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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Literature and symbolism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature_and_symbolism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literature and symbolism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radha_and_Sita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radha_and_Sita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Radha and Sita</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radha_and_Sita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Iconography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_and_legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_and_legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Life and legends</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_and_legends-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Life and legends subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Life_and_legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth_and_early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_and_early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Birth and early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_and_early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Youth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Youth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Youth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Youth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Krishna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Krishna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Relationship with Krishna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Krishna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_after_Krishna_left_Vrindavan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_after_Krishna_left_Vrindavan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Life after Krishna left Vrindavan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_after_Krishna_left_Vrindavan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reuniting_with_Krishna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reuniting_with_Krishna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Reuniting with Krishna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reuniting_with_Krishna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_Supreme_Goddess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_Supreme_Goddess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>As Supreme Goddess</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_Supreme_Goddess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrayal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Portrayal</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Portrayal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Portrayal subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Portrayal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_Krishna's_lover_consort_(Parakiya_rasa)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_Krishna's_lover_consort_(Parakiya_rasa)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>As Krishna's lover consort (Parakiya rasa)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_Krishna's_lover_consort_(Parakiya_rasa)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_Krishna's_married_consort_(Svakiya_rasa)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_Krishna's_married_consort_(Svakiya_rasa)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>As Krishna's married consort (Svakiya rasa)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_Krishna's_married_consort_(Svakiya_rasa)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Worship and festivals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worship_and_festivals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Worship and festivals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Worship_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hymns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hymns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Hymns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hymns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radhashtami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radhashtami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Radhashtami</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radhashtami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Holi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sharad_Purnima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sharad_Purnima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Sharad Purnima</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sharad_Purnima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kartik_Purnima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kartik_Purnima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.4</span> <span>Kartik Purnima</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kartik_Purnima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Shaktism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Shaktism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In Shaktism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Shaktism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Paintings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Dance forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5.1</span> <span>Films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5.2</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Temples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Outside Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Radha</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7" title="رادها – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رادها" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE" title="ৰাধা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰাধা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE" title="রাধা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাধা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE" title="राधा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="राधा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha" title="Radha – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Radha" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha" title="Radha – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Radha" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha" title="Radha – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Radha" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha" title="Radha – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Radha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radhao" title="Radhao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Radhao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="رادا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رادا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha" title="Radha – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Radha" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%BE" title="રાધા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રાધા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha" title="Radha – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Radha" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%8B%A4" title="라다 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE" title="राधा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राधा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha" title="Radha – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Radha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81dh%C4%81" title="Rādhā – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rādhā" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%86" title="ರಾಧೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಾಧೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90" title="რადჰა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რადჰა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha" title="Radha – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Radha" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE" title="राधा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="राधा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A7" title="രാധ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രാധ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE" title="राधा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="राधा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7" title="رادها – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رادها" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha" title="Radha – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Radha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%99%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯔꯥꯙꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯔꯥꯙꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha" title="Radha – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Radha" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE" title="राधा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="राधा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC" title="ラーダー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラーダー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha" title="Radha – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Radha" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%BE" title="ରାଧା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରାଧା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE" title="ਰਾਧਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਾਧਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%88" title="ព្រះក្រិស្ណៈ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះក្រិស្ណៈ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha" title="Radha – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Radha" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rada_(hindu%C3%ADsmo)" title="Rada (hinduísmo) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rada (hinduísmo)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Радха – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Радха" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE" title="राधा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="राधा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F" title="රාධා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රාධා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha" title="Radha – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Radha" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%8C%D8%A7" title="راڌا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="راڌا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rada" title="Rada – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Rada" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha" title="Radha – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Radha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha" title="Radha – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Radha" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88" title="இராதை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இராதை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A7" title="రాధ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రాధ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2" title="พระแม่ราธา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระแม่ราธา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%86" title="ರಾಧೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ರಾಧೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Радга – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Радга" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7" title="رادھا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رادھا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha" title="Radha – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Radha" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hindu goddess of love and chief consort of the god Krishna</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Radha_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Radha (disambiguation)">Radha (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #FFC569;">Radha</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Mūlaprakriti</a>, Primordial Goddess,<sup id="cite_ref-Diana_Dimitrova_2018_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diana_Dimitrova_2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> Mother Goddess,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> Hladini shakti ("blissful energy"),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> Goddess of Love, Compassion and Devotion<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Supreme Goddess in <a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Member of <a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Panch Prakriti</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Radharani_10.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Radharani_10.JPG/220px-Radharani_10.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Radharani_10.JPG/330px-Radharani_10.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Radharani_10.JPG/440px-Radharani_10.JPG 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="1283" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Radha at <a href="/wiki/ISKCON_Temple,_Pune" title="ISKCON Temple, Pune">ISKCON Temple, Pune</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Madhavi, Keshavi, Shreeji, Shyama, Kishori, Radharani, Rahi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></th><td class="infobox-data">राधा</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> transliteration</th><td class="infobox-data">Rādhā</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha Vallabh Sampradaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampradaya" title="Mahanam Sampradaya">Mahanam Sampradaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manipuri_Vaishnavism" title="Manipuri Vaishnavism">Manipuri Vaishnavism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan Sampradaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Vaishnava-Sahajiya</a>, Haridasi Sampradaya<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVemsani2016222–223_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVemsani2016222–223-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li><li>Hladini <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">shakti</a> of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goloka" title="Goloka">Goloka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Barsana" title="Barsana">Barsana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha" title="Vaikuntha">Vaikuntha</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li><i>Om hreem Radhikaye namah</i></li><li><i> Om Radhaye svaha</i></li><li><i> Om hreem shreem Radhikaye svaha</i></li></ul></div><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography#Symbols_associated_with_individual_devas" title="Hindu iconography">Symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Golden Lotus</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Day</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Friday" title="Friday">Friday</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devi-Bhagavata_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi-Bhagavata Purana">Devi-Bhagavata Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gopala_Tapani_Upanishad" title="Gopala Tapani Upanishad">Gopala Tapani Upanishad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garga_Samhita_(Vaishnavite_text)" title="Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)">Garga Samhita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Samhita" title="Brahma Samhita">Brahma Samhita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Charitamrita" title="Chaitanya Charitamrita">Chaitanya Charitamrita</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gender</th><td class="infobox-data">Female</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Festivals</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radhashtami" title="Radhashtami">Radhashtami</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Purnima" title="Sharad Purnima">Sharad 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.sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Food & Diet Customs</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Other topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div 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href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">and Judaism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and Christianity">and Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">and Islam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other Related Links (Templates)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"> Hindu Scriptures & Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"> Hindu Philosphy</a></li> <li>Sampradayas (Traditions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saivism" title="Template:Saivism"> Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"> Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saktism" title="Template:Saktism"> Shaktism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Vaishnavism" title="Category:Vaishnavism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #c9d5f2; border-color: #001A57"><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Vaishnavism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Git_govind_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet."><img alt="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/220px-Git_govind_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/330px-Git_govind_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/440px-Git_govind_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="386" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Supreme deity</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Important deities</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasurama" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasurama">Parasurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other forms</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayurappan" title="Guruvayurappan">Guruvayurappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinathji" title="Shrinathji">Shrinathji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkateshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkateshvara">Venkateshvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Consorts</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamelu" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamelu">Alamelu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scriptures"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Holy scriptures</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasa" title="Vaikhanasa">Vaikhanasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Sampradayas</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sampradaya">Sri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_Sampradaya" title="Rudra Sampradaya">Rudra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Śuddhādvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81ra_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumāra Sampradaya">Kumara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dvaitadvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaitadvaita">Dvaitadvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tattvavada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvavada">Tattvavada</a> or (<a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a>)), <a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintyabhedabheda</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Others</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranami_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Pranami Sampraday">Pranami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsnehi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsnehi">Ramsnehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Vaishnava-Sahajiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Teachers—acharyas</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Jñāneśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavdev" title="Madhavdev">Madhavdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Manavala Mamunigal">Manavala Mamunigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammalvar" title="Nammalvar">Nammalvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathamuni" title="Nathamuni">Nathamuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabha_Tirtha" title="Padmanabha Tirtha">Padmanabha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillai_Lokacharya" title="Pillai Lokacharya">Pillai Lokacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Tirtha" title="Raghavendra Tirtha">Raghavendra Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabhinava_Tirtha" title="Satyabhinava Tirtha">Satyabhinava Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabodha_Tirtha" title="Satyabodha Tirtha">Satyabodha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadharma_Tirtha" title="Satyadharma Tirtha">Satyadharma Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyapati" title="Vidyapati">Vidyapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnuswami" title="Vishnuswami">Vishnuswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthalanatha" title="Vitthalanatha">Viṭṭhalanātha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamunacharya" title="Yamunacharya">Yamunacharya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Related traditions</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavatism">Bhagavatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaikhanasas">Vaikhanasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Tenkalai_("southern")_-_Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Tenkalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Vadakalai_("northern")_-_Vedanta_Desika" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Vadakalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munitraya_Sampradayam" class="mw-redirect" title="Munitraya Sampradayam">Munitraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannathism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Sahajiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramanandi">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapadi" title="Kapadi">Kapadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmikism" title="Balmikism">Balmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir_panth" title="Kabir panth">Kabir panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanam Sampraday">Mahanam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vaishnavism" title="Template talk:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Radha</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">राधा</span>, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Rādhā</i></span></i>), also called <b>Radhika</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Hindu_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu goddess">Hindu goddess</a> and the chief consort of the god <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>. She is the goddess of love, tenderness, compassion, and devotion. In scriptures, Radha is mentioned as the <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also as the <a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Mūlaprakriti</a>, the Supreme goddess, who is the feminine counterpart and internal potency (<i>hladini <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">shakti</a></i>) of Krishna.<sup id="cite_ref-Diana_Dimitrova_2018_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diana_Dimitrova_2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radha accompanies Krishna in all his incarnations.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radha's birthday is celebrated every year on the occasion of <a href="/wiki/Radhashtami" title="Radhashtami">Radhashtami</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVemsani2016223_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVemsani2016223-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In relation with Krishna, Radha has dual representation—the lover consort as well as his married consort. Traditions like <a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a> worship Radha as the eternal consort and wedded wife of Krishna.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002542_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002542-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007341Radha_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007341Radha-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, traditions like <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavism</a> revere her as Krishna's lover and the divine consort.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002542_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002542-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha Vallabh Sampradaya</a> and Haridasi Sampradaya, only Radha is worshipped as the <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Supreme being</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1977Snell1991chapter1Rosenstein1998Beck2005Vemsani2016222_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1977Snell1991chapter1Rosenstein1998Beck2005Vemsani2016222-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere, she is venerated with Krishna as his principal consort in Nimbarka Sampradaya, <a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampradaya" title="Mahanam Sampradaya">Mahanam Sampradaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan Sampradaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Vaishnava-Sahajiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manipuri_Vaishnavism" title="Manipuri Vaishnavism">Manipuri Vaishnavism</a>, and Gaudiya Vaishnavism movements linked to <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawleyWulff1982xiii–xviiiDalal2010321–322Hayes200519–32Vemsani2016221_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawleyWulff1982xiii–xviiiDalal2010321–322Hayes200519–32Vemsani2016221-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radha is described as the chief of <i><a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Braj</a> <a href="/wiki/Gopi" title="Gopi">Gopis</a></i> (milkmaids of Braj) and queen of <a href="/wiki/Goloka" title="Goloka">Goloka</a> and Braj including <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barsana" title="Barsana">Barsana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002542_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002542-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She has inspired numerous literary works, and her <a href="/wiki/Raslila" title="Raslila">Raslila</a> dance with Krishna has inspired many types of performance arts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher2004_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher2004-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawleyWulff1982xiii–xviii_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawleyWulff1982xiii–xviii-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica2_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPintchman200546–47_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintchman200546–47-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_epithets">Etymology and epithets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and epithets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RadhaKrishnaUdaipur.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/RadhaKrishnaUdaipur.JPG/220px-RadhaKrishnaUdaipur.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/RadhaKrishnaUdaipur.JPG/330px-RadhaKrishnaUdaipur.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/RadhaKrishnaUdaipur.JPG/440px-RadhaKrishnaUdaipur.JPG 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="1069" /></a><figcaption>14th-century fresco of Radha (right) and Krishna (left, playing flute) in <a href="/wiki/Udaipur" title="Udaipur">Udaipur</a>, Rajasthan.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sanskrit term <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Rādhā</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">राधा</span>) means "prosperity, success, perfection and wealth".<sup id="cite_ref-mmwradha_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmwradha-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sen434_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sen434-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1975655–671_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1975655–671-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a common word and name found in various contexts in the ancient and medieval texts of India. The word appears in the <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Vedic</a> literature as well as the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_epics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu epics">Hindu epics</a>, but is elusive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1975655–671_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1975655–671-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name also appears for <a href="/wiki/Radha_(Mahabharata)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha (Mahabharata)">a figure</a> in the epic <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mmwradha_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmwradha-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rādhikā refers to an endearing form of Radha.<sup id="cite_ref-mmwradha_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmwradha-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In chapter 15th, <i>Goloka khanda</i> of <i><a href="/wiki/Garga_Samhita_(Vaishnavite_text)" title="Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)">Garga Samhita</a></i>, Sage Garga elaborates the complete meaning of Radha. In Radha, 'R' signifies <i>Rama</i>, goddess <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, 'a' means <i><a href="/wiki/Gopi" title="Gopi">Gopis</a></i>, "dh" signifies <i>dhara</i>, goddess <a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhudevi</a> and last 'a' symbolises <i>River</i> <i>Virājā</i> (also called <a href="/wiki/Yamuna_in_Hinduism" title="Yamuna in Hinduism"><i>Yamuna</i></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fifth chapter, <i>Fifth night</i> of <i><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Narada Pancharatra</a></i> mentioned 1008 names of Radha under the title <i>Shri Radha Saharsnama Strotam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 68th chapter, <i>Tritiya paad</i> of <i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Narada Purana</a></i> also listed 500 names of Radha.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the common names and epithets are:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shri" title="Shri">Sri</a></i>, <i>Shreeji</i>, <i>Shriji</i>: Goddess of radiance, splendor and wealth; <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><i>Madhavi</i>: Feminine counterpart of <a href="/wiki/Madhava_(Vishnu)" title="Madhava (Vishnu)">Madhava</a></li> <li><i>Keshavi</i>: Feminine form of <a href="/wiki/Keshava" title="Keshava">Keshava</a></li> <li><i>Aparajita</i>: She who is unconquerable</li> <li><i>Kishori</i>: Youthful</li> <li><i>Nitya</i>: She is eternal</li> <li><i>Nitya-gehinī</i>: Krishna's eternal wife</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gopi" title="Gopi">Gopi</a></i>: Cowherd girl</li> <li><i>Shyama</i>: Beloved of <a href="/wiki/Shyam" title="Shyam">Shyam</a></li> <li><i>Gaurangi</i>: She whose complexion is bright like the lustrous gold</li> <li><i>Raseshvari</i> and <i>Rasa-priya</i>: Queen of <a href="/wiki/Raslila" title="Raslila">Raslila</a> and she who is fond of rasa dance</li> <li><i>Vrindavaneshvari</i>: Queen of <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a></li> <li><i>Krishneshvari</i>: Feminine counterpart of Krishna</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature_and_symbolism">Literature and symbolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Literature and symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jayadeva_pay_homage_to_Krishna_from_gita_govinda_Series_by_manaku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jayadeva_pay_homage_to_Krishna_from_gita_govinda_Series_by_manaku.jpg/220px-Jayadeva_pay_homage_to_Krishna_from_gita_govinda_Series_by_manaku.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jayadeva_pay_homage_to_Krishna_from_gita_govinda_Series_by_manaku.jpg/330px-Jayadeva_pay_homage_to_Krishna_from_gita_govinda_Series_by_manaku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jayadeva_pay_homage_to_Krishna_from_gita_govinda_Series_by_manaku.jpg/440px-Jayadeva_pay_homage_to_Krishna_from_gita_govinda_Series_by_manaku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Jayadeva</a> recites the mantra to Radha Krishna by Manaku.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>Radha is an important goddess in the <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavite</a> traditions of Hinduism. Her traits, manifestations, descriptions, and roles vary by region. Radha is intrinsic with Krishna. In early Indian literature, mentions of her are elusive. The traditions that venerate her explain this is because she is the secret treasure hidden within the sacred scriptures. During the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> era in the sixteenth century, she became more well known as her extraordinary love for Krishna was highlighted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPauwels199629–43_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPauwels199629–43-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radha's first major appearance in the 12th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></i> in Sanskrit by <a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Jayadeva</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELove_Song_of_the_Dark_Lord:_Jayadeva's_Gītagovinda1977_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELove_Song_of_the_Dark_Lord:_Jayadeva's_Gītagovinda1977-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher2004The_Gita_Govinda_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher2004The_Gita_Govinda-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDatta19881414–1421_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDatta19881414–1421-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a>'s philosophical works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamnarace2014_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamnarace2014-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus in the <i>Gita Govinda</i> Krishna speaks to Radha: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>O woman with desire, place on this patch of flower-strewn floor your lotus foot,<br /> And let your foot through beauty win,<br /> To me who am the Lord of All, O be attached, now always yours.<br /> O follow me, my little Radha. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Jayadeva, <i>Gita Govinda</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher2004The_Gita_Govinda_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher2004The_Gita_Govinda-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>However, the source of Jayadeva's heroine in his poem remains a puzzle of the Sanskrit literature. A possible explanation is Jayadeva's friendship with Nimbarkacharya,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVemsani2016197_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVemsani2016197-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first acharya to establish the worship of Radha-Krishna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392Ramnarace2014_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392Ramnarace2014-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nimbarka, in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>'s Encyclopaedia, more than any other acharyas gave Radha a place as a deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDatta19881415_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDatta19881415-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to Gita Govinda, Radha was also mentioned in text <i><a href="/wiki/Gaha_Sattasai" title="Gaha Sattasai">Gatha Saptasati</a></i> which is a collection of 700 verses composed in <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> language by King <a href="/wiki/H%C4%81la" title="Hāla">Hāla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text was written around first or second century AD. Gatha Saptasati mentioned Radha explicitly in its verse:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1975655–671_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1975655–671-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Mukhamarutena tvam krsna gorajo radhikaya apanayan |<br /> Etasam ballavinam anyasam api gauravam harasi || </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>"O Krishna, by the puff of breath from your mouth, as you blow the dust from Radha's face, you take away the glories of other milkmaids." </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Radha also appears in the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> namely the <i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i> (as an avatar of <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>), the <i><a href="/wiki/Devi-Bhagavata_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi-Bhagavata Purana">Devi-Bhagavata Purana</a></i> (as a form of <a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a>), the <i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i> (as Radha-Krishna supreme deity), the <i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i> (as form of <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a>), the <i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i> (as form of Lakshmi), the <i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i> (as consort of Krishna), the <a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Narada Purana</a> (as goddess of love), the <i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1975655–671_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1975655–671-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 15th and 16th century <a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaite</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> poet-saints <a href="/wiki/Vidyapati" title="Vidyapati">Vidyapati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandidas" title="Chandidas">Chandidas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meera_Bai" class="mw-redirect" title="Meera Bai">Meera Bai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swami_Haridas" title="Swami Haridas">Swami Haridas</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Narsinh_Mehta" title="Narsinh Mehta">Narsinh Mehta</a> (1350–1450), who preceded all of them, wrote about the romance of Krishna and Radha too.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher20045.3_Later_PoetryHardy1987387–392Rosenstein1997Hawley2005_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher20045.3_Later_PoetryHardy1987387–392Rosenstein1997Hawley2005-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Chandidas in his Bengali-language <i>Shri Krishna Kirtana</i>, a poem of Bhakti, depicts Radha and Krishna as divine, but in human love.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1986152–154_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart1986152–154-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010385Shrikrishna_Kirtana_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010385Shrikrishna_Kirtana-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though not named in the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Visvanatha_Chakravarti" title="Visvanatha Chakravarti">Visvanatha Chakravarti</a> (c. 1626–1708) interprets an unnamed favourite gopi in the scripture as Radha.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She makes appearances in <i>Venisamhara</i> by <a href="/wiki/Bhatta_Narayana" title="Bhatta Narayana">Bhatta Narayana</a> (c. 800 CE), <i>Dhvanyaloka</i> by <a href="/wiki/Anandavardhana" title="Anandavardhana">Anandavardhana</a> (c. 820–890 CE) and its commentary <i>Dhvanyalokalocana</i> by <a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a> (c. 950 – 1016 CE), Rajasekhara's (late ninth-early tenth century) Kāvyamīmāṃsā, <i>Dashavatara-charita</i> (1066 CE) by <a href="/wiki/Kshemendra" title="Kshemendra">Kshemendra</a> and <i>Siddhahemasabdanusana</i> by <a href="/wiki/Hemachandra" title="Hemachandra">Hemachandra</a> (c. 1088–1172).<sup id="cite_ref-:9_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most of these, Radha is depicted as someone who is deeply in love with Krishna and is deeply saddened when Krishna leaves her.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But, on contrary, Radha of the <i><a href="/wiki/Radha_Tantra" title="Radha Tantra">Rādhātantram</a></i> is portrayed as audacious, sassy, confident, omniscient and divine personality who is in full control at all times. In <i>Rādhātantram,</i> Radha is not merely the consort but is treated as the independent goddess. Here, Krishna is portrayed as her disciple and Radha as his guru.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radha_and_Krishna_by_DHURANDHAR_MV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Radha_and_Krishna_by_DHURANDHAR_MV.jpg/200px-Radha_and_Krishna_by_DHURANDHAR_MV.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Radha_and_Krishna_by_DHURANDHAR_MV.jpg/300px-Radha_and_Krishna_by_DHURANDHAR_MV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Radha_and_Krishna_by_DHURANDHAR_MV.jpg/400px-Radha_and_Krishna_by_DHURANDHAR_MV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Radha with Krishna, by <a href="/wiki/M._V._Dhurandhar" title="M. V. Dhurandhar">M. V. Dhurandhar</a>, 1915.</figcaption></figure> <p>Charlotte Vaudeville theorizes that Radha may have inspired by the pairing of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Ekanamsha" title="Ekanamsha">Ekanamsha</a> (associated with <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>) with <a href="/wiki/Jagannatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagannatha">Jagannatha</a> (who is identified with Krishna) of <a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a> in Eastern India. Though <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a> (15th century, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavism</a>) is not known to have worshiped the deity couple of Radha-Krishna, his disciples around the <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a> region, affirmed Radha as the <i>hladini shakti</i> ("energy of bliss") of Krishna, associating her with the Primordial Divine Mother. While the poetry of Jayadeva and <a href="/wiki/Vidyapati" title="Vidyapati">Vidyapati</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> treat Radha as Krishna's "mistress", the Gaudiya poetry elevates her to a divine consort.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Western India, <a href="/wiki/Vallabhacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallabhacharya">Vallabhacharya</a>'s Krishna-centric sampradaya <a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a>, Radha is revered as the <i>Swamini</i> of Krishna, who is worthy of devotion.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Jaya Chemburkar, there are at least two significant and different aspects of Radha in the literature associated with her, such as <i>Sri Radhika namasahasram</i>. One aspect is she is a milkmaid (gopi), another as a female deity similar to those found in the Hindu goddess traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChemburkar1976107–116_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChemburkar1976107–116-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also appears in Hindu arts as <i><a href="/wiki/Ardhanari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardhanari">Ardhanari</a></i> with Krishna, that is an iconography where half of the image is Radha and the other half is Krishna. This is found in sculpture such as those discovered in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, and in texts such as <i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i>. In these texts, this <i>Ardha Nari</i> is sometimes referred to as <i>Ardharadhavenudhara <a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murti</a></i>, and it symbolizes the complete union and inseparability of Radha and Krishna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan2008207–213_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan2008207–213-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>D.M. Wulff demonstrates through a close study of her Sanskrit and Bengali sources that Radha is both the "consort" and "conqueror" of Krishna and that "metaphysically Radha is understood as co-substantial and co-eternal with Krishna." Indeed, the more popular vernacular traditions prefer to worship the couple and often tilt the balance of power towards Radha.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Graham M. Schweig in his work "<i>The divine feminine theology of Krishna</i>" in context with Radha Krishna stated that, "The divine couple, Radha and Krishna, comprise the essence of godhead. Radha is therefore acknowledged by Chaitanyaite Vaishnavas to be part of very center of their theological doctrine. Sacred images of the forms of Radha Krishna, standing together side by side, are elaborately worshiped in the Indian temples. Through her image, her divine character and her amorous and passionate relations with Krishna, Radha is the constant meditation of practitioners.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/W.G._Archer" class="mw-redirect" title="W.G. Archer">William Archer</a> and David Kinsley, a professor of Religious Studies known for his studies on Hindu goddesses, the Radha-Krishna love story is a metaphor for a divine-human relationship, where Radha is the human devotee or soul who is frustrated with the past, obligations to social expectations, and the ideas she inherited, who then longs for real meaning, the true love, the divine (Krishna). This metaphoric Radha (soul) finds new liberation in learning more about Krishna, bonding in devotion, and with passion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher2004The_Triumph_of_Radha_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher2004The_Triumph_of_Radha-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010147_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010147-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An image of Radha has inspired numerous literary works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawleyWulff1982xiii–xviii_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawleyWulff1982xiii–xviii-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For modern instance, the <i>Shri Radhacharita Mahakavyam</i>—the 1980s epic poem of Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kalika_Prasad_Shukla" title="Kalika Prasad Shukla">Kalika Prasad Shukla</a> that focuses on Radha's devotion to Krishna as the universal lover—"one of the rare, high-quality works in Sanskrit in the twentieth century."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010384Shri_Radhacharita_Mahakavyam_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010384Shri_Radhacharita_Mahakavyam-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radha_and_Sita">Radha and Sita</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Radha and Sita"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha-Krishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>-<a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> pairs represent two different personality sets, two perspectives on <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> and lifestyles, both cherished in the way of life called <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPauwels200812–15,_497–517_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPauwels200812–15,_497–517-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sita is traditionally wedded: the dedicated and virtuous wife of Rama, an introspective <a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">temperate</a> paragon of a serious, virtuous man.<sup id="cite_ref-goldmanrama_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goldmanrama-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimock1963106–127_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimock1963106–127-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radha is a power potency of Krishna, who is a playful adventurer.<sup id="cite_ref-goldmanrama_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goldmanrama-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPauwels200812–15,_497–517_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPauwels200812–15,_497–517-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radha and Sita offer two templates within the Hindu tradition. If "Sita is a queen, aware of her social responsibilities", states Pauwels, then "Radha is exclusively focused on her romantic relationship with her lover", giving two contrasting role models from two ends of the moral universe. Yet they share common elements as well. Both face life challenges and are committed to their true love. They are both influential, adored and beloved goddesses in the Hindu culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPauwels200812–15,_497–517_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPauwels200812–15,_497–517-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In worship of Rama, Sita is represented as a dutiful and loving wife, holding a position entirely subordinate to Rama. However, in the worship of <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a>, Radha is often preferred over to Krishna, and in certain traditions, her name is elevated to a higher position compared to Krishna's.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Krishna_and_Radha_in_ISKCON,_Pune.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Lord_Krishna_and_Radha_in_ISKCON%2C_Pune.jpg/220px-Lord_Krishna_and_Radha_in_ISKCON%2C_Pune.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Lord_Krishna_and_Radha_in_ISKCON%2C_Pune.jpg/330px-Lord_Krishna_and_Radha_in_ISKCON%2C_Pune.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Lord_Krishna_and_Radha_in_ISKCON%2C_Pune.jpg/440px-Lord_Krishna_and_Radha_in_ISKCON%2C_Pune.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Radha Krishna idols at <a href="/wiki/ISKCON_Temple,_Pune" title="ISKCON Temple, Pune">Iskcon Temple Pune</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Radha in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, is revered as the goddess of love. She is mostly depicted along with Krishna or gopis in the land of <a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Braj</a>. Various art forms based on Radha Krishna are majorly inspired by <i><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></i> and <i>Rasikapriya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Rajput_painting" title="Rajput painting">Rajput paintings</a>, Radha represents an ideal of beauty, wearing the traditional <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a> decorated extensively with patterns and ornamented in jewelry with lighter skin tone and emphasized facial features.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Kishangarh paintings, Radha is represented as beautifully dressed woman in <i><a href="/wiki/Ghagra_choli" title="Ghagra choli">ghagra choli</a></i> with pearl jewelry and a dark diaphanous veil over her head. The famous <a href="/wiki/Bani_Thani" title="Bani Thani">Bani Thani</a> portrait by artist <a href="/wiki/Nih%C3%A2l_Chand" title="Nihâl Chand">Nihâl Chand</a> was inspired by Radha's physical features which includes sharp eyebrows, lotus-like elongated eyes, thin lips and a pointed nose and chin.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna-radha_ardhanari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Krishna-radha_ardhanari.jpg/220px-Krishna-radha_ardhanari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Krishna-radha_ardhanari.jpg/330px-Krishna-radha_ardhanari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Krishna-radha_ardhanari.jpg/440px-Krishna-radha_ardhanari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Radha Krishna <a href="/wiki/Ardhanarishvara" title="Ardhanarishvara">ardhanarishvara</a> form</figcaption></figure> <p>In religious art forms, Radha also appears as <i><a href="/wiki/Ardhanari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardhanari">Ardhanari</a></i> with Krishna, that is an iconography where half of the image is Radha and the other half is Krishna forming the combined masculine and feminine form of <a href="/wiki/Ardhanarishvara" title="Ardhanarishvara">Ardhanarishvara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan2008207–213_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan2008207–213-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Radha Krishna temples, Radha stands on the left of Krishna, with a garland in her hand.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is often dressed in traditional sari or <i>ghagra-choli</i> along with a veil. Her jewelry from top to bottom is either made of metals, pearls or flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> scripture <i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i> describes Radha as the beautiful and youthful goddess having the molten golden complexion and wearing the garlands of gems and flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-Shanti_Lal_Nagar_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shanti_Lal_Nagar-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_legends">Life and legends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Life and legends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radha in her human form is revered as the milkmaid (<a href="/wiki/Gopi" title="Gopi">gopi</a>) of Vrindavan who became the beloved of Krishna. One of the basic traits of Radha is her unconditional love for Krishna and her sufferings that forms the basis for Radha's exaltation as a model of devotion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPauwels1996_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPauwels1996-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_and_early_life">Birth and early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Birth and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bal_Radha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bal_Radha.jpg/220px-Bal_Radha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bal_Radha.jpg/330px-Bal_Radha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bal_Radha.jpg/440px-Bal_Radha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="1308" /></a><figcaption>A statue of Radha as a child in Raval temple.</figcaption></figure> <p>Radha was born to <a href="/wiki/Vrishabhanu" title="Vrishabhanu">Vrishbhanu</a>, who was the <a href="/wiki/Yadava" title="Yadava">Yadava</a> ruler of <a href="/wiki/Barsana" title="Barsana">Barsana</a> and his wife Kirtida.<sup id="cite_ref-Saraswati2001_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saraswati2001-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Varma2009_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varma2009-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vishwananda2017_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vishwananda2017-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her birthplace is Raval which is a small town near <a href="/wiki/Gokul" title="Gokul">Gokul</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar pradesh</a>, but is often said to be <a href="/wiki/Barsana" title="Barsana">Barsana</a> where she grew up.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to popular legend, Radha was discovered by Vrishbhanu on an effulgent lotus floating in <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a> river. Radha was nine months older than Krishna.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She didn't open her eyes until Krishna himself in his child form appeared in front of her.<sup id="cite_ref-Dash_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dash-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Das1990_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Das1990-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Ashtasakhi" title="Ashtasakhi">Ashtasakhis</a>" (translated to eight friends) are the integral part of Radha's childhood and youth.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that all the <i>Ashtasakhis</i> are the intimate friends of Radha Krishna and also have descended from <a href="/wiki/Goloka" title="Goloka">Goloka</a> in <a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Braj</a> region. Out of all the eight sakhis, <a href="/wiki/Lalita_(gopi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lalita (gopi)">Lalita</a> and Vishakha are the prominent ones.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Charitamrita" title="Chaitanya Charitamrita">Chaitanya Charitamrita</a>'s Antya lila (2:6:116), Radha also received a boon from sage <a href="/wiki/Durvasa" title="Durvasa">Durvasa</a> in her childhood that whatever she cooks would be better than the nectar.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth">Youth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Youth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radha,_Krishna_and_the_gopis,_Bharatiya_Lok_Kala_Museum,_Udaipur,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Radha%2C_Krishna_and_the_gopis%2C_Bharatiya_Lok_Kala_Museum%2C_Udaipur%2C_India.jpg/170px-Radha%2C_Krishna_and_the_gopis%2C_Bharatiya_Lok_Kala_Museum%2C_Udaipur%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Radha%2C_Krishna_and_the_gopis%2C_Bharatiya_Lok_Kala_Museum%2C_Udaipur%2C_India.jpg/255px-Radha%2C_Krishna_and_the_gopis%2C_Bharatiya_Lok_Kala_Museum%2C_Udaipur%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Radha%2C_Krishna_and_the_gopis%2C_Bharatiya_Lok_Kala_Museum%2C_Udaipur%2C_India.jpg/340px-Radha%2C_Krishna_and_the_gopis%2C_Bharatiya_Lok_Kala_Museum%2C_Udaipur%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="2508" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a>'s Raslila with <a href="/wiki/Gopi" title="Gopi">gopis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Stories of Radha's youth are filled with her divine pastimes with Krishna.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the popular pastimes of Radha Krishna include: <i><a href="/wiki/Raslila" title="Raslila">Raslila</a></i>, pastimes of <i><a href="/wiki/Radha_Kund" title="Radha Kund">Radha Kund</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gopashtami" title="Gopashtami">Gopashtami</a> lila</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Lathmar_Holi" title="Lathmar Holi">Lathmar Holi</a></i>, <i>Seva Kunj lila</i> in which Krishna did sringara of Radha,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Maan lila</i> ( A special stage in divine love in which the devotee develops so much love for God as to even attain the right of getting angry with him),<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Mor Kutir lila</i> in which Krishna performed a dance lila by dressing himself as a peacock to please Radha,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Gopadevi lila</i> (Krishna took form of female to meet Radha) and <i>Lilahava</i> in which Radha Krishna dressed in each other clothes.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relationship_with_Krishna">Relationship with Krishna</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Relationship with Krishna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radha and Krishna share two kinds of relationships, Parakiya (Love without any social limitation) and Svakiya (married relationship).<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radha asked Krishna why he can't marry her, the reply came "Marriage is a union of two souls. You and I are one soul, how can I marry myself?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPauwels200813–14_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPauwels200813–14-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several Hindu texts allude to these circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radha_Krishna_Bhandirvan_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Radha_Krishna_Bhandirvan_2.jpg/220px-Radha_Krishna_Bhandirvan_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Radha_Krishna_Bhandirvan_2.jpg/330px-Radha_Krishna_Bhandirvan_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Radha_Krishna_Bhandirvan_2.jpg/440px-Radha_Krishna_Bhandirvan_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>Radha Krishna's marriage is being performed by Brahma in Bhandirvan, Vrindavan</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sanskrit texts, <i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Garga_Samhita_(Vaishnavite_text)" title="Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)">Garga Samhita</a></i> mention that Krishna secretly married Radha in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhandirvan,_Vrindavan" title="Bhandirvan, Vrindavan">Bhandirvan</a></i> forest before leaving <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The place where <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a>'s marriage was conducted is still present in the outskirts of Vrindavan, called <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna_Vivah_Sthali,_Bhandirvan" title="Radha Krishna Vivah Sthali, Bhandirvan">Radha Krishna Vivah Sthali, Bhandirvan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story mentioned in Brahma Vaivarta Purana indicates that Radha has always been Krishna's divine consort. But to give importance to Parakiya relationship (love without any social foundation) over Svakiya's (married relationship), Radha Krishna's marriage was kept hidden.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck200571,_77–78_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck200571,_77–78-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPintchman200557–59_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintchman200557–59-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarma1993_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarma1993-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPauwels2008207_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPauwels2008207-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_after_Krishna_left_Vrindavan">Life after Krishna left Vrindavan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Life after Krishna left Vrindavan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/Garga_Samhita_(Vaishnavite_text)" title="Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)">Garga Samhita</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i>, Radha also left her home post Krishna's departure and went to Kadli vann (forest) leaving behind her illusionary form (also called <i>Chaya Radha,</i> her shadow) in Barsana. Radha with <a href="/wiki/Ashtasakhi" title="Ashtasakhi">Ashtasakhi</a> also met <a href="/wiki/Uddhava" title="Uddhava">Uddhava</a> in this forest who delivered them Krishna's message.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reuniting_with_Krishna">Reuniting with Krishna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reuniting with Krishna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radha_and_Krsna_Seated_in_a_Grove_with_Gopis_and_Gopas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Radha_and_Krsna_Seated_in_a_Grove_with_Gopis_and_Gopas.jpg/220px-Radha_and_Krsna_Seated_in_a_Grove_with_Gopis_and_Gopas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Radha_and_Krsna_Seated_in_a_Grove_with_Gopis_and_Gopas.jpg/330px-Radha_and_Krsna_Seated_in_a_Grove_with_Gopis_and_Gopas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Radha_and_Krsna_Seated_in_a_Grove_with_Gopis_and_Gopas.jpg/440px-Radha_and_Krsna_Seated_in_a_Grove_with_Gopis_and_Gopas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>Radha and Gopis meeting Krishna in forest.</figcaption></figure> <p>It is mentioned in Brahma Vaivarta Purana (<i>Krishnajanma Khanda, Chapter 96</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Garga Samhita (<i>Ashvamedha Khanda, Chapter 41</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that after the curse of 100 years of separation ran out,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krishna revisited Braj and met Radha and gopis. After performing the divine pastimes for sometime, Krishna summoned a huge divine chariot which took the residents of Braj along with Radha and gopis back to their celestial abode Goloka where the final reunion of Radha Krishna took place.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010322_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010322-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_Supreme_Goddess">As Supreme Goddess</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: As Supreme Goddess"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna_humbly_standing_before_an_enthroned_Radha._Chromolit_Wellcome_V0045022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Krishna_humbly_standing_before_an_enthroned_Radha._Chromolit_Wellcome_V0045022.jpg/220px-Krishna_humbly_standing_before_an_enthroned_Radha._Chromolit_Wellcome_V0045022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Krishna_humbly_standing_before_an_enthroned_Radha._Chromolit_Wellcome_V0045022.jpg/330px-Krishna_humbly_standing_before_an_enthroned_Radha._Chromolit_Wellcome_V0045022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Krishna_humbly_standing_before_an_enthroned_Radha._Chromolit_Wellcome_V0045022.jpg/440px-Krishna_humbly_standing_before_an_enthroned_Radha._Chromolit_Wellcome_V0045022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3131" /></a><figcaption>Radha depicted as Supreme goddess while <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> humbly stands in front of her.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i>, Radha (or Rādhikā), who is inseparable from Krishna, appears as the main goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is mentioned as the personification of the Mūlaprakriti, the "Root nature", that original seed from which all material forms evolved. In the company of the Purusha ("Man", "Spirit", "Universal soul") Krishna, she is said to inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Goloka" title="Goloka">Goloka</a>, which is a world of cows and cowherds far above the <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha" title="Vaikuntha">Vaikuntha</a>. In this divine world, Krishna and Radha relate to one another in the way body relates to the soul. (4.6.216)<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a>, Radha is the chief female deity and is associated with Krishna's maya (material energy) and <a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">prakriti</a> (feminine energy). At highest level Goloka, Radha is said to be united with Krishna and abiding with him in the same body. The relationship between <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a> is that of substance and attribute: they are as inseparable as Milk and its whiteness or Earth and its smell. This level of Radha's identity transcends her material nature as prakriti and exits in the form of pure consciousness (<a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Narada Purana</a>, Uttara Khana - 59.8). While Radha is identical to Krishna at this highest level, this merger of identities seems to end when she separates from him. After separation she manifest herself as the goddess Primordial prakriti (Mūlaprakriti) who is called the "Maker of Universe" or "Mother of All" (Narada Purana, Purva-Khanda, 83.10-11, 83.44, 82.214).<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a>'s <i>Vedanta Kamadhenu Dashashloki</i> (verse 6), it is clearly stated that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Ange tu vaame vrishabhaanujaam mudaa viraajamaanaam anuruupasaubhagaam |<br /> Sakhiisahasraih parisevitaam sadaa smarema deviim sakalestakaamadaam || </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>The left portion of the body of the Supreme Lord is Srimati Radha, seated blissfully, as beautiful as the Lord Himself; who is served by thousands of gopis: we meditate on the Supreme Goddess, the fulfiller of all desires. </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the hymnal <i>Hita-Caurasi</i> of <a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu</a>, the 16th-century bhakti poet-saint, founder of <a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha Vallabh Sampradaya</a>, Radharani is exalted to the status of the only ultimate deity, while her consort Krishna is just her most intimate subordinate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1977Snell1991Beck200576_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1977Snell1991Beck200576-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a precursor to this view can be understand <a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Jayadeva</a>, in whose <i><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></i> (10.9) Krishna is beneath Radha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck200576_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck200576-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radha is also considered as the personification of Krishna's love. According to doctrines attributed to Vaishnavite saint <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a>, It is said that, Krishna has three powers: the internal which is intelligence, the external which generates appearances and the differentiated which forms the individual soul. His chief power is that which creates dilatation of the heart or joy. This appears to be the power of love. When this love becomes settled in the heart of the devotee, it constitutes <i>Mahabhava</i>, or the best feeling. When love attains to the highest pitch, it constitutes itself into Radha, who is the most lovable of all and full of all qualities. She was the object of the highest love of Krishna and being idealized as love, some of the agreeable feelings of the heart are considered her ornaments.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Narada Pancharatra Samhita</a>, Radha is mentioned as the feminine form of Krishna. It is described that, the one single lord is represented to have become two—one a woman and the other a man. Krishna retained his form of man while the female form became Radha. Radha is said to have come out from primordial body of Krishna, forming his left side, and is eternally associated with him in his amorous sports in this world as well as the world of cows (<a href="/wiki/Goloka" title="Goloka">Goloka</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:6_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radha is often identified with the "sweet" aspect of goddess <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>'s essence and thus also worshiped as an <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatara</a> of Lakshmi. In <i>Shri Daivakrita Lakshmi Strotam</i>, Lakshmi is praised and glorified in her form of Radha<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>In Goloka, you are the goddess more dear to Krishna than life itself, His own Radhika.<br /> Deep in the Vrinda forest, you are the mistress of mesmerizing rasa dance. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Shri Daivakrita Lakshmi Strotam</cite></div></blockquote> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Garga_Samhita_(Vaishnavite_text)" title="Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)">Garga Samhita</a></i> (Canto 2, chapter 22, verses 26–29), during the <a href="/wiki/Raslila" title="Raslila">rasa</a> pastime, on the request of <a href="/wiki/Gopi" title="Gopi">gopis</a>, Radha and Krishna showed them their eight armed forms and turned into their <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Narayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshmi Narayan">Lakshmi Narayan</a> forms. (2.22.26)<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i> (Vaishnava Khand, chapter 128), <a href="/wiki/Yamuna_in_Hinduism" title="Yamuna in Hinduism">Yamuna</a> describes Radha as the soul of Krishna. She emphasis that "<i>Radha is Krishna and Krishna is Radha</i>" and all the queens of Krishna including Rukmini are the expansion of Radha.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portrayal">Portrayal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Portrayal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_Krishna's_lover_consort_(Parakiya_rasa)"><span id="As_Krishna.27s_lover_consort_.28Parakiya_rasa.29"></span>As Krishna's lover consort (Parakiya rasa)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: As Krishna's lover consort (Parakiya rasa)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radha is admired as an ideal of perfect lover. In <a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a>, it is not certain whether Radha was married or if she was an unmarried maiden. But, the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a> was unfolded in the secrecy of <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a> forest hinting at the <i>Parakiya rasa.</i> This can be understood from the verse where <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Baba" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Baba">Nanda</a>, the father of Krishna, who represents social authority and ideal of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> ordered Radha Krishna to go home as storm was approaching Vrindavan but the order was defied by the couple. The translation of first verse of Gita Govinda is as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Radha, you alone must take him home. This is Nanda's command. But, Radha and Madhava (Krishna) stray to a tree in the grove by the path and on the bank of the Yamuna their secret love games prevail.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Jayadev, Gita Govinda</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In the Gita govinda, Radha stands in relation to Krishna as his consort. She is neither a wife nor a devoted rustic playmate. She is an intense, solitary, proud figure who is addressed as <i>Sri, Candi, Manini, Bhamini</i> and <i>Kaamini</i>. She is portrayed as Krishna's partner in a mature and exclusive love.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1975655–671_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1975655–671-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Vidyapati's work, Radha is depicted as a young girl barely twelve years old, while Krishna is depicted slightly older than her and as an aggressive lover. In the work of poet Chandidas, Radha is depicted as a bold woman who is unafraid of social consequences. Radha abandons all social propriety in the name of her love for Krishna. Excerpts of Chandidas's work showing Radha's boldness: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Casting away all the ethics of caste, my heart dotes on Krishna day and night. The custom of the clan is far away cry, and now I know that love adheres wholly to its own laws.<br /> I have blackened my golden skin longing for him. As the fire encircled me, my life begins to wilt. And my heart brooding eternally, parched for my dark darling, My Krishna. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chandidas</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In loving Krishna, Radha violates the basis of caste, showing no care for the realities of social structures. Love consumed her to extent that once having fair complexion, Radha turned herself into Krishna's dark color. Chandidas used the word "fire" as synonym for Radha's love towards Krishna. The Radha of Chandidas is favored by <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_Krishna's_married_consort_(Svakiya_rasa)"><span id="As_Krishna.27s_married_consort_.28Svakiya_rasa.29"></span>As Krishna's married consort (Svakiya rasa)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: As Krishna's married consort (Svakiya rasa)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna_paints_Radha%27s_feet_(6124588881).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Krishna_paints_Radha%27s_feet_%286124588881%29.jpg/220px-Krishna_paints_Radha%27s_feet_%286124588881%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Krishna_paints_Radha%27s_feet_%286124588881%29.jpg/330px-Krishna_paints_Radha%27s_feet_%286124588881%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Krishna_paints_Radha%27s_feet_%286124588881%29.jpg/440px-Krishna_paints_Radha%27s_feet_%286124588881%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>Krishna painting feet of Radha, 1760 art form based on Braj's Rasikapriya text.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Rasikapriya</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Braj</a> text on poetics depicts Radha as the married consort of Krishna. It is a frequently illustrated text that deals with the Radha Krishna's romance and is written by one of the most prominent writers of the <i>Riti kavya</i> tradition, Kesavdas. Changes in the portrayal of Radha, as articulated in the Rasikapriya, have significant implications for later literary traditions. In the <i>Riti kavya</i> literature, especially the <i>Rasikapriya</i>, Radha is depicted as the archetypal heroine and is used to exemplify the ideal form of connection to Krishna. Rather than depicting her as a <i>parakiya</i> heroine, Kesavdas, on the whole, presents her as a <i>svakiya</i> heroine, the one to whom Krishna belongs wholeheartedly. If she is separated from him, it is only temporarily, for as archetypal lovers they are connected forever. The suggestion that Radha is Krishna's rightful wife is clearly articulated in the first chapter in the exemplary verse for the manifest form of union. Here, Kesavdas compares the union of Radha and Krishna with that of <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>. Kesavdas compares the union of Radha and Krishna with that of Sita and Rama: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Once Krishna sat with Radha on the same couch with pleasure, and in the mirror held, as he looked to watch the splendor of her face, his eyes filled with tears. In her reflections he saw the red gem on her forehead which seemed to glow like fire, reminding him of Sita sitting in fire, adorned, with her husband's leave. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Kesavdas, Rasikapriya (I,22)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In this verse, Kesavdas connects Radha with Krishna as his legitimate wife not only in this lifetime but even in the previous one. Chapter 3 and verse 34 of <i>Rasikapriya</i>, depicted Radha as <i>Madhya arudhayovana nayika</i> and is described as a beautiful woman who looks like a heavenly damsel, with perfect features (forehead like the half moon, arches like a perfect bow, etc.), golden body, and a beautiful body fragrance. In chapter 3, verse 38, one attendant talks to another: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>I have seen such an amazingly beautiful gopi, that I wonder if she really is a cowherdess ! Such splendor shone from her body that my eyes remained transfixed on her! No other beautiful women appeal any more; having seen her delicate walk once, I see the beauty of all three worlds. Who could be the husband of such a beauty, Kamadeva or Kalanidhi [moon]? No, Krishna himself. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Kesavdasa, Rasikapriya (III, 38)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In chapter 3, verse 38, Radha is very specifically described as the wife of Krishna. In most of the verses, whenever she is mentioned by name, she is usually seen as a virtuous court lady with utmost beauty and charm. Her husband Krishna is said to be in control of her love. Kesavdasa in <i>Rasikapriya</i> mentioned that while it is common to see women devoted to their husbands but it is not as common to see a husband as Krishna who is so devoted to his wife Radha and considering her as goddess.(VII, 6)<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> scripture <i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a>,</i> Radha and Krishna are understood to be eternally related to each other as husband and wife validating their Svakiya relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The celebrated poets of <a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha Vallabh Sampradaya</a>, Dhruva Dasa and Rupalji composed "<i>Vyahulau Utsav ke Pad</i>" or "Marriage Festival songs" which describe the eternal wedding of Radha and Krishna with praise and adulation.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, Radha is often identified as <a href="/wiki/Rahi_(goddess)" title="Rahi (goddess)">Rahi</a>, a regional form of Radha who is worshiped as the married consort of <a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a>, a regional form of Krishna.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worship_and_festivals">Worship and festivals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Worship and festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Radha Krishna devotion</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banke_bihari_(55).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Banke_bihari_%2855%29.JPG/250px-Banke_bihari_%2855%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Banke_bihari_%2855%29.JPG/375px-Banke_bihari_%2855%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Banke_bihari_%2855%29.JPG/500px-Banke_bihari_%2855%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Worship of Radha Krishna at <a href="/wiki/Bankey_Bihari_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankey Bihari Temple">Bankey Bihari Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interiors_of_Laljiu_Temple,_Ambika_Kalna_WLM2016-0193.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Interiors_of_Laljiu_Temple%2C_Ambika_Kalna_WLM2016-0193.jpg/250px-Interiors_of_Laljiu_Temple%2C_Ambika_Kalna_WLM2016-0193.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Interiors_of_Laljiu_Temple%2C_Ambika_Kalna_WLM2016-0193.jpg/375px-Interiors_of_Laljiu_Temple%2C_Ambika_Kalna_WLM2016-0193.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Interiors_of_Laljiu_Temple%2C_Ambika_Kalna_WLM2016-0193.jpg/500px-Interiors_of_Laljiu_Temple%2C_Ambika_Kalna_WLM2016-0193.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5570" data-file-height="3791" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A devotee reading inside dedicated to Radha-Krishna Lalji Temple, <a href="/wiki/Kalna_City" title="Kalna City">Kalna</a>, West Bengal</div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Friedhelm_Hardy" title="Friedhelm Hardy">Friedhelm Hardy</a> singles out such an offshoot of <a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a> as Radha-centered stream Radhaism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main representative of which is the <a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha Vallabh Sampradaya</a> (lit. "consort of Radha"), where goddess Radha is worshipped as the supreme deity, and Krishna is in a subordinate position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1977Snell1991chapter_1Rosenstein1998Beck2005_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1977Snell1991chapter_1Rosenstein1998Beck2005-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002542_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002542-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 18th century at <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> existed the Sakhībhāvakas community, whose members used to wear female dresses in order to identify themselves with the <a href="/wiki/Gopi" title="Gopi">gopis</a>, companions of Radha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some devotional (<a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a>) <a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaite</a> traditions of <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> that focus on Krishna, Radha represents "the feeling of love towards Krishna".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawleyWulff1982xiii–xviii_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawleyWulff1982xiii–xviii-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some of the adherents of these traditions, her importance approaches or even exceeds that of Krishna. Radha is worshipped along with Krishna in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and many Indian states including <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>. Elsewhere, she is a revered deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1955231–257_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1955231–257-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> region, Radha is worshipped in her regional form as <a href="/wiki/Rahi_(goddess)" title="Rahi (goddess)">Rahi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radha is considered as Krishna's original <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">shakti</a>, the supreme goddess in both the <a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a> and following the advent of <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a> also within the <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnava</a> tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawleyWulff1982xiii–xviii_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawleyWulff1982xiii–xviii-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010321–322_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010321–322-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a> was the first well known <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> scholar whose theology centered on goddess Radha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamnarace2014_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamnarace2014-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2004125_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2004125-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kinsley1972_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinsley1972-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 15th century in Bengal and <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> flourished <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantric</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Vaishnava-Sahajiya</a> tradition with related to it <a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Bauls</a>, where Krishna is the inner divine aspect of man and Radha is the aspect of woman, what incorporated into their specific sexual <a href="/wiki/Maithuna" title="Maithuna">Maithuna</a> ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2000_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2000-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes200519–32_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes200519–32-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radha's connection to Krishna is of two types: <i>svakiya-rasa</i> (married relationship) and <i>parakiya-rasa</i> (a relationship signified with eternal mental "love"). The Gaudiya tradition focuses upon <i>parakiya-rasa</i> as the highest form of love, wherein Radha and Krishna share thoughts even through separation. The love the gopis feel for Krishna is also described in this esoteric manner as the highest platform of spontaneous love of God, and not of a sexual nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck200579_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck200579-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hymns">Hymns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hymns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna_et_R%C3%A2dh%C3%A2_(MNAAG_-_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet)_(11936923714).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Krishna_et_R%C3%A2dh%C3%A2_%28MNAAG_-_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%2811936923714%29.jpg/220px-Krishna_et_R%C3%A2dh%C3%A2_%28MNAAG_-_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%2811936923714%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Krishna_et_R%C3%A2dh%C3%A2_%28MNAAG_-_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%2811936923714%29.jpg/330px-Krishna_et_R%C3%A2dh%C3%A2_%28MNAAG_-_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%2811936923714%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Krishna_et_R%C3%A2dh%C3%A2_%28MNAAG_-_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%2811936923714%29.jpg/440px-Krishna_et_R%C3%A2dh%C3%A2_%28MNAAG_-_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%2811936923714%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption>Radha Krishna painting inspired by Gita Govinda</figcaption></figure> <p>List of prayers and hymns dedicated to Radha are: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></i>: This 12th century work of <a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Jayadeva</a> is dedicated to both Radha and Krishna. Gita Govinda is still the part of temple songs of <a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri" title="Jagannath Temple, Puri">Jagannath Temple</a>, Puri.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDatta19881419–1420_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDatta19881419–1420-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Radhe Krishna</i>: The maha-mantra of <a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a> is as follows:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p><i>Rādhe Kṛṣṇa Rādhe Kṛṣṇa</i><br /> <i>Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa Rādhe Rādhe</i><br /> <i>Rādhe Shyām Rādhe Shyām</i><br /> <i>Shyām Shyām Rādhe Rādhe</i> </p> </div></blockquote> <ul><li><i>Radha <a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Mantra" title="Gayatri Mantra">Gayatri Mantra</a></i>: "<i>Om Vrashbhanujaye Vidmahe, Krishnapriyaye Dhimahi , Tanno Radha Prachodayat."</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> Gayatri Mantra</i>: "Samuddhrtayai vidmahe Vishnunaikena dhimahi | tan no Radha prachodaydt || " (We think about her whom <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> himself supports, we meditate on her. Then, let Radha inspire us). The mantra is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a> (48.13) and invokes Lakshmi through Radha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1975655–671_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1975655–671-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shri_Radhika_Krishnashtaka" title="Shri Radhika Krishnashtaka">Shri Radhika Krishnashtaka</a></i>: It is also called Radhashtak. The prayer is composed of eight verses and is popular in <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan Sampradaya</a>.</li> <li><i>Shri Radha Saharsnama Strotam</i>: The prayer has more than 1000 names of Radha and is part of the Sanskrit scripture <a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Narada Panchratra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Radha Kripa Kataksh Strotam</i>: This is the most famous stotra in Vrindavana. It is written in Ūrdhvāmnāya-tantra and is believed to be spoken by Śiva to Parvati. The prayer is dedicated to Radha and has total 19 verses.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Yugalashtakam</i>: This prayer is dedicated to Yugal (combined) form of <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a>. It is popular in <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavism</a> and was written by <a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Radha Chalisa</i>: A devotional hymn in praise of Radha. The prayer has 40 verses.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_(mantra)" title="Hare Krishna (mantra)">Hare Krishna Mahamantra</a></i>: In this mantra, "Hare" is the vocative form of both "<a href="/wiki/Hari" title="Hari">Hari</a>" (Krishna) and "Hara" (Radha).<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mantra is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Kali-Sa%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%AD%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87a_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa Upaniṣad">Kali Santarana Upanishad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p><i>Hare Kṛṣṇa Hare Kṛṣṇa</i><br /> <i>Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa Hare Hare</i><br /> <i>Hare Rāma Hare Rāma</i><br /> <i>Rāma Rāma Hare Hare</i> </p> </div></blockquote> <ul><li><i>Hita-Caurasi</i>: The eighty-four verses (hymns) in <a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a> of the 16th-century poet-sant <a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha Vallabh Sampradaya</a>, in praise of Radha as the ultimate deity, the Queen, while Krishna depicted as her servant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1977Snell1991Beck200567_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1977Snell1991Beck200567-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radhe_Radhe" title="Radhe Radhe">Radhe Radhe</a></i>: Greeting or salutation in <a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Braj</a> region dedicated to Radha.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radha is one of the major and celebrated goddess in Hinduism. Following is the list of festivals associated with her. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radhashtami">Radhashtami</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Radhashtami"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radhashtami" title="Radhashtami">Radhashtami</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radha_Syamasundar_Vrindavan_Radhastami_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Radha_Syamasundar_Vrindavan_Radhastami_2004.jpg/220px-Radha_Syamasundar_Vrindavan_Radhastami_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Radha_Syamasundar_Vrindavan_Radhastami_2004.jpg/330px-Radha_Syamasundar_Vrindavan_Radhastami_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Radha_Syamasundar_Vrindavan_Radhastami_2004.jpg/440px-Radha_Syamasundar_Vrindavan_Radhastami_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Radha Krishna on Radhashtami</figcaption></figure> <p>Radhashtami, also called Radha Jayanti is celebrated as the appearance anniversary of Radha. In the Hindu calendar, Radhashtami is observed annually in the month of the <a href="/wiki/Bhadra_(Hindu_calendar)" title="Bhadra (Hindu calendar)">Bhadra</a>, 15 days after <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a>, the birth anniversary of Krishna, which suggests that Radha is very much an aspect of the cultural-religious faith system governing social life.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The festival is celebrated with great enthusiasm and fervor especially in the <a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Braj region</a>. The festivities include fasting till afternoon (12 pm), abhishek and <a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">aarti</a> of Radharani, offering her flowers, sweets and food items, singing songs, dancing and prayers dedicated to Radha.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Radha_Rani_Temple" title="Radha Rani Temple">Radha Rani Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barsana" title="Barsana">Barsana</a> host this festival in a grand manner as Basana is also considered as the birthplace of Radha. Apart from Barsana, this festival is celebrated in nearly all the temples of <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a> temples across the world as it is one of the major festival for many <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> sections.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Holi">Holi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Holi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3_Nichal_Chand_(attr)_Krishna_Celebrates_Holi_with_Radha_and_the_Gopis_1750-60_Boston_MFA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/3_Nichal_Chand_%28attr%29_Krishna_Celebrates_Holi_with_Radha_and_the_Gopis_1750-60_Boston_MFA.jpg/220px-3_Nichal_Chand_%28attr%29_Krishna_Celebrates_Holi_with_Radha_and_the_Gopis_1750-60_Boston_MFA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/3_Nichal_Chand_%28attr%29_Krishna_Celebrates_Holi_with_Radha_and_the_Gopis_1750-60_Boston_MFA.jpg/330px-3_Nichal_Chand_%28attr%29_Krishna_Celebrates_Holi_with_Radha_and_the_Gopis_1750-60_Boston_MFA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/3_Nichal_Chand_%28attr%29_Krishna_Celebrates_Holi_with_Radha_and_the_Gopis_1750-60_Boston_MFA.jpg/440px-3_Nichal_Chand_%28attr%29_Krishna_Celebrates_Holi_with_Radha_and_the_Gopis_1750-60_Boston_MFA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption><i>Krishna Celebrates Holi with Radha and the Gopis</i> by <a href="/wiki/Nih%C3%A2l_Chand" title="Nihâl Chand">Nihal Chand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kishangarh" title="Kishangarh">Kishangarh</a>, 1750-60</figcaption></figure> <p>Holi, one of the major Hindu festival, also called <i>festival of love</i> and <i>festival of colors</i> also celebrates the divine and eternal love of Radha and <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> and Vrindavan are known for their Holi celebrations. According to popular legend associated with <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a>, as a child, Krishna would cry to his mother <a href="/wiki/Yashoda" title="Yashoda">Yashoda</a> about Radha being fair while he had a dark complexion. His mother then advised him to smear colour of his choice on Radha's face, thus giving birth to Braj ki Holi. It is said that every year, Lord Krishna would travel from his village <a href="/wiki/Nandgaon,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Nandgaon, Uttar Pradesh">Nandgaon</a> to Goddess Radha's village Barsana, where Radha and the <a href="/wiki/Gopi" title="Gopi">gopis</a> would playfully beat him with sticks.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In present times, Holi celebrations in Barsana begin one week before the actual date of the festival, moving to Nandgaon the next day. In Mathura and Vrindavan, the festival is celebrated in different forms like <a href="/wiki/Lathmar_Holi" title="Lathmar Holi">Lathmar Holi</a> in Barsana and Nandgaon, where sticks are used to create playful beats, to which young men and women dance; Phoolon wali Holi in Gulaal Kund near the <a href="/wiki/Govardhan_Hill" title="Govardhan Hill">Govardhan Hill</a>, during which <a href="/wiki/Raslila" title="Raslila">Ras Leela</a> is performed and Holi is played with colourful flowers and Widow's Holi in Vrindavan.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sharad_Purnima">Sharad Purnima</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sharad Purnima"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sharad_Purnima" title="Sharad Purnima">Sharad Purnima</a></div> <p>Sharad Purnima refers to the full moon of the autumn season. On this day, devotees celebrate Krishna performing a beautiful dance called "<a href="/wiki/Raslila" title="Raslila">rasa lila</a>" with Radha and the gopis—the cowherd damsels of Vrindavan.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this day, Radha Krishna in temples are dressed in white outfits and are adorned with flower garlands and glittering ornaments.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kartik_Purnima">Kartik Purnima</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Kartik Purnima"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kartik_Purnima" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartik Purnima">Kartik Purnima</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, the occasion of Kartik Purnima is considered as the most auspicious day to worship goddess Radha. According to <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a>, Krishna also worshiped Radha on this day.<sup id="cite_ref-Shanti_Lal_Nagar_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shanti_Lal_Nagar-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Radha Krishna temples, sacred vow is observed throughout the <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81rtika_(month)" title="Kārtika (month)">Karthik month</a> and performances of <a href="/wiki/Raslila" title="Raslila">Raslila</a> are organized to celebrate this festival.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Shaktism">In Shaktism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In Shaktism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> section of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, Radha becomes an independent goddess <i><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakriti</a></i>-<i>Padmini</i>, who is the form of goddess <a href="/wiki/Tripura_Sundari" title="Tripura Sundari">Tripura Sundari</a> while her consort <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> is associated with the masculine form of goddess <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>. Tantric text <i><a href="/wiki/Radha_Tantra" title="Radha Tantra">Radha Tantra</a></i>, portrayed Radha as the <i><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakta Radha</a></i> who is also the spiritual mentor of Krishna.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Shaktism, the <i><a href="/wiki/Ashtasakhi" title="Ashtasakhi">Ashtasakhis</a></i> of Radha Krishna are considered as the embodiment of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ashta_siddhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashta siddhi">Ashta Siddhis</a></i> which are Aṇimā, Mahima, Garima, Laghima, Prāpti, Prākāmya, Iṣiṭva, and Vaśitva.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radha_in_the_Moonlight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Radha_in_the_Moonlight.jpg/200px-Radha_in_the_Moonlight.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Radha_in_the_Moonlight.jpg/300px-Radha_in_the_Moonlight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Radha_in_the_Moonlight.jpg/400px-Radha_in_the_Moonlight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4178" /></a><figcaption>Radha's story has inspired many paintings. Above: <i>Radha in the moonlight</i> by <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma" title="Raja Ravi Varma">Raja Ravi Varma</a>, 1890.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paintings">Paintings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Paintings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radha and Krishna have inspired many forms of performance arts and literary works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher2004_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher2004-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica2_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the centuries, their love has been portrayed in thousands of exquisite paintings which depicts the lover in separation and union, longing and abandonment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher2004_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher2004-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Patta chitra</a>, is one of the typical regional arts of the coastal state of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Orissa</a>. In this type of painting, Krishna is depicted in blue or black color and is usually accompanied by his fiancée Radha.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rajasthani art emerged as an amalgamation of folk art with conventional and canonical ethos. Krishna and Radha have been the pivotal figures in Rajasthani miniature paintings. Their love has been delineated aesthetically in this composition.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Pahari_painting" title="Pahari painting">Pahari paintings</a>, often the nayaka (hero) is depicted as Krishna and the nayika (heroine) is depicted as Radha. The legend of Krishna and Radha and their love provided rich material to Pahari painters in general and to the artists of Garhwal in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central theme of <a href="/wiki/Kangra_painting" title="Kangra painting">Kangra painting</a> is love inspired by <i>Rasikapriya,</i> popular poetic work of Keshavdasa. A closely related theme of this art is lover looking at his beloved who is unaware of his presence. Thus, Krishna is shown watching Radha who is unaware of his presence.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Radha and Krishna, Kangra artists discovered highest model of loving couple. The Radha-Krishna theme also served their devotional purpose and provided an inherent symbolism.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Madhubani_art" title="Madhubani art">Madhubani paintings</a> are charismatic art of Bihar. Madhubani paintings are mostly based on religion and mythology. In the paintings, Hindu Gods like <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha-Krishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>-<a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> are in center. Krishna and Radha are one of the favorite subject in <a href="/wiki/Rajput_painting" title="Rajput painting">Rajput paintings</a> because they portrayed a theme that symbolized the desire of the soul to be united by god. In Rajput paintings, Radha is always dressed in more elegant way. She was adorned with ornaments and is often depicted holding a white garland when enthroned next to Krishna.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chamba paintings of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab often depicts romantic ambiances of rainy season with Radha Krishna as the lead couple.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patta_Chitra_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Patta Chitra painting depicting love story of Radha and Krishna."><img alt="Patta Chitra painting depicting love story of Radha and Krishna." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Patta_Chitra_03.jpg/73px-Patta_Chitra_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Patta_Chitra_03.jpg/109px-Patta_Chitra_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Patta_Chitra_03.jpg/145px-Patta_Chitra_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="1571" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Patta Chitra painting depicting love story of Radha and Krishna.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Glimpse_of_the_Loved_One_(6124511255).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rajasthani Painting with a love theme where Radha is getting ready and Krishna admires her silently."><img alt="Rajasthani Painting with a love theme where Radha is getting ready and Krishna admires her silently." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/A_Glimpse_of_the_Loved_One_%286124511255%29.jpg/82px-A_Glimpse_of_the_Loved_One_%286124511255%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/A_Glimpse_of_the_Loved_One_%286124511255%29.jpg/123px-A_Glimpse_of_the_Loved_One_%286124511255%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/A_Glimpse_of_the_Loved_One_%286124511255%29.jpg/165px-A_Glimpse_of_the_Loved_One_%286124511255%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1085" data-file-height="1580" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rajasthani Painting with a love theme where Radha is getting ready and Krishna admires her silently.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radha_offering_Krsna_a_Bowl_of_Curds.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pahari painting of Radha offering bowl of curd to Krishna."><img alt="Pahari painting of Radha offering bowl of curd to Krishna." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Radha_offering_Krsna_a_Bowl_of_Curds.jpg/74px-Radha_offering_Krsna_a_Bowl_of_Curds.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Radha_offering_Krsna_a_Bowl_of_Curds.jpg/112px-Radha_offering_Krsna_a_Bowl_of_Curds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Radha_offering_Krsna_a_Bowl_of_Curds.jpg/149px-Radha_offering_Krsna_a_Bowl_of_Curds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pahari painting of Radha offering bowl of curd to Krishna.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radha_and_Krishna_Exchange_Clothes_LACMA_M.80.232.4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kangra painting, Radha dressed as Krishna and Krishna dressed as Radha."><img alt="Kangra painting, Radha dressed as Krishna and Krishna dressed as Radha." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Radha_and_Krishna_Exchange_Clothes_LACMA_M.80.232.4.jpg/84px-Radha_and_Krishna_Exchange_Clothes_LACMA_M.80.232.4.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Radha_and_Krishna_Exchange_Clothes_LACMA_M.80.232.4.jpg/126px-Radha_and_Krishna_Exchange_Clothes_LACMA_M.80.232.4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Radha_and_Krishna_Exchange_Clothes_LACMA_M.80.232.4.jpg/168px-Radha_and_Krishna_Exchange_Clothes_LACMA_M.80.232.4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="2137" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kangra painting, Radha dressed as Krishna and Krishna dressed as Radha.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peinture_r%C3%A2jput_(V%26A_Museum)_(9471201137).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rajput painting (1760), Radha Krishna with gopis."><img alt="Rajput painting (1760), Radha Krishna with gopis." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Peinture_r%C3%A2jput_%28V%26A_Museum%29_%289471201137%29.jpg/73px-Peinture_r%C3%A2jput_%28V%26A_Museum%29_%289471201137%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Peinture_r%C3%A2jput_%28V%26A_Museum%29_%289471201137%29.jpg/110px-Peinture_r%C3%A2jput_%28V%26A_Museum%29_%289471201137%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Peinture_r%C3%A2jput_%28V%26A_Museum%29_%289471201137%29.jpg/147px-Peinture_r%C3%A2jput_%28V%26A_Museum%29_%289471201137%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rajput painting (1760), Radha Krishna with gopis.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nih%C3%A2l_Chand_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kishangarh painting, Radha Krishna in pavilion."><img alt="Kishangarh painting, Radha Krishna in pavilion." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Nih%C3%A2l_Chand_001.jpg/120px-Nih%C3%A2l_Chand_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Nih%C3%A2l_Chand_001.jpg/180px-Nih%C3%A2l_Chand_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Nih%C3%A2l_Chand_001.jpg/240px-Nih%C3%A2l_Chand_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1412" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kishangarh painting, Radha Krishna in pavilion.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance_forms">Dance forms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Dance forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most famous Indian classical dance <a href="/wiki/Manipuri_Raas_Leela" class="mw-redirect" title="Manipuri Raas Leela">Manipuri Raas Leela</a> was first introduced by <a href="/wiki/Ching-Thang_Khomba" title="Ching-Thang Khomba">King Bhagyachandra</a> around 1779. Inspired by Radha Krishna's <a href="/wiki/Raslila" title="Raslila">raslila</a>, the king introduced three forms of rasa dance—Maha rasa, Kunj rasa and Basant rasa. Later two more forms of rasa—Nitya rasa and Deba rasa was added by successive kings in the art and culture of Manipur. In these dance forms, the dancers portray the role of Radha, Krishna and gopis. The dance forms are still prevalent in the state of Manipur and are performed on stage as well as on the auspicious occasions like <a href="/wiki/Kartik_Purnima" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartik Purnima">Kartik Purnima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharad_Purnima" title="Sharad Purnima">Sharad Purnima</a> (full moon nights).<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ras_Lila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ras_Lila.jpg/170px-Ras_Lila.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ras_Lila.jpg/255px-Ras_Lila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ras_Lila.jpg/340px-Ras_Lila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Artists depicting Radha Krishna's love story through Manipuri classical dance Raslila.</figcaption></figure> <p>Another Indian classical dance form, <a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a> was also influenced by <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> and Radha Krishna based <a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a> tradition which along with other factors contributed in the evolution of this dance form.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The predominant theme of North Indian Kathak dancing lies in the fleeting appearances and longer stories of Radha and <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>. The sacred love of Krishna and his beloved Radha, are woven into all aspects of the Kathak dance and is clearly visible during the discussions of the music, costumes and finally the role of the Kathak dancer.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ashtapadi" title="Ashtapadi">Ashtapadis</a> of Gita Govinda are also enacted in contemporary classical <a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a> dance form.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This dance form was originated in the temples. It is centered on the celestial love of Krishna and Radha. At one time, it was performed by the <a href="/wiki/Devadasi" title="Devadasi">Devadasis</a> but now it has spread out to the homes and cultural institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Rasiya" title="Rasiya">Rasiya</a></i> is a popular genre of <a href="/wiki/Indian_folk_music" title="Indian folk music">Indian folk music</a> from <a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Braj</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>. It is commonly played and performed during the festivities in the villages and temples of Braj area.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional songs of <i>Rasiya</i> are based on the divine portrayal and love of Radha and Krishna. They are frequently written from the female perspective of Radha and portray Krishna and his flirtation with her.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The residents of <a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Braj</a> region still greet each other with salutations like "<i><a href="/wiki/Radhe_Radhe" title="Radhe Radhe">Radhe Radhe</a>", "Jai Shri Radhe"</i> and "<i>Radhe Shyam</i>", directing their mind to Radha and ultimate relationship she shares with Krishna. The image of Krishna rarely appears without Radha by his side in the temples of <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a>. It is not the Krishna who is worshiped, but Radha and Krishna together are worshiped.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Odisha" title="Culture of Odisha">culture of Odisha</a>, Krishna is the cultural hero and his form <a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a>, is the symbol of Oriya pride. His consort Radha is celebrated as the energy of Krishna and symbolically the energy of the cosmos. She is considered as the power of joy, the hladini <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">shakti</a> of Krishna and is often identified with both <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahakali" title="Mahakali">Mahakali</a>, the bright and dark forms of the cosmic energy. Krishna and Radha have entered the Oriya psyche and have inspired the mythic imagination of the Oriya poets in a big way. For the conscious and the informed, Krishna and Radha are the Universe and its harmony, the Energy and its joyful articulation, the cosmic dance and its rhythmic balance.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Indian culture, Radha serve as an exemplary model of female-neutral subjectivity for all persons—an active, non-substantial, shared and strong self that rationally embrace their (religious) passions.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Films">Films</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the 1933 Bengali film <i><a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna_(1933_film)" title="Radha Krishna (1933 film)">Radha Krishna</a></i>, Radha was portrayed by Duniyabala.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the 1938 Marathi film <i><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_(1938_film)" title="Gopal Krishna (1938 film)">Gopal Krishna</a></i>, Radha was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Shanta_Apte" title="Shanta Apte">Shanta Apte</a>.</li> <li>In the 1971 Hindi film <i><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Leela" title="Shri Krishna Leela">Shri Krishna Leela</a></i>, Radha was portrayed by Hina.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the 1979 Hindi film <i><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_(1979_film)" title="Gopal Krishna (1979 film)">Gopal Krishna</a></i>, Radha was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Zarina_Wahab" title="Zarina Wahab">Zarina Wahab</a>.</li> <li>In the 2012 Hindi animated film <i><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Aur_Kans" title="Krishna Aur Kans">Krishna Aur Kans</a></i>, Radha was voiced by Rajshree Nath.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Television">Television</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/B._R._Chopra" title="B. R. Chopra">B. R. Chopra</a>'s 1988 series <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharat_(1988_TV_series)" title="Mahabharat (1988 TV series)">Mahabharat</a></i>, Radha was portrayed by Parijat.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Ramanand_Sagar" title="Ramanand Sagar">Ramanand Sagar</a>'s 1993 series <i><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_(1993_TV_series)" title="Shri Krishna (1993 TV series)">Shri Krishna</a></i>, Radha was portrayed by Reshma Modi and <a href="/wiki/Shweta_Rastogi" title="Shweta Rastogi">Shweta Rastogi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the 2008 series <i><a href="/wiki/Jai_Shri_Krishna_(TV_series)" title="Jai Shri Krishna (TV series)">Jai Shri Krishna</a></i>, Radha was portrayed by Kritika Sharma and <a href="/wiki/Virti_Vaghani" title="Virti Vaghani">Virti Vaghani</a>.</li> <li>In the 2008 series <i><a href="/wiki/Kahaani_Hamaaray_Mahaabhaarat_Ki" title="Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat Ki">Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat Ki</a></i>, Radha was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Puja_Banerjee" title="Puja Banerjee">Puja Banerjee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the 2013 series <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharat_(2013_TV_series)" title="Mahabharat (2013 TV series)">Mahabharat</a></i> , Radha was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Ketki_Kadam" title="Ketki Kadam">Ketki Kadam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the 2016 series <i><a href="/wiki/Baal_Krishna" title="Baal Krishna">Baal Krishna</a></i>, Radha was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Gracy_Goswami" title="Gracy Goswami">Gracy Goswami</a>.</li> <li>In the 2017 series <i><a href="/wiki/Vithu_Mauli" title="Vithu Mauli">Vithu Mauli</a></i>, Radha was portrayed by Pooja Katurde.</li> <li>In the 2018 series <i><a href="/wiki/RadhaKrishn" title="RadhaKrishn">RadhaKrishn</a></i>, Radha was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Mallika_Singh" title="Mallika Singh">Mallika Singh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shivya_Pathania" title="Shivya Pathania">Shivya Pathania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the 2019 series <i><a href="/wiki/Dwarkadheesh_Bhagwan_Shree_Krishn_%E2%80%93_Sarvkala_Sampann" title="Dwarkadheesh Bhagwan Shree Krishn – Sarvkala Sampann">Dwarkadheesh Bhagwan Shree Krishn – Sarvkala Sampann</a></i>, Radha was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Chahat_Pandey" title="Chahat Pandey">Chahat Pandey</a>.</li> <li>In the 2019 series <i><a href="/wiki/Paramavatar_Shri_Krishna" title="Paramavatar Shri Krishna">Paramavatar Shri Krishna</a></i>, Radha was portrayed by Mahi Soni.</li> <li>In the 2019 series <i><a href="/wiki/Shrimad_Bhagwat_Mahapuran" title="Shrimad Bhagwat Mahapuran">Shrimad Bhagwat Mahapuran</a></i>, Radha was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Shiny_Doshi" title="Shiny Doshi">Shiny Doshi</a>.</li> <li>In the 2021 series <a href="/wiki/Jai_Kanhaiya_Lal_Ki_(2021_TV_series)" title="Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki (2021 TV series)"><i>Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki</i></a>, Radha was portrayed by Kiara Singh.</li> <li>In the 2022 series <a href="/wiki/Brij_Ke_Gopal" title="Brij Ke Gopal"><i>Brij Ke Gopal</i></a>, Radha was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Manul_Chudasama" title="Manul Chudasama">Manul Chudasama</a>.</li> <li>In the 2024 series <i><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Narayan_%E2%80%93_Sukh_Samarthya_Santulan" title="Lakshmi Narayan – Sukh Samarthya Santulan">Lakshmi Narayan – Sukh Samarthya Santulan</a></i>, Radha was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Shivya_Pathania" title="Shivya Pathania">Shivya Pathania</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temples">Temples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Temples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prem_Mandir_Vrindavan,_Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh,_India_(2014).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Prem_Mandir_Vrindavan%2C_Mathura%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_India_%282014%29.jpg/220px-Prem_Mandir_Vrindavan%2C_Mathura%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_India_%282014%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Prem_Mandir_Vrindavan%2C_Mathura%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_India_%282014%29.jpg/330px-Prem_Mandir_Vrindavan%2C_Mathura%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_India_%282014%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Prem_Mandir_Vrindavan%2C_Mathura%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_India_%282014%29.jpg/440px-Prem_Mandir_Vrindavan%2C_Mathura%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_India_%282014%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1357" /></a><figcaption>Radha-Krishna <i><a href="/wiki/Prem_Mandir,_Vrindavan" title="Prem Mandir, Vrindavan">Prem Mandir</a></i> (Love Temple) in Vrindavan, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chhatris_of_Barsana_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Chhatris_of_Barsana_02.jpg/220px-Chhatris_of_Barsana_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Chhatris_of_Barsana_02.jpg/330px-Chhatris_of_Barsana_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Chhatris_of_Barsana_02.jpg/440px-Chhatris_of_Barsana_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5097" data-file-height="3476" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Radha_Rani_Temple" title="Radha Rani Temple">Radha Rani Temple</a>, Barsana</figcaption></figure> <p>Radha and Krishna are the focus of temples in the Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Vallabhacharya, Chandidas, and other traditions of Vaishnavism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010321–322_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010321–322-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radha is typically shown standing immediately next to Krishna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010321–322_142-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010321–322-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the important <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a> temples are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barsana" title="Barsana">Barsana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mathura_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura District">Mathura District</a>, Northern India contain many temples dedicated to both Radha and Krishna.</li> <li><b>Vrindavan</b>: <a href="/wiki/Bankey_Bihari_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankey Bihari Temple">Bankey Bihari Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radha_Damodar_Temple,_Vrindavan" title="Radha Damodar Temple, Vrindavan">Shri Radha Damodar Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Balaram_Mandir" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishna Balaram Mandir">Krishna Balram Temple</a> (Iskcon Vrindavan), Shri Radha Gokulananda Temple, Shri Radha Gopinath Temple, <a href="/wiki/Radha_Raman_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Raman Temple">Radha Raman Temple</a>, Shahji Temple, <a href="/wiki/Nidhivan,_Vrindavan" title="Nidhivan, Vrindavan">Nidhivan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radha_Kund" title="Radha Kund">Radha Kund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kusum_Sarovar" title="Kusum Sarovar">Kusum Sarovar</a>, Seva kunj Temple, Pagal Baba Temple, <a href="/wiki/Prem_Mandir,_Vrindavan" title="Prem Mandir, Vrindavan">Prem Mandir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radha_Madan_Mohan_Temple,_Vrindavan" title="Radha Madan Mohan Temple, Vrindavan">Shri Radha Madan Mohan Temple</a>, Shri Ashtsakhi Temple, <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan_Chandrodaya_Mandir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir">Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir</a>, Shri Radha ShyamSundar ji Temple, Shri Jugal Kishore Temple, Shri Radha Govind Dev ji Temple, Priyakant ju Temple and <a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Temple,_Vrindavan" title="Radha Vallabh Temple, Vrindavan">Shri Radha Vallabh Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Mathura</b>: <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmasthan_Temple_Complex" title="Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex">Shri Krishna Janamasthan Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarkadheesh_temple_Mathura" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarkadheesh temple Mathura">Shri Dwarkadhish Temple</a>.</li> <li><b>Barsana</b>: <a href="/wiki/Radha_Rani_Temple" title="Radha Rani Temple">Shri Radha Rani Temple</a> (Shreeji Temple), <a href="/wiki/Rangeeli_Mahal_Barsana" title="Rangeeli Mahal Barsana">Rangeeli Mahal</a> (Kirti temple), Maan temple (Maan Garh temple)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://maanmandir.org/">[1]</a>.</li> <li><b>Bhandirvan</b>: <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna_Vivah_Sthali,_Bhandirvan" title="Radha Krishna Vivah Sthali, Bhandirvan">Shri Radha Krishna Vivah Sthali.</a></li> <li><b>Rest of India</b>: <a href="/wiki/Govind_Dev_Ji_Temple" title="Govind Dev Ji Temple">Shri Radha Govind Dev ji temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a>, Murlidhar Krishna temple in <a href="/wiki/Naggar" class="mw-redirect" title="Naggar">Naggar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shree_Govindajee_Temple" title="Shree Govindajee Temple">Shri Govindajee temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Imphal" title="Imphal">Imphal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Madan Mohan Temple">Madan Mohan temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karauli" title="Karauli">Karauli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Vedic_Planetarium" title="Temple of the Vedic Planetarium">Mayapur Chandrodaya Mandir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Mandir,_Gadhada" title="Swaminarayan Mandir, Gadhada">Swaminarayan temple Gadhada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Mandir,_Vadtal" title="Swaminarayan Mandir, Vadtal">Swaminarayan temple Vadtal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Mandir,_Bhuj" title="Swaminarayan Mandir, Bhuj">Swaminarayan Temple Bhuj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shri_Swaminarayan_Mandir,_Dholera" title="Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Dholera">Swaminarayan Temple Dholera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shri_Swaminarayan_Mandir,_Mumbai" title="Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Mumbai">Swaminarayan Temple Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISKCON_Temple,_Bangalore" title="ISKCON Temple, Bangalore">Iskcon Bangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISKCON_Temple,_Chennai" title="ISKCON Temple, Chennai">Iskcon Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radha_Damodar_Temple,_Junagadh" title="Radha Damodar Temple, Junagadh">Radha Damodar temple in Junagadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Mandir_Mangarh" title="Bhakti Mandir Mangarh">Bhakti Mandir Mangarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISKCON_Temple,_Patna" class="mw-redirect" title="ISKCON Temple, Patna">Iskcon temple Patna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baba_Baroh" title="Baba Baroh">Radha Krishna temple, Baroh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kangra,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Kangra, Himachal Pradesh">Kangra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_Golden_Temple" title="Hare Krishna Golden Temple">Hare Krishna Golden Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_temples_in_Bishnupur" class="mw-redirect" title="List of temples in Bishnupur">Temples in Bishnupur</a> including <a href="/wiki/Radha_Madhab_Temple" title="Radha Madhab Temple">Radha Madhab Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radha_Shyam_Temple" title="Radha Shyam Temple">Radha Shyam Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rasmancha,_Bishnupur" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasmancha, Bishnupur">Rasmancha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shyam_Ray_Temple" title="Shyam Ray Temple">Shyam Ray Temple</a> and Lalji Temple, <a href="/wiki/ISKCON_Temple,_Delhi" title="ISKCON Temple, Delhi">Sri Sri Radha Parthasarathi Mandir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Outside India</b>: There are multiple temples dedicated to Radha Krishna which are established by <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">Iskcon</a> organization and <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan Sampradaya</a> in all the prominent cities of the world. The <a href="/wiki/Radha_Madhav_Dham#Shree_Raseshwari_Radha_Rani_Temple" title="Radha Madhav Dham">Shree Raseshwari Radha Rani Temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Radha_Madhav_Dham" title="Radha Madhav Dham">Radha Madhav Dham</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>, USA, established by <a href="/wiki/Kripalu_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Kripalu Maharaj">Kripalu Maharaj</a>, is one of the largest Hindu Temple complexes in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a> and the largest in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-ciment_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciment-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HyltonandRosie_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HyltonandRosie-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-texas-monthly_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-texas-monthly-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_Hinduism">Outside Hinduism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Outside Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radha_Krishna_-_Walters_W879_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Radha_Krishna_-_Walters_W879_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Radha_Krishna_-_Walters_W879_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Radha_Krishna_-_Walters_W879_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Radha_Krishna_-_Walters_W879_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Radha_Krishna_-_Walters_W879_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Radha_Krishna_-_Walters_W879_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Radha meeting Krishna on a stormy night</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a>, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Grantha</a></i>, describes Radha the <i>sukl bhis rika</i> thus: "Radhika went out in the light of the white soft moon, wearing a white robe to meet her Lord. It was white everywhere and hidden in it, she appeared like the light itself in search of Him".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radha is mentioned in many <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> commentaries including the popular <i>Venisamhara</i> by <a href="/wiki/Bhatta_Narayana" title="Bhatta Narayana">Narayana Bhatta</a>, and <i>Dhvanyaloka</i> by <a href="/wiki/Anandavardhana" title="Anandavardhana">Anandavardhana</a>, written in 7th century. Jain scholars like Somadeva Suri and Vikram Bhatta continued mentioning Radha between 9th and 12th centuries in their literary works.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1975655–671_34-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1975655–671-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtasakhi" title="Ashtasakhi">Ashtasakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Tantra" title="Radha Tantra">Radha Tantra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radhe_Radhe" title="Radhe Radhe">Radhe Radhe</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahi_(goddess)" title="Rahi (goddess)">Rahi (goddess)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parakiya rasa depicts the relationship which is free from any kind of favors, expectations, rules and social recognition. It is only based on the selfless form of love and is often said to be the highest kind of relationship one can have with God. Svakiya rasa depicts the marital relationship which works according to the social rules and norms.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Garga Samhita and Brahma Vaivarta Purana, Radha was cursed by Sridama in Goloka to bear 100 years of separation from Krishna when they descended on Earth.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Diana_Dimitrova_2018-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diana_Dimitrova_2018_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diana_Dimitrova_2018_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDiana_Dimitrova2018" class="citation book cs1">Diana Dimitrova (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4HHbtAEACAAJ"><i>Divinizing in South Asian Traditions</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-5781-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-5781-0"><bdi>978-0-8153-5781-0</bdi></a>. <q>Radha is mentioned as the personification of the Mūlaprakriti, the 'Root nature, that original seed from which all material forms evolved</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divinizing+in+South+Asian+Traditions&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-5781-0&rft.au=Diana+Dimitrova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4HHbtAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference "Diana Dimitrova 2018" was defined multiple times with different content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_duplicate_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key">help page</a>).</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVemsani2016">Vemsani 2016</a>, p. 222: "The Devibhagvata purana and Padma purana describe Radha's cosmological role as Prakriti and Shakti"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_R._Kinsley1986" class="citation book cs1">David R. Kinsley (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hgTOZEyrVtIC"><i>Hindu Goddesses</i></a>. Motilala Banarsidass. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0394-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0394-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0394-7</bdi></a>. <q>Radha is called mother of the world and Krishna father of the world</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Goddesses&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Motilala+Banarsidass&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0394-7&rft.au=David+R.+Kinsley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhgTOZEyrVtIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrafulla_Kumar_Mohanty2003" class="citation journal cs1">Prafulla Kumar Mohanty (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23341400">"Mask and Creative Symbolisation in Contemporary Oriya Literature: Krishna, Radha and Ahalya"</a>. <i>Indian Literature</i>. <b>2</b> (214). Sahitya Akademi: 182. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23341400">23341400</a>. <q>Radha is the power of joy, the Hladini shakti of Krishna</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Literature&rft.atitle=Mask+and+Creative+Symbolisation+in+Contemporary+Oriya+Literature%3A+Krishna%2C+Radha+and+Ahalya&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=214&rft.pages=182&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23341400%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Prafulla+Kumar+Mohanty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23341400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy_Beck2005" class="citation book cs1">Guy Beck (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C&pg=PA65"><i>Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity</i></a>. SUNY Press. pp. 64–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6415-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6415-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-6415-1</bdi></a>. <q>Radha is goddess of love to Krishna</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternative+Krishnas%3A+Regional+and+Vernacular+Variations+on+a+Hindu+Deity&rft.pages=64-81&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6415-1&rft.au=Guy+Beck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0SJ73GHSCF8C%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwin_Francis_Bryant2007" class="citation book cs1">Edwin Francis Bryant (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HVDqCkW1WpUC"><i>Krishna: A Sourcebook</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 443. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803400-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803400-1"><bdi>978-0-19-803400-1</bdi></a>. <q>Significant manifestation of feminine in Vaishnavism...the supreme goddess Radha, the favourite Gopi of Krishna</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.pages=443&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803400-1&rft.au=Edwin+Francis+Bryant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHVDqCkW1WpUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy_C_Amore1976" class="citation journal cs1">Roy C Amore (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jaar/article-abstract/XLIV/2/366-a/680648?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false">"Religion in India"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Academy of Religion</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 366. <q>Radha as Prakriti comes to supreme prominence, assuming epithets of transcendence - Brahmasvarupa, Nirguna...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Religion+in+India&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=366&rft.date=1976&rft.au=Roy+C+Amore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjaar%2Farticle-abstract%2FXLIV%2F2%2F366-a%2F680648%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext%26login%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudo_Rocher1988" class="citation journal cs1">Ludo Rocher (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/26399308">"The Purāṇas (A History of Indian Literature"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>. <b>51</b> (2): 355.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87as+%28A+History+of+Indian+Literature&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=355&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Ludo+Rocher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F26399308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVemsani2016222–223-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVemsani2016222–223_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVemsani2016">Vemsani 2016</a>, pp. 222–223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVed_Vyaas" class="citation book cs1">Ved Vyaas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brahma-vaivarta-purana-gitapress-hindi/page/n305/mode/1up"><i>Brahma Vaivarta Purana</i></a>. Gita Press, Gorakhpur. p. 297.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brahma+Vaivarta+Purana&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Gita+Press%2C+Gorakhpur&rft.au=Ved+Vyaas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrahma-vaivarta-purana-gitapress-hindi%2Fpage%2Fn305%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenzies200654-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMenzies200654_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMenzies2006">Menzies 2006</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2015" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Naamleela Free (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4mn5k202">"From Gods To Gamers: The Manifestation of the Avatar Throughout Religious History and Postmodern Culture"</a>. <i>Berkeley Undergraduate Journal</i>. <b>28</b> (2): 8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5070%2FB3282028582">10.5070/B3282028582</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berkeley+Undergraduate+Journal&rft.atitle=From+Gods+To+Gamers%3A+The+Manifestation+of+the+Avatar+Throughout+Religious+History+and+Postmodern+Culture&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5070%2FB3282028582&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Naamleela+Free&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F4mn5k202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGokhaleLal2018" class="citation book cs1">Gokhale, Namita; Lal, Malashri (10 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KWJ7DwAAQBAJ&dq=Finding+Radha%3A+The+Quest+for+Love&pg=PT8"><i>Finding Radha: The Quest for Love</i></a>. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5305-361-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5305-361-1"><bdi>978-93-5305-361-1</bdi></a>. <q>Like Sita, Radha is also a manifestation of Lakshmi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+Radha%3A+The+Quest+for+Love&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+India+Private+Limited&rft.date=2018-12-10&rft.isbn=978-93-5305-361-1&rft.aulast=Gokhale&rft.aufirst=Namita&rft.au=Lal%2C+Malashri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKWJ7DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DFinding%2BRadha%253A%2BThe%2BQuest%2Bfor%2BLove%26pg%3DPT8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteward1980" class="citation journal cs1">Steward, David S. (1980). "DOCTORAL DISSERTATION ABSTRACTS IN RELIGIOUS EDUCATION 1978–79". <i>Religious Education</i>. <b>75</b> (4): 474–494. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0034408800750410">10.1080/0034408800750410</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-4087">0034-4087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religious+Education&rft.atitle=DOCTORAL+DISSERTATION+ABSTRACTS+IN+RELIGIOUS+EDUCATION+1978%E2%80%9379&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=474-494&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0034408800750410&rft.issn=0034-4087&rft.aulast=Steward&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2007" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Edwin Francis (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CIDawAEACAAJ"><i>Krishna: A Sourcebook</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 551. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514892-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514892-3"><bdi>978-0-19-514892-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.pages=551&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514892-3&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCIDawAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKar2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kar, Nishamani (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23344745">"Sriradha: A Study"</a>. <i>Indian Literature</i>. <b>45</b> (2 (202)): 184–192. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-5804">0019-5804</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23344745">23344745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Literature&rft.atitle=Sriradha%3A+A+Study&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2+%28202%29&rft.pages=184-192&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23344745%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0019-5804&rft.aulast=Kar&rft.aufirst=Nishamani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23344745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhandarkar2019" class="citation book cs1">Bhandarkar, R. G. (20 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783111551975-010/html">"X. The Pāñcaratra or Bhāgavata System"</a>. <i>Vaisnavism, Saivism and minor religious systems</i>. De Gruyter. pp. 38–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783111551975-010">10.1515/9783111551975-010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-155197-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-155197-5"><bdi>978-3-11-155197-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=X.+The+P%C4%81%C3%B1caratra+or+Bh%C4%81gavata+System&rft.btitle=Vaisnavism%2C+Saivism+and+minor+religious+systems&rft.pages=38-41&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2019-05-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783111551975-010&rft.isbn=978-3-11-155197-5&rft.aulast=Bhandarkar&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783111551975-010%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVyasadeva2015" class="citation book cs1">Vyasadeva (18 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/NaradaPancaratraPart2/Narada%20Pancaratra%20part%202/page/n446/mode/1up"><i>Narada Pancaratra Part 2</i></a>. p. 448. <q>Whenever Sri Hari appears in this world, Sri Radhika appears with him</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narada+Pancaratra+Part+2&rft.pages=448&rft.date=2015-06-18&rft.au=Vyasadeva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FNaradaPancaratraPart2%2FNarada%2520Pancaratra%2520part%25202%2Fpage%2Fn446%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarquhar1926" class="citation journal cs1">Farquhar, J. N. (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25221011">"The Narada Pancharatra"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i> (3): 492–495. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-869X">0035-869X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25221011">25221011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Narada+Pancharatra&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=492-495&rft.date=1926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25221011%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0035-869X&rft.aulast=Farquhar&rft.aufirst=J.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25221011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVemsani2016223-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVemsani2016223_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVemsani2016">Vemsani 2016</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohanty2003" class="citation journal cs1">Mohanty, Prafulla Kumar (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23341400">"Mask and Creative Symbolisation in Contemporary Oriya Literature: Krishna, Radha and Ahalya"</a>. <i>Indian Literature</i>. <b>47</b> (2 (214)): 181–189. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-5804">0019-5804</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23341400">23341400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Literature&rft.atitle=Mask+and+Creative+Symbolisation+in+Contemporary+Oriya+Literature%3A+Krishna%2C+Radha+and+Ahalya&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2+%28214%29&rft.pages=181-189&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23341400%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0019-5804&rft.aulast=Mohanty&rft.aufirst=Prafulla+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23341400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarquhar1926" class="citation journal cs1">Farquhar, J. 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"The Narada Pancharatra". <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i> (3): 492–495. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-869X">0035-869X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25221011">25221011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Narada+Pancharatra&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=492-495&rft.date=1926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25221011%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0035-869X&rft.aulast=Farquhar&rft.aufirst=J.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharya1996" class="citation book cs1">Bhattacharya, Sunil Kumar (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SyyNIL7Ug2kC&q=chaitanya+c&pg=PA14"><i>Krishna-cult in Indian Art</i></a>. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7533-001-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7533-001-6"><bdi>978-81-7533-001-6</bdi></a>. <q>Radha is the eternal consort and wedded wife of Krishna, who lives forever with him in Goloka.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna-cult+in+Indian+Art&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=M.D.+Publications+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-7533-001-6&rft.aulast=Bhattacharya&rft.aufirst=Sunil+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSyyNIL7Ug2kC%26q%3Dchaitanya%2Bc%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002542-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002542_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002542_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002542_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002542_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLochtefeld2002">Lochtefeld 2002</a>, p. 542.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007341Radha-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007341Radha_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, p. 341, Radha.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica2_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica2_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica2_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Radha-Hindu-mythology">"Radha"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Radha&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FRadha-Hindu-mythology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1977Snell1991chapter1Rosenstein1998Beck2005Vemsani2016222-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1977Snell1991chapter1Rosenstein1998Beck2005Vemsani2016222_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1977">White 1977</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSnell1991">Snell 1991</a>, chapter1; <a href="#CITEREFRosenstein1998">Rosenstein 1998</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBeck2005">Beck 2005</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVemsani2016">Vemsani 2016</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawleyWulff1982xiii–xviiiDalal2010321–322Hayes200519–32Vemsani2016221-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawleyWulff1982xiii–xviiiDalal2010321–322Hayes200519–32Vemsani2016221_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawleyWulff1982">Hawley & Wulff 1982</a>, pp. xiii–xviii; <a href="#CITEREFDalal2010">Dalal 2010</a>, pp. 321–322; <a href="#CITEREFHayes2005">Hayes 2005</a>, pp. 19–32; <a href="#CITEREFVemsani2016">Vemsani 2016</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher2004-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher2004_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher2004_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher2004_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArcher2004">Archer 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawleyWulff1982xiii–xviii-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawleyWulff1982xiii–xviii_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawleyWulff1982xiii–xviii_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawleyWulff1982xiii–xviii_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawleyWulff1982xiii–xviii_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawleyWulff1982">Hawley & Wulff 1982</a>, pp. xiii–xviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintchman200546–47-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPintchman200546–47_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPintchman2005">Pintchman 2005</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmwradha-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mmwradha_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmwradha_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmwradha_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Monier Monier-Williams, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0900/mw__0909.html">Rādhā</a>, Sanskrit-English Dictionary with Etymology, Oxford University Press, page 876</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sen434-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sen434_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sukumar Sen (1943), "Etymology of the name Radha-Krishana," Indian Linguistics, Vol. 8, pp. 434–435</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1975655–671-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1975655–671_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1975655–671_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1975655–671_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1975655–671_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1975655–671_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1975655–671_34-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1975655–671_34-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1975">Miller 1975</a>, pp. 655–671.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGita_Press_Gorakhpur" class="citation book cs1">Gita Press Gorakhpur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/garga-samhita-gita-press-gorakhpur"><i>Garga Samhita Gita Press Gorakhpur</i></a>. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garga+Samhita+Gita+Press+Gorakhpur&rft.pages=58&rft.au=Gita+Press+Gorakhpur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgarga-samhita-gita-press-gorakhpur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwami_Vijnanananda1997" class="citation book cs1">Swami Vijnanananda (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swami-vijnanananda-1997.-narada-pancharatram-english-translation-with-sanskrit-text/page/300/mode/1up"><i>Swami Vijnanananda ( 1997). ' Narada Pancharatram English Translation With Sanskrit Text'<span></span></i></a>. p. 301.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swami+Vijnanananda+%28+1997%29.+%27+Narada+Pancharatram+English+Translation+With+Sanskrit+Text%27&rft.pages=301&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Swami+Vijnanananda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fswami-vijnanananda-1997.-narada-pancharatram-english-translation-with-sanskrit-text%2Fpage%2F300%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVyasadeva2015" class="citation book cs1">Vyasadeva (18 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/NaradaPancaratraPart2"><i>Narada Pancaratra Part 2</i></a>. pp. 447–503.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narada+Pancaratra+Part+2&rft.pages=447-503&rft.date=2015-06-18&rft.au=Vyasadeva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FNaradaPancaratraPart2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGita_Press_Gorakhpur" class="citation book cs1">Gita Press Gorakhpur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/narada-puran/page/n522/mode/1up"><i>Narada Puran</i></a>. pp. 512–520.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narada+Puran&rft.pages=512-520&rft.au=Gita+Press+Gorakhpur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnarada-puran%2Fpage%2Fn522%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stephen-knapp.com/sri_radha-sahasra-nama.htm">"Sri Radha-sahasra-nama, The Thousand Names of Sri Radha"</a>. <i>www.stephen-knapp.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Utkala%C5%9Br%C4%ABma%C3%B1j%C5%AB%E1%B9%A3%C4%81language&rft.pub=Rashtriya+Sanskrit+Vidyapeetha&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=D.+Prahladacharya&rft.aufirst=R%C4%81%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADr%C4%AByasa%E1%B9%83skr%CC%A5tavidy%C4%81p%C4%AB%E1%B9%ADha%E1%B9%83+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCHrXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Djayadeva%2Bkanyakubja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPauwels199629–43-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPauwels199629–43_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPauwels1996">Pauwels 1996</a>, pp. 29–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vaudeville, Charlotte in <a href="#CITEREFHawleyWulff1982">Hawley & Wulff 1982</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELove_Song_of_the_Dark_Lord:_Jayadeva's_Gītagovinda1977-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELove_Song_of_the_Dark_Lord:_Jayadeva's_Gītagovinda1977_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLove_Song_of_the_Dark_Lord:_Jayadeva's_Gītagovinda1977">Love Song of the Dark Lord: Jayadeva's Gītagovinda 1977</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher2004The_Gita_Govinda-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher2004The_Gita_Govinda_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher2004The_Gita_Govinda_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArcher2004">Archer 2004</a>, The Gita Govinda.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, Barbara Stoler in <a href="#CITEREFHawleyWulff1982">Hawley & Wulff 1982</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDatta19881414–1421-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDatta19881414–1421_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDatta1988">Datta 1988</a>, pp. 1414–1421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamnarace2014-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamnarace2014_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamnarace2014_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamnarace2014">Ramnarace 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVemsani2016197-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVemsani2016197_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVemsani2016">Vemsani 2016</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392Ramnarace2014-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392Ramnarace2014_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardy1987">Hardy 1987</a>, pp. 387–392; <a href="#CITEREFRamnarace2014">Ramnarace 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDatta19881415-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDatta19881415_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDatta1988">Datta 1988</a>, p. 1415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJash1979" class="citation journal cs1">Jash, Pranabananda (1979). 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"What is Indian Literature?". <i>Indian Literature</i>. <b>25</b> (4): 5–15. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-5804">0019-5804</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24158041">24158041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Literature&rft.atitle=What+is+Indian+Literature%3F&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=5-15&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24158041%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0019-5804&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=K.S.&rft.au=Ramanujan%2C+A.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGokhaleLal2018" class="citation book cs1">Gokhale, Namita; Lal, Malashri (10 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KWJ7DwAAQBAJ&q=Radha+in+Padma+Purana&pg=PT7"><i>Finding Radha: The Quest for Love</i></a>. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5305-361-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5305-361-1"><bdi>978-93-5305-361-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+Radha%3A+The+Quest+for+Love&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+India+Private+Limited&rft.date=2018-12-10&rft.isbn=978-93-5305-361-1&rft.aulast=Gokhale&rft.aufirst=Namita&rft.au=Lal%2C+Malashri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKWJ7DwAAQBAJ%26q%3DRadha%2Bin%2BPadma%2BPurana%26pg%3DPT7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1988_56-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1988">Kinsley 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2017" class="citation cs2">Dalal, Roshen (14 July 2017), "Hinduism and its basic texts", <i>Reading the Sacred Scriptures</i>, New York: Routledge, pp. 157–170, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315545936-11">10.4324/9781315545936-11</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-54593-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-54593-6"><bdi>978-1-315-54593-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reading+the+Sacred+Scriptures&rft.atitle=Hinduism+and+its+basic+texts&rft.pages=157-170&rft.date=2017-07-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315545936-11&rft.isbn=978-1-315-54593-6&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher20045.3_Later_PoetryHardy1987387–392Rosenstein1997Hawley2005-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher20045.3_Later_PoetryHardy1987387–392Rosenstein1997Hawley2005_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArcher2004">Archer 2004</a>, 5.3 Later Poetry; <a href="#CITEREFHardy1987">Hardy 1987</a>, pp. 387–392; <a href="#CITEREFRosenstein1997">Rosenstein 1997</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHawley2005">Hawley 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart1986152–154-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1986152–154_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart1986">Stewart 1986</a>, pp. 152–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010385Shrikrishna_Kirtana-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010385Shrikrishna_Kirtana_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalal2010">Dalal 2010</a>, p. 385, Shrikrishna Kirtana.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vedabase.io/en/">"Online Vedabase—The topmost source of spiritual knowledge"</a>. <i>vedabase.io</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mayapur+Voice&rft.atitle=The+Biggest+Mystery+of+Srimad+Bhagavatam%E2%80%94Srimati+Radha&rft.date=2016-09-09&rft.aulast=das&rft.aufirst=Bhadra+Balaram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmayapurvoice.com%2Fsvagatam%2Fbiggest-mystery-srimad-bhagavatam-srimati-radha%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManring2019" class="citation journal cs1">Manring, Rebecca J. (1 December 2019). "Rādhātantram: Rādhā as Guru in the Service of the Great Goddess". <i>International Journal of Hindu Studies</i>. <b>23</b> (3): 259–282. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11407-019-09264-1">10.1007/s11407-019-09264-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1574-9282">1574-9282</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213054011">213054011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Hindu+Studies&rft.atitle=R%C4%81dh%C4%81tantram%3A+R%C4%81dh%C4%81+as+Guru+in+the+Service+of+the+Great+Goddess&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=259-282&rft.date=2019-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213054011%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1574-9282&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11407-019-09264-1&rft.aulast=Manring&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, Barbara Stoler in <a href="#CITEREFHawleyWulff1982">Hawley & Wulff 1982</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vaudeville, Charlotte in <a href="#CITEREFHawleyWulff1982">Hawley & Wulff 1982</a>, pp. 9–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vaudeville, Charlotte in <a href="#CITEREFHawleyWulff1982">Hawley & Wulff 1982</a>, pp. 11–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVemsani2016">Vemsani 2016</a>, p. 222: "According to Vallabha tradition, she (Radha) is the swamini of Krishna, who is worthy of devotion."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChemburkar1976107–116-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChemburkar1976107–116_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChemburkar1976">Chemburkar 1976</a>, pp. 107–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan2008207–213-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan2008207–213_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan2008207–213_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPradhan2008">Pradhan 2008</a>, pp. 207–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKripal1998" class="citation journal cs1">Kripal, Jeffrey J. 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Aesthetics Media Services. pp. 74–75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temples+of+Bengal&rft.pages=74-75&rft.pub=Aesthetics+Media+Services&rft.date=2012-12-25&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Sreecheta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlkM4DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DRadha%2BKrishna%2Btemples%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohan2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mohan, Urmila (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/rpra/rpra-overview.xml">"Clothing as devotion in Contemporary Hinduism"</a>. <i>Brill Research Perspectives in Religion and Art</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 1–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F24688878-12340006">10.1163/24688878-12340006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202530099">202530099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brill+Research+Perspectives+in+Religion+and+Art&rft.atitle=Clothing+as+devotion+in+Contemporary+Hinduism&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1-82&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F24688878-12340006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202530099%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mohan&rft.aufirst=Urmila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Frpra%2Frpra-overview.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shanti_Lal_Nagar-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shanti_Lal_Nagar_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shanti_Lal_Nagar_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanti_Lal_Nagar2003" class="citation book cs1">Shanti Lal Nagar (1 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/brahma-vaivarta-purana-all-four-kandas-english-translation"><i>Brahma Vaivarta Purana: English Translation: All Four Kandas</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brahma+Vaivarta+Purana%3A+English+Translation%3A+All+Four+Kandas&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.au=Shanti+Lal+Nagar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrahma-vaivarta-purana-all-four-kandas-english-translation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPauwels1996-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPauwels1996_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPauwels1996">Pauwels 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saraswati2001-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saraswati2001_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrakashanand_Saraswati2001" class="citation book cs1">Prakashanand Saraswati (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IhLN2I9yTTkC&q=vrishbhanu%20barsana&pg=PA666"><i>The True History and the Religion of India: A Concise Encyclopedia of Authentic Hinduism</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 666–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1789-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1789-0"><bdi>978-81-208-1789-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+True+History+and+the+Religion+of+India%3A+A+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Authentic+Hinduism&rft.pages=666-&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1789-0&rft.au=Prakashanand+Saraswati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIhLN2I9yTTkC%26q%3Dvrishbhanu%2520barsana%26pg%3DPA666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Varma2009-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Varma2009_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavan_K._Varma2009" class="citation book cs1">Pavan K. Varma (July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_anlsbp56aoC&pg=PA46"><i>The Book of Krishna</i></a>. Penguin Books India. pp. 46–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306763-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306763-4"><bdi>978-0-14-306763-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Krishna&rft.pages=46-&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2009-07&rft.isbn=978-0-14-306763-4&rft.au=Pavan+K.+Varma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_anlsbp56aoC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vishwananda2017-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vishwananda2017_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParamahamsa_Sri_Swami_Vishwananda2017" class="citation book cs1">Paramahamsa Sri Swami Vishwananda (12 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CJ3JDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1472"><i>Shreemad Bhagavad Gita: The Song of Love</i></a>. 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(1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EsvSwdUgQYcC"><i>Krishna: The Living God of Braj</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-280-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-280-2"><bdi>978-81-7017-280-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%3A+The+Living+God+of+Braj&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-280-2&rft.aulast=Anand&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEsvSwdUgQYcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnand1992" class="citation book cs1">Anand, D. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EsvSwdUgQYcC&q=radha&pg=PA61"><i>Krishna: The Living God of Braj</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. 35–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-280-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-280-2"><bdi>978-81-7017-280-2</bdi></a>. <q>Radha was only nine months elder to Krishna, to whom she was married.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%3A+The+Living+God+of+Braj&rft.pages=35-36&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-280-2&rft.aulast=Anand&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEsvSwdUgQYcC%26q%3Dradha%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dash-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dash_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrilochan_Dash" class="citation book cs1">Trilochan Dash. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7YjhTtkcwE0C&q=Brushabhanu%20Yadav%20chieftain&pg=PA192"><i>Krishna Leeela in Brajamandal a Retrospect</i></a>. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-12360-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-12360-0"><bdi>978-1-351-12360-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divinizing+in+South+Asian+Traditions&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-06-14&rft.isbn=978-1-351-12360-0&rft.aulast=Dimitrova&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft.au=Oranskaia%2C+Tatiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp2JgDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgoddess%2BRadha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmore1976" class="citation journal cs1">Amore, Roy C (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jaar/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jaarel/XLIV.2.366-a">"Religion in India"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Academy of Religion</i>. <b>XLIV</b> (2): 366–a–366. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2FXLIV.2.366-a">10.1093/jaarel/XLIV.2.366-a</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7189">0002-7189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Religion+in+India&rft.volume=XLIV&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=366-a-366&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2FXLIV.2.366-a&rft.issn=0002-7189&rft.aulast=Amore&rft.aufirst=Roy+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjaar%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2FXLIV.2.366-a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPintchman2001" class="citation book cs1">Pintchman, Tracy (14 June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXdGInecRIC"><i>Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9049-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9049-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-9049-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeking+Mahadevi%3A+Constructing+the+Identities+of+the+Hindu+Great+Goddess&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2001-06-14&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-9049-5&rft.aulast=Pintchman&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJfXdGInecRIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPintchman2015" class="citation book cs1">Pintchman, Tracy (8 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JsDpBwAAQBAJ"><i>Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition, The</i></a>. State University of New York Press. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-1618-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-1618-2"><bdi>978-1-4384-1618-2</bdi></a>. <q>Radha is said to be produced from half of Krishna's body and she manifest as Mulaprakriti Isvari, the Primordial Goddess Prakriti.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rise+of+the+Goddess+in+the+Hindu+Tradition%2C+The&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2015-04-08&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-1618-2&rft.aulast=Pintchman&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJsDpBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1977Snell1991Beck200576-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1977Snell1991Beck200576_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1977">White 1977</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSnell1991">Snell 1991</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBeck2005">Beck 2005</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck200576-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck200576_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeck2005">Beck 2005</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783111551975-023/html">"XXIII. Caitanya"</a>, <i>Vaisnavism, Saivism and minor religious systems</i>, De Gruyter, pp. 82–86, 31 December 1913, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783111551975-023">10.1515/9783111551975-023</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-155197-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-155197-5"><bdi>978-3-11-155197-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vaisnavism%2C+Saivism+and+minor+religious+systems&rft.atitle=XXIII.+Caitanya&rft.pages=82-86&rft.date=1913-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783111551975-023&rft.isbn=978-3-11-155197-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783111551975-023%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonaghan2011" class="citation book cs1">Monaghan, Patricia (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qotjet-Hb0MC"><i>Goddesses in World Culture</i></a>. United States of America: ABC-CLIO. pp. 1–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35465-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35465-6"><bdi>978-0-313-35465-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddesses+in+World+Culture&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=1-7&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35465-6&rft.aulast=Monaghan&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqotjet-Hb0MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGita_Press_Gorakhpur" class="citation book cs1">Gita Press Gorakhpur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/garga-samhita-gita-press-gorakhpur/page/n118/mode/1up"><i>Garga Samhita Gita Press Gorakhpur</i></a>. pp. 114–115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garga+Samhita+Gita+Press+Gorakhpur&rft.pages=114-115&rft.au=Gita+Press+Gorakhpur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgarga-samhita-gita-press-gorakhpur%2Fpage%2Fn118%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGita_Press_Gorakhpur" class="citation book cs1">Gita Press Gorakhpur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/skanda-puran-gita-press-gorakhpur/page/n493/mode/1up"><i>Skanda Puran by Gita Press Gorakhpur</i></a> (19 ed.). pp. 465–466.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skanda+Puran+by+Gita+Press+Gorakhpur&rft.pages=465-466&rft.edition=19&rft.au=Gita+Press+Gorakhpur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fskanda-puran-gita-press-gorakhpur%2Fpage%2Fn493%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesai2000" class="citation journal cs1">Desai, Vishakha N. 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"Loves of Rādhā in the "Rasikapriyā" Verses and Paintings". <i>Ars Orientalis</i>. <b>30</b>: 83–92. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0571-1371">0571-1371</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4629572">4629572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ars+Orientalis&rft.atitle=Loves+of+R%C4%81dh%C4%81+in+the+%22Rasikapriy%C4%81%22+Verses+and+Paintings&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=83-92&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4629572%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0571-1371&rft.aulast=Desai&rft.aufirst=Vishakha+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2012" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Guy L. 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United States of America: SUNY Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6415-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6415-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-6415-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternative+Krishnas%3A+Regional+and+Vernacular+Variations+on+a+Hindu+Deity&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6415-1&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Guy+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0SJ73GHSCF8C%26q%3DAlternative%2BKrishnas%253A%2BRegional%2Band%2BVernacular%2BVariations%2Bon%2Ba%2BHindu%2BDeity%26pg%3DPP11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovetzke2005" class="citation book cs1">Novetzke, C. L. (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292378289">"A Family Affair: Krishna Comes to Pandharpur and Makes Himself at Home"</a>. In Beck, Guy L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/163/monograph/book/4933"><i>Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity</i></a>. pp. 113–138<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Family+Affair%3A+Krishna+Comes+to+Pandharpur+and+Makes+Himself+at+Home&rft.btitle=Alternative+Krishnas%3A+Regional+and+Vernacular+Variations+on+a+Hindu+Deity&rft.pages=113-138&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.aulast=Novetzke&rft.aufirst=C.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F292378289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPande2008" class="citation journal cs1">Pande, Dr Suruchi (August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221081306/http://www.advaitaashrama.org/pb_archive/2008/PB_2008_August.pdf">"Vithoba of Pandharpur"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Prabuddha Bharata</i>. <b>113</b>: 447. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.advaitaashrama.org/pb_archive/2008/PB_2008_August.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 December 2008 – via Wayback Machine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prabuddha+Bharata&rft.atitle=Vithoba+of+Pandharpur&rft.volume=113&rft.pages=447&rft.date=2008-08&rft.aulast=Pande&rft.aufirst=Dr+Suruchi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.advaitaashrama.org%2Fpb_archive%2F2008%2FPB_2008_August.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardy1987">Hardy 1987</a>, pp. 387–392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1977Snell1991chapter_1Rosenstein1998Beck2005-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1977Snell1991chapter_1Rosenstein1998Beck2005_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1977">White 1977</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSnell1991">Snell 1991</a>, chapter 1; <a href="#CITEREFRosenstein1998">Rosenstein 1998</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBeck2005">Beck 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1955231–257-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1955231–257_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMajumdar1955">Majumdar 1955</a>, pp. 231–257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPande2008" class="citation web cs1">Pande, Dr. Suruchi (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221081306/http://www.advaitaashrama.org/pb_archive/2008/PB_2008_August.pdf">"Vithoba of Pandharpur"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.advaitaashrama.org/pb_archive/2008/PB_2008_August.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vithoba+of+Pandharpur&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Pande&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Suruchi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.advaitaashrama.org%2Fpb_archive%2F2008%2FPB_2008_August.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010321–322-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010321–322_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010321–322_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010321–322_142-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalal2010">Dalal 2010</a>, pp. 321–322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2004125-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2004125_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2004">Singh 2004</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kinsley1972-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kinsley1972_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsley,_D.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kinsley, D. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&sa=G&oi=qs&q=nimbarka+radha+first+author:d-sarma">"Without Krsna There Is No Song"</a>. <i>History of Religions</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F462672">10.1086/462672</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161297914">161297914</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=Without+Krsna+There+Is+No+Song&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F462672&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161297914%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Kinsley%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fhl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG%26oi%3Dqs%26q%3Dnimbarka%2Bradha%2Bfirst%2Bauthor%3Ad-sarma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span> "Nimbarka seems to have been the first well-known religious leader to regard Radha as central to his worship (thirteenth century)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2000-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2000_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDaniel2000">McDaniel 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes200519–32-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes200519–32_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayes2005">Hayes 2005</a>, pp. 19–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck200579-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck200579_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeck2005">Beck 2005</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDatta19881419–1420-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDatta19881419–1420_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDatta1988">Datta 1988</a>, pp. 1419–1420.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stephen-knapp.com/sri_radha-sahasra-nama.htm">"Sri Radha-sahasra-nama, The Thousand Names of Sri Radha"</a>. <i>www.stephen-knapp.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stephen-knapp.com&rft.atitle=Sri+Radha-sahasra-nama%2C+The+Thousand+Names+of+Sri+Radha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stephen-knapp.com%2Fsri_radha-sahasra-nama.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harekrsna.de/Radha-kripa-kataksha-stava.htm">"Sri Sri Radha-kripa-kataksha-stava-raja"</a>. <i>www.harekrsna.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.harekrsna.de&rft.atitle=Sri+Sri+Radha-kripa-kataksha-stava-raja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harekrsna.de%2FRadha-kripa-kataksha-stava.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brajrasik.org/articles/5956a9261350677a49620717/radha-kripa-kataksha-lord-shiva">"Radha Kripa Kataksha - Lord Shiva"</a>. <i>Braj Ras - Bliss of Braj Vrindavan</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Braj+Ras+-+Bliss+of+Braj+Vrindavan.&rft.atitle=Radha+Kripa+Kataksha+-+Lord+Shiva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrajrasik.org%2Farticles%2F5956a9261350677a49620717%2Fradha-kripa-kataksha-lord-shiva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shrinathdham.com/stotra-stuti-aarti/shree-yugal-ashtakam/">"Shree Yugal Ashtakam"</a>. <i>Shrinathdham</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shrinathdham&rft.atitle=Shree+Yugal+Ashtakam.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shrinathdham.com%2Fstotra-stuti-aarti%2Fshree-yugal-ashtakam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brajrasik.org/articles/5ecaba472c91730061b25a5d/shri-radhe-vrishabhanujaa-bhaktani-praanaadhaar-shri-radha-chalisa">"Shree Radha Chalisa - Forty Verses of Shri Radha's Glory"</a>. Braj Ras - Bliss of Braj Vrindavan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shree+Radha+Chalisa+-+Forty+Verses+of+Shri+Radha%27s+Glory&rft.pub=Braj+Ras+-+Bliss+of+Braj+Vrindavan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrajrasik.org%2Farticles%2F5ecaba472c91730061b25a5d%2Fshri-radhe-vrishabhanujaa-bhaktani-praanaadhaar-shri-radha-chalisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudah2015" class="citation book cs1">Judah, J. Stillson (8 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781400868841-024/html">"The Hare Krishna Movement"</a>. <i>Religious Movements in Contemporary America</i>. Princeton University Press. pp. 463–478. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400868841-024">10.1515/9781400868841-024</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6884-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6884-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-6884-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Hare+Krishna+Movement&rft.btitle=Religious+Movements+in+Contemporary+America&rft.pages=463-478&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015-03-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400868841-024&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6884-1&rft.aulast=Judah&rft.aufirst=J.+Stillson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400868841-024%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2004" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Guy L. (2004). "Hare Krishna Mahamantra: Gaudiya Vaishnava Practice and the Hindu Tradition of Sacred Sound". In Edwin Bryant; Maria Ekstrand (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mBMxPdgrBhoC"><i>The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 35–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-12256-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-12256-X"><bdi>0-231-12256-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hare+Krishna+Mahamantra%3A+Gaudiya+Vaishnava+Practice+and+the+Hindu+Tradition+of+Sacred+Sound&rft.btitle=The+Hare+Krishna+Movement%3A+The+Postcharismatic+Fate+of+a+Religious+Transplant&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=35-44&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-231-12256-X&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Guy+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmBMxPdgrBhoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1977Snell1991Beck200567-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1977Snell1991Beck200567_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1977">White 1977</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSnell1991">Snell 1991</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBeck2005">Beck 2005</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohanty2003" class="citation journal cs1">Mohanty, Prafulla Kumar (2003). "Mask and Creative Symbolisation in Contemporary Oriya Literature: Krishna, Radha and Ahalya". <i>Indian Literature</i>. <b>47</b> (2 (214)): 181–189. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-5804">0019-5804</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23341400">23341400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Literature&rft.atitle=Mask+and+Creative+Symbolisation+in+Contemporary+Oriya+Literature%3A+Krishna%2C+Radha+and+Ahalya&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2+%28214%29&rft.pages=181-189&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23341400%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0019-5804&rft.aulast=Mohanty&rft.aufirst=Prafulla+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krishna.com/radhastami">"Radhastami | Krishna.com"</a>. <i>www.krishna.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.krishna.com&rft.atitle=Radhastami+%7C+Krishna.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krishna.com%2Fradhastami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iskconvrindavan.com/festivals/radhastmi/">"Radhastami – ISKCON VRINDAVAN"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radhastami+%E2%80%93+ISKCON+VRINDAVAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiskconvrindavan.com%2Ffestivals%2Fradhastmi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yudit Greenberg, Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions, Volume 1, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851099801" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851099801">978-1851099801</a>, p. 212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKim_Marriott2006" class="citation book cs1">McKim Marriott (2006). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengali+Cinema%3A+%27An+Other+Nation%27&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010-11&rft.isbn=9781136912177&rft.au=Sharmistha+Gooptu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDcUtCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DRadha%2BKrishna%2B1933%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Goble" class="citation web cs1">Alan Goble. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citwf.com/film318824.htm">"Shri Krishna Leela"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Index_to_World_Film" title="Complete Index to World Film">Complete Index to World Film</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Complete+Index+to+World+Film&rft.atitle=Shri+Krishna+Leela&rft.au=Alan+Goble&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citwf.com%2Ffilm318824.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812233618/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-07-26/news/32869469_1_gokulathil-kannan-movie-in-different-languages-english-movie">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Krishna Aur Kans' set for widest ever domestic release of an Indian animation movie"</a>. <i>The economic times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-07-26/news/32869469_1_gokulathil-kannan-movie-in-different-languages-english-movie">the original</a> on 12 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+economic+times&rft.atitle=%27Krishna+Aur+Kans%27+set+for+widest+ever+domestic+release+of+an+Indian+animation+movie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.economictimes.indiatimes.com%2F2012-07-26%2Fnews%2F32869469_1_gokulathil-kannan-movie-in-different-languages-english-movie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/31-years-of-mahabharat-on-doordarshan-know-interesting-facts-about-one-of-most-popular-tv-shows-ever/1724556/">"31 years of Mahabharat on Doordarshan: Interesting facts about one of most popular TV shows ever"</a>. <i>The Financial Express</i>. 2 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Express&rft.atitle=31+years+of+Mahabharat+on+Doordarshan%3A+Interesting+facts+about+one+of+most+popular+TV+shows+ever&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialexpress.com%2Fentertainment%2F31-years-of-mahabharat-on-doordarshan-know-interesting-facts-about-one-of-most-popular-tv-shows-ever%2F1724556%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/after-ramayan-and-mahabharat-now-shri-krishna-is-returning-to-doordarshan/articleshow/75400171.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst">"After 'Ramayan' and 'Mahabharat', now 'Shri Krishna' is returning to Doordarshan"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i>. 27 April 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0389">0013-0389</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=After+%27Ramayan%27+and+%27Mahabharat%27%2C+now+%27Shri+Krishna%27+is+returning+to+Doordarshan&rft.date=2020-04-27&rft.issn=0013-0389&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpanache%2Fafter-ramayan-and-mahabharat-now-shri-krishna-is-returning-to-doordarshan%2Farticleshow%2F75400171.cms%3Futm_source%3Dcontentofinterest%26utm_medium%3Dtext%26utm_campaign%3Dcppst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/Mahabharata-interpreted-differently/article15308422.ece">"Mahabharata interpreted differently"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 23 September 2008 – via www.thehindu.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Mahabharata+interpreted+differently&rft.date=2008-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2Ftp-newdelhi%2FMahabharata-interpreted-differently%2Farticle15308422.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishi_Tiwari" class="citation news cs1">Nishi Tiwari. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-mahabharat-so-far-so-good-tv/20130917.htm">"Review: Mahabharat, so far so good"</a>. Rediff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220501105830/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-mahabharat-so-far-so-good-tv/20130917.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Mahabharat%2C+so+far+so+good&rft.au=Nishi+Tiwari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fmovies%2Freport%2Freview-mahabharat-so-far-so-good-tv%2F20130917.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mallika-singh-and-sumedh-mudgalkar-we-feel-fortunate-its-a-blessing-to-portray-radha-and-krishna/articleshow/80886998.cms">"Mallika Singh and Sumedh Mudgalkar: We feel fortunate, it's a blessing to portray Radha and Krishna"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 13 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Mallika+Singh+and+Sumedh+Mudgalkar%3A+We+feel+fortunate%2C+it%27s+a+blessing+to+portray+Radha+and+Krishna&rft.date=2021-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Ftv%2Fnews%2Fhindi%2Fmallika-singh-and-sumedh-mudgalkar-we-feel-fortunate-its-a-blessing-to-portray-radha-and-krishna%2Farticleshow%2F80886998.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRājaśekhara_Dāsa2000" class="citation book cs1">Rājaśekhara Dāsa (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1cvAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Color Guide to Vṛndāvana: India's Most Holy City of Over 5,000 Temples</i></a>. Vedanta Vision Publication.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Color+Guide+to+V%E1%B9%9Bnd%C4%81vana%3A+India%27s+Most+Holy+City+of+Over+5%2C000+Temples&rft.pub=Vedanta+Vision+Publication&rft.date=2000&rft.au=R%C4%81ja%C5%9Bekhara+D%C4%81sa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ1cvAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radha.name/images-gallery/temples-worldwide-without-india/asia-without-India">"Asia and India ISKCON temples"</a>. <i>Radha</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radha&rft.atitle=Asia+and+India+ISKCON+temples&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radha.name%2Fimages-gallery%2Ftemples-worldwide-without-india%2Fasia-without-India&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626112447/http://m.dandavats.com/?p=6770">"Beautiful Delhi Iskcon Temple (Sri Radha Parthasarathi Mandir) (4 min video)"</a>. <i>Dandavats</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.dandavats.com/?p=6770">the original</a> on 26 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dandavats&rft.atitle=Beautiful+Delhi+Iskcon+Temple+%28Sri+Radha+Parthasarathi+Mandir%29+%284+min+video%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.dandavats.com%2F%3Fp%3D6770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ciment-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ciment_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ciment, J. 2001. <i>Encyclopedia of American Immigration</i>. Michigan: <a href="/wiki/M._E._Sharpe" title="M. E. Sharpe">M.E. Sharpe</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HyltonandRosie-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HyltonandRosie_199-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hylton, H. & Rosie, C. 2006. <i>Insiders' Guide to Austin</i>. <a href="/wiki/Globe_Pequot_Press" title="Globe Pequot Press">Globe Pequot Press</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-texas-monthly-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-texas-monthly_200-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mugno, M. & Rafferty, R.R. 1998. <i>Texas Monthly Guidebook to Texas</i>. Gulf Pub. Co.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcher2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W.G._Archer" class="mw-redirect" title="W.G. Archer">Archer, W. G.</a> (2004) [1957]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=czLDAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Loves of Krishna in Indian Painting and Poetry</i></a>. Mineola, NY: Dover Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-43371-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-43371-4"><bdi>0-486-43371-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Loves+of+Krishna+in+Indian+Painting+and+Poetry&rft.place=Mineola%2C+NY&rft.pub=Dover+Publ.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-486-43371-4&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=W.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DczLDAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2005" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Guy L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C&pg=PA65">"Krishna as Loving Husband of God: The Alternative Krishnology of the Rādhāvallabha Sampradaya"</a>. In Guy L. Beck (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C"><i>Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity</i></a>. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. pp. 65–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6415-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6415-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-6415-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Krishna+as+Loving+Husband+of+God%3A+The+Alternative+Krishnology+of+the+R%C4%81dh%C4%81vallabha+Sampradaya&rft.btitle=Alternative+Krishnas%3A+Regional+and+Vernacular+Variations+on+a+Hindu+Deity&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pages=65-90&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6415-1&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Guy+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0SJ73GHSCF8C%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChemburkar1976" class="citation journal cs1">Chemburkar, Jaya (1976). 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Art Gallery of New South Wales. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7347-6396-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7347-6396-9"><bdi>978-0-7347-6396-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddess%3A+divine+energy&rft.pub=Art+Gallery+of+New+South+Wales&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7347-6396-9&rft.aulast=Menzies&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpzLqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1975" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Stoler_Miller" title="Barbara Stoler Miller">Miller, Barbara S.</a> (1975). "Rādhā: Consort of Kṛṣṇa's Vernal Passion". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society" title="Journal of the American Oriental Society">Journal of the American Oriental Society</a></i>. <b>95</b> (4): 655–671. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F601022">10.2307/601022</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/601022">601022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=R%C4%81dh%C4%81%3A+Consort+of+K%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a%27s+Vernal+Passion&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=655-671&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F601022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F601022%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Barbara+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLove_Song_of_the_Dark_Lord:_Jayadeva's_Gītagovinda1977" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cup.columbia.edu/book/love-song-of-the-dark-lord/9780231110976"><i>Love Song of the Dark Lord: Jayadeva's Gītagovinda</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Stoler_Miller" title="Barbara Stoler Miller">Miller, Barbara Stoler</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. 1977. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-04028-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-04028-8"><bdi>0-231-04028-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+Song+of+the+Dark+Lord%3A+Jayadeva%27s+G%C4%ABtagovinda&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-231-04028-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcup.columbia.edu%2Fbook%2Flove-song-of-the-dark-lord%2F9780231110976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mishra, Baba (1999). <i>"Radha and her contour in Orissan culture"</i>. In Orissan history, culture and archaeology. In Felicitation of Prof. P.K. Mishra. Ed. by S. Pradhan. (Reconstructing Indian History & Culture 16). New Delhi. pp. 243–259.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPauwels1996" class="citation journal cs1">Pauwels, Heidi R.M. (1996). "The Great Goddess and Fulfilment in Love: Rādhā Seen Through a Sixteenth-Century Lens". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>. <b>59</b> (1). Cambridge University Press: 29–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00028548">10.1017/S0041977X00028548</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/619389">619389</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162315694">162315694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Great+Goddess+and+Fulfilment+in+Love%3A+R%C4%81dh%C4%81+Seen+Through+a+Sixteenth-Century+Lens&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-43&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162315694%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F619389%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00028548&rft.aulast=Pauwels&rft.aufirst=Heidi+R.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPauwels2008" class="citation book cs1">Pauwels, Heidi R.M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BSRXu4pcyCsC"><i>The Goddess as Role Model: Sita and Radha in Scripture and on Screen</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970857-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970857-4"><bdi>978-0-19-970857-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goddess+as+Role+Model%3A+Sita+and+Radha+in+Scripture+and+on+Screen&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-970857-4&rft.aulast=Pauwels&rft.aufirst=Heidi+R.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBSRXu4pcyCsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPintchman2005" class="citation book cs1">Pintchman, Tracy (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C&pg=PA43">"Domesticating Krishna: Friendship, Marriage, and Women's Experience in a Hindu Women's Ritual"</a>. In Guy L. Beck (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C"><i>Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity</i></a>. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. pp. 43–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6415-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6415-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-6415-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Domesticating+Krishna%3A+Friendship%2C+Marriage%2C+and+Women%27s+Experience+in+a+Hindu+Women%27s+Ritual&rft.btitle=Alternative+Krishnas%3A+Regional+and+Vernacular+Variations+on+a+Hindu+Deity&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pages=43-64&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6415-1&rft.aulast=Pintchman&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0SJ73GHSCF8C%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPradhan2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Pradhan, Shrikant (2008) [2008–2009]. "A Unique Image of "Ardharadhavenudharamurti": or "Ardhanari Krishna"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute</i>. 68/69: 207–213. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42931207">42931207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Deccan+College+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=A+Unique+Image+of+%22Ardharadhavenudharamurti%22%3A+or+%22Ardhanari+Krishna%22&rft.volume=68%2F69&rft.pages=207-213&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42931207%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pradhan&rft.aufirst=Shrikant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamnarace2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Ramnarace, Vijay (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1842/26018/Ramnarace2015.pdf"><i>Rādhā-Kṛṣṇa's Vedāntic Debut: Chronology & Rationalisation in the Nimbārka Sampradāya</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195109/https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1842/26018/Ramnarace2015.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=R%C4%81dh%C4%81-K%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a%27s+Ved%C4%81ntic+Debut%3A+Chronology+%26+Rationalisation+in+the+Nimb%C4%81rka+Samprad%C4%81ya&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Ramnarace&rft.aufirst=Vijay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.era.lib.ed.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1842%2F26018%2FRamnarace2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenstein1997" class="citation book cs1">Rosenstein, Ludmila L. (1997). "The Devotional Poetry of Svami Haridas". <i>A Study of Early Braj Bhasa Verse</i>. Groningen Oriental Studies, 12. Groningen: Egbert Forsten.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Devotional+Poetry+of+Svami+Haridas&rft.btitle=A+Study+of+Early+Braj+Bhasa+Verse&rft.place=Groningen&rft.series=Groningen+Oriental+Studies%2C+12&rft.pub=Egbert+Forsten&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Rosenstein&rft.aufirst=Ludmila+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenstein1998" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenstein, Lucy (1998). "The Rādhāvallabha and the Haridāsā Samprādayas: A Comparison". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Vaishnava_Studies" title="Journal of Vaishnava Studies">Journal of Vaishnava Studies</a></i>. <b>7</b> (1): 5–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vaishnava+Studies&rft.atitle=The+R%C4%81dh%C4%81vallabha+and+the+Harid%C4%81s%C4%81+Sampr%C4%81dayas%3A+A+Comparison&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-18&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Rosenstein&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnell1991" class="citation book cs1">Snell, Rupert (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jOs-G0-VIWQC"><i>The Eighty-four Hymns of Hita Harivaṃśa: An Edition of the Caurāsī Pada</i></a>. Delhi; London: <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>; School of Oriental and African Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0629-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0629-8"><bdi>81-208-0629-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eighty-four+Hymns+of+Hita+Hariva%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba%3A+An+Edition+of+the+Caur%C4%81s%C4%AB+Pada&rft.place=Delhi%3B+London&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass%3B+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=81-208-0629-8&rft.aulast=Snell&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjOs-G0-VIWQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1986" class="citation journal cs1">Stewart, T.K. (1986). "Singing the Glory of Lord Krishna: The "Srikrsnakirtana"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i><a href="/wiki/Asian_Ethnology" title="Asian Ethnology">Asian Ethnology</a></i>. <b>45</b> (1): 152. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1177851">1177851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Ethnology&rft.atitle=Singing+the+Glory+of+Lord+Krishna%3A+The+%22Srikrsnakirtana%22&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=152&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1177851%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=T.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarma1993" class="citation book cs1">Varma, Pavan K. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qZ_XAAAAMAAJ&q=Radha+married+Krishna+brahma"><i>Krishna, the Playful Divine</i></a>. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-85518-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-85518-6"><bdi>978-0-670-85518-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%2C+the+Playful+Divine&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-670-85518-6&rft.aulast=Varma&rft.aufirst=Pavan+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqZ_XAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DRadha%2Bmarried%2BKrishna%2Bbrahma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVemsani2016" class="citation book cs1">Vemsani, Lavanya (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&q=nimbarka&pg=PA197"><i>Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names</i></a>. Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-211-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-211-3"><bdi>978-1-61069-211-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Hindu+Lord+of+Many+Names&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%3B+Denver%3B+Oxford&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-211-3&rft.aulast=Vemsani&rft.aufirst=Lavanya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4fw2DAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dnimbarka%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1977" class="citation book cs1">White, Charles S. J. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8Q_zgEACAAJ"><i>The Caurāsī Pad of Śri Hit Harivaṃś: Introduction, Translation, Notes, and Edited Braj Bhaṣa</i></a>. Asian Studies at Hawaii 16. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0359-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0359-9"><bdi>978-0-8248-0359-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-8486">0066-8486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caur%C4%81s%C4%AB+Pad+of+%C5%9Ari+Hit+Hariva%E1%B9%83%C5%9B%3A+Introduction%2C+Translation%2C+Notes%2C+and+Edited+Braj+Bha%E1%B9%A3a&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.series=Asian+Studies+at+Hawaii+16&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Hawaii&rft.date=1977&rft.issn=0066-8486&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0359-9&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Charles+S.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8Q_zgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadha" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bahl, Kali C. "The Hindi 'Riti' Tradition and the 'Rasikapriya' of Keshavdasa: An Introductory Review". <i>Journal of South Asian Literature</i>, vol. 10, no. 1, 1974, pp. 1–38. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40871705">40871705</a>.</li> <li>Chakravorty, Pallabi, and Nilanjana Gupta, eds. (2012). <i>Swayed by Love: Dance in the Vaishnava Temple Imagery of Bengal</i>. Routledge India. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203150450">10.4324/9780203150450</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-15045-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-15045-0">978-0-203-15045-0</a>.</li> <li>Das, Biswarup. "Development of Radha-Krishna Cult in Orissa". <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>, vol. 39, 1978, pp. 539–544. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44139393">44139393</a>.</li> <li>Jash, Pranabananda. "Radha-Madhava Sub-Sect in Eastern India". <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>, vol. 40, 1979, pp. 177–184, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141958">44141958</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header"><span class="spoken-wikipedia-listen-to">Listen to this article</span> (<span class="duration"><span class="min">5</span> minutes</span>)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="271" data-mwtitle="En-Radha-article.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/En-Radha-article.ogg" type="audio/ogg; 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href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hindu Om symbol"><img alt="Hindu Om symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/50px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/75px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditi" title="Aditi">Aditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaya" title="Chhaya">Chhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrani" title="Indrani">Shachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matangi" title="Matangi">Matangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(goddess)" title="Rohini (goddess)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjna" title="Sanjna">Sanjna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asuras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daitya" title="Daitya">Daitya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danava_(Hinduism)" title="Danava (Hinduism)">Danava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_directions" title="Guardians of the directions">Dikpāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana" title="Gana">Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">Kuladevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramadevata" title="Gramadevata">Gramadevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Rakshasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Vahanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yakshas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">Yakshini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Texts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" 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decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/30px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Krishna" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Krishna" title="Template:Krishna"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Krishna" title="Template talk:Krishna"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Krishna" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Krishna"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Krishna" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Forms_of_Krishna" title="Category:Forms of Krishna">Forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bala_Krishna" title="Bala Krishna">Bala Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopala-Krishna" title="Gopala-Krishna">Gopala-Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govinda" title="Govinda">Govinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinathji" title="Shrinathji">Shrinathji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva-Krishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vāsudeva-Krishna">Vāsudeva-Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Other names</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg/100px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg/150px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg/200px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1964" data-file-height="2620" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Consorts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtabharya" title="Ashtabharya">Ashtabharya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabhama" title="Satyabhama">Satyabhama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambavati" title="Jambavati">Jambavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamuna_in_Hinduism" title="Yamuna in Hinduism">Kalindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnajiti" title="Nagnajiti">Nagnajiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitravinda" title="Mitravinda">Mitravinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmana_(Krishna%27s_wife)" title="Lakshmana (Krishna's wife)">Lakshmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadra_(Krishna%27s_wife)" title="Bhadra (Krishna's wife)">Bhadra</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Junior_wives_of_Krishna" title="Junior wives of Krishna">Other 16000 - 16100 Junior wives</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(Krishna%27s_wife)" title="Rohini (Krishna's wife)">Rohini</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Other relatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniruddha" title="Aniruddha">Aniruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devaki" title="Devaki">Devaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamsa" title="Kamsa">Kamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunti" title="Kunti">Kunti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(Hinduism)" title="Nanda (Hinduism)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_(Krishna%27s_son)" title="Samba (Krishna's son)">Samba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhadra" title="Subhadra">Subhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugrasena" title="Ugrasena">Ugrasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashoda" title="Yashoda">Yashoda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:People_related_to_Krishna" title="Category:People related to Krishna">More</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Festivals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gita_Mahotsav" title="Gita Mahotsav">Gita Mahotsav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Pilgrimage circuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/48_Kos_Parikrama_of_Kurukshetra" class="mw-redirect" title="48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra">48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vraja_Parikrama" title="Vraja Parikrama">Vraja Parikrama</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Holy sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Associated with Krishna's life <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokul" title="Gokul">Gokul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govardhan_Hill" title="Govardhan Hill">Govardhan Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dv%C4%81rak%C4%81" title="Dvārakā">Dvaraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra" title="Kurukshetra">Kurukshetra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisar" title="Jyotisar">Jyotisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhalka" title="Bhalka">Bhalka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other sites: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur_Temple" title="Guruvayur Temple">Guruvayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathdwara" title="Nathdwara">Nathdwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithoba_Temple,_Pandharpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithoba Temple, Pandharpur">Pandharpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri" title="Jagannath Temple, Puri">Puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_Krishna_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Udupi Krishna Temple">Udupi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Indian_epigraphy" title="Early Indian epigraphy">Epigraphy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hathibada_Ghosundi_Inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions">Hathibada Ghosundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_pillar" title="Heliodorus pillar">Heliodorus pillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mora_Well_Inscription" title="Mora Well Inscription">Mora Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naneghat" title="Naneghat">Naneghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasu_Doorjamb_Inscription" title="Vasu Doorjamb Inscription">Vasu Doorjamb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_in_the_Mahabharata" title="Krishna in the Mahabharata">Krishna's role</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Samhita" title="Brahma Samhita">Brahma Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uddhava_Gita" title="Uddhava Gita">Uddhava Gita</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru%E2%80%93shishya_tradition" title="Guru–shishya tradition">Guru–shishya tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113904#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113904#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113904#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3270585">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118960555">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2016245709">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2016908824&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007419118705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radha&oldid=1258962721">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radha&oldid=1258962721</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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[\"CITEREFDiana_Dimitrova2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDimitrovaOranskaia2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDimock1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwin_Francis_Bryant2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFahy2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFam2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarquhar1926\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFrazier2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGita_Press_Gorakhpur\"] = 12,\n [\"CITEREFGokhaleLal2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGuy_Beck2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardy1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawleyWulff1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJash1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesRyan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudah2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKakar1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKallir1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKar2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinsley,_D.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinsley1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKothari1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKripal1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLalli2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanglois2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavanya2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLochtefeld2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLove_Song_of_the_Dark_Lord:_Jayadeva\u0026#039;s_Gītagovinda1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudo_Rocher1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynch1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajumdar1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManring2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFManuel1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarijke_J._Klokke2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDaniel2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKim_Marriott2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeiteiChaudhuriArunkumar2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenzies2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohanty2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMohapatra2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonaghan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukherjee2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNishi_Tiwari\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovetzke2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPande2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFParamahamsa_Sri_Swami_Vishwananda2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPauwels1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPauwels2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPavan_K._Varma2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPintchman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPintchman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPintchman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPradhan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrafulla_Kumar_Mohanty2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrakashanand_Saraswati2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._K._Das1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamnarace2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRandhawa2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenstein1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenstein1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy_C_Amore1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRājaśekhara_Dāsa2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSajnani2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShanti_Lal_Nagar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharmistha_Gooptu2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnell1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoltis2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrinivasanRamanujan1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteward1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwami_Vijnanananda1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTrilochan_Dash\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarma1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVatsyayan1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVed_Vyaas\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVemsani2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVyasadeva2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVālmīki1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFdas2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFgaudiya2021\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 10,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Block quote\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Bulleted list\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 80,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 41,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 26,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Google books\"] = 16,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 7,\n [\"Hindu Deities and Texts\"] = 1,\n [\"Hindudharma\"] = 1,\n [\"Hinduism\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 2,\n [\"IAST\"] = 1,\n [\"IAST3\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox deity\"] = 1,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 3,\n [\"Krishna\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Poem quote\"] = 5,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 68,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vaishnavism\"] = 1,\n [\"Verse translation\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","240","19.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","17.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","140","11.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","8.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","4.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::setTTL","40","3.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","3.2"],["[others]","240","19.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-lzhrf","timestamp":"20241124160849","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Radha","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radha","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q113904","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q113904","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-10-06T22:53:07Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T16:18:38Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/86\/Radharani_10.JPG","headline":"Hindu goddess of love, chief consort of god Krishna"}</script> </body> </html>