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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_republics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_republics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Classical republics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_republics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_ancient_republics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_ancient_republics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Other ancient republics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_ancient_republics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Indian subcontinent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Icelandic_Commonwealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Icelandic_Commonwealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Icelandic Commonwealth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Icelandic_Commonwealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mercantile_republics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mercantile_republics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Mercantile republics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mercantile_republics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calvinist_republics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calvinist_republics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Calvinist republics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calvinist_republics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberal_republics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_republics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Liberal republics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_republics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decolonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decolonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Decolonization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decolonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialist_republics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialist_republics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Socialist republics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialist_republics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Head_of_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head_of_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Head of state</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Head_of_state-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Head of state subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Head_of_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambiguities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambiguities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ambiguities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambiguities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sub-national_republics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-national_republics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sub-national republics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sub-national_republics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_meanings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_meanings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other meanings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_meanings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other meanings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_meanings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archaic_meaning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaic_meaning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Archaic meaning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaic_meaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democracy_vs._republic_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democracy_vs._republic_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Democracy vs. republic debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democracy_vs._republic_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Political philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Republic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 181 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-181" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">181 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Республикэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Республикэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Республик – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Республик" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiek" title="Republiek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Republiek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik" title="Republik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Republik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AA%E1%8D%90%E1%89%A5%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%AD" title="ሪፐብሊክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሪፐብሊክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynew%C4%ABse" title="Cynewīse – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cynewīse" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جمهورية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمهورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica" title="Republica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Republica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%9B%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հանրապետութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հանրապետութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica" title="República – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="República" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavakuairet%C3%A3" title="Tavakuairetã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tavakuairetã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Жумгьурият – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Жумгьурият" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respublika" title="Respublika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Respublika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="جومهوریت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جومهوریت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="প্রজাতন্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রজাতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C5%8Dng-h%C3%B4-kok" title="Kiōng-hô-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kiōng-hô-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Республика – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Республика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рэспубліка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэспубліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рэспубліка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэспубліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="रिपब्लिक – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रिपब्लिक" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika" title="Republika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Republika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Република – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Република" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik" title="Republik – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Republik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika" title="Republika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Republika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik" title="Republik – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Republik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Бүгэдэ найрамдаха улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бүгэдэ найрамдаха улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica" title="República – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="República" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Республика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Республика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika" title="Republika – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Republika" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika" title="Republika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Republika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyika_yeRudhende" title="Nyika yeRudhende – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nyika yeRudhende" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gweriniaeth" title="Gweriniaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gweriniaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik" title="Republik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Republik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republihkka" title="Republihkka – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Republihkka" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik" title="Republik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Republik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="गणतन्त्र – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="गणतन्त्र" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vabariik" title="Vabariik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vabariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_(%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%B1)" title="Πολιτεία (έννοια) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολιτεία (έννοια)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blica" title="Repùblica – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Repùblica" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Республика – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Республика" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica" title="República – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="República" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respubliko" title="Respubliko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Respubliko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errepublika" title="Errepublika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errepublika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="جمهوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمهوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganrajya" title="Ganrajya – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ganrajya" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsetaskipan" title="Forsetaskipan – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Forsetaskipan" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique" title="République – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="République" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republyk" title="Republyk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Republyk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndenndaandi" title="Ndenndaandi – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Ndenndaandi" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiche" title="Republiche – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Republiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poblacht" title="Poblacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Poblacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobblaght" title="Pobblaght – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Pobblaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poblachd" title="Poblachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Poblachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica" title="República – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="República" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Республика – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Республика" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khiung-f%C3%B2-koet" title="Khiung-fò-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Khiung-fò-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EC%A0%9C" title="공화제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공화제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հանրապետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հանրապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="गणराज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गणराज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika" title="Republika – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Republika" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika" title="Republika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Republika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiko" title="Republiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Republiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika" title="Republika – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Republika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik" title="Republik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Republik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica" title="Republica – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Republica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Республикæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Республикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Republic" title="I-Republic – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Republic" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BD%C3%B0veldi" title="Lýðveldi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lýðveldi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblica" title="Repubblica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Repubblica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="רפובליקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רפובליקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publik" title="Républik – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Républik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಗಣರಾಜ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಣರಾಜ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Республика – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Республика" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="რესპუბლიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Республика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Республика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repoblek" title="Repoblek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Repoblek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhuri" title="Jamhuri – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jamhuri" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Республика – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Республика" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repiblik" title="Repiblik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Repiblik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komar" title="Komar – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Komar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Республика – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Республика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica" title="Republica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Republica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repuvlika" title="Repuvlika – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Repuvlika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94" title="ສາທາລະນະລັດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສາທາລະນະລັດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Res publica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika" title="Republika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Republika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik" title="Republik – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Republik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respublika" title="Respublika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Respublika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rippebliek" title="Rippebliek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Rippebliek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republ%C3%ADki" title="Republíki – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Republíki" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republega" title="Republega – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Republega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g" title="Köztársaság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Köztársaság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Република – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Република" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repoblika" title="Repoblika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Repoblika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഗണതന്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗണതന്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="प्रजासत्ताक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रजासत्ताक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="რესპუბლიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="جمهوريه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جمهوريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="جومبوری – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جومبوری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik" title="Republik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Republik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica" title="República – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="República" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Республикась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Республикась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D0%B3%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Бүгд Найрамдах Улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бүгд Найрамдах Улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiek" title="Republiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Republiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rippebliek" title="Rippebliek – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Rippebliek" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="गणतन्त्र – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गणतन्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="गणतन्त्र – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गणतन्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="共和制 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="共和制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubbreca" title="Repubbreca – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Repubbreca" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Республика – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Республика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiik" title="Republiik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Republiik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikk" title="Republikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Republikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikk" title="Republikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Republikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publyique" title="Républyique – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Républyique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica" title="Republica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Republica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Республик – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Республик" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0" title="ସାଧାରଣତନ୍ତ୍ର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସାଧାରଣତନ୍ତ୍ର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respublika" title="Respublika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Respublika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਗਣਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਣਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81" title="جمہوریہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جمہوریہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblika" title="Repúblika – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Repúblika" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87" title="ولسمشریزه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ولسمشریزه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B" title="សាធារណរដ្ឋ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សាធារណរដ្ឋ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blica" title="Repùblica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Repùblica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiek" title="Republiek – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Republiek" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika" title="Republika – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Republika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica" title="República – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="República" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respublika" title="Respublika – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Respublika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumhuriyet" title="Cumhuriyet – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Cumhuriyet" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic%C4%83" title="Republică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Republică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketnepen" title="Ketnepen – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Ketnepen" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica" title="Republica – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Republica" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripuwlika" title="Ripuwlika – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ripuwlika" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Републіка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Републіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Республика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Республика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%80%D3%A9%D1%81%D0%BF%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Өрөспүүбүлүкэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Өрөспүүбүлүкэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic" title="Republic – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Republic" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik" title="Republik – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Republik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika" title="Republika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Republika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip%C3%B9bbrica" title="Ripùbbrica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ripùbbrica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic" title="Republic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Republic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%AA" title="ريپبلڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ريپبلڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika" title="Republika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Republika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika" title="Republika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Republika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika" title="Republika – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Republika" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhuriyadda" title="Jamhuriyadda – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jamhuriyadda" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کۆمار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆمار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Република – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Република" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika" title="Republika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Republika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publik" title="Républik – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Républik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasavalta" title="Tasavalta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tasavalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik" title="Republik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Republik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika" title="Republika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Republika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="குடியரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குடியரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagduda" title="Tagduda – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tagduda" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%BB%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Җөмһүрият – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җөмһүрият" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="గణతంత్ర రాజ్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గణతంత్ర రాజ్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="สาธารณรัฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สาธารณรัฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AA%E1%8D%93%E1%89%A5%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%AD" title="ሪፓብሊክ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሪፓብሊክ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D1%83%D0%BC%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Ҷумҳурӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷумҳурӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumhuriyet" title="Cumhuriyet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cumhuriyet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Республіка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Республіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81" title="جمہوریہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جمہوریہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%87%D9%85%DA%BE%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95%D8%AA_%D8%AA%DB%88%D8%B2%DB%88%D9%85%D9%89" title="جۇمھۇرىيەت تۈزۈمى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جۇمھۇرىيەت تۈزۈمى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blega" title="Repùblega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Repùblega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a" title="Cộng hòa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cộng hòa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BCblik%C3%A4n" title="Repüblikän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Repüblikän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C" title="共和 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="共和" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiek" title="Republiek – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Republiek" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika" title="Republika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Republika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="共和制 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="共和制" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7" title="רעפובליק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רעפובליק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%ADl%E1%BA%B9%CC%80-%C3%A8d%C3%A8_ol%C3%B3m%C3%ACnira" title="Orílẹ̀-èdè olómìnira – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Orílẹ̀-èdè olómìnira" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="共和制 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="共和制" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumhuriyet" title="Cumhuriyet – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cumhuriyet" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respobl%C4%97ka" title="Respoblėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Respoblėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="共和制 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="共和制" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiblik" title="Kiblik – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kiblik" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik" title="Republik – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Republik" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Republic">reviewed</a> on <i>23 March 2025</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of government</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the form of government. For the political ideology, see <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Republic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Republic (disambiguation)">Republic (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;">Basic forms of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">List of forms</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">List of countries</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Source of power</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">rule by many</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarchy">Demarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Others</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by few)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Anocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">Kritarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noocracy" title="Noocracy">Noocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particracy" title="Particracy">Particracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Monocracy" title="Monocracy">rule by one</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by none)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republic</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-political ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-economic ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Religious</li><li>Secular</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(geo-cultural ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisation">Intergovernmental organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">National government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet monarch">Puppet monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">Self-governing colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">Buffer state</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">International relations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">Small power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">Emerging power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Superpower</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Autocratization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratisation">Democratisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid regimes">Hybrid regimes</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template talk:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>republic</b>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> phrase <i><a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">res publica</a></i> ('public affair' or 'people's affair'), is a <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">political power</a> rests with the <a href="/wiki/Public" title="Public">public</a> (<a href="/wiki/People" title="People">people</a>) through their <a href="/wiki/Representative_assembly" title="Representative assembly">representatives</a>—in contrast to a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-M-W_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M-W-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a republic is most often a single <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subnational_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Subnational state">subnational state</a> entities that have governments that are republican in nature may be referred to as republics. </p><p>Representation in a republic may or may not be freely elected by the general citizenry. In many historical republics, representation has been based on personal status and the role of elections has been limited. This remains true today; among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">159</a> states that use <i>republic</i> in their official names as of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, and other states formally constituted as republics, are states that narrowly constrain both the right of representation and the process of election. </p><p>The term developed its modern meaning in reference to the constitution of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, lasting from the <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow of the kings</a> in 509 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">BC</a> to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> in 27 BC. This <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">constitution</a> was characterized by a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> composed of wealthy <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocrats</a> wielding significant influence; several popular <a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">assemblies</a> of all free citizens, possessing the power to elect magistrates from the populace and pass laws; and a <a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">series of magistracies</a> with varying types of civil and political authority. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">Res publica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civitas" title="Civitas">Civitas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Cicero_(1st-cent._BC)_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg/250px-Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg/330px-Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg/500px-Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The term originates from the Latin translation of <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> word <i><a href="/wiki/Politeia" title="Politeia">politeia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, among other Latin writers, translated <i>politeia</i> into Latin as <i><a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">res publica</a></i>, and it was in turn translated by Renaissance scholars as <i>republic</i> (or similar terms in various European languages).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term can literally be translated as 'public matter'.<sup id="cite_ref-Ideas2099_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ideas2099-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used by Roman writers to refer to the state and government, even during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>politeia</i> can be translated as <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">form of government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">regime</a>, and it does not necessarily imply any specific type of regime as the modern word <i>republic</i> sometimes does. One of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s major works on political philosophy, usually known in English as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Republic_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republic (Plato)">The Republic</a></i>, was titled <i>Politeia</i>. However, apart from the title, modern translations are generally used.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> was apparently the first classical writer to state that the term <i>politeia</i> can be used to refer more specifically to one type of <i>politeia</i>, asserting in Book III of his <i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i>: "When the citizens at large govern for the public good, it is called by the name common to all governments (<i>to koinon onoma pasōn tōn politeiōn</i>), government (<i>politeia</i>)". In later Latin works the term <i>republic</i> can also be used in a general way to refer to any regime, or to refer specifically to governments which work for the public good.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In medieval <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>, a number of city states had <a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">commune</a> or <a href="/wiki/Signoria" title="Signoria">signoria</a> based governments. In the late Middle Ages, writers such as <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Villani" title="Giovanni Villani">Giovanni Villani</a> described these states using terms such as <i>libertas populi</i>, a free people. The terminology changed in the 15th century as the renewed interest in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> caused writers to prefer classical terminology. To describe non-monarchical states, writers (most importantly, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Leonardo Bruni</a>) adopted the Latin phrase <i><a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">res publica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Bruni and <a href="/wiki/Machiavelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a> used the term to describe the states of Northern Italy, which were not monarchies, the term <i>res publica</i> has a set of interrelated meanings in the original Latin. In subsequent centuries, the English word <i><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth" title="Commonwealth">commonwealth</a></i> came to be used as a translation of <i>res publica</i>, and its use in English was comparable to how the Romans used the term <i>res publica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haakonssen_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haakonssen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, during <a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> the word <i>commonwealth</i> was the most common term to call the new monarchless state, but the word <i>republic</i> was also in common use.<sup id="cite_ref-Kingsxxiii_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kingsxxiii-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the philosophical terminology developed in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">classical Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Rome</a>, as already noted by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> there was already a long history of city states with a wide variety of constitutions, not only in Greece but also in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. After the classical period, during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, many free cities developed again, such as <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>. </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Revolution" title="Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a> the term <i>republic</i> has described a system of government in which the source of authority for the government is a constitution<sup id="cite_ref-Munro_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munro-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the legitimacy of its officials derives from the consent of the people rather than <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">heredity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_republics">Classical republics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classical republics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classical_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical republic">Classical republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Republica_Romana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Republica_Romana.svg/200px-Republica_Romana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Republica_Romana.svg/300px-Republica_Romana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Republica_Romana.svg/400px-Republica_Romana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>A map of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in 45 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern type of republic itself is different from any type of state found in the classical world.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, there are a number of states of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical era">classical era</a> that are today still called republics. This includes ancient <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. While the structure and governance of these states was different from that of any modern republic, there is debate about the extent to which classical, medieval, and modern republics form a historical continuum. <a href="/wiki/J._G._A._Pocock" title="J. G. A. Pocock">J. G. A. Pocock</a> has argued that a distinct republican tradition stretches from the classical world to the present.<sup id="cite_ref-Ideas2099_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ideas2099-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pocock_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pocock-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars disagree.<sup id="cite_ref-Ideas2099_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ideas2099-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul Rahe, for instance, argues that the classical republics had a form of government with few links to those in any modern country.<sup id="cite_ref-Rahe_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rahe-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The political philosophy of the classical republics has influenced republican thought throughout the subsequent centuries. Philosophers and politicians advocating republics, such as <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a>, relied heavily on classical Greek and Roman sources which described various types of regimes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> discusses various forms of government. One form Aristotle named <i>politeia</i>, which consisted of a mixture of the other forms, <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>. He argued that this was one of the ideal forms of government. <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> expanded on many of these ideas, again focusing on the idea of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_government" title="Mixed government">mixed government</a> and differentiated basic forms of government between "benign" <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>, and democracy, and the "malignant" <a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">tyranny</a>, oligarchy, and <a href="/wiki/Ochlocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochlocracy">ochlocracy</a>. The most important Roman work in this tradition is Cicero's <i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i>. </p><p>Over time, the classical republics became empires or were conquered by empires. Most of the Greek republics were annexed to the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a>. The Roman Republic expanded dramatically, conquering the other states of the Mediterranean that could be considered republics, such as <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>. The Roman Republic itself then became the Roman Empire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_ancient_republics">Other ancient republics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other ancient republics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>republic</i> is not commonly used to refer to pre-classical city-states, especially if outside Europe and the area which was under Graeco-Roman influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Ideas2099_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ideas2099-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However some early states outside Europe had governments that are sometimes today considered similar to republics. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a>, a number of cities of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> achieved collective rule. Republic city-states flourished in <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> coast starting from the 11th century BC. In ancient Phoenicia, the concept of <a href="/wiki/Shophet" title="Shophet">Shophet</a> was very similar to a <a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">Roman consul</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persian rule</a> (539–332 BC), Phoenician city-states such as <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> abolished the king system and adopted "a system of the <a href="/wiki/Shophet" title="Shophet">suffetes</a> (judges), who remained in power for short mandates of 6 years".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a> has been cited as one of the earliest known examples of a republic, in which the people, rather than a monarch, are described as sovereign.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (February 2018)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Israelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Israelite">Israelite</a> confederation of the era of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_judges" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical judges">Judges</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before the <a href="/wiki/United_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="United Monarchy">United Monarchy</a> has also been considered a type of republic.<sup id="cite_ref-Ideas2099_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ideas2099-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-William_R._Everdell_2000_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_R._Everdell_2000-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system of government of the <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people#Traditional_society" title="Igbo people">Igbo people</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian history">Nigeria</a> has been described as "direct and participatory democracy".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Indian subcontinent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha">Gaṇasaṅgha</a></div> <p>Early republican institutions come from the independent <a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha"><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">gaṇasaṅgha</i></span>s</a>—<a href="/wiki/Gana" title="Gana"><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">gaṇa</i></span></a> means 'tribe' and <a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha"><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṅgha</i></span></a> means 'assembly'—which may have existed as early as the 6th century BC and persisted in some areas until the 4th century AD in India. The evidence for this is scattered, however, and no pure historical source exists for that period. <a href="/wiki/Diodorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diodorus">Diodorus</a>, a Greek historian who wrote two centuries after the time of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s invasion of India (now Pakistan and northwest India) mentions, without offering any detail, that independent and democratic states existed in India.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholars note the word <i>democracy</i> at the time of the 3rd century BC and later suffered from degradation and could mean any autonomous state, no matter how aristocratic in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahajanapadas_(c._500_BCE).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/250px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/375px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/500px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a> were the sixteen most powerful and vast kingdoms and republics of the era; there were also a number of smaller kingdoms stretching the length and breadth of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient India</a>. Among the mahajanapadas and smaller states, the <a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakyas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliyas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malla_(tribe)" title="Malla (tribe)">Mallakas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Licchavi_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licchavi (tribe)">Licchavis</a> followed republican government.</figcaption></figure> <p>Key characteristics of the <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">gaṇa</i></span> seem to include a <i>gaṇa mukhya</i> (chief), and a deliberative assembly. The assembly met regularly. It discussed all major state decisions. At least in some states, attendance was open to all free men. This body also had full financial, administrative, and judicial authority. Other officers, who rarely receive any mention, obeyed the decisions of the assembly. Elected by the <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">gaṇa</i></span>, the chief apparently always belonged to a family of the noble class of <i><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a></i>. The chief coordinated his activities with the assembly; in some states, he did so with a council of other nobles.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Licchavi_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licchavi (tribe)">Licchavis</a> had a primary governing body of 7,077 <i>gaṇa mukhyas</i>, the heads of the most important families. On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakyas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliyas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malla_(tribe)" title="Malla (tribe)">Mallakas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Licchavi_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licchavi (tribe)">Licchavis</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="There seems to be an apparent nonsequitur with the previous sentence regarding the Licchavis. (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> during the period around <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>, had the assembly open to all men, rich and poor.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early republics or <a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha"><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">gaṇasaṅgha</i></span></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Thapar_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thapar-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as Mallakas, centered in the city of <a href="/wiki/Kusinagara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kusinagara">Kusinagara</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vajjika_League" title="Vajjika League">Vajjika</a> (or Vṛjika) League, centered in the city of <a href="/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)" title="Vaishali (ancient city)">Vaishali</a>, existed as early as the 6th century BC and persisted in some areas until the 4th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous clan amongst the ruling confederate clans of the Vajji <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapada</a> were the Licchavis.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Empire of Magadha</a> included republican communities such as the community of Rajakumara. Villages had their own assemblies under their local chiefs called <i>gramakas</i>. Their administrations were divided into executive, judicial, and military functions. </p><p>Scholars differ over how best to describe these governments, and the vague, sporadic quality of the evidence allows for wide disagreements. Some emphasize the central role of the assemblies and thus tout them as democracies; other scholars focus on the upper-class domination of the leadership and possible control of the assembly and see an <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bongard_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bongard-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sharma_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the assembly's obvious power, it has not yet been established whether the composition and participation were truly popular. This is reflected in the <i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i>, an ancient handbook for monarchs on how to rule efficiently. It contains a chapter on how to deal with the <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṅgha</i></span><i>s</i>, which includes injunctions on manipulating the noble leaders, yet it does not mention how to influence the mass of the citizens, indicating that the <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">gaṇasaṅgha</i></span> are more of an aristocratic republic, than democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Icelandic_Commonwealth">Icelandic Commonwealth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Icelandic Commonwealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Icelandic Commonwealth was established in 930 AD by refugees from <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> who had fled the unification of that country under King <a href="/wiki/Harald_Fairhair" title="Harald Fairhair">Harald Fairhair</a>. The Commonwealth consisted of a number of clans run by chieftains, and the <a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Althing</a> was a combination of parliament and supreme court where disputes appealed from lower courts were settled, laws were decided, and decisions of national importance were taken. One such example was the <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation of Iceland">Christianisation of Iceland</a> in 1000, where the Althing decreed that all Icelanders must be baptized into Christianity, and forbade celebration of pagan rituals. Contrary to most states, the Icelandic Commonwealth had no official leader. </p><p>In the early 13th century, the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Sturlungs" title="Age of the Sturlungs">Age of the Sturlungs</a>, the Commonwealth began to suffer from long conflicts between warring clans. This, combined with pressure from the Norwegian king <a href="/wiki/Haakon_IV_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon IV of Norway">Haakon IV</a> for the Icelanders to rejoin the Norwegian "family", led the Icelandic chieftains to accept Haakon IV as king by the signing of the <i>Gamli sáttmáli</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Old_Covenant_(Iceland)" title="Old Covenant (Iceland)">Old Covenant</a>") in 1262. This effectively brought the Commonwealth to an end. The Althing, however, is still Iceland's parliament, almost 800 years later.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mercantile_republics">Mercantile republics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mercantile republics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giambattista_Tiepolo_-_Venezia_riceve_l%27omaggio_di_Nettuno_-_1745-50.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Giambattista_Tiepolo_-_Venezia_riceve_l%27omaggio_di_Nettuno_-_1745-50.jpg/250px-Giambattista_Tiepolo_-_Venezia_riceve_l%27omaggio_di_Nettuno_-_1745-50.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Giambattista_Tiepolo_-_Venezia_riceve_l%27omaggio_di_Nettuno_-_1745-50.jpg/330px-Giambattista_Tiepolo_-_Venezia_riceve_l%27omaggio_di_Nettuno_-_1745-50.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Giambattista_Tiepolo_-_Venezia_riceve_l%27omaggio_di_Nettuno_-_1745-50.jpg/500px-Giambattista_Tiepolo_-_Venezia_riceve_l%27omaggio_di_Nettuno_-_1745-50.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12882" data-file-height="5567" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo" title="Giovanni Battista Tiepolo">Giovanni Battista Tiepolo</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a> offers the wealth of the sea to Venice</i>, 1748–1750. This painting is an allegory of the power of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Europe new republics appeared in the late Middle Ages when a number of small states embraced republican systems of government. These were generally small, but wealthy, trading states, like the Mediterranean <a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">maritime republics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>, in which the merchant class had risen to prominence. Knud Haakonssen has noted that, by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, Europe was divided with those states controlled by a landed elite being monarchies and those controlled by a commercial elite being republics.<sup id="cite_ref-Haakonssen_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haakonssen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italy was the most densely populated area of Europe, and also one with the weakest central government. Many of the towns thus gained considerable independence and adopted commune forms of government. Completely free of feudal control, the Italian city-states expanded, gaining control of the rural hinterland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiner1999950–955_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiner1999950–955-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two most powerful were the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> and its rival the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>. Each were large trading ports, and further expanded by using naval power to control large parts of the Mediterranean. It was in Italy that an ideology advocating for republics first developed. Writers such as <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_of_Lucca" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomew of Lucca">Bartholomew of Lucca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunetto_Latini" title="Brunetto Latini">Brunetto Latini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius of Padua</a>, and Leonardo Bruni saw the medieval city-states as heirs to the legacy of Greece and Rome. </p><p>Across Europe a wealthy merchant class developed in the important trading cities. Despite their wealth they had little power in the <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal system</a> dominated by the rural land owners, and across Europe began to advocate for their own privileges and powers. The more centralized states, such as France and England, granted limited city charters. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commencement_r%C3%A9publique_messine_Auguste_Migette_1862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Commencement_r%C3%A9publique_messine_Auguste_Migette_1862.jpg/250px-Commencement_r%C3%A9publique_messine_Auguste_Migette_1862.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Commencement_r%C3%A9publique_messine_Auguste_Migette_1862.jpg/330px-Commencement_r%C3%A9publique_messine_Auguste_Migette_1862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Commencement_r%C3%A9publique_messine_Auguste_Migette_1862.jpg/500px-Commencement_r%C3%A9publique_messine_Auguste_Migette_1862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption><i>Beginning of the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>. Election of the first Head-Alderman</i> in 1289, by Auguste Migette. <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a> was then a <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">free imperial city</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the more loosely governed <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, 51 of the largest towns became <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">free imperial cities</a>. While still under the dominion of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> most power was held locally and many adopted republican forms of government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiner1999950–955_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiner1999950–955-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same rights to imperial immediacy were secured by the major trading cities of Switzerland. The towns and villages of alpine <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> had, courtesy of geography, also been largely excluded from central control. Unlike Italy and Germany, much of the rural area was thus not controlled by feudal barons, but by independent farmers who also used communal forms of government. When the <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a> tried to reassert control over the region both rural farmers and town merchants joined the rebellion. The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss</a> were victorious, and the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Confederacy">Swiss Confederacy</a> was proclaimed, and Switzerland has retained a republican form of government to the present.<sup id="cite_ref-William_R._Everdell_2000_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_R._Everdell_2000-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two Russian cities with a powerful merchant class—<a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a>—also adopted republican forms of government in 12th and 13th centuries, respectively, which ended when the republics were conquered by <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Muscovy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russia</a> at the end of 15th – beginning of 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Sultanate_of_Rum" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Sultanate of Rum">Seljuk Sultanate of Rum</a> and establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Beyliks" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Beyliks">Anatolian Beyliks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ahiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahiler">Ahiler</a> merchant fraternities established a state centered on <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> that is sometimes compared to the Italian mercantile republics. </p><p>The dominant form of government for these early republics was control by a limited council of elite <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patricians</a>. In those areas that held elections, property qualifications or guild membership limited both who could vote and who could run. In many states no direct elections were held and council members were hereditary or appointed by the existing council. This left the great majority of the population without political power, and riots and revolts by the lower classes were common. The late Middle Ages saw more than 200 such risings in the towns of the Holy Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiner1999955–956_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiner1999955–956-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar revolts occurred in Italy, notably the <a href="/wiki/Ciompi_Revolt" title="Ciompi Revolt">Ciompi Revolt</a> in Florence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calvinist_republics">Calvinist republics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Calvinist republics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></div> <p>While the classical writers had been the primary ideological source for the republics of Italy, in Northern Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> would be used as justification for establishing new republics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiner19991020_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiner19991020-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most important was <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> theology, which developed in the Swiss Confederacy, one of the largest and most powerful of the medieval republics. <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> did not call for the abolition of monarchy, but he advanced the doctrine that the faithful had the duty to overthrow irreligious monarchs.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advocacy for republics appeared in the writings of the <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a> during the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calvinism played an important role in the republican revolts in England and the Netherlands. Like the city-states of Italy and the Hanseatic League, both were important trading centres, with a large merchant class prospering from the trade with the New World. Large parts of the population of both areas also embraced Calvinism. During the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a> (beginning in 1566), the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> emerged from rejection of <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spanish Habsburg</a> rule. However, the country did not adopt the republican form of government immediately: in the formal declaration of independence (<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration" title="Act of Abjuration">Act of Abjuration</a>, 1581), the throne of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">king Philip</a> was only declared vacant, and the Dutch magistrates asked the <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Duke of Anjou</a>, queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth of England</a> and prince <a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William of Orange</a>, one after another, to replace Philip. It took until 1588 before the <a href="/wiki/The_Estates" title="The Estates">Estates</a> (the <i>Staten</i>, the representative assembly at the time) decided to vest the sovereignty of the country in themselves. </p><p>In 1641 the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> began. Spearheaded by the <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a> and funded by the merchants of London, the revolt was a success, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles I</a> was executed. In England <a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">James Harrington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Algernon Sidney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a> became some of the first writers to argue for rejecting monarchy and embracing a republican form of government. The <a href="/wiki/English_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="English Commonwealth">English Commonwealth</a> was short-lived, and the monarchy was soon restored. The Dutch Republic continued in name until 1795, but by the mid-18th century the <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">stadtholder</a> had become a <i>de facto</i> monarch. Calvinists were also some of the earliest settlers of the British and Dutch colonies of North America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberal_republics">Liberal republics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Liberal republics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Liberal republics in early modern Europe</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_-_Marianne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_-_Marianne.jpg/250px-Place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_-_Marianne.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_-_Marianne.jpg/330px-Place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_-_Marianne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_-_Marianne.jpg/500px-Place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_-_Marianne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">An allegory of the French Republic in Paris</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Septinsular_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_the_Septinsular_Republic.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Septinsular_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_the_Septinsular_Republic.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Septinsular_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_the_Septinsular_Republic.svg/400px-Flag_of_the_Septinsular_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="240" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a> flag from the early 1800s</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Upprop_f%C3%B6r_republik_1848.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Upprop_f%C3%B6r_republik_1848.jpg/250px-Upprop_f%C3%B6r_republik_1848.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Upprop_f%C3%B6r_republik_1848.jpg/330px-Upprop_f%C3%B6r_republik_1848.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Upprop_f%C3%B6r_republik_1848.jpg/500px-Upprop_f%C3%B6r_republik_1848.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="844" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A revolutionary Republican hand-written bill from the Stockholm riots during the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>, reading: "Dethrone <a href="/wiki/Oscar_I_of_Sweden" title="Oscar I of Sweden">Oscar</a> he is not fit to be a king: Long live the Republic! The Reform! down with the Royal house, long live <span title="Swedish-language text"><span lang="sv" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Aftonbladet" title="Aftonbladet">Aftonbladet</a></span></span>! death to the king / Republic Republic the People. Brunkeberg this evening". The writer's identity is unknown.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Along with these initial republican revolts, <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">early modern Europe</a> also saw a great increase in monarchical power. The era of <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> replaced the limited and decentralized monarchies that had existed in most of the Middle Ages. It also saw a reaction against the total control of the monarch as a series of writers created the ideology known as <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>. </p><p>Most of these <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> thinkers were far more interested in ideas of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> than in republics. The <a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">Cromwell regime</a> had discredited republicanism, and most thinkers felt that republics ended in either <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">anarchy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">tyranny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus philosophers like <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> opposed absolutism while at the same time being strongly pro-monarchy. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Secondat,_baron_de_Montesquieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> praised republics, and looked on the city-states of Greece as a model. However, both also felt that a state like France, with 20 million people, would be impossible to govern as a republic. Rousseau admired the <a href="/wiki/Corsican_Republic" title="Corsican Republic">republican experiment in Corsica</a> (1755–1769) and described his ideal political structure of small, self-governing communes. Montesquieu felt that a city-state should ideally be a republic, but maintained that a limited monarchy was better suited to a state with a larger territory. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> began as a rejection only of the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">British Parliament</a> over the colonies, not of the monarchy. The failure of the British monarch to protect the colonies from what they considered the infringement of <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">their rights to representative government</a>, the monarch's branding of those requesting redress as traitors, and his support for sending combat troops to demonstrate authority resulted in widespread perception of the British monarchy as <a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">tyrannical</a>. </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a> the leaders of the revolt firmly rejected the monarchy and embraced republicanism. The leaders of the revolution were well-versed in the writings of the French liberal thinkers, and also in the history of the classical republics. <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> had notably written a book on republics throughout history. In addition, the widely distributed and popularly read-aloud tract <i><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_(pamphlet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Sense (pamphlet)">Common Sense</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>, succinctly and eloquently laid out the case for republican ideals and independence to the larger public. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a>, which went into effect in 1789, created a relatively strong <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal republic</a> to replace the relatively weak <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> under the first attempt at a national government with the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation_and_Perpetual_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union">Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union</a> ratified in 1781. The first ten amendments to the Constitution called the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">United States Bill of Rights</a>, guaranteed certain <a href="/wiki/Natural_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural rights">natural rights</a> fundamental to republican ideals that justified the Revolution. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> was also not republican at its outset. Only after the <a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">Flight to Varennes</a> removed most of the remaining sympathy for the king was a republic declared and <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a> sent to the guillotine. The stunning success of France in the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> saw republics spread by force of arms across much of Europe as a series of <a href="/wiki/French_client_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="French client republic">client republics</a> were set up across the continent. The rise of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> saw the end of the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a> and her <a href="/wiki/Sister_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister Republic">Sister Republics</a>, each replaced by "<a href="/wiki/Popular_monarchy" title="Popular monarchy">popular monarchies</a>". Throughout the Napoleonic period, the victors extinguished many of the oldest republics on the continent, including the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>. They were eventually transformed into monarchies or absorbed into neighboring monarchies. </p><p>Outside Europe, another group of republics was created as the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> allowed the states of Latin America to gain their independence. Liberal ideology had only a limited impact on these new republics. The main impetus was the local European-descended <a href="/wiki/Creole_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Creole class">Creole</a> population in conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Peninsulares" title="Peninsulares">Peninsulares</a>—governors sent from overseas. The majority of the population in most of Latin America was of either African or <a href="/wiki/Amerindian" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindian">Amerindian</a> descent, and the Creole elite had little interest in giving these groups power and broad-based <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">popular sovereignty</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>, both the main instigator of the revolts and one of its most important theorists, was sympathetic to liberal ideals but felt that Latin America lacked the social cohesion for such a system to function and advocated <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a> as necessary. </p><p>In Mexico, this autocracy briefly took the form of a monarchy in the <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a>. Due to the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>, the Portuguese court was relocated to Brazil in 1808. Brazil gained <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a> as a monarchy on September 7, 1822, and the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a> lasted until 1889. In many other Latin American states various forms of autocratic republic existed until most were liberalized at the end of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="float:center; clear:left; margin: 10px; border: 1px #CCCCCC solid; background:#F9F9F9"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_1815_monarchies_versus_republics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Europe_1815_monarchies_versus_republics.png/180px-Europe_1815_monarchies_versus_republics.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Europe_1815_monarchies_versus_republics.png/270px-Europe_1815_monarchies_versus_republics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Europe_1815_monarchies_versus_republics.png/360px-Europe_1815_monarchies_versus_republics.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2027" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_1914_monarchies_versus_republics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Europe_1914_monarchies_versus_republics.png/180px-Europe_1914_monarchies_versus_republics.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Europe_1914_monarchies_versus_republics.png/270px-Europe_1914_monarchies_versus_republics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Europe_1914_monarchies_versus_republics.png/360px-Europe_1914_monarchies_versus_republics.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2027" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_1930_monarchies_versus_republics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Europe_1930_monarchies_versus_republics.png/250px-Europe_1930_monarchies_versus_republics.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Europe_1930_monarchies_versus_republics.png/330px-Europe_1930_monarchies_versus_republics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Europe_1930_monarchies_versus_republics.png/500px-Europe_1930_monarchies_versus_republics.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2027" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_1950_monarchies_versus_republics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Europe_1950_monarchies_versus_republics.png/250px-Europe_1950_monarchies_versus_republics.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Europe_1950_monarchies_versus_republics.png/330px-Europe_1950_monarchies_versus_republics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Europe_1950_monarchies_versus_republics.png/500px-Europe_1950_monarchies_versus_republics.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2027" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_2015_monarchies_versus_republics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Europe_2015_monarchies_versus_republics.png/250px-Europe_2015_monarchies_versus_republics.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Europe_2015_monarchies_versus_republics.png/330px-Europe_2015_monarchies_versus_republics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Europe_2015_monarchies_versus_republics.png/500px-Europe_2015_monarchies_versus_republics.png 2x" data-file-width="2886" data-file-height="2440" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><small><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_1815" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in 1815">European states in 1815</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Monarchies (55)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000FF; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Republics (9)</div></small> </td> <td align="left"><small><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in 1914">European states in 1914</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Monarchies (22)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000FF; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Republics (4)</div></small> </td> <td align="left"><small><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_1930" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in 1930">European states in 1930</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Monarchies (20)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000FF; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Republics (15)</div></small> </td> <td align="left"><small><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_1950" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in 1950">European states in 1950</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Monarchies (13)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000FF; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Republics (21)</div></small> </td> <td align="left"><small><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_2015" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in 2015">European states in 2015</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Monarchies (12)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000FF; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Republics (35)</div></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daumier_R%C3%A9publique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Daumier_R%C3%A9publique.jpg/200px-Daumier_R%C3%A9publique.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Daumier_R%C3%A9publique.jpg/300px-Daumier_R%C3%A9publique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Daumier_R%C3%A9publique.jpg/400px-Daumier_R%C3%A9publique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1099" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier" title="Honoré Daumier">Honoré Daumier</a><i><a href="/wiki/The_Republic_(Daumier)" title="The Republic (Daumier)">The Republic</a></i> (1848), a symbolic representation of the <a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">French Second Republic</a>. Oil on canvas, 73 x 60 cm., The Louvre, Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">French Second Republic</a> was created in 1848 but abolished by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> who proclaimed himself Emperor in 1852. The <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> was established in 1870 when a civil revolutionary committee refused to accept Napoleon III's surrender during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>. Spain briefly became the <a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Spanish Republic</a> in 1873–74, but the monarchy was soon restored. By the start of the 20th century France, Switzerland and San Marino remained the only republics in Europe. This changed when, after the 1908 <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Regicide" title="Lisbon Regicide">Lisbon Regicide</a>, the <a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">5 October 1910 revolution</a> established the <a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic">Portuguese Republic</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_republic_forever.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Chinese_republic_forever.jpg/200px-Chinese_republic_forever.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Chinese_republic_forever.jpg/300px-Chinese_republic_forever.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Chinese_republic_forever.jpg/400px-Chinese_republic_forever.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>A 1920s poster that commemorates the permanent President of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">Republic of China</a> <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a> and the provisional President of the Republic <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In East Asia, China had seen considerable <a href="/wiki/Anti-Qing_sentiment" title="Anti-Qing sentiment">anti-Qing sentiment</a> during the 19th century, and a number of protest movements developed calling for constitutional monarchy. The most important leader of these efforts was <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Three Principles of the People</a> combined American, European, and Chinese ideas. Under his leadership, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> was proclaimed on January 1, 1912. </p><p>Republican ideas were spreading, especially in Asia. The United States began to have considerable influence in East Asia in the later part of the 19th century, with <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> missionaries playing a central role. The liberal and republican writers of the West also exerted influence. These combined with native <a href="/wiki/Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucian</a> inspired political philosophy that had long argued that the populace had the right to reject unjust governments that had lost the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a>. </p><p>During this period, three short-lived republics were proclaimed in East Asia; the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ezo" title="Republic of Ezo">Republic of Ezo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Formosa" title="Republic of Formosa">Republic of Formosa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a>. </p><p>Republicanism expanded significantly in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> when several of the largest European empires collapsed: the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (1917), <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (1918), <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> (1918), and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (1922) were all replaced by republics. New states gained independence during this turmoil, and many of these, such as <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, chose republican forms of government. Following Greece's defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)">Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)</a>, the monarchy was briefly replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Second Hellenic Republic</a> (1924–35). In 1931, the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a> (1931–39) resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> leading to the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist regime</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Referendum-2-giugno_scheda_elettorale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Referendum-2-giugno_scheda_elettorale.jpg/250px-Referendum-2-giugno_scheda_elettorale.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Referendum-2-giugno_scheda_elettorale.jpg/330px-Referendum-2-giugno_scheda_elettorale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Referendum-2-giugno_scheda_elettorale.jpg/500px-Referendum-2-giugno_scheda_elettorale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>Electoral ballot of the <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> left <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> with a destroyed economy, a divided society, and anger against the monarchy for its endorsement of the <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist regime</a>. These frustrations contributed to a revival of the Italian republican movement.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King <a href="/wiki/Umberto_II_of_Italy" title="Umberto II of Italy">Umberto II</a> was pressured to call the <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a> to decide whether Italy should remain a monarchy or become a republic.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The supporters of the republic chose the effigy of the <i><a href="/wiki/Italia_turrita" title="Italia turrita">Italia turrita</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">national personification</a> of Italy, as their unitary symbol to be used in the electoral campaign and on the referendum ballot on the institutional form of the State, in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Savoy coat of arms</a>, which represented the monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 2, 1946 the republican side won 54.3% of the vote and Italy officially became a republic,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a day celebrated since as <i><a href="/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica" title="Festa della Repubblica">Festa della Repubblica</a></i>. Italy has a written democratic <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">constitution</a>, resulting from the work of a <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy" title="Constituent Assembly of Italy">Constituent Assembly</a> formed by the representatives of all the <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fascist">anti-fascist</a> forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Italy">liberation of Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decolonization">Decolonization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Decolonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commonwealth_republics.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Commonwealth_republics.svg/250px-Commonwealth_republics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Commonwealth_republics.svg/330px-Commonwealth_republics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Commonwealth_republics.svg/500px-Commonwealth_republics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Commonwealth republics</figcaption></figure> <p>In the years following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, most of the remaining European colonies gained their independence, and most became republics. The two largest colonial powers were France and the United Kingdom. Republican France encouraged the establishment of republics in its former colonies. The United Kingdom attempted to follow the model it had for its earlier settler colonies of creating independent <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> still linked under the same monarch. While most of the settler colonies and the smaller states in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Pacific</a> retained this system, it was rejected by the newly independent countries in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, which revised their constitutions and became <a href="/wiki/Republics_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations">republics</a> instead. </p><p>Britain followed a different model in the Middle East; it installed local monarchies in several colonies and mandates including <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>. In subsequent decades revolutions and <a href="/wiki/Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup">coups</a> overthrew a number of monarchs and installed republics. Several monarchies remain, and the Middle East is the only part of the world where several large states are ruled by monarchs with almost complete political control.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialist_republics">Socialist republics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Socialist republics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic">People's Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></div> <p>In the wake of the First World War, the Russian monarchy fell during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> was established in its place on the lines of a liberal republic, but this was overthrown by the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> who went on to establish the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</a> (USSR). This was the first republic established under <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> ideology. Communism was wholly opposed to monarchy and became an important element of many republican movements during the 20th century. The Russian Revolution spread into <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> and overthrew its theocratic monarchy in 1924. In the aftermath of the Second World War, the communists gradually gained control of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, ensuring that the states were reestablished as socialist republics rather than monarchies. </p><p>Communism also intermingled with other ideologies. It was embraced by many national liberation movements during <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a>. In Vietnam, communist republicans pushed aside the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a>, and monarchies in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> were overthrown by communist movements in the 1970s. <a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a> contributed to a series of revolts and coups that saw the monarchies of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, Iraq, Libya, and Yemen ousted. In Africa, Marxism–Leninism and <a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African socialism</a> led to the end of monarchy and the proclamation of republics in states such as <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitution">Constitution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A republic does not necessarily have a <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> but is often constitutional in the sense of <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">constitutionalism</a>, meaning that it is constituted by a set of institutions which provide a <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>. The term <b>constitutional republic</b> is a way to highlight an emphasis on the separation of powers in a given republic, as with <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> highlighting the absolute <a href="/wiki/Autocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocratic">autocratic</a> character of a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Head_of_state">Head of state</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Head of state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forms_of_government.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Forms_of_government.svg/500px-Forms_of_government.svg.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Forms_of_government.svg/960px-Forms_of_government.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption><b>World's states coloured by systems of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></b>: <hr /> <b><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary systems</a>:</b> Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#db060b; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a> with a ceremonial monarch</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f4a637; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary republic</a> with a ceremonial president</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4db264; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government#Parliamentary_republics_with_an_executive_president" title="List of countries by system of government">Parliamentary republic with an executive president</a></div> <hr /> <b><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential system</a>:</b> Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1965b0; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Presidential republic</div> <hr /> <b>Hybrid systems:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f7f057; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential republic</a>: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7bb0df; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government#Assembly-independent_republics" title="List of countries by system of government">Assembly-independent republic</a>: Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it</div> <hr /> <b>Other systems:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#90c886; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocratic</a> republic: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a> holds significant executive and legislative power</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ae76a3; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Semi-constitutional monarchy</a>: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#882e72; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a>: Monarch has unlimited power</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#71190e; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a>: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cae1ac; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">Military junta</a>: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#777777; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government#Governments_with_no_constitutional_basis" title="List of countries by system of government">Governments with no constitutional basis</a>: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">provisional governments</a> or <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government#Islamic_theocracy" title="List of countries by system of government">Islamic theocracies</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C0C0C0; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Dependent territories or places without governments</div> <hr /> <b>Note:</b> this chart represents the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i></span> systems of government, not the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i></span> degree of democracy. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:right;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Systems_of_government" title="Template:Systems of government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Systems_of_government" title="Template talk:Systems of government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Systems_of_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Systems of government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> <p>With no monarch, most modern republics use the title <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">president</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. Originally used to refer to the presiding officer of a committee or governing body in Great Britain the usage was also applied to political leaders, including the leaders of some of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> (originally Virginia in 1608); in full, the "President of the Council".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first republic to adopt the title was the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a>. Keeping its usage as the head of a committee the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="President of the Continental Congress">President of the Continental Congress</a> was the leader of the original congress. When the new constitution was written the title of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> was conferred on the head of the new <a href="/wiki/Executive_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch">executive branch</a>. </p><p>If the head of state of a republic is also the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, this is called a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a>. There are a number of forms of presidential government. A full-presidential system has a president with substantial authority and a central political role. </p><p>In other states the legislature is dominant and the presidential role is almost purely ceremonial and apolitical, such as in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>. These states are <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republics</a> and operate similarly to constitutional monarchies with <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary systems</a> where the power of the monarch is also greatly circumscribed. In parliamentary systems the head of government, most often titled <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a>, exercises the most real political power. <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential systems</a> have a president as an active head of state with important powers, but they also have a prime minister as a head of government with important powers. </p><p>The rules for appointing the president and the leader of the government, in some republics permit the appointment of a president and a prime minister who have opposing political convictions: in France, when the members of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">cabinet</a> and the president come from opposing political factions, this situation is called <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation_(government)" title="Cohabitation (government)">cohabitation</a>. </p><p>In some countries, like <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, the head of state is not a single person but a committee (council) of several persons holding that office. The Roman Republic had two <a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">consuls</a>, elected for a one-year term by the <i><a href="/wiki/Comitia_centuriata" class="mw-redirect" title="Comitia centuriata">comitia centuriata</a></i>, consisting of all adult, freeborn males who could prove citizenship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections">Elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracies</a>, presidents are elected, either directly by the people or indirectly by a parliament or council. Typically in presidential and semi-presidential systems the president is directly elected by the people or is indirectly elected as done in the United States. In that country, the president is officially elected by an <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">electoral college</a>, chosen by the States. All U.S. States have chosen electors by popular election since 1832. The indirect election of the president through the electoral college conforms to the concept of the republic as one with a system of indirect election. In the opinion of some, direct election confers <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political science)">legitimacy</a> upon the president and gives the office much of its political power.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this concept of legitimacy differs from that expressed in the United States Constitution which established the legitimacy of the United States president as resulting from the signing of the Constitution by nine states.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea that direct election is required for legitimacy also contradicts the spirit of the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Compromise" title="Connecticut Compromise">Great Compromise</a>, whose actual result was manifest in the clause<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that provides voters in smaller states with more representation in presidential selection than those in large states; for example citizens of Wyoming in 2016 had 3.6 times as much electoral vote representation as citizens of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In states with a parliamentary system, the president is usually elected by the parliament. This indirect election subordinates the president to the parliament, and also gives the president limited legitimacy and turns most presidential powers into <a href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">reserve powers</a> that can only be exercised under rare circumstances. There are exceptions where elected presidents have only ceremonial powers, such as in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ambiguities">Ambiguities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ambiguities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The distinction between a republic and a monarchy is not always clear. The <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional monarchies">constitutional monarchies</a> of the former British Empire and Western Europe today have almost all real political power vested in the elected representatives, with the monarchs only holding either theoretical powers, no powers or rarely used reserve powers. Real legitimacy for political decisions comes from the elected representatives and is derived from the will of the people. While hereditary monarchies remain in place, political power is derived from the people as in a republic. These states are thus sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Crowned_republic" title="Crowned republic">crowned republics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Terms such as "liberal republic" are also used to describe all of the modern liberal democracies.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also self-proclaimed republics that act similarly to absolute monarchies with absolute power vested in the leader and passed down from father to son. North Korea and Syria are two notable examples where a son has inherited political control. Neither of these states are officially monarchies. There is no constitutional requirement that power be passed down within one family, but it has occurred in practice. </p><p>There are also <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective monarchies</a> where ultimate power is vested in a monarch, but the monarch is chosen by some manner of election. A current example of such a state is <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a> is elected every five years by the <a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Rulers" title="Conference of Rulers">Conference of Rulers</a> composed of the nine hereditary rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay states">Malay states</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City-State" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City-State">Vatican City-State</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> is selected by cardinal-electors, currently all <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">cardinals</a> under the age of 80. While rare today, elective monarchs were common in the past. The Holy Roman Empire is an important example, where each new emperor was chosen by a group of electors. Islamic states also rarely employed <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a>, instead relying on various forms of election to choose a monarch's successor. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> had an elective monarchy, with a wide suffrage of some 500,000 nobles. The system, known as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a>, had developed as a method for powerful landowners to control the crown. The proponents of this system looked to classical examples, and the writings of the Italian Renaissance, and called their elective monarchy a <i><a href="/wiki/Rzeczpospolita" title="Rzeczpospolita">rzeczpospolita</a></i>, based on <i>res publica</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sub-national_republics">Sub-national republics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sub-national republics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Republic">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maps_of_the_republics_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Maps_of_the_republics_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29.svg/250px-Maps_of_the_republics_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Maps_of_the_republics_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29.svg/330px-Maps_of_the_republics_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Maps_of_the_republics_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29.svg/500px-Maps_of_the_republics_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republics of Russia</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>In general being a republic also implies <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> as for the state to be ruled by the people it cannot be controlled by a foreign power. There are important exceptions to this, for example, republics in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> were member states which had to meet three criteria to be named republics: </p> <ol><li>be on the periphery of the Soviet Union so as to be able to take advantage of their theoretical right to secede;</li> <li>be economically strong enough to be self-sufficient upon secession; and</li> <li>be named after at least one million people of the ethnic group which should make up the majority population of said republic.</li></ol> <p>It is sometimes argued that the former Soviet Union was also a supra-national republic, based on the claim that the member states were different <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation states</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> was a federal entity composed of six republics (Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia). Each republic had its parliament, government, institute of citizenship, constitution, etc., but certain functions were delegated to the federation (army, monetary matters). Each republic also had a right of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> according to the conclusions of the <a href="/wiki/Second_session_of_the_AVNOJ" class="mw-redirect" title="Second session of the AVNOJ">second session of the AVNOJ</a> and according to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Yugoslavia" title="Constitution of Yugoslavia">federal constitution</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Federal_Cupola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Federal_Cupola.jpg/250px-Federal_Cupola.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Federal_Cupola.jpg/330px-Federal_Cupola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Federal_Cupola.jpg/500px-Federal_Cupola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3136" data-file-height="2792" /></a><figcaption>The Swiss cantons displayed on the cupola of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Palace">Federal Palace</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Switzerland, <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">all cantons</a> can be considered to have a republican form of government, with constitutions, legislatures, executives and courts; many of them being originally sovereign states. As a consequence, several <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance-speaking</a> cantons are still officially referred to as republics, reflecting their history and will of independence within the Swiss Confederation. Notable examples are the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">Republic and Canton of Geneva</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Republic and Canton of Ticino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:California_Republic_(4136725536).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/California_Republic_%284136725536%29.jpg/220px-California_Republic_%284136725536%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/California_Republic_%284136725536%29.jpg/330px-California_Republic_%284136725536%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/California_Republic_%284136725536%29.jpg/440px-California_Republic_%284136725536%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4804" data-file-height="3203" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the US state of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, a sub-national entity.</figcaption></figure> <p>States of the United States are required, like the federal government, to be republican in form, with final authority resting with the people. This was required because the states were intended to create and enforce most domestic laws, with the exception of areas delegated to the federal government and prohibited to the states. The founders of the country intended most domestic laws to be handled by the states. Requiring the states to be a republic in form was seen as protecting the citizens' rights and preventing a state from becoming a dictatorship or monarchy, and reflected unwillingness on the part of the original 13 states (all independent republics) to unite with other states that were not republics. Additionally, this requirement ensured that only other republics could join the union. </p><p>In the example of the United States, the original 13 British <a href="/wiki/Colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonies">colonies</a> became <a href="/wiki/Independent_(nation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (nation)">independent</a> states after the American Revolution, each having a republican form of government. These independent states initially formed a loose confederation called the United States and then later formed the current United States by ratifying the current <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a>, creating a <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">union</a> that was a republic. Any state joining the union later was also required to be a republic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_meanings">Other meanings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other meanings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_virtue" title="Civic virtue">Civic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty#Republican_liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty as non-domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_government" title="Mixed government">Mixed government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_representation" title="Political representation">Political representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation_(decision_making)" title="Public participation (decision making)">Public participation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">Res publica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal republicanism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism#Neo-republicanism" title="Republicanism">Neo-republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_republic" title="Capitalist republic">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_republic" title="Peasant republic">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_republic" title="Revolutionary republic">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular republic">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">Sister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic" title="Soviet republic">Soviet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Baggini" title="Julian Baggini">Baggini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" title="Andrés Bello">Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Grace_Chappell" title="Sophie Grace Chappell">Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crick" title="Bernard Crick">Crick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Honderich" title="Ted Honderich">Honderich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Pettit" title="Philip Pettit">Pettit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel">Sandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Warburton" title="Nigel Warburton">Warburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Adams (Gerry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bartley" title="Jonathan Bartley">Bartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Bennett" title="Natalie Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Chapman" title="Maggie Chapman">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy_Clark" title="Katy Clark">Clark (Katy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Clarke (Tom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Davidson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Ian Davidson (Scottish politician)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Drakeford" title="Mark Drakeford">Drakeford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Etherington" title="Bill Etherington">Etherington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Fabiani" title="Linda Fabiani">Fabiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ferguson_(politician)" title="Mark Ferguson (politician)">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Flynn" title="Stephen Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Grévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nia_Griffith" title="Nia Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Griffiths_(Welsh_politician)" title="John Griffiths (Welsh politician)">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Harvie" title="Patrick Harvie">Harvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hatton" title="Derek Hatton">Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Hopkins" title="Kelvin Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huppert" title="Julian Huppert">Huppert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhun_ap_Iorwerth" title="Rhun ap Iorwerth">Iorwerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Jackson" title="Glenda Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elin_Jones" title="Elin Jones">Jones (Elin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Jones" title="Lynne Jones">Jones (Lynne)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Kane" title="Rosie Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_La_Malfa" title="Ugo La Malfa">La Malfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Lewis_(politician)" title="Clive Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lucas" title="Caroline Lucas">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Mackay" title="Gillian Mackay">Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magid_Magid" title="Magid Magid">Magid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Mannin" title="Ethel Mannin">Mannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_McKechin" title="Ann McKechin">McKechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Mullin_(politician)" title="Chris Mullin (politician)">Mullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Nandy" title="Lisa Nandy">Nandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Naysmith" title="Doug Naysmith">Naysmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pound" title="Stephen Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Ritchie" title="Ken Ritchie">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethan_Sayed" title="Bethan Sayed">Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Skates" title="Ken Skates">Skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Skinner" title="Dennis Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Slater" title="Lorna Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Slaughter" title="Andy Slaughter">Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Smith" title="Cat Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Spadolini" title="Giovanni Spadolini">Spadolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Taverne" title="Dick Taverne">Taverne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Wilson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Bill Wilson (Scottish politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanne_Wood" title="Leanne Wood">Wood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(54–51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">Discourses on Livy</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1531)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tenure_of_Kings_and_Magistrates" title="The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates">The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1649)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth_of_Oceana" title="The Commonwealth of Oceana">The Commonwealth of Oceana</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1656)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourses_Concerning_Government" title="Discourses Concerning Government">Discourses Concerning Government</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1698)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Inequality" title="Discourse on Inequality">Discourse on Inequality</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1755)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1787–1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Peace:_A_Philosophical_Sketch" title="Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch">Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1794)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Revolution" title="On Revolution">On Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1963)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha"><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇasaṅgha</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">5 October 1910 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">Mongolian Revolution of 1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_September_1922_Revolution" title="11 September 1922 Revolution">11 September 1922 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Greek_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1935 Greek coup d'état attempt">1935 Greek coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Zanzibar Revolution">Zanzibar Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Libyan coup d'état">1969 Libyan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1970 Cambodian coup d'état">1970 Cambodian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Fijian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Fijian coups d'état">1987 Fijian coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbadian Republic Proclamation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Republicanism in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Bahamas" title="Republicanism in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Canada" title="Republicanism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Jamaica" title="Republicanism in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Morocco" title="Republicanism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_New_Zealand" title="Republicanism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Norway" title="Republicanism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Spain" title="Republicanism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Sweden" title="Republicanism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_republicanism" title="Scottish republicanism">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Clothes" title="The Emperor's New Clothes">The Emperor's New Clothes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_republics" title="List of republics">List of republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_republic" title="Peasant republic">Peasant republic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">Primus inter pares</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_without_republicans" title="Republic without republicans">Republic without republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Republican empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Republican Party (disambiguation)">Republican Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaic_meaning">Archaic meaning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Archaic meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the 17th Century, the term 'republic' could be used to refer to states of any form of government as long as it was not a tyrannical regime. French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Jean Bodin</a>'s definition of the republic was "the rightly ordered government of a number of families, and of those things which are their common concern, by a sovereign power." Oligarchies and monarchies could also be included as they were also organised toward 'public' shared interests.<sup id="cite_ref-Munro_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munro-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In medieval texts, 'republic' was used to refer to the body of shared interest with the king at its head.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> was also known as the <i>Sancta Respublica Romana</i>, the Holy Roman Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> also continued calling itself <i>the Roman Republic</i> as the Byzantines did not regard monarchy as a contradiction to republicanism. Instead, republics were defined as any state based on popular sovereignty and whose institutions were based on shared values.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democracy_vs._republic_debate">Democracy vs. republic debate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Democracy vs. republic debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">Democratic republic</a></div> <p>In a republic state, power is held by the people through elected representatives. The head of state is typically elected or nominated by representatives. In a democratic state, power is wielded by the people of the state, typically through a mixture of elected representatives and direct voting, but in theory could happen purely by <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a> without elected representatives acting as proxies. Many states are considered a mixture of both ideals, such as a <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative democracy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">Democratic republic</a>. </p><p>The term <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> is sometimes used interchangeably with the term republic, while others have made sharp distinctions between the two for millennia. "Montesquieu, founder of the modern constitutional state, repeated in his The Spirit of the Laws of 1748 the insight that Aristotle had expressed two millennia earlier, 'Voting by lot is in the nature of democracy; voting by choice is in the nature of aristocracy.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-:6_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional critics of elections include <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Marat</a>, who said of the new French Republic, "What use is it to us, that we have broken the aristocracy of the nobles, if that is replaced by the aristocracy of the rich?"<sup id="cite_ref-:4_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_philosophy">Political philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Political philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></div> <p>The term <i>republic</i> originated from the writers of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> as a descriptive term for states that were not monarchies. These writers, such as Machiavelli, also wrote important prescriptive works describing how such governments should function. These ideas of how a government and society should be structured is the basis for an ideology known as <a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">classical republicanism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Civic_humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic humanism">civic humanism</a>. This ideology is based on the Roman Republic and the city states of Ancient Greece and focuses on ideals such as <a href="/wiki/Civic_virtue" title="Civic virtue">civic virtue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> and mixed government.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This understanding of a republic as a form of government distinct from a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> is one of the main theses of the Cambridge School of historical analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This grew out of the work of <a href="/wiki/J._G._A._Pocock" title="J. G. A. Pocock">J. G. A. Pocock</a> who in 1975 argued that a series of scholars had expressed a consistent set of republican ideals. These writers included Machiavelli, Milton, Montesquieu and the founders of the United States of America. </p><p>Pocock argued that this was an ideology with a history and principles distinct from liberalism.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These ideas were embraced by a number of different writers, including <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Skinner" title="Quentin Skinner">Quentin Skinner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Pettit" title="Philip Pettit">Philip Pettit</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Cass Sunstein</a>. These subsequent writers have further explored the history of the idea, and also outlined how a modern republic should function. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism in the United States</a></div> <p>A distinct set of definitions of the term "republic" evolved in the United States, where the term is often equated with "<a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>." This narrower understanding of the term was originally developed by James Madison<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and notably employed in <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._10" title="Federalist No. 10">Federalist Paper No. 10</a>. This meaning was widely adopted early in the history of the United States, including in <a href="/wiki/Noah_Webster" title="Noah Webster">Noah Webster</a>'s dictionary of 1828.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a novel meaning to the term; representative democracy was not an idea mentioned by Machiavelli and did not exist in the classical republics.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also evidence that contemporaries of Madison considered the meaning of "republic" to reflect the broader definition found elsewhere, as is the case with a quotation of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> taken from the notes of <a href="/wiki/James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">James McHenry</a> where the question is put forth, "a Republic or a Monarchy?".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term republic does not appear in the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Independence (United States)">Declaration of Independence</a>, but it does appear in Article IV of the Constitution, which "guarantee[s] to every State in this Union a Republican form of Government." What exactly the writers of the constitution felt this should mean is uncertain. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Luther_v._Borden" title="Luther v. Borden">Luther v. Borden</a></i> (1849), declared that the definition of <i>republic</i> was a "<a href="/wiki/Political_question" title="Political question">political question</a>" in which it would not intervene. In two later cases, it did establish a basic definition. In <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Cruikshank" title="United States v. Cruikshank">United States v. Cruikshank</a></i> (1875), the court ruled that the "equal rights of citizens" were inherent to the idea of a republic. </p><p>However, the term republic is not synonymous with the republican form. The republican form is defined as one in which the powers of sovereignty are vested in the people and are exercised by the people, either directly, or through representatives chosen by the people, to whom those powers are specially delegated.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Multiple ellipses in cited quotation, reference is also specific to legal terminology, not common language. (December 2018)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Beyond these basic definitions, the word republic has a number of other connotations. W. Paul Adams observes that republic is most often used in the United States as a synonym for "state" or "government," but with more positive connotations than either of those terms.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Republicanism is often referred to as the founding ideology of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally scholars believed this American republicanism was a derivation of the classical liberal ideologies of <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> and others developed in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s and 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bailyn" title="Bernard Bailyn">Bernard Bailyn</a> began to argue that republicanism was just as, or even more important than liberalism in the creation of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This issue is still much disputed and scholars like <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Kramnick" title="Isaac Kramnick">Isaac Kramnick</a> completely reject this view.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_state_(government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free state (government)">Free state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">Primus inter pares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_republics" title="List of republics">List of republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republics" title="Category:Republics">Index: Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarantee_Clause" title="Guarantee Clause">Guarantee Clause</a> of the U.S. Constitution</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OED-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/163158">"Republic | Definition of Republic by the Oxford English Dictionary"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-10</span></span>. <q>A state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy. Also: a government, or system of government, of such a state; a period of government of this type. The term is often (especially in the 18th and 19th centuries) taken to imply a state with a democratic or representative constitution and without a hereditary nobility, but more recently it has also been used of autocratic or dictatorial states not ruled by a monarch. It is now chiefly used to denote any non-monarchical state headed by an elected or appointed president.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Republic+%7C+Definition+of+Republic+by+the+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F163158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M-W-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M-W_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/republic">"Definition of Republic"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-18</span></span>. <q>a government having a chief of state who is not a monarch</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Republic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Frepublic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/republic">"Republic"</a>. <i>Merriam Webster</i>. Merrium-Webster Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam+Webster&rft.atitle=Republic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Frepublic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCullen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Cullen, Daniel (2014). "Republics". <i>The Encyclopedia of Political Thought</i>: <span class="nowrap">3243–</span>3248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118474396.wbept0887">10.1002/9781118474396.wbept0887</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118474396" title="Special:BookSources/9781118474396"><bdi>9781118474396</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Political+Thought&rft.atitle=Republics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3243-%3C%2Fspan%3E3248&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118474396.wbept0887&rft.isbn=9781118474396&rft.aulast=Cullen&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ideas2099-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ideas2099_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ideas2099_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ideas2099_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ideas2099_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ideas2099_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Republic"j, <i>New Dictionary of the History of Ideas</i>. Ed. <a href="/wiki/Maryanne_Cline_Horowitz" title="Maryanne Cline Horowitz">Maryanne Cline Horowitz</a>. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005. p. 2099</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewisShort1879" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dres">"res, II.K"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary" title="A Latin Dictionary">A Latin Dictionary</a></i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 Dec</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=republic&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Frepublic-government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaine1776" class="citation book cs1">Paine, Thomas (1776). "On the Origin and Design of Government in General, With Concise Remarks on the English Constitution". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch4s4.html"><i>Common Sense</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Origin+and+Design+of+Government+in+General%2C+With+Concise+Remarks+on+the+English+Constitution&rft.btitle=Common+Sense&rft.date=1776&rft.aulast=Paine&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress-pubs.uchicago.edu%2Ffounders%2Fdocuments%2Fv1ch4s4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nippel, Wilfried. "Ancient and Modern Republicanism". <i>The Invention of the Modern Republic</i> ed. Biancamaria Fontana. Cambridge University Press, 1994 p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reno, Jeffrey. "republic". <i>International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences</i> p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pocock-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pocock_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pocock, J.G.A. <i>The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition</i> (1975; new ed. 2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rahe-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rahe_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul A. Rahe, <i>Republics, Ancient and Modern</i>, three volumes, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJidejian2018" class="citation book cs1">Jidejian, Nina (2018). <i>TYRE Through The Ages (3rd ed.)</i>. Beirut: Librairie Orientale. pp. <span class="nowrap">57–</span>99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789953171050" title="Special:BookSources/9789953171050"><bdi>9789953171050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TYRE+Through+The+Ages+%283rd+ed.%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.pub=Beirut%3A+Librairie+Orientale&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9789953171050&rft.aulast=Jidejian&rft.aufirst=Nina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMedlejMedlej2010" class="citation book cs1">Medlej, Youmna Jazzar; Medlej, Joumana (2010). <i>Tyre and its history</i>. Beirut: Anis Commercial Printing Press s.a.l. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9953-0-1849-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9953-0-1849-2"><bdi>978-9953-0-1849-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tyre+and+its+history&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=Beirut%3A+Anis+Commercial+Printing+Press+s.a.l.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9953-0-1849-2&rft.aulast=Medlej&rft.aufirst=Youmna+Jazzar&rft.au=Medlej%2C+Joumana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBernalMoore2001" class="citation book cs1">Bernal, M.; Moore, D.C. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BcZuf-piTMwC"><i>Black Athena Writes Back: Martin Bernal Responds to His Critics</i></a>. History / Classics. Duke University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BcZuf-piTMwC&pg=PA356">356</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BcZuf-piTMwC&dq=monarch&pg=PA357">357</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2717-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2717-2"><bdi>978-0-8223-2717-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Athena+Writes+Back%3A+Martin+Bernal+Responds+to+His+Critics&rft.series=History+%2F+Classics&rft.pages=356-357&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2717-2&rft.aulast=Bernal&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Moore%2C+D.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBcZuf-piTMwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClarke1825" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clarke" title="Adam Clarke">Clarke, Adam</a> (1825). "PREFACE To The BOOK OF JUDGES". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a-Q8AAAAYAAJ"><i>The Holy Bible Containing the Old and New Testaments: The Text Printed from the Most Correct Copies of the Present Authorized Translation Including the Marginal Readings and Parallel Texts with a Commentary and Critical Notes Designed as a Help to a Better Understanding of the Sacred Writings</i></a>. Vol. 2. New-York: N. Bangs and J. Emory. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>The persons called Judges [...] were the heads or chiefs of the Israelites who governed the Hebrew Republic from the days of Moses and Joshua, till the time of Saul.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=PREFACE+To+The+BOOK+OF+JUDGES&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Bible+Containing+the+Old+and+New+Testaments%3A+The+Text+Printed+from+the+Most+Correct+Copies+of+the+Present+Authorized+Translation+Including+the+Marginal+Readings+and+Parallel+Texts+with+a+Commentary+and+Critical+Notes+Designed+as+a+Help+to+a+Better+Understanding+of+the+Sacred+Writings&rft.place=New-York&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=N.+Bangs+and+J.+Emory&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da-Q8AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEverdell1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Everdell" title="William Everdell">Everdell, William Romeyn</a> (1983). "Samuel and Solon: The Origins of the Republic in Tribalism". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/endofkingshistor00ever"><i>The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans</i></a></span> (2 ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press (published 2000). p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/endofkingshistor00ever/page/18">18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226224824" title="Special:BookSources/9780226224824"><bdi>9780226224824</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>[...] Samuel [...] has the distinction of being the first self-conscious republican in his society of whom we have nearly contemporary written record and of whose actual existence we can be reasonably sure.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Samuel+and+Solon%3A+The+Origins+of+the+Republic+in+Tribalism&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Kings%3A+A+History+of+Republics+and+Republicans&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=18&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780226224824&rft.aulast=Everdell&rft.aufirst=William+Romeyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fendofkingshistor00ever&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-William_R._Everdell_2000-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-William_R._Everdell_2000_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-William_R._Everdell_2000_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEverdell2000">Everdell (2000)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNwauwa" class="citation web cs1">Nwauwa, Apollos O. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120814023812/http://upress.kent.edu/Nieman/Concepts_of_Democracy.htm">"Concepts of Democracy and Democratization in Africa Revisited"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://upress.kent.edu/Nieman/Concepts_of_Democracy.htm">the original</a> on 14 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concepts+of+Democracy+and+Democratization+in+Africa+Revisited&rft.aulast=Nwauwa&rft.aufirst=Apollos+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fupress.kent.edu%2FNieman%2FConcepts_of_Democracy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diodorus 2.39<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larsen, 1973, pp. 45–46<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Sainte, 2006, pp. 321–3<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, 1997, p. 22<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, 1997, p. 23<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thapar-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thapar_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThapar2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Thapar, Romila</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=PA147"><i>Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300</i></a>. University of California. pp. <span class="nowrap">146–</span>150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520242258" title="Special:BookSources/9780520242258"><bdi>9780520242258</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+India%3A+From+the+Origins+to+AD+1300&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780520242258&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-5irrXX0apQC%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raychaudhuri Hemchandra (1972), <i>Political History of Ancient India</i>, Calcutta: University of Calcutta, p.107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zcoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93"><i>Republics in ancient India</i></a>. Brill Archive. pp. 93–. GGKEY:HYY6LT5CFT0.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Republics+in+ancient+India&rft.pages=93-&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzcoUAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bongard-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bongard_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bongard-Levin, 1996, pp. 61–106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharma-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharma_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharma 1968, pp. 109–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trautmann T. R., <i>Kautilya and the Arthashastra</i>, Leiden 1971</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChu2011" class="citation news cs1">Chu, Henry (April 2, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-iceland-free-speech-20110403,0,5332545.story">"Iceland seeks to become sanctuary for free speech"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Iceland+seeks+to+become+sanctuary+for+free+speech&rft.date=2011-04-02&rft.aulast=Chu&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fworld%2Fla-fg-iceland-free-speech-20110403%2C0%2C5332545.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiner1999950–955-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiner1999950–955_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiner1999950–955_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFiner1999">Finer 1999</a>, pp. 950–955.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge. <i>Law in Medieval Russia</i>, IDC Publishers, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiner1999955–956-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiner1999955–956_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFiner1999">Finer 1999</a>, pp. 955–956.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiner19991020-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiner19991020_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFiner1999">Finer 1999</a>, p. 1020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Republicanism". <i>Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment</i> p. 435</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Introduction". <i>Republicanism: a Shared European Heritage</i>. By Martin van Gelderen and Quentin Skinner. Cambridge University Press, 2002 p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Republicanism". <i>Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment</i> p. 431</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Latin American Republicanism" New Dictionary of the History of Ideas. Ed. Maryanne Cline Horowitz. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> are counted amongst <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. Counted as republics are the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">Swiss Confederation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Hamburg">Free Cities of Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Bremen" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Bremen">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">Most Serene Republic of San Marino</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cospaia" title="Republic of Cospaia">Republic of Cospaia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>; however, member states of the German Confederation are also separately counted (35 monarchies).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> are counted amongst Europe.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Republic of Turkey is counted amongst Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</a> as a single republic, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> as an independent monarchy (see also <a href="/wiki/Irish_head_of_state_from_1922_to_1949" title="Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949">Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949</a>), Vatican City as an <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective monarchy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%9346)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)">Kingdom of Hungary</a> as a nominal monarchy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> is counted amongst <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</a> as a single republic, the <a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> as an independent republic, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective monarchy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish State">Spanish State</a> as a nominal monarchy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> is counted amongst <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> as a single republic, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Kosovo">Republic of Kosovo</a> (recognised by most other European states) as an independent republic, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective monarchy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">The Republic of Kazakhstan</a> is not shown on this map and is excluded from the count. The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus">Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus</a> (recognised only by Turkey) and all other unrecognised states are excluded from the count.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Italia", <i>Dizionario enciclopedico italiano</i> (in Italian), vol. VI, <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Treccani</a>, 1970, p. 456</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Italia&rft.btitle=Dizionario+enciclopedico+italiano&rft.pages=456&rft.pub=Treccani&rft.date=1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuichonnet1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guichonnet, Paul (1975). <i>Histoire de l'Italie</i> (in French). Presses universitaires de France. p. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27Italie&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Guichonnet&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span> [ISBN unspecified]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBazzano2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bazzano, Nicoletta (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/15080772"><i>Donna Italia. L'allegoria della Penisola dall'antichità ai giorni nostri</i></a> (in Italian). Angelo Colla Editore. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-96817-06-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-96817-06-3"><bdi>978-88-96817-06-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Donna+Italia.+L%27allegoria+della+Penisola+dall%27antichit%C3%A0+ai+giorni+nostri&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Angelo+Colla+Editore&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-88-96817-06-3&rft.aulast=Bazzano&rft.aufirst=Nicoletta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F15080772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBocca1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Bocca" title="Giorgio Bocca">Bocca, Giorgio</a> (1981). <i>Storia della Repubblica italiana</i> (in Italian). Rizzoli. pp. <span class="nowrap">14–</span>16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+della+Repubblica+italiana&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.pub=Rizzoli&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Bocca&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span> [ISBN unspecified]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smyth, Howard McGaw Italy: From Fascism to the Republic (1943–1946) <i>The Western Political Quarterly</i> vol. 1 no. 3 (pp. 205–222), September 1948.<a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/442274">442274</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, Lisa. "Absolutism and the Resilience of Monarchy in the Middle East." <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>, Vol. 106, No. 1 (Spring, 1991), pp. 1–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a>, <i>s. v.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Presidential Systems" <i>Governments of the World: A Global Guide to Citizens' Rights and Responsibilities</i>. Ed. C. Neal Tate. Vol. 4. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2006. pp. 7–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article VII, Constitution of the United States</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article II, Para 2, Constitution of the United States</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetrocelli2016" class="citation web cs1">Petrocelli, William (10 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/william-petrocelli/its-time-to-end-the-electoral-college_b_12891764.html">"Voters In Wyoming Have 3.6 Times The Voting Power That I Have. It's Time To End The Electoral College"</a>. <i>huffingtonpost.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=huffingtonpost.com&rft.atitle=Voters+In+Wyoming+Have+3.6+Times+The+Voting+Power+That+I+Have.+It%27s+Time+To+End+The+Electoral+College&rft.date=2016-11-10&rft.aulast=Petrocelli&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fwilliam-petrocelli%2Fits-time-to-end-the-electoral-college_b_12891764.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The novelist and essayist <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> regularly used the term crowned republic to describe the United Kingdom, for instance in his work <i>A Short History of the World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson" title="Alfred, Lord Tennyson">Alfred, Lord Tennyson</a> in his poem <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080817170129/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/t/tennyson/alfred/idylls/chapter13.html">Idylls of the King</a> </i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Montfort_Dunn" class="mw-redirect" title="John Montfort Dunn">Dunn, John</a>. "The Identity of the Bourgeois Liberal Republic". The Invention of the Modern Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/009925/2011-12-23/">"République"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2021</span>. <q>Les nouveaux cantons de la Suisse latine choisirent le titre de république, qui soulignait leur indépendance, alors que "canton" met l'accent sur l'appartenance à la Confédération; Genève, Neuchâtel et le Tessin l'ont conservé jusqu'à nos jours.</q> [The new cantons of Latin Switzerland chose the title of republic, which underlined their independence, while "canton" emphasizes membership of the Confederation; Geneva, Neuchâtel and Ticino have kept it to this day.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9publique&rft.pub=Historical+Dictionary+of+Switzerland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhls-dhs-dss.ch%2Ffr%2Farticles%2F009925%2F2011-12-23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMantelloRigg1996" class="citation book cs1">Mantello, Frank Anthony Carl; Rigg, A. G. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bb32Th4WAK0C&pg=PA209"><i>Medieval Latin: An Introduction and Bibliographical Guide</i></a>. CUA Press. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813208428" title="Special:BookSources/9780813208428"><bdi>9780813208428</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Latin%3A+An+Introduction+and+Bibliographical+Guide&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=CUA+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780813208428&rft.aulast=Mantello&rft.aufirst=Frank+Anthony+Carl&rft.au=Rigg%2C+A.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBb32Th4WAK0C%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlenn2004" class="citation book cs1">Glenn, Jason (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tkPcvsHbsiIC&pg=PA246"><i>Politics and History in the Tenth Century: The Work and World of Richer of Reims</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521834872" title="Special:BookSources/9780521834872"><bdi>9780521834872</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+History+in+the+Tenth+Century%3A+The+Work+and+World+of+Richer+of+Reims&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780521834872&rft.aulast=Glenn&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtkPcvsHbsiIC%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Dawson2002" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Dawson (2002). <i>The Making of Europe: An Introduction to the History of European Unity</i>. CUA Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813210834" title="Special:BookSources/9780813210834"><bdi>9780813210834</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Europe%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+European+Unity&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=CUA+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780813210834&rft.au=Christopher+Dawson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGiuliano_Amato,_Enzo_Moavero-Milanesi,_Gianfranco_Pasquino,_Lucrezia_Reichlin2019" class="citation book cs1">Giuliano Amato, Enzo Moavero-Milanesi, Gianfranco Pasquino, Lucrezia Reichlin (2019). <i>The History of the European Union: Constructing Utopia</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781509917426" title="Special:BookSources/9781509917426"><bdi>9781509917426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+European+Union%3A+Constructing+Utopia&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781509917426&rft.au=Giuliano+Amato%2C+Enzo+Moavero-Milanesi%2C+Gianfranco+Pasquino%2C+Lucrezia+Reichlin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_Kaldellis2013" class="citation book cs1">Anthony Kaldellis (2013). <i>Ethnography After Antiquity: Foreign Lands and Peoples in Byzantine Literature</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812208405" title="Special:BookSources/9780812208405"><bdi>9780812208405</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnography+After+Antiquity%3A+Foreign+Lands+and+Peoples+in+Byzantine+Literature&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780812208405&rft.au=Anthony+Kaldellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Reybrouck, David. <i>Against Elections</i> (p. 75). Seven Stories Press. 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Reybrouck, David. <i>Against Elections</i> (p. 85). Seven Stories Press. 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/">Republicanism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309140336/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/">Archived</a> 2018-03-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Jun 19, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCormick, John P. "Machiavelli against Republicanism: On the Cambridge School's 'Guicciardinian Moments<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" <i>Political Theory</i>, Vol. 31, No. 5 (Oct., 2003), pp. 615–43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pocock, J. G. A <i>The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition</i> Princeton: 1975, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Pettit, <i>Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government</i>, NY: Oxford U.P., 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-829083-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-829083-7">0-19-829083-7</a>; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/democracy">"Democracy - Democracy or republic?"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Democracy+-+Democracy+or+republic%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fdemocracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushistory.org/gov/1c.asp">"What Is a Democracy? [ushistory.org]"</a>. <i>www.ushistory.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ushistory.org&rft.atitle=What+Is+a+Democracy%3F+%5Bushistory.org%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushistory.org%2Fgov%2F1c.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://1828.mshaffer.com/d/search/word,republic">"SEARCHING -word- for [republic] :: Search the 1828 Noah Webster's Dictionary of the English Language (FREE) :: 1828.mshaffer.com"</a>. <i>1828.mshaffer.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1828.mshaffer.com&rft.atitle=SEARCHING+-word-+for+%5Brepublic%5D+%3A%3A+Search+the+1828+Noah+Webster%27s+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language+%28FREE%29+%3A%3A+1828.mshaffer.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1828.mshaffer.com%2Fd%2Fsearch%2Fword%2Crepublic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEverdell2000">Everdell (2000)</a> p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/73/1593.html">"1593. Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790). Respectfully Quoted: A Dictionary of Quotations. 1989"</a>. 25 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1593.+Benjamin+Franklin+%281706%E2%80%931790%29.+Respectfully+Quoted%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Quotations.+1989&rft.date=2022-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F73%2F1593.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>In re Duncan</i>, 139 U.S. 449, 11 S.Ct. 573, 35 L.Ed. 219; <i>Minor v. Happersett</i>, 88 U.S. (21 Wall.) 162, 22 L.Ed. 627.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GOVERNMENT (Republican Form of Government) – One in which the powers of sovereignty are vested in the people and are exercised by the people ... directly ... Black's Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition, p. 695</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Paul Adams "Republicanism in Political Rhetoric Before 1776". <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>, Vol. 85, No. 3 (Sep., 1970), pp. 397–421</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWood1990" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Gordon (April 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2785&context=cklawreview">"Classical Republicanism and the American Revolution"</a>. <i>Chicago-Kent Law Review</i>. <b>66</b>: <span class="nowrap">13–</span>20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307154456/https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=2785&context=cklawreview">Archived</a> from the original on Mar 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago-Kent+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Classical+Republicanism+and+the+American+Revolution&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=1990-04&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2785%26context%3Dcklawreview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHutchinsWashingtonPaineJefferson2008" class="citation web cs1">Hutchins, Thomas; Washington, George; Paine, Thomas; Jefferson, Thomas; Adams, John; Fadden, Will (2008-04-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/founded-on-a-set-of-beliefs.html">"Founded on a Set of Beliefs - Creating the United States | Exhibitions"</a>. <i>Library of Congress</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Founded+on+a+Set+of+Beliefs+-+Creating+the+United+States+%7C+Exhibitions&rft.date=2008-04-12&rft.aulast=Hutchins&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Washington%2C+George&rft.au=Paine%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Jefferson%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Adams%2C+John&rft.au=Fadden%2C+Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fcreating-the-united-states%2Ffounded-on-a-set-of-beliefs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bailyn, Bernard. <i>The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution</i>. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kramnick, Isaac. <i>Republicanism and Bourgeois Radicalism: Political Ideology in Late Eighteenth-Century England and America</i>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFiner1999" class="citation book cs1">Finer, S.E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AhEab85xHAMC"><i>The History of Government from the Earliest Times: Volume II: The Intermediate Ages</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820790-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820790-0"><bdi>978-0-19-820790-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Government+from+the+Earliest+Times%3A+Volume+II%3A+The+Intermediate+Ages&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820790-0&rft.aulast=Finer&rft.aufirst=S.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAhEab85xHAMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Corwin,_Senate_Speech_Against_the_Mexican_War-Congressional_Globe-ed._WRE-Apr11.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Thomas_Corwin%2C_Senate_Speech_Against_the_Mexican_War-Congressional_Globe-ed._WRE-Apr11.pdf/page1-220px-Thomas_Corwin%2C_Senate_Speech_Against_the_Mexican_War-Congressional_Globe-ed._WRE-Apr11.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Thomas_Corwin%2C_Senate_Speech_Against_the_Mexican_War-Congressional_Globe-ed._WRE-Apr11.pdf/page1-330px-Thomas_Corwin%2C_Senate_Speech_Against_the_Mexican_War-Congressional_Globe-ed._WRE-Apr11.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Thomas_Corwin%2C_Senate_Speech_Against_the_Mexican_War-Congressional_Globe-ed._WRE-Apr11.pdf/page1-440px-Thomas_Corwin%2C_Senate_Speech_Against_the_Mexican_War-Congressional_Globe-ed._WRE-Apr11.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Speech of U.S. Senator against the Mexican–American War characterizing it as imperialist and presidential.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Martin van Gelderen & <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Skinner" title="Quentin Skinner">Quentin Skinner</a>, eds., <i>Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage</i>, v. 1, <i>Republicanism and Constitutionalism in Early Modern Europe</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 2002</li> <li>Martin van Gelderen & Quentin Skinner, eds., <i>Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage</i>, v. 2, <i>The Values of Republicanism in Early Modern Europe</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 2002</li> <li>Willi Paul Adams, "Republicanism in Political Rhetoric before 1776", <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> 85(1970), pp. 397–421.</li> <li>Joyce Appleby, "Republicanism in Old and New Contexts", in <i>William & Mary Quarterly</i>, 3rd series, 43 (January, 1986), pp. 3–34.</li> <li>Joyce Appleby, ed., "Republicanism" issue of <i>American Quarterly</i> 37 (Fall, 1985).</li> <li>Sarah Barber, <i>Regicide and Republicanism: Politics and Ethics in the English Republic, 1646–1649</i>, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998.</li> <li>Gisela Bock, Quentin Skinner & Maurizio Viroli, eds., <i>Machiavelli and Republicanism</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 1990.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEverdell2000" class="citation cs2">Everdell, William R. (2000), <i>The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans</i> (2nd ed.), Chicago: University of Chicago Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Kings%3A+A+History+of+Republics+and+Republicans&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Everdell&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Eric Gojosso, <i>Le concept de république en France (XVIe – XVIIIe siècle)</i>, Aix/Marseille, 1998, pp. 205–45.</li> <li>James Hankins, "Exclusivist Republicanism and the Non-Monarchical Republic", <i>Political Theory</i> 38.4 (August 2010), 452–82.</li> <li>Frédéric Monera, <i>L'idée de République et la jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel</i> – Paris: L.G.D.J., 2004 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fnac.com/Shelf/article.asp?PRID=1601897&Mn=2&Ra=-1&To=0&Nu=2&Fr=3">Fnac</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923201826/http://www.lgdj.fr/rech_rapide.php?_Sess=c22f5de9dee93f9554d169596caad970&_Mots=monera&_TypeCode=">LGDJ.fr</a></li> <li>Philip Pettit, <i>Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government</i>, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997, pp. x and 304.</li> <li>J. G. A. Pocock, <i>The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition</i>, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975</li> <li>J. G. A. Pocock, "Between Gog and Magog: The Republican Thesis and the Ideologia Americana", <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i> 48 (1987), p. 341</li> <li>J. G. A. Pocock, "<i>The Machiavellian Moment</i> Revisited: A Study in History and Ideology" <i>Journal of Modern History</i> 53 (1981)</li> <li>Paul A. Rahe, <i>Republics Ancient and Modern: Classical Republicanism and the American Revolution</i>, 3 v., Chapel Hill: U. of North Carolina Press 1992, 1994.</li> <li>Jagdish P. Sharma, <i>Republics in ancient India, c. 1500 B.C.–500 B.C.</i>, 1968</li> <li>David Wootton, ed., <i>Republicanism, Liberty, and Commercial Society, 1649–1776</i> (The Making of Modern Freedom series), Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Republic" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Republic">Republic</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Republics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Republics">Republics</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/20px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/republic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:republic"><i>republic</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Republic" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Republic">Republic</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Everdell" title="William Everdell">Everdell, William R. Everdell</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reasoninrevolt.net.au/objects/pdf/a000109.pdf">"From State to Freestate: The Meaning of the Word Republic from Jean Bodin to John Adams"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324141847/http://www.reasoninrevolt.net.au/objects/pdf/a000109.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-03-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (7th ISECS, Budapest, 7/31/87). <i>Valley Forge Journal</i>. 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class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-84559f4bd5-pgzl9","wgBackendResponseTime":219,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.247","walltime":"1.552","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8573,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":223909,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":23666,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":21,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":242776,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1252.282 1 -total"," 29.06% 363.873 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.05% 163.458 2 Template:Politics_series_sidebar"," 12.83% 160.608 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 12.26% 153.543 13 Template:Cite_web"," 11.70% 146.465 1 Template:Basic_Forms_of_government"," 9.50% 118.924 9 Template:Transliteration"," 6.87% 86.031 1 Template:Authority_control"," 6.04% 75.652 1 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