article>  <article class="message message--post js-post js-inlineModContainer " data-author="pinball1970" data-content="post-7094107" id="js-post-7094107" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Comment" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/posts/7094107/"> <meta itemprop="parentItem" itemscope itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/are-there-guts-where-the-proton-never-decays.1063341/" /> <span class="u-anchorTarget" id="post-7094107"></span> <div class="message-header"> <header class="message-attribution message-attribution--split"> <ul class="message-attribution-main listInline "> <li class="u-concealed"> <time class="u-dt" dir="auto" datetime="2024-06-06T10:47:03-0500" data-time="1717688823" data-date-string="Jun 6, 2024" data-time-string="10:47 AM" title="Jun 6, 2024 at 10:47 AM" itemprop="datePublished">Jun 6, 2024</time> </li> </ul> <ul class="message-attribution-opposite message-attribution-opposite--list "> <li> <span style="cursor:pointer;" data-xf-init="share-tooltip" data-href="/posts/7094107/share" aria-label="Share" role="button" rel="nofollow"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-share-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span> </li> <li> #4 </li> </ul> </header> </div> <div class="message-inner"> <div class="message-cell message-cell--user"> <section class="message-user" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/pinball1970.551850/"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/pinball1970.551850/" /> <div class="message-userDetails"> <span class="message-name"><span class="username " dir="auto" data-user-id="551850"><span itemprop="name">pinball1970</span></span></span>    <div class="post-badges"> <div class="post-badge badge-star" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Click to Support PF"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-star" aria-hidden="true"></i><span> Gold Member</span> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="message-userExtras"> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-comments fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Messages"></i></dt> <dd>3,374</dd> </dl> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-thumbs-up fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Reaction score"></i></dt> <dd>5,022</dd> </dl> </div> <span class="message-userArrow"></span> </section> </div> <div class="message-cell message-cell--main"> <div class="message-main js-quickEditTarget"> <div class="message-content js-messageContent"> <div class="message-userContent lbContainer js-lbContainer " data-lb-id="post-7094107" data-lb-caption-desc="pinball1970 · Jun 6, 2024 at 10:47 AM"> <article class="message-body js-selectToQuote"> <div itemprop="text"> <div class="bbWrapper"><blockquote data-attributes="member: 7198" data-quote="billtodd" data-source="post: 7093763" class="bbCodeBlock bbCodeBlock--expandable bbCodeBlock--quote js-expandWatch"> <div class="bbCodeBlock-title"> billtodd said: </div> <div class="bbCodeBlock-content"> <div class="bbCodeBlock-expandContent js-expandContent "> Are there any GUTs where the proton never decays?<br /> One should write such a theory, perhaps me... <img src="https://www.physicsforums.com/styles/physicsforums/xenforo/smilies/oldschool/biggrin.gif" class="smilie" loading="lazy" alt=":oldbiggrin:" title="Big Grin :oldbiggrin:" data-shortname=":oldbiggrin:" /> </div> </div> </blockquote>you looked at this? <br /> <a href="https://link.aps.org/accepted/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.241801" target="_blank" class="link link--external" rel="nofollow ugc noopener">https://link.aps.org/accepted/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.241801</a></div> </div> <div class="js-selectToQuoteEnd"> </div> </article> </div> </div> <footer class="message-footer"> <div class="message-microdata" itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter" itemscope> <meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content="1" /> <meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/LikeAction" /> </div> <div class="reactionsBar js-reactionsList is-active"> <ul class="reactionSummary"> <li><span class="reaction reaction--small reaction--1" data-reaction-id="1"><i aria-hidden="true"></i><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="reaction-sprite js-reaction" alt="Like" title="Like" /></span></li> </ul> <span class="u-srOnly">Likes</span> <bdi>Demystifier</bdi> </div> <div class="js-historyTarget message-historyTarget toggleTarget" data-href="trigger-href"></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </article>  <article class="message message--post js-post js-inlineModContainer " data-author="berkeman" data-content="post-7094108" id="js-post-7094108" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Comment" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/posts/7094108/"> <meta itemprop="parentItem" itemscope itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/are-there-guts-where-the-proton-never-decays.1063341/" /> <span class="u-anchorTarget" id="post-7094108"></span> <div class="message-header"> <header class="message-attribution message-attribution--split"> <ul class="message-attribution-main listInline "> <li class="u-concealed"> <time class="u-dt" dir="auto" datetime="2024-06-06T10:48:52-0500" data-time="1717688932" data-date-string="Jun 6, 2024" data-time-string="10:48 AM" title="Jun 6, 2024 at 10:48 AM" itemprop="datePublished">Jun 6, 2024</time> </li> </ul> <ul class="message-attribution-opposite message-attribution-opposite--list "> <li> <span style="cursor:pointer;" data-xf-init="share-tooltip" data-href="/posts/7094108/share" aria-label="Share" role="button" rel="nofollow"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-share-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span> </li> <li> #5 </li> </ul> </header> </div> <div class="message-inner"> <div class="message-cell message-cell--user"> <section class="message-user" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/berkeman.8921/"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/berkeman.8921/" /> <div class="message-userDetails"> <span class="message-name"><a href="/members/berkeman.8921/" class="username " dir="auto" data-user-id="8921" data-xf-init="member-tooltip"><span class="username--staff username--moderator" itemprop="name">berkeman</span></a></span>    <div class="post-badges"> <div class="post-badge badge-mentor" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="PF Community Staff"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-user-graduate" aria-hidden="true"></i><span> Mentor</span> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="message-userExtras"> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-comments fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Messages"></i></dt> <dd>68,616</dd> </dl> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-thumbs-up fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Reaction score"></i></dt> <dd>22,730</dd> </dl> </div> <span class="message-userArrow"></span> </section> </div> <div class="message-cell message-cell--main"> <div class="message-main js-quickEditTarget"> <div class="message-content js-messageContent"> <div class="message-userContent lbContainer js-lbContainer " data-lb-id="post-7094108" data-lb-caption-desc="berkeman · Jun 6, 2024 at 10:48 AM"> <article class="message-body js-selectToQuote"> <div itemprop="text"> <div class="bbWrapper">(Thread prefix changed "A"-->"I")</div> </div> <div class="js-selectToQuoteEnd"> </div> </article> </div> </div> <footer class="message-footer"> <div class="message-microdata" itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter" itemscope> <meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content="0" /> <meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/LikeAction" /> </div> <div class="reactionsBar js-reactionsList "> </div> <div class="js-historyTarget message-historyTarget toggleTarget" data-href="trigger-href"></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </article>  <article class="message message--post js-post js-inlineModContainer " data-author="Vanadium 50" data-content="post-7094126" id="js-post-7094126" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Comment" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/posts/7094126/"> <meta itemprop="parentItem" itemscope itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/are-there-guts-where-the-proton-never-decays.1063341/" /> <span class="u-anchorTarget" id="post-7094126"></span> <div class="message-header"> <header class="message-attribution message-attribution--split"> <ul class="message-attribution-main listInline "> <li class="u-concealed"> <time class="u-dt" dir="auto" datetime="2024-06-06T11:30:20-0500" data-time="1717691420" data-date-string="Jun 6, 2024" data-time-string="11:30 AM" title="Jun 6, 2024 at 11:30 AM" itemprop="datePublished">Jun 6, 2024</time> </li> </ul> <ul class="message-attribution-opposite message-attribution-opposite--list "> <li> <span style="cursor:pointer;" data-xf-init="share-tooltip" data-href="/posts/7094126/share" aria-label="Share" role="button" rel="nofollow"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-share-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span> </li> <li> #6 </li> </ul> </header> </div> <div class="message-inner"> <div class="message-cell message-cell--user"> <section class="message-user" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/vanadium-50.110252/"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/vanadium-50.110252/" /> <div class="message-userDetails"> <span class="message-name"><a href="/members/vanadium-50.110252/" class="username " dir="auto" data-user-id="110252" data-xf-init="member-tooltip"><span itemprop="name">Vanadium 50</span></a></span>    <div class="post-badges"> <div class="post-badge badge-shield" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Retired Mentor"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-shield" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size:12px;color:#990033;"></i><span> Staff Emeritus</span> </div> <div class="post-badge badge-university" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Verified Expert in Science and Math"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-university" aria-hidden="true"></i><span> Science Advisor</span> </div> <div class="post-badge badge-book" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Verified Expert in Academia"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i><span> Education Advisor</span> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="message-userExtras"> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-comments fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Messages"></i></dt> <dd>35,001</dd> </dl> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-thumbs-up fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Reaction score"></i></dt> <dd>21,677</dd> </dl> </div> <span class="message-userArrow"></span> </section> </div> <div class="message-cell message-cell--main"> <div class="message-main js-quickEditTarget"> <div class="message-content js-messageContent"> <div class="message-userContent lbContainer js-lbContainer " data-lb-id="post-7094126" data-lb-caption-desc="Vanadium 50 · Jun 6, 2024 at 11:30 AM"> <article class="message-body js-selectToQuote"> <div itemprop="text"> <div class="bbWrapper">It;s fairly trivial to do this. Protons decay via [itex]p \rightarrow e \mu \tau[/itex] and neutrons via [itex]n \rightarrow 3\nu[/itex]. The harder part is to make a model that does this "naturally".</div> </div> <div class="js-selectToQuoteEnd"> </div> </article> </div> </div> <footer class="message-footer"> <div class="message-microdata" itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter" itemscope> <meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content="0" /> <meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/LikeAction" /> </div> <div class="reactionsBar js-reactionsList "> </div> <div class="js-historyTarget message-historyTarget toggleTarget" data-href="trigger-href"></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </article>  <article class="message message--post js-post js-inlineModContainer " data-author="fresh_42" data-content="post-7094135" id="js-post-7094135" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Comment" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/posts/7094135/"> <meta itemprop="parentItem" itemscope itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/are-there-guts-where-the-proton-never-decays.1063341/" /> <span class="u-anchorTarget" id="post-7094135"></span> <div class="message-header"> <header class="message-attribution message-attribution--split"> <ul class="message-attribution-main listInline "> <li class="u-concealed"> <time class="u-dt" dir="auto" datetime="2024-06-06T12:01:40-0500" data-time="1717693300" data-date-string="Jun 6, 2024" data-time-string="12:01 PM" title="Jun 6, 2024 at 12:01 PM" itemprop="datePublished">Jun 6, 2024</time> </li> </ul> <ul class="message-attribution-opposite message-attribution-opposite--list "> <li> <span style="cursor:pointer;" data-xf-init="share-tooltip" data-href="/posts/7094135/share" aria-label="Share" role="button" rel="nofollow"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-share-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span> </li> <li> #7 </li> </ul> </header> </div> <div class="message-inner"> <div class="message-cell message-cell--user"> <section class="message-user" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/fresh_42.572553/"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/fresh_42.572553/" /> <div class="message-userDetails"> <span class="message-name"><a href="/members/fresh_42.572553/" class="username " dir="auto" data-user-id="572553" data-xf-init="member-tooltip"><span itemprop="name">fresh_42</span></a></span>    <div class="post-badges"> <div class="post-badge badge-shield" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Retired Mentor"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-shield" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size:12px;color:#990033;"></i><span> Staff Emeritus</span> </div> <div class="post-badge badge-university" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Verified Expert in Science and Math"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-university" aria-hidden="true"></i><span> Science Advisor</span> </div> <div class="post-badge badge-file" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Click to View My Articles"> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/author/fresh_42/"><i class="fa--xf fal fa-file-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i><span> Insights Author</span></a> </div> <div class="post-badge badge-trophy" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="2024 Award Winner"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-trophy" aria-hidden="true"></i><span> 2024 Award</span> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="message-userExtras"> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-comments fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Messages"></i></dt> <dd>19,964</dd> </dl> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-thumbs-up fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Reaction score"></i></dt> <dd>26,187</dd> </dl> </div> <span class="message-userArrow"></span> </section> </div> <div class="message-cell message-cell--main"> <div class="message-main js-quickEditTarget"> <div class="message-content js-messageContent"> <div class="message-userContent lbContainer js-lbContainer " data-lb-id="post-7094135" data-lb-caption-desc="fresh_42 · Jun 6, 2024 at 12:01 PM"> <article class="message-body js-selectToQuote"> <div itemprop="text"> <div class="bbWrapper"><blockquote data-attributes="member: 110252" data-quote="Vanadium 50" data-source="post: 7094070" class="bbCodeBlock bbCodeBlock--expandable bbCodeBlock--quote js-expandWatch"> <div class="bbCodeBlock-title"> Vanadium 50 said: </div> <div class="bbCodeBlock-content"> <div class="bbCodeBlock-expandContent js-expandContent "> He asked us! </div> </div> </blockquote>I looked at Wikipedia (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonenzerfall" target="_blank" class="link link--external" rel="noopener">German version</a>) and got a brief, but sufficient answer. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_decay" target="_blank" class="link link--external" rel="noopener">English version</a> is far more detailed so I didn't read it since I already had the main questions answered. <br /> <br /> The question I would really like to be answered is: If it is true that Super-Kamiokande in Japan set a lower bound of ##1.6\cdot 10^{34}\,a## (by ##2017##), which are the consequences of this extremely marginal difference to stability. Admittedly, nearly zero and zero make a big difference in mathematics. But if I add the tolerance of measurement in the real world, can it ever be distinguished?</div> </div> <div class="js-selectToQuoteEnd"> </div> </article> </div> </div> <footer class="message-footer"> <div class="message-microdata" itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter" itemscope> <meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content="0" /> <meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/LikeAction" /> </div> <div class="reactionsBar js-reactionsList "> </div> <div class="js-historyTarget message-historyTarget toggleTarget" data-href="trigger-href"></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </article>  <article class="message message--post js-post js-inlineModContainer " data-author="Vanadium 50" data-content="post-7094145" id="js-post-7094145" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Comment" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/posts/7094145/"> <meta itemprop="parentItem" itemscope itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/are-there-guts-where-the-proton-never-decays.1063341/" /> <span class="u-anchorTarget" id="post-7094145"></span> <div class="message-header"> <header class="message-attribution message-attribution--split"> <ul class="message-attribution-main listInline "> <li class="u-concealed"> <time class="u-dt" dir="auto" datetime="2024-06-06T12:23:32-0500" data-time="1717694612" data-date-string="Jun 6, 2024" data-time-string="12:23 PM" title="Jun 6, 2024 at 12:23 PM" itemprop="datePublished">Jun 6, 2024</time> </li> </ul> <ul class="message-attribution-opposite message-attribution-opposite--list "> <li> <span style="cursor:pointer;" data-xf-init="share-tooltip" data-href="/posts/7094145/share" aria-label="Share" role="button" rel="nofollow"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-share-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span> </li> <li> #8 </li> </ul> </header> </div> <div class="message-inner"> <div class="message-cell message-cell--user"> <section class="message-user" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/vanadium-50.110252/"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/vanadium-50.110252/" /> <div class="message-userDetails"> <span class="message-name"><a href="/members/vanadium-50.110252/" class="username " dir="auto" data-user-id="110252" data-xf-init="member-tooltip"><span itemprop="name">Vanadium 50</span></a></span>    <div class="post-badges"> <div class="post-badge badge-shield" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Retired Mentor"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-shield" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size:12px;color:#990033;"></i><span> Staff Emeritus</span> </div> <div class="post-badge badge-university" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Verified Expert in Science and Math"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-university" aria-hidden="true"></i><span> Science Advisor</span> </div> <div class="post-badge badge-book" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Verified Expert in Academia"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i><span> Education Advisor</span> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="message-userExtras"> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-comments fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Messages"></i></dt> <dd>35,001</dd> </dl> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-thumbs-up fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Reaction score"></i></dt> <dd>21,677</dd> </dl> </div> <span class="message-userArrow"></span> </section> </div> <div class="message-cell message-cell--main"> <div class="message-main js-quickEditTarget"> <div class="message-content js-messageContent"> <div class="message-userContent lbContainer js-lbContainer " data-lb-id="post-7094145" data-lb-caption-desc="Vanadium 50 · Jun 6, 2024 at 12:23 PM"> <article class="message-body js-selectToQuote"> <div itemprop="text"> <div class="bbWrapper">Are you worried about losing a sock to its protons decaying? Then you don't care if the lifetime has 34 or 36 zeroes. If you care which theory is right, then you do.</div> </div> <div class="js-selectToQuoteEnd"> </div> </article> </div> </div> <footer class="message-footer"> <div class="message-microdata" itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter" itemscope> <meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content="0" /> <meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/LikeAction" /> </div> <div class="reactionsBar js-reactionsList "> </div> <div class="js-historyTarget message-historyTarget toggleTarget" data-href="trigger-href"></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </article>  <article class="message message--post js-post js-inlineModContainer " data-author="fresh_42" data-content="post-7094148" id="js-post-7094148" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Comment" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/posts/7094148/"> <meta itemprop="parentItem" itemscope itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/are-there-guts-where-the-proton-never-decays.1063341/" /> <span class="u-anchorTarget" id="post-7094148"></span> <div class="message-header"> <header class="message-attribution message-attribution--split"> <ul class="message-attribution-main listInline "> <li class="u-concealed"> <time class="u-dt" dir="auto" datetime="2024-06-06T12:38:44-0500" data-time="1717695524" data-date-string="Jun 6, 2024" data-time-string="12:38 PM" title="Jun 6, 2024 at 12:38 PM" itemprop="datePublished">Jun 6, 2024</time> </li> </ul> <ul class="message-attribution-opposite message-attribution-opposite--list "> <li> <span style="cursor:pointer;" data-xf-init="share-tooltip" data-href="/posts/7094148/share" aria-label="Share" role="button" rel="nofollow"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-share-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span> </li> <li> #9 </li> </ul> </header> </div> <div class="message-inner"> <div class="message-cell message-cell--user"> <section class="message-user" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/fresh_42.572553/"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/fresh_42.572553/" /> <div class="message-userDetails"> <span class="message-name"><a href="/members/fresh_42.572553/" class="username " dir="auto" data-user-id="572553" data-xf-init="member-tooltip"><span itemprop="name">fresh_42</span></a></span>    <div class="post-badges"> <div class="post-badge badge-shield" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Retired Mentor"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-shield" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size:12px;color:#990033;"></i><span> Staff Emeritus</span> </div> <div class="post-badge badge-university" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Verified Expert in Science and Math"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-university" aria-hidden="true"></i><span> Science Advisor</span> </div> <div class="post-badge badge-file" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Click to View My Articles"> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/author/fresh_42/"><i class="fa--xf fal fa-file-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i><span> Insights Author</span></a> </div> <div class="post-badge badge-trophy" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="2024 Award Winner"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-trophy" aria-hidden="true"></i><span> 2024 Award</span> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="message-userExtras"> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-comments fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Messages"></i></dt> <dd>19,964</dd> </dl> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-thumbs-up fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Reaction score"></i></dt> <dd>26,187</dd> </dl> </div> <span class="message-userArrow"></span> </section> </div> <div class="message-cell message-cell--main"> <div class="message-main js-quickEditTarget"> <div class="message-content js-messageContent"> <div class="message-userContent lbContainer js-lbContainer " data-lb-id="post-7094148" data-lb-caption-desc="fresh_42 · Jun 6, 2024 at 12:38 PM"> <article class="message-body js-selectToQuote"> <div itemprop="text"> <div class="bbWrapper"><blockquote data-attributes="member: 110252" data-quote="Vanadium 50" data-source="post: 7094145" class="bbCodeBlock bbCodeBlock--expandable bbCodeBlock--quote js-expandWatch"> <div class="bbCodeBlock-title"> Vanadium 50 said: </div> <div class="bbCodeBlock-content"> <div class="bbCodeBlock-expandContent js-expandContent "> Are you worried about losing a sock to its protons decaying? Then you don't care if the lifetime has 34 or 36 zeroes. If you care which theory is right, then you do. </div> </div> </blockquote>Sure. I just wondered if they are distinguishable at all! Or in other words: are there other possible tests with higher expectations of success than starring at a huge tank and waiting forever? And if we detect something, can we be sure it wasn't just noise?</div> </div> <div class="js-selectToQuoteEnd"> </div> </article> </div> </div> <footer class="message-footer"> <div class="message-microdata" itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter" itemscope> <meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content="0" /> <meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/LikeAction" /> </div> <div class="reactionsBar js-reactionsList "> </div> <div class="js-historyTarget message-historyTarget toggleTarget" data-href="trigger-href"></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </article>  <article class="message message--post js-post js-inlineModContainer " data-author="Vanadium 50" data-content="post-7094153" id="js-post-7094153" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Comment" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/posts/7094153/"> <meta itemprop="parentItem" itemscope itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/are-there-guts-where-the-proton-never-decays.1063341/" /> <span class="u-anchorTarget" id="post-7094153"></span> <div class="message-header"> <header class="message-attribution message-attribution--split"> <ul class="message-attribution-main listInline "> <li class="u-concealed"> <time class="u-dt" dir="auto" datetime="2024-06-06T13:15:17-0500" data-time="1717697717" data-date-string="Jun 6, 2024" data-time-string="1:15 PM" title="Jun 6, 2024 at 1:15 PM" itemprop="datePublished">Jun 6, 2024</time> </li> </ul> <ul class="message-attribution-opposite message-attribution-opposite--list "> <li> <span style="cursor:pointer;" data-xf-init="share-tooltip" data-href="/posts/7094153/share" aria-label="Share" role="button" rel="nofollow"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-share-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span> </li> <li> #10 </li> </ul> </header> </div> <div class="message-inner"> <div class="message-cell message-cell--user"> <section class="message-user" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/vanadium-50.110252/"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/vanadium-50.110252/" /> <div class="message-userDetails"> <span class="message-name"><a href="/members/vanadium-50.110252/" class="username " dir="auto" data-user-id="110252" data-xf-init="member-tooltip"><span itemprop="name">Vanadium 50</span></a></span>    <div class="post-badges"> <div class="post-badge badge-shield" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Retired Mentor"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-shield" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size:12px;color:#990033;"></i><span> Staff Emeritus</span> </div> <div class="post-badge badge-university" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Verified Expert in Science and Math"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-university" aria-hidden="true"></i><span> Science Advisor</span> </div> <div class="post-badge badge-book" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Verified Expert in Academia"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i><span> Education Advisor</span> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="message-userExtras"> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-comments fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Messages"></i></dt> <dd>35,001</dd> </dl> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-thumbs-up fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Reaction score"></i></dt> <dd>21,677</dd> </dl> </div> <span class="message-userArrow"></span> </section> </div> <div class="message-cell message-cell--main"> <div class="message-main js-quickEditTarget"> <div class="message-content js-messageContent"> <div class="message-userContent lbContainer js-lbContainer " data-lb-id="post-7094153" data-lb-caption-desc="Vanadium 50 · Jun 6, 2024 at 1:15 PM"> <article class="message-body js-selectToQuote"> <div itemprop="text"> <div class="bbWrapper">You can stare at a small tank for an even longer time. Most people don't consider this a step forward.</div> </div> <div class="js-selectToQuoteEnd"> </div> </article> </div> </div> <footer class="message-footer"> <div class="message-microdata" itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter" itemscope> <meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content="0" /> <meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/LikeAction" /> </div> <div class="reactionsBar js-reactionsList "> </div> <div class="js-historyTarget message-historyTarget toggleTarget" data-href="trigger-href"></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </article>  <article class="message message--post js-post js-inlineModContainer " data-author="PeterDonis" data-content="post-7094167" id="js-post-7094167" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Comment" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/posts/7094167/"> <meta itemprop="parentItem" itemscope itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/are-there-guts-where-the-proton-never-decays.1063341/" /> <span class="u-anchorTarget" id="post-7094167"></span> <div class="message-header"> <header class="message-attribution message-attribution--split"> <ul class="message-attribution-main listInline "> <li class="u-concealed"> <time class="u-dt" dir="auto" datetime="2024-06-06T13:51:09-0500" data-time="1717699869" data-date-string="Jun 6, 2024" data-time-string="1:51 PM" title="Jun 6, 2024 at 1:51 PM" itemprop="datePublished">Jun 6, 2024</time> </li> </ul> <ul class="message-attribution-opposite message-attribution-opposite--list "> <li> <span style="cursor:pointer;" data-xf-init="share-tooltip" data-href="/posts/7094167/share" aria-label="Share" role="button" rel="nofollow"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-share-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span> </li> <li> #11 </li> </ul> </header> </div> <div class="message-inner"> <div class="message-cell message-cell--user"> <section class="message-user" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/peterdonis.197831/"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/peterdonis.197831/" /> <div class="message-userDetails"> <span class="message-name"><a href="/members/peterdonis.197831/" class="username " dir="auto" data-user-id="197831" data-xf-init="member-tooltip"><span class="username--staff username--moderator" itemprop="name">PeterDonis</span></a></span>    <div class="post-badges"> <div class="post-badge badge-mentor" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="PF Community Staff"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-user-graduate" aria-hidden="true"></i><span> Mentor</span> </div> <div class="post-badge badge-file" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Click to View My Articles"> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/author/PeterDonis/"><i class="fa--xf fal fa-file-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i><span> Insights Author</span></a> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="message-userExtras"> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-comments fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Messages"></i></dt> <dd>47,913</dd> </dl> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-thumbs-up fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Reaction score"></i></dt> <dd>24,148</dd> </dl> </div> <span class="message-userArrow"></span> </section> </div> <div class="message-cell message-cell--main"> <div class="message-main js-quickEditTarget"> <div class="message-content js-messageContent"> <div class="message-userContent lbContainer js-lbContainer " data-lb-id="post-7094167" data-lb-caption-desc="PeterDonis · Jun 6, 2024 at 1:51 PM"> <article class="message-body js-selectToQuote"> <div itemprop="text"> <div class="bbWrapper"><blockquote data-attributes="member: 572553" data-quote="fresh_42" data-source="post: 7094135" class="bbCodeBlock bbCodeBlock--expandable bbCodeBlock--quote js-expandWatch"> <div class="bbCodeBlock-title"> fresh_42 said: </div> <div class="bbCodeBlock-content"> <div class="bbCodeBlock-expandContent js-expandContent "> which are the consequences of this extremely marginal difference to stability </div> </div> </blockquote>Um, the difference between <i>not</i> observing anything that would indicate that a proton decay had happened, and <i>observing</i> such a thing? The former is what happened with Super Kamiokande. But if the latter had happened, it would have made a difference.</div> </div> <div class="js-selectToQuoteEnd"> </div> </article> </div> </div> <footer class="message-footer"> <div class="message-microdata" itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter" itemscope> <meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content="0" /> <meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/LikeAction" /> </div> <div class="reactionsBar js-reactionsList "> </div> <div class="js-historyTarget message-historyTarget toggleTarget" data-href="trigger-href"></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </article>  <article class="message message--post js-post js-inlineModContainer " data-author="billtodd" data-content="post-7094171" id="js-post-7094171" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Comment" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/posts/7094171/"> <meta itemprop="parentItem" itemscope itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/are-there-guts-where-the-proton-never-decays.1063341/" /> <span class="u-anchorTarget" id="post-7094171"></span> <div class="message-header"> <header class="message-attribution message-attribution--split"> <ul class="message-attribution-main listInline "> <li class="u-concealed"> <time class="u-dt" dir="auto" datetime="2024-06-06T14:14:19-0500" data-time="1717701259" data-date-string="Jun 6, 2024" data-time-string="2:14 PM" title="Jun 6, 2024 at 2:14 PM" itemprop="datePublished">Jun 6, 2024</time> </li> </ul> <ul class="message-attribution-opposite message-attribution-opposite--list "> <li> <span style="cursor:pointer;" data-xf-init="share-tooltip" data-href="/posts/7094171/share" aria-label="Share" role="button" rel="nofollow"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-share-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span> </li> <li> #12 </li> </ul> </header> </div> <div class="message-inner"> <div class="message-cell message-cell--user"> <section class="message-user" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/billtodd.7198/"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/billtodd.7198/" /> <div class="message-userDetails"> <span class="message-name"><span class="username " dir="auto" data-user-id="7198"><span class="username--style11" itemprop="name">billtodd</span></span></span>   <span class="threadstarter" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Thread Starter"><i class="fal fa-user-edit"></i></span>   </div> <div class="message-userExtras"> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-comments fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Messages"></i></dt> <dd>136</dd> </dl> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-thumbs-up fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Reaction score"></i></dt> <dd>33</dd> </dl> </div> <span class="message-userArrow"></span> </section> </div> <div class="message-cell message-cell--main"> <div class="message-main js-quickEditTarget"> <div class="message-content js-messageContent"> <div class="message-userContent lbContainer js-lbContainer " data-lb-id="post-7094171" data-lb-caption-desc="billtodd · Jun 6, 2024 at 2:14 PM"> <article class="message-body js-selectToQuote"> <div itemprop="text"> <div class="bbWrapper"><blockquote data-attributes="member: 110252" data-quote="Vanadium 50" data-source="post: 7094126" class="bbCodeBlock bbCodeBlock--expandable bbCodeBlock--quote js-expandWatch"> <div class="bbCodeBlock-title"> Vanadium 50 said: </div> <div class="bbCodeBlock-content"> <div class="bbCodeBlock-expandContent js-expandContent "> It;s fairly trivial to do this. Protons decay via [itex]p \rightarrow e \mu \tau[/itex] and neutrons via [itex]n \rightarrow 3\nu[/itex]. The harder part is to make a model that does this "naturally". </div> </div> </blockquote>I know that neutron can decay (15 minutes in the limelight).<br /> But I think that proton decay is impossible.<br /> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/197831/" class="username" data-xf-init="member-tooltip" data-user-id="197831" data-username="@PeterDonis">@PeterDonis</a> you are right I haven't searched, I thought you knew of the existence of at least one theory that suggests an eternity lifetime for protons,,,,</div> </div> <div class="js-selectToQuoteEnd"> </div> </article> </div> </div> <footer class="message-footer"> <div class="message-microdata" itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter" itemscope> <meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content="0" /> <meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/LikeAction" /> </div> <div class="reactionsBar js-reactionsList "> </div> <div class="js-historyTarget message-historyTarget toggleTarget" data-href="trigger-href"></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </article>  <article class="message message--post js-post js-inlineModContainer " data-author="billtodd" data-content="post-7094172" id="js-post-7094172" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Comment" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/posts/7094172/"> <meta itemprop="parentItem" itemscope itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/are-there-guts-where-the-proton-never-decays.1063341/" /> <span class="u-anchorTarget" id="post-7094172"></span> <div class="message-header"> <header class="message-attribution message-attribution--split"> <ul class="message-attribution-main listInline "> <li class="u-concealed"> <time class="u-dt" dir="auto" datetime="2024-06-06T14:22:53-0500" data-time="1717701773" data-date-string="Jun 6, 2024" data-time-string="2:22 PM" title="Jun 6, 2024 at 2:22 PM" itemprop="datePublished">Jun 6, 2024</time> </li> </ul> <ul class="message-attribution-opposite message-attribution-opposite--list "> <li> <span style="cursor:pointer;" data-xf-init="share-tooltip" data-href="/posts/7094172/share" aria-label="Share" role="button" rel="nofollow"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-share-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span> </li> <li> #13 </li> </ul> </header> </div> <div class="message-inner"> <div class="message-cell message-cell--user"> <section class="message-user" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/billtodd.7198/"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/billtodd.7198/" /> <div class="message-userDetails"> <span class="message-name"><span class="username " dir="auto" data-user-id="7198"><span class="username--style11" itemprop="name">billtodd</span></span></span>   <span class="threadstarter" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Thread Starter"><i class="fal fa-user-edit"></i></span>   </div> <div class="message-userExtras"> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-comments fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Messages"></i></dt> <dd>136</dd> </dl> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-thumbs-up fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Reaction score"></i></dt> <dd>33</dd> </dl> </div> <span class="message-userArrow"></span> </section> </div> <div class="message-cell message-cell--main"> <div class="message-main js-quickEditTarget"> <div class="message-content js-messageContent"> <div class="message-userContent lbContainer js-lbContainer " data-lb-id="post-7094172" data-lb-caption-desc="billtodd · Jun 6, 2024 at 2:22 PM"> <article class="message-body js-selectToQuote"> <div itemprop="text"> <div class="bbWrapper"><blockquote data-attributes="member: 551850" data-quote="pinball1970" data-source="post: 7094107" class="bbCodeBlock bbCodeBlock--expandable bbCodeBlock--quote js-expandWatch"> <div class="bbCodeBlock-title"> pinball1970 said: </div> <div class="bbCodeBlock-content"> <div class="bbCodeBlock-expandContent js-expandContent "> you looked at this?<br /> <a href="https://link.aps.org/accepted/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.241801" target="_blank" class="link link--external" rel="nofollow ugc noopener">https://link.aps.org/accepted/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.241801</a> </div> </div> </blockquote>In the abstract they write:"However, abandoning the requirement of absolute proton stability"<br /> <br /> If there's no absolute stability shouldn't it decay eventually? That's not seems what I was looking for.<br /> But thanks, I guess I really need to read my Group Theory books for physicists.<br /> BTW does anyone know where may I find the report/article of Infinite Quantization by Mark Srednicki, was it ever published?</div> </div> <div class="js-selectToQuoteEnd"> </div> </article> </div> </div> <footer class="message-footer"> <div class="message-microdata" itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter" itemscope> <meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content="0" /> <meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/LikeAction" /> </div> <div class="reactionsBar js-reactionsList "> </div> <div class="js-historyTarget message-historyTarget toggleTarget" data-href="trigger-href"></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </article>  <article class="message message--post js-post js-inlineModContainer " data-author="PeterDonis" data-content="post-7094177" id="js-post-7094177" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Comment" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/posts/7094177/"> <meta itemprop="parentItem" itemscope itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/are-there-guts-where-the-proton-never-decays.1063341/" /> <span class="u-anchorTarget" id="post-7094177"></span> <div class="message-header"> <header class="message-attribution message-attribution--split"> <ul class="message-attribution-main listInline "> <li class="u-concealed"> <time class="u-dt" dir="auto" datetime="2024-06-06T14:32:10-0500" data-time="1717702330" data-date-string="Jun 6, 2024" data-time-string="2:32 PM" title="Jun 6, 2024 at 2:32 PM" itemprop="datePublished">Jun 6, 2024</time> </li> </ul> <ul class="message-attribution-opposite message-attribution-opposite--list "> <li> <span style="cursor:pointer;" data-xf-init="share-tooltip" data-href="/posts/7094177/share" aria-label="Share" role="button" rel="nofollow"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-share-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span> </li> <li> #14 </li> </ul> </header> </div> <div class="message-inner"> <div class="message-cell message-cell--user"> <section class="message-user" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/peterdonis.197831/"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/peterdonis.197831/" /> <div class="message-userDetails"> <span class="message-name"><a href="/members/peterdonis.197831/" class="username " dir="auto" data-user-id="197831" data-xf-init="member-tooltip"><span class="username--staff username--moderator" itemprop="name">PeterDonis</span></a></span>    <div class="post-badges"> <div class="post-badge badge-mentor" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="PF Community Staff"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-user-graduate" aria-hidden="true"></i><span> Mentor</span> </div> <div class="post-badge badge-file" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Click to View My Articles"> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/author/PeterDonis/"><i class="fa--xf fal fa-file-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i><span> Insights Author</span></a> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="message-userExtras"> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-comments fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Messages"></i></dt> <dd>47,913</dd> </dl> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-thumbs-up fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Reaction score"></i></dt> <dd>24,148</dd> </dl> </div> <span class="message-userArrow"></span> </section> </div> <div class="message-cell message-cell--main"> <div class="message-main js-quickEditTarget"> <div class="message-content js-messageContent"> <div class="message-userContent lbContainer js-lbContainer " data-lb-id="post-7094177" data-lb-caption-desc="PeterDonis · Jun 6, 2024 at 2:32 PM"> <article class="message-body js-selectToQuote"> <div itemprop="text"> <div class="bbWrapper"><blockquote data-attributes="member: 7198" data-quote="billtodd" data-source="post: 7094171" class="bbCodeBlock bbCodeBlock--expandable bbCodeBlock--quote js-expandWatch"> <div class="bbCodeBlock-title"> billtodd said: </div> <div class="bbCodeBlock-content"> <div class="bbCodeBlock-expandContent js-expandContent "> I think that proton decay is impossible. </div> </div> </blockquote>Based on what?<br /> <br /> <blockquote data-attributes="member: 7198" data-quote="billtodd" data-source="post: 7094171" class="bbCodeBlock bbCodeBlock--expandable bbCodeBlock--quote js-expandWatch"> <div class="bbCodeBlock-title"> billtodd said: </div> <div class="bbCodeBlock-content"> <div class="bbCodeBlock-expandContent js-expandContent "> I haven't searched </div> </div> </blockquote>Then you should. The answer to your question is easy to find, and I don't see why you should expect someone else to do that work for you.</div> </div> <div class="js-selectToQuoteEnd"> </div> </article> </div> </div> <footer class="message-footer"> <div class="message-microdata" itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter" itemscope> <meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content="1" /> <meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/LikeAction" /> </div> <div class="reactionsBar js-reactionsList is-active"> <ul class="reactionSummary"> <li><span class="reaction reaction--small reaction--1" data-reaction-id="1"><i aria-hidden="true"></i><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="reaction-sprite js-reaction" alt="Like" title="Like" /></span></li> </ul> <span class="u-srOnly">Likes</span> <bdi>Vanadium 50</bdi> </div> <div class="js-historyTarget message-historyTarget toggleTarget" data-href="trigger-href"></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </article>  <article class="message message--post js-post js-inlineModContainer " data-author="Vanadium 50" data-content="post-7094181" id="js-post-7094181" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Comment" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/posts/7094181/"> <meta itemprop="parentItem" itemscope itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/are-there-guts-where-the-proton-never-decays.1063341/" /> <span class="u-anchorTarget" id="post-7094181"></span> <div class="message-header"> <header class="message-attribution message-attribution--split"> <ul class="message-attribution-main listInline "> <li class="u-concealed"> <time class="u-dt" dir="auto" datetime="2024-06-06T15:00:41-0500" data-time="1717704041" data-date-string="Jun 6, 2024" data-time-string="3:00 PM" title="Jun 6, 2024 at 3:00 PM" itemprop="datePublished">Jun 6, 2024</time> </li> </ul> <ul class="message-attribution-opposite message-attribution-opposite--list "> <li> <span style="cursor:pointer;" data-xf-init="share-tooltip" data-href="/posts/7094181/share" aria-label="Share" role="button" rel="nofollow"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-share-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span> </li> <li> #15 </li> </ul> </header> </div> <div class="message-inner"> <div class="message-cell message-cell--user"> <section class="message-user" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/vanadium-50.110252/"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/vanadium-50.110252/" /> <div class="message-userDetails"> <span class="message-name"><a href="/members/vanadium-50.110252/" class="username " dir="auto" data-user-id="110252" data-xf-init="member-tooltip"><span itemprop="name">Vanadium 50</span></a></span>    <div class="post-badges"> <div class="post-badge badge-shield" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Retired Mentor"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-shield" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size:12px;color:#990033;"></i><span> Staff Emeritus</span> </div> <div class="post-badge badge-university" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Verified Expert in Science and Math"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-university" aria-hidden="true"></i><span> Science Advisor</span> </div> <div class="post-badge badge-book" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Verified Expert in Academia"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i><span> Education Advisor</span> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="message-userExtras"> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-comments fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Messages"></i></dt> <dd>35,001</dd> </dl> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-thumbs-up fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Reaction score"></i></dt> <dd>21,677</dd> </dl> </div> <span class="message-userArrow"></span> </section> </div> <div class="message-cell message-cell--main"> <div class="message-main js-quickEditTarget"> <div class="message-content js-messageContent"> <div class="message-userContent lbContainer js-lbContainer " data-lb-id="post-7094181" data-lb-caption-desc="Vanadium 50 · Jun 6, 2024 at 3:00 PM"> <article class="message-body js-selectToQuote"> <div itemprop="text"> <div class="bbWrapper"><blockquote data-attributes="member: 7198" data-quote="billtodd" data-source="post: 7094171" class="bbCodeBlock bbCodeBlock--expandable bbCodeBlock--quote js-expandWatch"> <div class="bbCodeBlock-title"> billtodd said: </div> <div class="bbCodeBlock-content"> <div class="bbCodeBlock-expandContent js-expandContent "> But I think that proton decay is impossible. </div> </div> </blockquote>Thank you for sharing your opinion.<br /> <br /> The putative neutron decay [itex]n \rightarrow 3\nu[/itex] gets lumped in with "proton decay" as both processes violate baryon number conservation. The ordinary neutron decay [itex]n \rightarrow pe\nu[/itex] does not.</div> </div> <div class="js-selectToQuoteEnd"> </div> </article> </div> </div> <footer class="message-footer"> <div class="message-microdata" itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter" itemscope> <meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content="0" /> <meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/LikeAction" /> </div> <div class="reactionsBar js-reactionsList "> </div> <div class="js-historyTarget message-historyTarget toggleTarget" data-href="trigger-href"></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </article>  <article class="message message--post js-post js-inlineModContainer " data-author="billtodd" data-content="post-7094186" id="js-post-7094186" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Comment" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/posts/7094186/"> <meta itemprop="parentItem" itemscope itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/are-there-guts-where-the-proton-never-decays.1063341/" /> <span class="u-anchorTarget" id="post-7094186"></span> <div class="message-header"> <header class="message-attribution message-attribution--split"> <ul class="message-attribution-main listInline "> <li class="u-concealed"> <time class="u-dt" dir="auto" datetime="2024-06-06T15:12:49-0500" data-time="1717704769" data-date-string="Jun 6, 2024" data-time-string="3:12 PM" title="Jun 6, 2024 at 3:12 PM" itemprop="datePublished">Jun 6, 2024</time> </li> </ul> <ul class="message-attribution-opposite message-attribution-opposite--list "> <li> <span style="cursor:pointer;" data-xf-init="share-tooltip" data-href="/posts/7094186/share" aria-label="Share" role="button" rel="nofollow"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-share-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span> </li> <li> #16 </li> </ul> </header> </div> <div class="message-inner"> <div class="message-cell message-cell--user"> <section class="message-user" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/billtodd.7198/"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/billtodd.7198/" /> <div class="message-userDetails"> <span class="message-name"><span class="username " dir="auto" data-user-id="7198"><span class="username--style11" itemprop="name">billtodd</span></span></span>   <span class="threadstarter" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Thread Starter"><i class="fal fa-user-edit"></i></span>   </div> <div class="message-userExtras"> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-comments fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Messages"></i></dt> <dd>136</dd> </dl> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-thumbs-up fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Reaction score"></i></dt> <dd>33</dd> </dl> </div> <span class="message-userArrow"></span> </section> </div> <div class="message-cell message-cell--main"> <div class="message-main js-quickEditTarget"> <div class="message-content js-messageContent"> <div class="message-userContent lbContainer js-lbContainer " data-lb-id="post-7094186" data-lb-caption-desc="billtodd · Jun 6, 2024 at 3:12 PM"> <article class="message-body js-selectToQuote"> <div itemprop="text"> <div class="bbWrapper"><blockquote data-attributes="member: 197831" data-quote="PeterDonis" data-source="post: 7094177" class="bbCodeBlock bbCodeBlock--expandable bbCodeBlock--quote js-expandWatch"> <div class="bbCodeBlock-title"> PeterDonis said: </div> <div class="bbCodeBlock-content"> <div class="bbCodeBlock-expandContent js-expandContent "> Based on what? </div> </div> </blockquote>Call it my GUT feeling...</div> </div> <div class="js-selectToQuoteEnd"> </div> </article> </div> </div> <footer class="message-footer"> <div class="message-microdata" itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter" itemscope> <meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content="1" /> <meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/LikeAction" /> </div> <div class="reactionsBar js-reactionsList is-active"> <ul class="reactionSummary"> <li><span class="reaction reaction--small reaction--3" data-reaction-id="3"><i aria-hidden="true"></i><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="reaction-sprite js-reaction" alt="Haha" title="Haha" /></span></li> </ul> <span class="u-srOnly">Likes</span> <bdi>Demystifier</bdi> </div> <div class="js-historyTarget message-historyTarget toggleTarget" data-href="trigger-href"></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </article>  <article class="message message--post js-post js-inlineModContainer " data-author="PeterDonis" data-content="post-7094224" id="js-post-7094224" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Comment" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/posts/7094224/"> <meta itemprop="parentItem" itemscope itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/are-there-guts-where-the-proton-never-decays.1063341/" /> <span class="u-anchorTarget" id="post-7094224"></span> <div class="message-header"> <header class="message-attribution message-attribution--split"> <ul class="message-attribution-main listInline "> <li class="u-concealed"> <time class="u-dt" dir="auto" datetime="2024-06-06T17:04:40-0500" data-time="1717711480" data-date-string="Jun 6, 2024" data-time-string="5:04 PM" title="Jun 6, 2024 at 5:04 PM" itemprop="datePublished">Jun 6, 2024</time> </li> </ul> <ul class="message-attribution-opposite message-attribution-opposite--list "> <li> <span style="cursor:pointer;" data-xf-init="share-tooltip" data-href="/posts/7094224/share" aria-label="Share" role="button" rel="nofollow"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-share-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span> </li> <li> #17 </li> </ul> </header> </div> <div class="message-inner"> <div class="message-cell message-cell--user"> <section class="message-user" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemid="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/peterdonis.197831/"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.physicsforums.com/members/peterdonis.197831/" /> <div class="message-userDetails"> <span class="message-name"><a href="/members/peterdonis.197831/" class="username " dir="auto" data-user-id="197831" data-xf-init="member-tooltip"><span class="username--staff username--moderator" itemprop="name">PeterDonis</span></a></span>    <div class="post-badges"> <div class="post-badge badge-mentor" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="PF Community Staff"> <i class="fa--xf fal fa-user-graduate" aria-hidden="true"></i><span> Mentor</span> </div> <div class="post-badge badge-file" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Click to View My Articles"> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/author/PeterDonis/"><i class="fa--xf fal fa-file-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i><span> Insights Author</span></a> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="message-userExtras"> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-comments fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Messages"></i></dt> <dd>47,913</dd> </dl> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt><i class="fa--xf fal fa-thumbs-up fa-fw" aria-hidden="true" data-xf-init="tooltip" title="Reaction score"></i></dt> <dd>24,148</dd> </dl> </div> <span class="message-userArrow"></span> </section> </div> <div class="message-cell message-cell--main"> <div class="message-main js-quickEditTarget"> <div class="message-content js-messageContent"> <div class="message-userContent lbContainer js-lbContainer " data-lb-id="post-7094224" data-lb-caption-desc="PeterDonis · Jun 6, 2024 at 5:04 PM"> <article class="message-body js-selectToQuote"> <div itemprop="text"> <div class="bbWrapper"><blockquote data-attributes="member: 7198" data-quote="billtodd" data-source="post: 7094186" class="bbCodeBlock bbCodeBlock--expandable bbCodeBlock--quote js-expandWatch"> <div class="bbCodeBlock-title"> billtodd said: </div> <div class="bbCodeBlock-content"> <div class="bbCodeBlock-expandContent js-expandContent "> Call it my GUT feeling... </div> </div> </blockquote>Personal speculation is off limits here.<br /> <br /> Thread closed.</div> </div> <div class="js-selectToQuoteEnd"> </div> </article> </div> </div> <footer class="message-footer"> <div class="message-microdata" itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter" itemscope> <meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content="0" /> <meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/LikeAction" /> </div> <div class="reactionsBar js-reactionsList "> </div> <div class="js-historyTarget message-historyTarget toggleTarget" data-href="trigger-href"></div> </footer> <script> if (typeof parseNewPost == 'function') { $(document).ajaxStop(parseNewPost(7094224)); } </script> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div class="block" data-widget-id="119" data-widget-key="xfes_thread_view_below_quick_reply_similar_threads" data-widget-definition="xfes_similar_threads"> <div class="block-container"> <h3 class="block-header">Similar threads</h3> <div class="block-body"> <div class="structItemContainer"> <div class="structItem structItem--thread is-prefix91 is-locked js-inlineModContainer js-threadListItem-937312" data-author="swampwiz"> <div class="structItem-cell structItem-cell--main" data-xf-init="touch-proxy"> <div class="structItem-title"> <span class="prefix inter" dir="auto">I</span> <a href="/threads/the-ever-increasing-proton-lifetime.937312/" class="" data-tp-primary="on" data-xf-init="preview-tooltip" data-preview-url="/threads/the-ever-increasing-proton-lifetime.937312/preview">The ever-increasing proton lifetime</a> </div> <div class="structItem-minor"> <ul class="structItem-parts"> <li class="structItem-startDate"><time class="structItem-latestDate u-dt" dir="auto" datetime="2018-01-25T19:27:50-0600" data-time="1516930070" data-date-string="Jan 25, 2018" data-time-string="7:27 PM" title="Jan 25, 2018 at 7:27 PM">Jan 25, 2018</time></li>  </ul> <span class="structItem-pageJump"> <a href="/threads/the-ever-increasing-proton-lifetime.937312/page-2">2</a> </span> <ul class="structItem-parts"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="structItem-cell structItem-cell--meta" title="First message reaction score: 0"> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt>Replies</dt> <dd>35</dd> </dl> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified structItem-minor"> <dt>Views</dt> <dd>5K</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="structItem structItem--thread is-prefix91 is-locked js-inlineModContainer js-threadListItem-897442" data-author="kodama"> <div class="structItem-cell structItem-cell--main" data-xf-init="touch-proxy"> <div class="structItem-title"> <span class="prefix inter" dir="auto">I</span> <a href="/threads/implications-of-no-proton-decay-simplest-gut-ruled-out.897442/" class="" data-tp-primary="on" data-xf-init="preview-tooltip" data-preview-url="/threads/implications-of-no-proton-decay-simplest-gut-ruled-out.897442/preview">Implications of no proton decay, simplest GUT ruled out</a> </div> <div class="structItem-minor"> <ul class="structItem-parts"> <li class="structItem-startDate"><time class="structItem-latestDate u-dt" dir="auto" datetime="2017-01-11T16:52:09-0600" data-time="1484175129" data-date-string="Jan 11, 2017" data-time-string="4:52 PM" title="Jan 11, 2017 at 4:52 PM">Jan 11, 2017</time></li>  </ul> <ul class="structItem-parts"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="structItem-cell structItem-cell--meta" title="First message reaction score: 0"> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt>Replies</dt> <dd>28</dd> </dl> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified structItem-minor"> <dt>Views</dt> <dd>5K</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="structItem structItem--thread is-prefix91 js-inlineModContainer js-threadListItem-1062026" data-author="Suekdccia"> <div class="structItem-cell structItem-cell--main" data-xf-init="touch-proxy"> <div class="structItem-title"> <span class="prefix inter" dir="auto">I</span> <a href="/threads/can-proton-neutron-decay-be-avoided-in-some-conditions.1062026/" class="" data-tp-primary="on" data-xf-init="preview-tooltip" data-preview-url="/threads/can-proton-neutron-decay-be-avoided-in-some-conditions.1062026/preview">Can proton/neutron decay be avoided in some conditions?</a> </div> <div class="structItem-minor"> <ul class="structItem-parts"> <li class="structItem-startDate"><time class="structItem-latestDate u-dt" dir="auto" datetime="2024-08-05T18:55:39-0500" data-time="1722902139" data-date-string="Aug 5, 2024" data-time-string="6:55 PM" title="Aug 5, 2024 at 6:55 PM">Aug 5, 2024</time></li>  </ul> <ul class="structItem-parts"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="structItem-cell structItem-cell--meta" title="First message reaction score: 0"> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt>Replies</dt> <dd>3</dd> </dl> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified structItem-minor"> <dt>Views</dt> <dd>2K</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="structItem structItem--thread is-prefix91 is-locked js-inlineModContainer js-threadListItem-942645" data-author="ohwilleke"> <div class="structItem-cell structItem-cell--main" data-xf-init="touch-proxy"> <div class="structItem-title"> <span class="prefix inter" dir="auto">I</span> <a href="/threads/proton-decay-at-the-highest-possible-energies.942645/" class="" data-tp-primary="on" data-xf-init="preview-tooltip" data-preview-url="/threads/proton-decay-at-the-highest-possible-energies.942645/preview">Proton Decay At The Highest Possible Energies</a> </div> <div class="structItem-minor"> <ul class="structItem-parts"> <li class="structItem-startDate"><time class="structItem-latestDate u-dt" dir="auto" datetime="2018-03-22T23:03:02-0500" data-time="1521777782" data-date-string="Mar 22, 2018" data-time-string="11:03 PM" title="Mar 22, 2018 at 11:03 PM">Mar 22, 2018</time></li>  </ul> <ul class="structItem-parts"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="structItem-cell structItem-cell--meta" title="First message reaction score: 0"> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt>Replies</dt> <dd>5</dd> </dl> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified structItem-minor"> <dt>Views</dt> <dd>2K</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="structItem structItem--thread is-prefix91 js-inlineModContainer js-threadListItem-935360" data-author="Ranku"> <div class="structItem-cell structItem-cell--main" data-xf-init="touch-proxy"> <div class="structItem-title"> <span class="prefix inter" dir="auto">I</span> <a href="/threads/grand-unified-theory-and-proton-decay.935360/" class="" data-tp-primary="on" data-xf-init="preview-tooltip" data-preview-url="/threads/grand-unified-theory-and-proton-decay.935360/preview">Grand Unified Theory and proton decay</a> </div> <div class="structItem-minor"> <ul class="structItem-parts"> <li class="structItem-startDate"><time class="structItem-latestDate u-dt" dir="auto" datetime="2024-07-07T18:29:43-0500" data-time="1720394983" data-date-string="Jul 7, 2024" data-time-string="6:29 PM" title="Jul 7, 2024 at 6:29 PM">Jul 7, 2024</time></li>  </ul> <ul class="structItem-parts"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="structItem-cell structItem-cell--meta" title="First message reaction score: 0"> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt>Replies</dt> <dd>4</dd> </dl> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified structItem-minor"> <dt>Views</dt> <dd>4K</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="structItem structItem--thread is-prefix91 is-locked js-inlineModContainer js-threadListItem-932565" data-author="kodama"> <div class="structItem-cell structItem-cell--main" data-xf-init="touch-proxy"> <div class="structItem-title"> <span class="prefix inter" dir="auto">I</span> <a href="/threads/new-scientist-su-5-unification-without-proton-decay.932565/" class="" data-tp-primary="on" data-xf-init="preview-tooltip" data-preview-url="/threads/new-scientist-su-5-unification-without-proton-decay.932565/preview">New scientist SU(5) Unification without Proton Decay</a> </div> <div class="structItem-minor"> <ul class="structItem-parts"> <li class="structItem-startDate"><time class="structItem-latestDate u-dt" dir="auto" datetime="2017-12-26T09:52:25-0600" data-time="1514303545" data-date-string="Dec 26, 2017" data-time-string="9:52 AM" title="Dec 26, 2017 at 9:52 AM">Dec 26, 2017</time></li>  </ul> <ul class="structItem-parts"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="structItem-cell structItem-cell--meta" title="First message reaction score: 3"> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt>Replies</dt> <dd>3</dd> </dl> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified structItem-minor"> <dt>Views</dt> <dd>3K</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="structItem structItem--thread is-prefix91 js-inlineModContainer js-threadListItem-1054603" data-author="cemtu"> <div class="structItem-cell structItem-cell--main" data-xf-init="touch-proxy"> <div class="structItem-title"> <span class="prefix inter" dir="auto">I</span> <a href="/threads/from-what-locations-do-radiated-electrons-start-their-movement-in-beta-decay.1054603/" class="" data-tp-primary="on" data-xf-init="preview-tooltip" data-preview-url="/threads/from-what-locations-do-radiated-electrons-start-their-movement-in-beta-decay.1054603/preview">From what locations do radiated electrons start their movement in Beta decay?</a> </div> <div class="structItem-minor"> <ul class="structItem-parts"> <li class="structItem-startDate"><time class="structItem-latestDate u-dt" dir="auto" datetime="2023-08-04T09:18:19-0500" data-time="1691158699" data-date-string="Aug 4, 2023" data-time-string="9:18 AM" title="Aug 4, 2023 at 9:18 AM">Aug 4, 2023</time></li>  </ul> <ul class="structItem-parts"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="structItem-cell structItem-cell--meta" title="First message reaction score: 0"> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt>Replies</dt> <dd>21</dd> </dl> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified structItem-minor"> <dt>Views</dt> <dd>2K</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="structItem structItem--thread is-prefix91 js-inlineModContainer js-threadListItem-1050621" data-author="swampwiz"> <div class="structItem-cell structItem-cell--main" data-xf-init="touch-proxy"> <div class="structItem-title"> <span class="prefix inter" dir="auto">I</span> <a href="/threads/observing-proton-decay-antineutrinos.1050621/" class="" data-tp-primary="on" data-xf-init="preview-tooltip" data-preview-url="/threads/observing-proton-decay-antineutrinos.1050621/preview">Observing Proton Decay & Antineutrinos</a> </div> <div class="structItem-minor"> <ul class="structItem-parts"> <li class="structItem-startDate"><time class="structItem-latestDate u-dt" dir="auto" datetime="2023-03-11T05:29:18-0600" data-time="1678534158" data-date-string="Mar 11, 2023" data-time-string="5:29 AM" title="Mar 11, 2023 at 5:29 AM">Mar 11, 2023</time></li>  </ul> <ul class="structItem-parts"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="structItem-cell structItem-cell--meta" title="First message reaction score: 0"> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt>Replies</dt> <dd>8</dd> </dl> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified structItem-minor"> <dt>Views</dt> <dd>2K</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="structItem structItem--thread is-prefix92 is-locked js-inlineModContainer js-threadListItem-1015163" data-author="Suekdccia"> <div class="structItem-cell structItem-cell--main" data-xf-init="touch-proxy"> <div class="structItem-title"> <span class="prefix advanced" dir="auto">A</span> <a href="/threads/vacuum-transitions-and-lorentz-symmetry-breaking.1015163/" class="" data-tp-primary="on" data-xf-init="preview-tooltip" data-preview-url="/threads/vacuum-transitions-and-lorentz-symmetry-breaking.1015163/preview">Vacuum Transitions and Lorentz Symmetry Breaking</a> </div> <div class="structItem-minor"> <ul class="structItem-parts"> <li class="structItem-startDate"><time class="structItem-latestDate u-dt" dir="auto" datetime="2022-05-17T13:35:11-0500" data-time="1652812511" data-date-string="May 17, 2022" data-time-string="1:35 PM" title="May 17, 2022 at 1:35 PM">May 17, 2022</time></li>  </ul> <ul class="structItem-parts"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="structItem-cell structItem-cell--meta" title="First message reaction score: 0"> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt>Replies</dt> <dd>8</dd> </dl> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified structItem-minor"> <dt>Views</dt> <dd>2K</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="structItem structItem--thread is-prefix91 js-inlineModContainer js-threadListItem-1049047" data-author="olv"> <div class="structItem-cell structItem-cell--main" data-xf-init="touch-proxy"> <div class="structItem-title"> <span class="prefix inter" dir="auto">I</span> <a href="/threads/question-on-baryons-and-specific-decays.1049047/" class="" data-tp-primary="on" data-xf-init="preview-tooltip" data-preview-url="/threads/question-on-baryons-and-specific-decays.1049047/preview">Question on Baryons and Specific Decays</a> </div> <div class="structItem-minor"> <ul class="structItem-parts"> <li class="structItem-startDate"><time class="structItem-latestDate u-dt" dir="auto" datetime="2023-01-14T07:53:07-0600" data-time="1673704387" data-date-string="Jan 14, 2023" data-time-string="7:53 AM" title="Jan 14, 2023 at 7:53 AM">Jan 14, 2023</time></li>  </ul> <ul class="structItem-parts"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="structItem-cell structItem-cell--meta" title="First message reaction score: 0"> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified"> <dt>Replies</dt> <dd>9</dd> </dl> <dl class="pairs pairs--justified structItem-minor"> <dt>Views</dt> <dd>1K</dd> </dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="blockMessage blockMessage--none"> <div class="shareButtons shareButtons--iconic" data-xf-init="share-buttons" data-page-url="" data-page-title="" data-page-desc="" data-page-image=""> <span class="shareButtons-label">Share:</span> <div class="shareButtons-buttons"> <a class="shareButtons-button shareButtons-button--share is-hidden" data-xf-init="web-share" data-title="" data-text="" data-url="" data-hide=".shareButtons-button:not(.shareButtons-button--share)"> <i aria-hidden="true"></i> <span>Share</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-breadcrumbs--parent p-breadcrumbs--bottom"> <ul class="p-breadcrumbs p-breadcrumbs--bottom" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"> <li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/" itemprop="item"> <span itemprop="name">Forums</span> </a> <meta itemprop="position" content="1" /> </li> <li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a href="/#physics.9" itemprop="item"> <span itemprop="name">Physics</span> </a> <meta itemprop="position" content="2" /> </li> <li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a href="/forums/beyond-the-standard-models.66/" itemprop="item"> <span itemprop="name">Beyond the Standard Models</span> </a> <meta itemprop="position" content="3" /> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-sidebarWrapper"> <div class="p-body-sidebar"> <div class="block" data-widget-id="64" data-widget-key="hotcontent" data-widget-definition="wte_thread_enhancement"> <div class="block-container"> <h3 class="block-minorHeader">Hot Threads</h3> <ul class="block-body"> <li class="block-row"> <div class="contentRow"> <div class="contentRow-main contentRow-main--close"> <a href="/threads/on-the-same-origin-of-quantum-physics-and-general-relativity.1065590/" title="On the same origin of quantum physics and general relativity" > <span class="prefix advanced" dir="auto">A</span><span class="label-append"> </span>On the same origin of quantum physics and general relativity </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="block-row"> <div class="contentRow"> <div class="contentRow-main contentRow-main--close"> <a href="/threads/the-evaporation-of-charged-black-holes.1066882/" title="The evaporation of charged black holes" > <span class="prefix inter" dir="auto">I</span><span class="label-append"> </span>The evaporation of charged black holes </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="block-row"> <div class="contentRow"> <div class="contentRow-main contentRow-main--close"> <a href="/threads/recent-history-of-minimal-length-scale.1065682/" title="Recent history of minimal length scale?" > <span class="prefix advanced" dir="auto">A</span><span class="label-append"> </span>Recent history of minimal length scale? </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="block-row"> <div class="contentRow"> <div class="contentRow-main contentRow-main--close"> <a href="/threads/should-the-third-term-in-equation-3-11-18-be-multiplied-by-half.1066491/" title="Should the third term in equation (3.11.18) be multiplied by half?" > <span class="prefix inter" dir="auto">I</span><span class="label-append"> </span>Should the third term in equation (3.11.18) be multiplied by half? </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="block-row"> <div class="contentRow"> <div class="contentRow-main contentRow-main--close"> <a href="/threads/shahar-hods-bound-on-the-fine-structure-constant.1067526/" title="Shahar Hod's bound on the fine-structure constant" > <span class="prefix advanced" dir="auto">A</span><span class="label-append"> </span>Shahar Hod's bound on the fine-structure constant </a> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="block" data-widget-id="67" data-widget-key="recent_insights" data-widget-definition="wte_thread_enhancement"> <div class="block-container"> <h3 class="block-minorHeader">Recent Insights</h3> <ul class="block-body"> <li class="block-row"> <div class="contentRow"> <div class="contentRow-main contentRow-main--close"> <a href="/threads/groups-the-path-from-a-simple-concept-to-mysterious-results.1078366/" title="Groups, The Path from a Simple Concept to Mysterious Results" > <span class="prefix insight" dir="auto">Insights</span><span class="label-append"> </span>Groups, The Path from a Simple Concept to Mysterious Results </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="block-row"> <div class="contentRow"> <div class="contentRow-main contentRow-main--close"> <a href="/threads/a-possible-ai-modern-video-codec.1078212/" title="A Possible AI Modern Video Codec" > <span class="prefix insight" dir="auto">Insights</span><span class="label-append"> </span>A Possible AI Modern Video Codec </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="block-row"> <div class="contentRow"> <div class="contentRow-main contentRow-main--close"> <a href="/threads/beyond-the-tidal-bulge.1067812/" title="Beyond the Tidal Bulge" > <span class="prefix insight" dir="auto">Insights</span><span class="label-append"> </span>Beyond the Tidal Bulge </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="block-row"> <div class="contentRow"> <div class="contentRow-main contentRow-main--close"> <a href="/threads/the-many-faces-of-topology.1067326/" title="The Many Faces of Topology" > <span class="prefix insight" dir="auto">Insights</span><span class="label-append"> </span>The Many Faces of Topology </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="block-row"> <div class="contentRow"> <div class="contentRow-main contentRow-main--close"> <a href="/threads/brownian-motions-and-quantifying-randomness-in-physical-systems.1065302/" title="Brownian Motions and Quantifying Randomness in Physical Systems" > <span class="prefix insight" dir="auto">Insights</span><span class="label-append"> </span>Brownian Motions and Quantifying Randomness in Physical Systems </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="block-row"> <div class="contentRow"> <div class="contentRow-main contentRow-main--close"> <a href="/threads/pbs-video-comment-what-if-physics-is-not-describing-reality.1064523/" title="PBS Video Comment: “What If Physics IS NOT Describing Reality”" > <span class="prefix insight" dir="auto">Insights</span><span class="label-append"> </span>PBS Video Comment: “What If Physics IS NOT Describing Reality” </a> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <footer class="p-footer" id="footer"> <div class="p-footer--container"> <div class="p-footer-default"> <div class="p-footer-inner"> <div class="p-footer-row"> <div class="p-footer-row-main"> <ul class="p-footer-linkList"> <li class="p-linkList-changeWidth"><a class="pageWidthToggle xb-toggle-default" role="button" tabindex="0" data-xf-click="toggle" data-target="html" data-active-class="xb-toggle-default" data-xf-init="toggle-storage" data-storage-type="cookie" data-storage-expiry="31556926" data-storage-key="_xb-width"> Change width </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="p-footer-row-opposite"> <ul class="p-footer-linkList"> <li><a href="/misc/contact">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/about-physics-forums/">About</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/help/terms-of-service/">Terms</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/help/member-privacy-policy/">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/help/">Help</a></li> <li><a href="/forums/-/index.rss" target="_blank" class="p-footer-rssLink" title="RSS"><span aria-hidden="true"><i class="fa--xf fal fa-rss" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="u-srOnly">RSS</span></span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-footer-copyright"> <div class="p-footer-inner"> <div class="p-footer-copyright--flex"> <div class="copyright-left"> 2025 © Physics Forums, All Rights Reserved </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div>  </div>  <div class="u-bottomFixer js-bottomFixTarget"> </div> <div class="u-navButtons js-navButtons" data-trigger-type="up"> <a href="javascript:" class="button--scroll button"><span class="button-text"><i class="fa--xf fal fa-arrow-left" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="u-srOnly">Back</span></span></a> </div> <div class="u-scrollButtons js-scrollButtons" data-trigger-type="up"> <a href="#top" class="button--scroll button" data-xf-click="scroll-to"><span class="button-text"><i class="fa--xf fal fa-arrow-up" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="u-srOnly">Top</span></span></a> </div> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.5.1/jquery.min.js"></script><script>window.jQuery || document.write('<script src="/js/vendor/jquery/jquery-3.5.1.min.js?_v=bab3e795"><\/script>')</script> <script src="/js/vendor/vendor-compiled.js?_v=bab3e795"></script> <script src="/js/xf/core-compiled.js?_v=bab3e795"></script> <script> var sb=$("div.shareButtons.shareButtons--iconic");if(sb.length){var o=new IntersectionObserver(function(a){a[0].isIntersecting&&($(".has-no-fa-brands").removeClass("has-no-fa-brands"),this.disconnect())},{rootMargin:"200px"});sb.each(function(){XF.isElementVisible($(this))&&$(".has-no-fa-brands").removeClass("has-no-fa-brands");o.observe($(this)[0])})}; </script> <script> if (typeof jqProxy !== 'undefined') { jQuery = jqProxy; } </script> <script> jQuery.extend(true, XF.config, { // xlink: { platformId: 0 }, userId: 0, enablePush: true, pushAppServerKey: 'BHawDCc5f/kxves/mySH6irZC+n8kQpwVp6mw8IItmRcI/R6qHIwbanIkiZvdq/o+uUlVEU0XDw0ctRSlmUne1w=', url: { fullBase: 'https://www.physicsforums.com/', basePath: '/', css: '/css.php?css=__SENTINEL__&s=12&l=1&d=1740257292', keepAlive: '/login/keep-alive' }, cookie: { path: '/', domain: '', prefix: 'xf_', secure: true, consentMode: 'disabled', consented: ["optional","_third_party"] }, cacheKey: '2760c734f7bbf2931d9aeae40ac5e6a1', csrf: '1740276000,2a552e42a0ddcbc5c5504f8bcb970ba8', js: {}, css: {"public:bb_code.less":true,"public:message.less":true,"public:pf_first_post_rss.css":true,"public:physicsforums_badges.less":true,"public:share_controls.less":true,"public:structured_list.less":true,"public:thxpress_xf.less":true,"public:xb.less":true,"public:extra.less":true}, time: { now: 1740276000, today: 1740204000, todayDow: 6, tomorrow: 1740290400, yesterday: 1740117600, week: 1739685600 }, borderSizeFeature: '3px', fontAwesomeWeight: 'l', enableRtnProtect: true, enableFormSubmitSticky: true, uploadMaxFilesize: 62914560, allowedVideoExtensions: ["m4v","mov","mp4","mp4v","mpeg","mpg","ogv","webm"], allowedAudioExtensions: ["mp3","opus","ogg","wav"], shortcodeToEmoji: true, visitorCounts: { conversations_unread: '0', alerts_unviewed: '0', total_unread: '0', title_count: true, icon_indicator: true }, jsState: {}, publicMetadataLogoUrl: 'https://www.physicsforums.com/styles/physicsforums/images/physics-forums-logo-og.png', publicPushBadgeUrl: 'https://www.physicsforums.com/styles/default/xenforo/bell.png' }); jQuery.extend(XF.phrases, { // "svStandardLib_time.day": "{count} day", "svStandardLib_time.days": "{count} days", "svStandardLib_time.hour": "{count} hour", "svStandardLib_time.hours": "{count} hours", "svStandardLib_time.minute": "{count} minutes", "svStandardLib_time.minutes": "{count} minutes", "svStandardLib_time.month": "{count} month", "svStandardLib_time.months": "{count} months", "svStandardLib_time.second": "{count} second", "svStandardLib_time.seconds": "{count} seconds", "svStandardLib_time.week": "time.week", "svStandardLib_time.weeks": "{count} weeks", "svStandardLib_time.year": "{count} year", "svStandardLib_time.years": "{count} years", CMTV_Code_copied: "Code copied to clipboard.", date_x_at_time_y: "{date} at {time}", day_x_at_time_y: "{day}, {time}", yesterday_at_x: "Yesterday, {time}", x_minutes_ago: "{minutes} minutes ago", one_minute_ago: "1 minute ago", a_moment_ago: "A moment ago", today_at_x: "Today, {time}", in_a_moment: "In a moment", in_a_minute: "In a minute", in_x_minutes: "In {minutes} minutes", later_today_at_x: "Later today at {time}", tomorrow_at_x: "Tomorrow at {time}", day0: "Sunday", day1: "Monday", day2: "Tuesday", day3: "Wednesday", day4: "Thursday", day5: "Friday", day6: "Saturday", dayShort0: "Sun", dayShort1: "Mon", dayShort2: "Tue", dayShort3: "Wed", dayShort4: "Thu", dayShort5: "Fri", dayShort6: "Sat", month0: "January", month1: "February", month2: "March", month3: "April", month4: "May", month5: "June", month6: "July", month7: "August", month8: "September", month9: "October", month10: "November", month11: "December", active_user_changed_reload_page: "The active user has changed. Reload the page for the latest version.", server_did_not_respond_in_time_try_again: "The server did not respond in time. Please try again.", oops_we_ran_into_some_problems: "Oops! We ran into some problems.", oops_we_ran_into_some_problems_more_details_console: "Oops! We ran into some problems. Please try again later. More error details may be in the browser console.", file_too_large_to_upload: "The file is too large to be uploaded.", uploaded_file_is_too_large_for_server_to_process: "The uploaded file is too large for the server to process.", files_being_uploaded_are_you_sure: "Files are still being uploaded. Are you sure you want to submit this form?", attach: "Attach files", rich_text_box: "Rich text box", close: "Close", link_copied_to_clipboard: "Link copied to clipboard.", text_copied_to_clipboard: "Text copied to clipboard.", loading: "Loading…", you_have_exceeded_maximum_number_of_selectable_items: "You have exceeded the maximum number of selectable items.", processing: "Processing", 'processing...': "Processing…", showing_x_of_y_items: "Showing {count} of {total} items", showing_all_items: "Showing all items", no_items_to_display: "No items to display", number_button_up: "Increase", number_button_down: "Decrease", push_enable_notification_title: "Push notifications enabled successfully at Physics Forums: Science Discussion, Homework Help, Articles", push_enable_notification_body: "Thank you for enabling push notifications!", pull_down_to_refresh: "Pull down to refresh", release_to_refresh: "Release to refresh", refreshing: "Refreshing…" }); </script> <form style="display:none" hidden="hidden"> <input type="text" name="_xfClientLoadTime" value="" id="_xfClientLoadTime" title="_xfClientLoadTime" tabindex="-1" /> </form>  <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "WebPage", "url": "https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/are-there-guts-where-the-proton-never-decays.1063341/", "mainEntity": { "@type": "DiscussionForumPosting", "@id": "https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/are-there-guts-where-the-proton-never-decays.1063341/", "headline": "Are There GUTs Where the Proton Never Decays?", "datePublished": "2024-06-05T09:14:31+00:00", "keywords": "Particle physics, Proton decay", "url": "https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/are-there-guts-where-the-proton-never-decays.1063341/", "articleSection": "Beyond the Standard Models", "author": { "@type": "Person", "@id": "https://www.physicsforums.com/members/billtodd.7198/", "name": "billtodd", "url": "https://www.physicsforums.com/members/billtodd.7198/" }, "interactionStatistic": [ { "@type": "InteractionCounter", "interactionType": "https://schema.org/ViewAction", "userInteractionCount": 1854 }, { "@type": "InteractionCounter", "interactionType": "https://schema.org/CommentAction", "userInteractionCount": 16 }, { "@type": "InteractionCounter", "interactionType": "https://schema.org/LikeAction", "userInteractionCount": 0 } ], "articleBody": "Are there any GUTs where the proton never decays?\nOne should write such a theory, perhaps me... :oldbiggrin:" }, "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Physics Forums: Science Discussion, Homework Help, Articles", "alternateName": "Physics Forums", "description": "Join Physics Forums, where students, scientists, and enthusiasts come together to explore and discuss the current understanding and practice of various scientific fields.", "url": "https://www.physicsforums.com", "logo": "https://www.physicsforums.com/styles/physicsforums/images/physics-forums-logo-og.png" } } </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.physicsforums.com/copyright.js" defer></script> <script> function parseNewPost(postid) { var newpost = document.getElementById("js-post-" + postid), npa = [newpost]; MathJax.typeset(npa); } function parsePreview() { var preview = document.getElementsByClassName("xfPreview"); MathJax.typeset(preview); } function parseNewConversationPost(postid) { var newpost = document.getElementsByClassName("convMessage-" + postid); MathJax.typeset(newpost); } function parseNewProfilePost(postid) { var newpost = document.getElementById("js-profilePost-" + postid), npa = [newpost]; MathJax.typeset(npa); } function parseTooltip() { MathJax.typeset(); } </script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Are There GUTs Where the Proton Never Decays?