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Schools in Kenya</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pre-Independence_Schools_in_Kenya-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pre-Independence Schools in Kenya subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pre-Independence_Schools_in_Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Independence_Schools_for_Ethnic_Africans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Independence_Schools_for_Ethnic_Africans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-Independence Schools for Ethnic Africans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Independence_Schools_for_Ethnic_Africans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Independence_Schools_for_Muslims_and_Ethnic_Arabs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Independence_Schools_for_Muslims_and_Ethnic_Arabs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pre-Independence Schools for Muslims and Ethnic Arabs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Independence_Schools_for_Muslims_and_Ethnic_Arabs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Independence_Schools_for_Ethnic_Indians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Independence_Schools_for_Ethnic_Indians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Pre-Independence Schools for Ethnic Indians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Independence_Schools_for_Ethnic_Indians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Independence_Schools_for_Ethnic_Europeans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Independence_Schools_for_Ethnic_Europeans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Pre-Independence Schools for Ethnic Europeans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Independence_Schools_for_Ethnic_Europeans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-Ethnic_Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-Ethnic_Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Multi-Ethnic Schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-Ethnic_Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_Curricula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_Curricula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Education Curricula</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education_Curricula-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education Curricula subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education_Curricula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-7–4–2–3_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#7–4–2–3_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>7–4–2–3 System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-7–4–2–3_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-8–4–4_Curriculum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#8–4–4_Curriculum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>8–4–4 Curriculum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-8–4–4_Curriculum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competency_Based_Curriculum_(CBC),_2-6-3-3-3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competency_Based_Curriculum_(CBC),_2-6-3-3-3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Competency Based Curriculum (CBC), 2-6-3-3-3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competency_Based_Curriculum_(CBC),_2-6-3-3-3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Curriculum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Curriculum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>British Curriculum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Curriculum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North-American_Curriculum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North-American_Curriculum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>North-American Curriculum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North-American_Curriculum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_rates_and_Overall_Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_rates_and_Overall_Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Transition rates and Overall Performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_rates_and_Overall_Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Education quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Childhood_Development_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Childhood_Development_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Early Childhood Development education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_Childhood_Development_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early Childhood Development education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_Childhood_Development_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accessibility_concerns_in_ECD_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessibility_concerns_in_ECD_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Accessibility concerns in ECD education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessibility_concerns_in_ECD_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Primary education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Secondary education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Secondary_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Secondary education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Secondary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-KCSE_grading_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#KCSE_grading_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>KCSE grading requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-KCSE_grading_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subject_grouping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subject_grouping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Subject grouping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subject_grouping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grading_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grading_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Grading system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grading_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_and_Vocational_Education_and_Training_Institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_and_Vocational_Education_and_Training_Institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Technical and Vocational Education and Training Institutions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technical_and_Vocational_Education_and_Training_Institutions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technical and Vocational Education and Training Institutions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technical_and_Vocational_Education_and_Training_Institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_TVET_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_TVET_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Government TVET institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_TVET_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>University education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-University_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle University education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-University_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Higher_Education_Financing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_Education_Financing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Higher Education Financing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_Education_Financing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_accessibility_in_university_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_accessibility_in_university_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Digital accessibility in university education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_accessibility_in_university_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_universities_and_their_constituent_colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_universities_and_their_constituent_colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Public universities and their constituent colleges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_universities_and_their_constituent_colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.1</span> <span>Public universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Private universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chartered_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chartered_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4.1</span> <span>Chartered universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chartered_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universities_with_Letters_of_Interim_Authority_(LIA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities_with_Letters_of_Interim_Authority_(LIA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4.2</span> <span>Universities with Letters of Interim Authority (LIA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities_with_Letters_of_Interim_Authority_(LIA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universities_operating_with_Certificates_of_Registration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities_operating_with_Certificates_of_Registration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4.3</span> <span>Universities operating with Certificates of Registration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities_operating_with_Certificates_of_Registration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teacher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teacher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Teacher education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teacher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Access_to_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access_to_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Access to education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Access_to_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Access to education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Access_to_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Students_with_disabilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Students_with_disabilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Students with disabilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Students_with_disabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_access_to_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_access_to_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Women's access to education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_access_to_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Factors_affecting_education_in_Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factors_affecting_education_in_Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Factors affecting education in Kenya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factors_affecting_education_in_Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Literacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> 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class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Education_in_Kenya" title="Special:EditPage/Education in Kenya">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Education_in_Kenya" title="Talk:Education in Kenya">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Education_in_Kenya" title="Special:EditPage/Education in Kenya">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Education+in+Kenya%22">"Education in Kenya"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Education+in+Kenya%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Education+in+Kenya%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Education+in+Kenya%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Education+in+Kenya%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Education+in+Kenya%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Education in Kenya</b> refers to the education system in Kenya. It is considered a <a href="/wiki/Basic_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic right">basic right</a> that should be offered to every individual. Education in Kenya predates to as early as the 18th century among the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili people</a>. The earliest school was established by missionaries in <a href="/wiki/Rabai" title="Rabai">Rabai</a>. During colonial rule, a limited number of Kenyans were able to access higher education opportunities abroad. </p><p>Kenya has manoeuvered through three education curriculums since independence with the latest being, the Competency-Based Curriculum, rolled out in 2017 to replace the <a href="/wiki/8-4-4_Curriculum" class="mw-redirect" title="8-4-4 Curriculum">8-4-4 Curriculum</a> that has been in practice since 1985. </p><p>Even though efforts have been put in place to promote basic education, with literacy levels increase among the Kenyan population. <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy" title="Teenage pregnancy">teenage pregnancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Truancy" title="Truancy">truancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug abuse">drug abuse</a>, among others, all affect the literacy levels of prospective pupils. </p><p>In 2017, Kenya's education system was rated as the strongest among other forty three mainland countries on the African continent by the World Economic Forum. In the following year 2018, the World Bank also ranked Kenya as the top African country for education outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historical records, not only from the travels of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Krapf" title="Johann Ludwig Krapf">Johann Ludwig Krapf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rebmann" title="Johannes Rebmann">Johannes Rebmann</a>, reveal that Swahilis had access to education as far back as 1728 with a <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> manuscript <i><a href="/wiki/Utendi_wa_Tambuka" title="Utendi wa Tambuka">Utendi wa Tambuka</a></i> (Book of Heraclius) attesting to the fact. The CMS missionaries interacted with locals in the coastal town of <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a> and set up one of the earliest mission schools in the country at <a href="/wiki/Rabai" title="Rabai">Rabai</a> in 1846. </p><p>With the expansion of the railway from Mombasa to <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, the missionaries expanded their work into Kenya's interior. An attempt to set up a school and mission at Yatta in 1894 was resisted by the <a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Kamba</a> tribe. The missionaries then penetrated into western Kenya and set up schools and missions. The first school in western Kenya was established at Kaimosi in 1903. </p><p>During the colonial era, the number of Kenyans with exposure to education steadily increased and a good number of them were privileged to proceed abroad for further education. Among those who furthered their education abroad in the colonial era were <a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a>, who attended <a href="/wiki/Woodbrooke_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodbrooke College">Woodbrooke College</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Njonjo" title="Charles Njonjo">Charles Njonjo</a>, who attended <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Inn" title="Gray's Inn">Gray's Inn</a> Law School, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mbiyu_Koinange" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Mbiyu Koinange">Peter Mbiyu Koinange</a>, who attended <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mwai_Kibaki" title="Mwai Kibaki">Mwai Kibaki</a> who attended London School of Economics, <a href="/wiki/R._Mugo_Gatheru" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Mugo Gatheru">R. Mugo Gatheru</a> who attended <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_University" title="Roosevelt University">Roosevelt University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Mboya" title="Tom Mboya">Tom Mboya</a>, who attended <a href="/wiki/Ruskin_College,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruskin College, Oxford">Ruskin College, Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masinde_Muliro" title="Masinde Muliro">Masinde Muliro</a>, who attended <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a>, Julius Gikonyo Kiano who attended <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr." title="Barack Obama Sr.">Barack Obama Sr.</a>, who attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_at_Manoa" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii at Manoa">University of Hawaii at Manoa</a>. Between 1959 and 1963, eight hundred Kenyan students attended US and Canadian universities.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Julius Gikonyo Kiano was the first Kenyan to obtain a PhD. The trend steadily rose over the years and by the time of independence in 1963, 840,000 African children were attending elementary school. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-Independence_Schools_in_Kenya">Pre-Independence Schools in Kenya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-Independence Schools in Kenya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Annual_Register_World_Events_in_1974_-_book_cover.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/The_Annual_Register_World_Events_in_1974_-_book_cover.png/220px-The_Annual_Register_World_Events_in_1974_-_book_cover.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/The_Annual_Register_World_Events_in_1974_-_book_cover.png/330px-The_Annual_Register_World_Events_in_1974_-_book_cover.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/The_Annual_Register_World_Events_in_1974_-_book_cover.png/440px-The_Annual_Register_World_Events_in_1974_-_book_cover.png 2x" data-file-width="2716" data-file-height="3992" /></a><figcaption>History form 1</figcaption></figure> <p>Institutionalised education in Kenya had begun way before the country became independent in 1963, with at least seventy schools having been established by various groups and for various communities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Independence_Schools_for_Ethnic_Africans">Pre-Independence Schools for Ethnic Africans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-Independence Schools for Ethnic Africans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some schools were started through local community initiatives. </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Rabai" title="Rabai">Rabai</a> Mission School near Mombasa (1847): established by missionaries <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Krapf" title="Johann Ludwig Krapf">Johann Ludwig Krapf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rebmann" title="Johannes Rebmann">Johannes Rebmann</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Mission Society</a></li> <li>United Methodist School (1862): (later in 1963 the co-educational Ribe Secondary School, in 1989 Ribe Boys and Ribe Girls High Schools), established at Ribe, <a href="/wiki/Kilifi_County" title="Kilifi County">Kilifi County</a></li> <li>The Mary Leakey Girls' High School (1901): established at <a href="/wiki/Kabete" title="Kabete">Kabete</a> as a co-educational mission school by Rev. A. W. McGregor of the <a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Mission Society (CMS)</a>, and later named after the founder of the girls' section, <a href="/wiki/Leakey_family" title="Leakey family">Mary Bazett Leakey</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Friends Africa Industrial Mission (1903): (later Kaimosi Friends Elementary School in 1904, now <a href="/wiki/Kaimosi_Friends_Primary_School" title="Kaimosi Friends Primary School">Kaimosi Friends Primary School</a>), established in <a href="/wiki/Kaimosi" title="Kaimosi">Kaimosi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nandi_County" title="Nandi County">Nandi County</a> by American <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maseno_School" title="Maseno School">Maseno School</a> (1906): established in <a href="/wiki/Maseno" title="Maseno">Maseno</a> by the Missionaries of the <a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Missionary Society (CMS)</a> for the children of local ethnic chiefs, currently sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Kenya" title="Anglican Church of Kenya">Anglican Church of Kenya (ACK)</a> and overseen by the Diocese of Maseno South</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyeri_High_School" title="Nyeri High School">Nyeri High School</a> (1907): established in <a href="/wiki/Nyeri" title="Nyeri">Nyeri</a> as a primary school along with the neighbouring St. Paul Seminary and the Mathari Mission Hospital by the <a href="/wiki/Consolata_Missionaries" title="Consolata Missionaries">Consolata Missionary Sisters</a></li> <li>Tumutumu Mission School (1908): (now Tumutumu Girls' High School and Kagumo Teachers College) established as a co-ed primary school in <a href="/wiki/Nyeri_County" title="Nyeri County">Nyeri County</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland Mission</a></li> <li>Kabare School (1911): (from 1964 Kabare Girls High School), established by the <a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Mission Society</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gichugu_Constituency" title="Gichugu Constituency">Gichugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirinyaga_County" title="Kirinyaga County">Kirinyaga County</a>, after area coffee farmers agreed to each contribute two cents per half kilogramme of cherry thereby raising over KES 80,000, to form Kabare School (for girls) and Mutige School (for boys).<sup id="cite_ref-standardmedia.co.ke_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standardmedia.co.ke-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mutige School (1911): (later Mutige Boys School), established by the <a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Mission Society</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gichugu_Constituency" title="Gichugu Constituency">Gichugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirinyaga_County" title="Kirinyaga County">Kirinyaga County</a>, after area coffee farmers agreed to each contribute two cents per half kilogramme of cherry thereby raising over KES 80,000, to form Mutige School (for boys) and Kabare School (for girls).<sup id="cite_ref-standardmedia.co.ke_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standardmedia.co.ke-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Government African School Machakos (1915): formed as a boys' primary school, from 1946 a co-educational primary school. In 1950 the boys' section relocated to become <a href="/wiki/Machakos_School" title="Machakos School">Machakos School</a>; the girls section was renamed Government African Girls’ Intermediate School, which gave rise to today's Machakos Girls' High School<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butere_Girls_High_School" title="Butere Girls High School">Butere Girls High School</a> (1916): founded as a primary school in <a href="/wiki/Butere" title="Butere">Butere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kakamega_County" title="Kakamega County">Kakamega County</a> by the Irish missionary <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Chadwick_(missionary)" title="Elizabeth Chadwick (missionary)">Jane Elizabeth Chadwick</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Mission Society, CMS</a>)</li> <li>Kabaa High School (1923): established by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Machakos_County" title="Machakos County">Machakos County</a></li> <li>Harambee Waa School (1923): (later Waa Boys High School), established in <a href="/wiki/Kwale_County" title="Kwale County">Kwale County</a> by missionaries of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Congregation of the Holy Spirit">Holy Ghost Catholic Fathers</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%27iya_Girls_High_School" title="Ng'iya Girls High School">Ng'iya Girls High School</a> (1923): first established as a primary school in <a href="/wiki/Siaya_County" title="Siaya County">Siaya County</a>, later (1953) a teacher training college, then a secondary school in 1962</li> <li>Central Training School for Catechists (1925): (later Catholic Central School and Kabaa School, now <a href="/wiki/Mang%27u_High_School" title="Mang'u High School">Mang'u High School</a>), established in <a href="/wiki/Thika" title="Thika">Thika</a> by Dutch priest Michael Joseph Witte (from the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Congregation of the Holy Spirit">Holy Ghost Fathers</a>)</li> <li>Government African School Kapsabet (1925): established in <a href="/wiki/Nandi_County" title="Nandi County">Nandi County</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Africa_Inland_Mission" title="Africa Inland Mission">Africa Inland Mission</a>; today <a href="/wiki/Kapsabet_High_School" title="Kapsabet High School">Kapsabet High School</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapsabet_Girls%27_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapsabet Girls' High School (page does not exist)">Kapsabet Girls' High School</a> (from 1951)</li> <li>Jeanes School Kabete (1925): (later Public Service Management and Development Institute plus Kenya Medical Training College in 1961, Kenya Institute of Administration in 1963, and in 2012 <a href="/wiki/Kenya_School_of_Government" title="Kenya School of Government">Kenya School of Government</a>), established in <a href="/wiki/Kabete" title="Kabete">Kabete</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Jeanes School Maseno: later Maseno Training Centre (1961), Maseno Government Training Institute (1967), in 1990 merged with Siriba Teachers' College to form Maseno University College, today <a href="/wiki/Maseno_University" title="Maseno University">Maseno University</a> (since 2001)</li> <li>Alliance School (1926): now <a href="/wiki/Alliance_High_School_(Kenya)" title="Alliance High School (Kenya)">Alliance High School</a>, established as a junior secondary school by the <a href="/wiki/John_Arthur_(missionary)" title="John Arthur (missionary)">Alliance of Protestant Missions</a></li> <li>Francis Scott High School (1927): (later in 1963 <a href="/wiki/Nakuru_Boys_High_School" title="Nakuru Boys High School">Nakuru High School</a> plus Nakuru Girls Secondary School in 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_School_Yala" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary's School Yala">St. Mary's School Yala</a> (1927): founded by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mill_Hill_Missionaries" title="Mill Hill Missionaries">Mill Hill Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisii_School" title="Kisii School">Kisii School</a> (1932): established <a href="/wiki/Kisii,_Kenya" title="Kisii, Kenya">Kisii, Kenya</a></li> <li>Government African School Kakamega (1932): (later Kakamega High School, now <a href="/wiki/Kakamega_School" title="Kakamega School">Kakamega School</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagumo_High_School" title="Kagumo High School">Kagumo High School</a> (1933): established as a primary institution in <a href="/wiki/Gatitu" class="mw-redirect" title="Gatitu">Gatitu</a> to train artisans; relocated to <a href="/wiki/Kiganjo" title="Kiganjo">Kiganjo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyeri_County" title="Nyeri County">Nyeri County</a> in 1958</li> <li>MaryHill Girls' High School (1933): established in <a href="/wiki/Thika" title="Thika">Thika town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiambu_County" title="Kiambu County">Kiambu County</a> by the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_Our_Lady_of_Africa" title="Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Africa">Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Africa (White Sisters)</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Buxton School (1935): (later Ronald Ngala Primary School), established by the <a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Mission Society</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a></li> <li>Our Lady Consolata Mugoiri Girls High School (1938): established by the <a href="/wiki/Consolata_Missionaries" title="Consolata Missionaries">Consolata Missionary Sisters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mugoiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugoiri">Mugoiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murang%27a_County" title="Murang'a County">Murang'a County</a> (formerly Gaiteiguru Intermediary School)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaru_High_School" title="Kangaru High School">Kangaru schools</a> (1947): in <a href="/wiki/Embu_County" title="Embu County">Embu County</a>, established as a <a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Mission Society</a> primary school, later Government African Teacher Training Center and Secondary School (G.A.T.T.C. & S.S) in 1952, and African Girls Intermediate School (GAGI) in 1953. Embu Girls High School was fused into the school in July 1973, separating again in 1989</li> <li>African Girls High School (1948): (now <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Girls_High_School" title="Alliance Girls High School">Alliance Girls High School</a>) established in <a href="/wiki/Kikuyu,_Kenya" title="Kikuyu, Kenya">Kikuyu town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiambu_County" title="Kiambu County">Kiambu County</a> by the <a href="/wiki/John_Arthur_(missionary)" title="John Arthur (missionary)">Alliance of Protestant Missions</a>.</li> <li>Gitoro Technical (1956): later Meru Technical School (1964), Meru Technical Vocational Training School (1969), Meru Technical Secondary School (1973), Meru Technical Training Institute (1986), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meru_National_Polytechnic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meru National Polytechnic (page does not exist)">Meru National Polytechnic</a> (2016). Originally established in <a href="/wiki/Meru,_Kenya" title="Meru, Kenya">Meru town</a> by the local <a href="/wiki/Town_council" title="Town council">town council</a> to train youth in various practical skills<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xaverian_Primary_School" title="Xaverian Primary School">Xaverian Primary School</a> (1956): established in <a href="/wiki/Kisumu_County" title="Kisumu County">Kisumu County</a></li> <li>Kahuhia Girls' High School (1957): established in <a href="/wiki/Kahuhia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahuhia">Kahuhia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murang%27a_County" title="Murang'a County">Murang'a County</a> through an initiative by the local community and <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Christian missionaries</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starehe_Boys%27_Centre_and_School" title="Starehe Boys' Centre and School">Starehe Boys' Centre and School</a> (November 1959): established by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_William_Griffin" title="Geoffrey William Griffin">Dr. Geoffrey William Griffin</a>, Geoffrey Gatama Geturo and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kamiru_Gikubu" title="Joseph Kamiru Gikubu">Joseph Kamiru Gikubu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Starehe" title="Starehe">Starehe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a></li> <li>Cardinal Otunga High School Mosocho (1960): established in <a href="/wiki/Kisii_County" title="Kisii County">Kisii County</a> following a request from the then Kisii <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">Diocese</a> <a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Michael_Otunga" title="Maurice Michael Otunga">His Eminence Maurice Otunga</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Gatimu_Ngandu_Girls_High_School" title="Bishop Gatimu Ngandu Girls High School">Bishop Gatimu Ngandu Girls High School</a> (1960): established by <a href="/wiki/Caesar_Gatimu" title="Caesar Gatimu">The Right Reverend Caesar Gatimu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karatina" title="Karatina">Karatina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyeri_County" title="Nyeri County">Nyeri County</a></li> <li>Baricho High School (1960): established in <a href="/wiki/Ndia_Constituency" title="Ndia Constituency">Ndia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirinyaga_County" title="Kirinyaga County">Kirinyaga County</a> by <a href="/wiki/Caesar_Gatimu" title="Caesar Gatimu">The Right Reverend Caesar Gatimu</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chebokokwa School (1961): (now <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_High_School_(Iten,_Kenya)" title="St. Patrick's High School (Iten, Kenya)">St. Patrick's High School Iten</a>), established by the <a href="/wiki/Patrician_Brothers" title="Patrician Brothers">Patrician Brothers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iten" title="Iten">Iten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elgeyo-Marakwet_County" title="Elgeyo-Marakwet County">Elgeyo-Marakwet County</a>, and currently operated by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Eldoret" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Eldoret">Roman Catholic Diocese of Eldoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kianyaga_High_School" title="Kianyaga High School">Kianyaga High School</a> (1961): boys' school established in <a href="/wiki/Gichugu_Constituency" title="Gichugu Constituency">Gichugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirinyaga_County" title="Kirinyaga County">Kirinyaga County</a> through fundraisers by local elders.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>St Paul’s Amukura High School (1962): boys' school established in <a href="/wiki/Busia_County" title="Busia County">Busia County</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Independence_Schools_for_Muslims_and_Ethnic_Arabs">Pre-Independence Schools for Muslims and Ethnic Arabs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-Independence Schools for Muslims and Ethnic Arabs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Colonial government was the original provider of institutionalised education for Indian children, whose families originally arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">East Africa Protectorate</a> from <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">British India</a> as labourers and <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured servants</a> working on the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Railway" title="Uganda Railway">Uganda Railway</a>. Later, various religious communities mobilised to establish schools to serve their members. </p> <ol><li>Arab Boys' Primary School Mombasa (1920s): established in <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a></li> <li>Shimo La Tewa School (1932): (later Coast African Secondary School, then Shimo-La-Tewa High School), established in <a href="/wiki/Shanzu" title="Shanzu">Shanzu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa City</a> as secondary school for Arab boys who has successfully completed their primary education at the Arab Boys' Primary School Mombasa<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mombasa Institute of Muslim Education - MIOME (1948): (later in 1966 Mombasa Technical Institute - MTI, from 2007 Mombasa Polytechnic University College - MPUC, from 2013 <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Mombasa" title="Technical University of Mombasa">Technical University of Mombasa</a>), established in <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a> to provide technical education to Muslim students of East Africa<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Independence_Schools_for_Ethnic_Indians">Pre-Independence Schools for Ethnic Indians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pre-Independence Schools for Ethnic Indians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Colonial government was the original provider of institutionalised education for Indian children, whose families originally arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">East Africa Protectorate</a> from <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">British India</a> as labourers and <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured servants</a> working on the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Railway" title="Uganda Railway">Uganda Railway</a>. Later, various religious communities mobilised to establish schools to serve their members. </p> <ol><li>Arya Kanya Pathasala (1910): (today: Arya Primary School), established by the <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj_in_Kenya" title="Arya Samaj in Kenya">Arya Samaj community</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ngara,_Nairobi" title="Ngara, Nairobi">Ngara, Nairobi</a> at the home of a Mr. Mathura Dass<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Indian School (1912): in <a href="/wiki/Mombasa_County" title="Mombasa County">Mombasa County</a>, from which emerged <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allidina_Visram_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allidina Visram High School (page does not exist)">Allidina Visram High School</a> (in 1923, named after <a href="/wiki/Allidina_Visram" title="Allidina Visram">Allidina Visram</a>) as a rehousing and secondary extension of the Indian School</li> <li>The Aga Khan Primary School, Mombasa (1918): established as a boys' school in Kizingo, <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa City</a>, from which later emerged The Aga Khan High School, Mombasa. It is operated by <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Education_Services" title="Aga Khan Education Services">Aga Khan Education Services</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Shia Ismaili community of Muslims</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Duchess of Gloucester School (1932): (now Pangani Girls High School), established in <a href="/wiki/Pangani,_Nairobi" title="Pangani, Nairobi">Pangani, Nairobi</a></li> <li>Nyeri Indian School (1935): (Temple Road Primary School from 1996; now Temple Road Junior School and Temple Road Secondary School) established in <a href="/wiki/Nyeri" title="Nyeri">Nyeri Town</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshwal_Academy" title="Oshwal Academy">Oshwal Academy</a> (1950): established in <a href="/wiki/Parklands,_Nairobi" title="Parklands, Nairobi">Parklands, Nairobi</a>; managed by the <a href="/wiki/Oswal" title="Oswal">Oshwal</a> Education and Relief Board (OERB) of the <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain community</a></li> <li>Arya Vedic School (1950): established at Puri Bhavan, <a href="/wiki/Ngara,_Nairobi" title="Ngara, Nairobi">Ngara, Nairobi</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj_in_Kenya" title="Arya Samaj in Kenya">Arya Samaj community</a>. It gave rise to Arya Vedic Academy</li> <li>Modern High School (1951): Technical High School from 1953, later <a href="/wiki/Nairobi_Technical_Training_College" title="Nairobi Technical Training College">Nairobi Technical Training Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ngara,_Nairobi" title="Ngara, Nairobi">Ngara, Nairobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_High_School,_Nairobi" title="City High School, Nairobi">City High School</a> (1952): founded in <a href="/wiki/Ngara,_Nairobi" title="Ngara, Nairobi">Ngara, Nairobi</a> by the Sharma family of the <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj_in_Kenya" title="Arya Samaj in Kenya">Arya Samaj community</a></li> <li>The Aga Khan Primary School, Kisumu (1952): established in <a href="/wiki/Kisumu" title="Kisumu">Kisumu City</a>. It is operated by <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Education_Services" title="Aga Khan Education Services">Aga Khan Education Services</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Shia Ismaili community of Muslims</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Parklands Arya Girls High School (1957): established in <a href="/wiki/Parklands,_Nairobi" title="Parklands, Nairobi">Parklands, Nairobi</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj_in_Kenya" title="Arya Samaj in Kenya">Arya Samaj community in Kenya</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngara_Girls%27_High_School" title="Ngara Girls' High School">Ngara Girls' High School</a> (1957): emerged from a co-educational school in <a href="/wiki/Ngara,_Nairobi" title="Ngara, Nairobi">Ngara, Nairobi</a> along with present-day <a href="/wiki/Highway_Secondary_School" title="Highway Secondary School">Highway Secondary School</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_Secondary_School" title="Highway Secondary School">Highway Secondary School</a> (1957): emerged from a co-educational school along with <a href="/wiki/Ngara_Girls%27_High_School" title="Ngara Girls' High School">Ngara Girls' High School</a>, relocated to <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/South_B" title="South B">South B</a> suburb in 1962 to become the boys' secondary school<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Aga Khan High School (1961): co-educational day school established in <a href="/wiki/Westlands,_Nairobi" title="Westlands, Nairobi">Westlands, Nairobi</a>. It is operated by <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Education_Services" title="Aga Khan Education Services">Aga Khan Education Services</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Shia Ismaili community of Muslims</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Independence_Schools_for_Ethnic_Europeans">Pre-Independence Schools for Ethnic Europeans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pre-Independence Schools for Ethnic Europeans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EuropeanNairobiSchool2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/EuropeanNairobiSchool2.jpg/300px-EuropeanNairobiSchool2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/EuropeanNairobiSchool2.jpg/450px-EuropeanNairobiSchool2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/EuropeanNairobiSchool2.jpg/600px-EuropeanNairobiSchool2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1517" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nairobi_School" title="Nairobi School">Nairobi Primary school</a></figcaption></figure> <p><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Rift_Valley_Academy" title="Rift Valley Academy">Rift Valley Academy</a> (1903): established in <a href="/wiki/Kijabe" title="Kijabe">Kijabe town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiambu_County" title="Kiambu County">Kiambu County</a> as the first up-country European school by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Hurlburt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Hurlburt (page does not exist)">Charles Hurlburt</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Africa_Inland_Mission" title="Africa Inland Mission">Africa Inland Mission</a>. In 1967 it was the first school in Africa to receive US-American accreditation.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The European School, Nairobi (1910): (now <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nairobi_Primary_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nairobi Primary School (page does not exist)">Nairobi Primary School</a>), co-educational school which birthed the Prince of Wales School (<a href="/wiki/Nairobi_School" title="Nairobi School">Nairobi School</a>) and the European Girls School (The <a href="/wiki/Kenya_High_School" title="Kenya High School">Kenya High School</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loreto_Convent_Msongari" title="Loreto Convent Msongari">Loreto Convent Msongari</a> (1921): "Msongari" being a corruption of <a href="/wiki/Muthangari" title="Muthangari">Muthangari</a> where the school is located in <a href="/wiki/Westlands,_Nairobi" title="Westlands, Nairobi">Westlands Sub-county</a>, was established by the <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Loreto" title="Sisters of Loreto">Sisters of Loreto</a></li> <li>Hill Preparatory School (1922): (later Limuru Girls High School in 1926), established by European settler, Arnold Buttler McDonell, on his Kiambethu Farm in <a href="/wiki/Limuru" title="Limuru">Limuru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiambu_County" title="Kiambu County">Kiambu County</a></li> <li>The Hill School (1923): established in <a href="/wiki/Eldoret" title="Eldoret">Eldoret</a> as European Primary School, later Central School then Highlands School, which in 1956 amalgamated with New Girls' Secondary School (today Moi Girls' High School, Eldoret)</li> <li>Kenton College (January 1924): (now Kenton College Preparatory School), established as an all-boys boarding school in <a href="/wiki/Kijabe" title="Kijabe">Kijabe</a>, moving to <a href="/wiki/Kileleshwa" title="Kileleshwa">Kileleshwa</a> in 1935, taking its roots from Kenya Grange School at <a href="/wiki/Lumbwa" title="Lumbwa">Lumbwa</a></li> <li>Pembroke House (1927): established in <a href="/wiki/Gilgil" title="Gilgil">Gilgil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nakuru_County" title="Nakuru County">Nakuru County</a>. It was named after the <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Cambridge" title="Pembroke College, Cambridge">Cambridge College</a> attended by its founder Headmaster, Harold Turner, and has been owned by Kenya Educational Trust Limited since 1959<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kitale Primary (1929): (later Kitale Academy, now Kitale School) in <a href="/wiki/Kitale" title="Kitale">Kitale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trans-Nzoia_County" title="Trans-Nzoia County">Trans-Nzoia County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Andrews_School,_Turi" title="St. Andrews School, Turi">St. Andrews School, Turi</a> (1931): established in <a href="/wiki/Molo,_Kenya" title="Molo, Kenya">Molo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nakuru_County" title="Nakuru County">Nakuru County</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Prince of Wales School (1931): later <a href="/wiki/Nairobi_School" title="Nairobi School">Nairobi School</a>; emerged from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nairobi_Primary_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nairobi Primary School (page does not exist)">The European School, Nairobi</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Kenya_High_School" title="Kenya High School">The European Girls School</a>; in 1931 relocated to what was known as <a href="/wiki/Kabete" title="Kabete">Kabete</a> (current <a href="/wiki/Kitisuru_Ward" title="Kitisuru Ward">Kitisuru Ward</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westlands_Constituency" title="Westlands Constituency">Westlands Sub-County</a>)</li> <li>The European Girls School (1931): later <a href="/wiki/Kenya_High_School" title="Kenya High School">The Kenya High School</a>; emerged from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nairobi_Primary_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nairobi Primary School (page does not exist)">The European School, Nairobi</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Nairobi_School" title="Nairobi School">The Prince of Wales School</a>; relocated to <a href="/wiki/Kileleshwa" title="Kileleshwa">Kileleshwa</a> in 1950</li> <li>Mombasa European Primary School (1935): (MEPS, from 1962 Mombasa Primary School), established in <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensteds_School" title="Greensteds School">Greensteds School</a> (1936): established in <a href="/wiki/Nakuru" title="Nakuru">Nakuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loreto_High_School,_Limuru" title="Loreto High School, Limuru">Loreto High School, Limuru</a> (December 1936): established by the <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Loreto" title="Sisters of Loreto">Sisters of Loreto</a> in <a href="/wiki/Limuru" title="Limuru">Limuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_School,_Nairobi" title="St. Mary's School, Nairobi">St. Mary's School, Nairobi</a> (1939): established by the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Congregation of the Holy Spirit">Holy Ghost Fathers</a>, today located on the land of St. Austin’s Parish in <a href="/wiki/Muthangari" title="Muthangari">Muthangari</a>, Westlands Sub-county</li> <li>Loreto Convent Valley Road (1941): established by the <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Loreto" title="Sisters of Loreto">Sisters of Loreto</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Hill,_Nairobi" title="Upper Hill, Nairobi">Upper Hill, Nairobi</a></li> <li>Mara Hills Academy (February 1947): established in <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika Territory</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Eastern Mennonite Mission</a> and relocated to <a href="/wiki/Gigiri" title="Gigiri">Gigiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a> in 1967 as <a href="/wiki/Rosslyn_Academy" title="Rosslyn Academy">Rosslyn Academy</a></li> <li>The Duke of York School (1949): (now <a href="/wiki/Lenana_School" title="Lenana School">Lenana School</a>)</li> <li>Delamere School (1956): established in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, from which emerged in 1959 as the New Girls Secondary School (later Delamere Girls High School, now <a href="/w/index.php?title=State_House_Girls_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State House Girls High School (page does not exist)">State House Girls High School</a>) and Delamere Boys High School (later Simba Secondary School, now <a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Hill_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Hill School (page does not exist)">Upper Hill School</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-Ethnic_Schools">Multi-Ethnic Schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Multi-Ethnic Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Railway Educational Centre (1906): established as a co-educational institution for both European and Indian workers of the Uganda Railway Authorities. Later Railway School Nairobi, then Government Indian School, later <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester">The Duke of Gloucester School</a> for boys, today <a href="/wiki/Jamhuri_High_School" title="Jamhuri High School">Jamhuri High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ngara,_Nairobi" title="Ngara, Nairobi">Ngara, Nairobi</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathmore_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Strathmore College">Strathmore College</a> (1961): later Strathmore College of Arts and Sciences, and then the parallel Strathmore School and Strathmore College School of Accountancy. The latter merged with Kianda Secretarial College in 1993, and in 2002 became the current <a href="/wiki/Strathmore_University" title="Strathmore University">Strathmore University</a>. Established under the guidance of the <a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a> founder, <a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Saint Josemaría Escrivá</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Muthangari" title="Muthangari">Muthangari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westlands,_Nairobi" title="Westlands, Nairobi">Westlands Sub-county</a> as a residential <a href="/wiki/Sixth_form_college" title="Sixth form college">Sixth form college</a> and the country's first <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">multi-ethnic</a> plus poly-religious school; currently managed by Study Centres of Kenya<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kianda Secretarial College (1961): established by Kianda Foundation in <a href="/wiki/Westlands_Constituency" title="Westlands Constituency">Westlands Sub-County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, in 1993 merged with <a href="/wiki/Strathmore_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Strathmore College">Strathmore College School of Accountancy</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Strathmore_University" title="Strathmore University">Strathmore University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_Curricula">Education Curricula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Education Curricula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="7–4–2–3_System"><span id="7.E2.80.934.E2.80.932.E2.80.933_System"></span>7–4–2–3 System</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 7–4–2–3 System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the collapse of the East African community in 1977, Kenya continued with the same system of education but changed the examination names from their regional identity to a national identity. The East African Certificate of Primary Education (EACPE) became the Certificate of Primary Education (CPE) - awarded after 7 years of primary school - the first time the CPE was marked by a computer system. The East African Certificate of Education (EACE) became the Kenya Certificate of Education (KCE), awarded after 4 years of secondary school. The East African Advanced Certificate of Education (EAACE) became the Kenya Advanced Certificate of Education (KACE), awarded after 2 years of high school. The 7-4-2-3 system foresaw 11–13 years of basic education schooling and a minimum of 3 years for undergraduate university education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="8–4–4_Curriculum"><span id="8.E2.80.934.E2.80.934_Curriculum"></span>8–4–4 Curriculum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 8–4–4 Curriculum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/8-4-4_Curriculum" class="mw-redirect" title="8-4-4 Curriculum">8-4-4 Curriculum</a></div> <p>In 1985, President <a href="/wiki/Daniel_arap_Moi" title="Daniel arap Moi">Daniel arap Moi</a> introduced the 8–4–4 system of education, which adopted 8 years of primary education, 4 years of secondary education and 4 years of university education. With the introduction of the 8–4–4 system CPE became KCPE (<a href="/wiki/Kenya_Certificate_of_Primary_Education" title="Kenya Certificate of Primary Education">Kenya Certificate of Primary Education</a>) while KCE became the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE). The length of basic education schooling was reduced to 12 years and the length of undergraduate studies was increased to a minimum of 4 years. </p><p>From 1985 to 2017, public education in Kenya was based on an 8–4–4 system,<sup id="cite_ref-ferre_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferre-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eshiwani_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eshiwani-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with eight years of primary education followed by four years of secondary school and four years of college or university. To date, there has been steady growth in the advancement of education in the country which boasts of a great number of public and private universities as well as <a href="/wiki/TVET_(technical_and_vocational_education_and_training)" class="mw-redirect" title="TVET (technical and vocational education and training)">TVET</a> institutions and middle-level colleges. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competency_Based_Curriculum_(CBC),_2-6-3-3-3"><span id="Competency_Based_Curriculum_.28CBC.29.2C_2-6-3-3-3"></span>Competency Based Curriculum (CBC), 2-6-3-3-3</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Competency Based Curriculum (CBC), 2-6-3-3-3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2017, the Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC) was launched to replace the traditional 8–4–4 system introduced by the President Moi in 1985. The Competency-Based Curriculum was designed by the Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development (KICD) with the aim of churning out 'engaged, empowered and ethical citizens'. </p><p>Unlike the 8-4-4 system where learners would spend 8 years in primary education, 4 years in secondary School and 4 years at the university, the CBC curriculum runs on a 2-6-3-3-3 System of Education where basic education has been organized in three levels; Early Years Education, Middle School Education, and Senior School.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under CBC, learners will now spend 2 years in Pre-primary, 6 years in Primary (Grade 1–6), 3 years in Junior Secondary (Grade 7, 8, 9), 3 years in Senior Secondary (grade 10,11,12) - retaining 12 years of basic education schooling - and 3 years in university. </p><p>The Competency-Based Curriculum puts emphasis on seven core competences namely; communication and collaboration, critical thinking and problem-solving, creativity and imagination, citizenship, digital literacy, learning to learn and <a href="/wiki/Self-efficacy" title="Self-efficacy">self-efficacy</a>. </p><p>According to KICD, the traditional curriculum is teacher-centered while the CBC is learner-centered. </p><p>Learners are constantly assessed on the seven competencies based on the following areas; Meeting Expectations (ME), Approaching Expectations (AE) and Below Expectations (BE). </p><p>The first cohort of learners under the CBC curriculum will clear Primary Education in 2022. They are expected to transition to junior high school in early 2023.The government has through the ministry of education been investing in developing the infrastructure required in public schools across the country to accommodate the junior high-schoolers. </p><p>In October 2021, President Uhuru Kenyatta directed the National Treasury to avail <a href="/wiki/Kenyan_shilling" title="Kenyan shilling">KSh.</a>8 billion/= to the Education Ministry for the construction of 10,000 classrooms in secondary schools across the country by 2023. According to Education Cabinet Secretary Prof George Magoha, 700 new CBC junior classrooms had been completed within secondary schools as at February 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, CBC has been a top priority funding area in the KSh.126.3 billion/= supplementary budget, submitted in parliament mid February by Treasury Cabinet Secretary Ukur Yattani.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Kenya Institute of curriculum Development (KICD), students transitioning to Junior secondary schools will be between the ages of 12 and 14. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Curriculum">British Curriculum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: British Curriculum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An increasing number of private schools offer a system of education similar to the British system of education with eight to nine years of preparatory/primary school, followed by two to three years of secondary school (culminating in the <a href="/wiki/International_General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" title="International General Certificate of Secondary Education">International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE)</a>, and thereafter two years of high school leading to the <a href="/wiki/A-level" title="A-level">Advanced Level</a> qualification. This has similarities with the 7-4-2-3 system described above. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North-American_Curriculum">North-American Curriculum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: North-American Curriculum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A few private schools provide formal education based on the <a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312_education_in_the_United_States" title="K–12 education in the United States">K–12 education system in the United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Canadian curriculum</a>, consisting of twelve school grades, leading to the equivalent of the US-American and Canadian high school diplomas. Such schools include <a href="/wiki/Rosslyn_Academy" title="Rosslyn Academy">Rosslyn Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Nairobi_School" title="West Nairobi School">West Nairobi School</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_School_of_Kenya" title="International School of Kenya">International School of Kenya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Rift_Valley_Academy" title="Rift Valley Academy">Rift Valley Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kijabe" title="Kijabe">Kijabe</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transition_rates_and_Overall_Performance">Transition rates and Overall Performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Transition rates and Overall Performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Out of all children in Kenya, about 85% attend primary school. 75% of those who complete primary education will proceed to <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary schools</a> and 60% of those who complete secondary school will proceed to institutions of a higher level of education, including business and vocational institutions, national polytechnics, public and private universities within the country. Over 950,000 Kenyans have furthered their education abroad with a majority of graduates primarily from India, the United Kingdom, Canada, the United States, Russia, and Uganda. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_quality">Education quality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Education quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Education quality has recently received a lot of attention in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>. The Kenyan government's primary document influencing this effort, the Kenya Education Sector Support Program for 2005–2010, established the National Assessment Centre (NAC) to monitor learning achievement. In 2010, the NAC released the results of its first assessment. </p><p>In 2009, in collaboration with the NAC, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uwezo.net/index.php?c=62">Uwezo Kenya</a> conducted an assessment of the basic literacy and numeracy skills of children ages 6–16. The Annual Learning Assessment (ALA) reached villages in 70 out of 158 districts in Kenya and assessed nearly 70,000 children in their homes. The ALA was set at a Standard 2 level, which is the level where students are supposed to achieve basic competency in reading English and Kiswahili and complete simple arithmetic problems. The chart below shows the percent of children who could not read a Standard 2 level paragraph or solve Standard 2 level subtraction problems:<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Level of Children Assessed</th> <th>Cannot Read English Paragraph</th> <th rowspan="2">Cannot Read Swahili Paragraph</th> <th>Cannot Do Subtraction </th></tr> <tr> <td>Standard 2</td> <td>85%</td> <td>79% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Standard 5</td> <td>27%</td> <td>23%</td> <td>30% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Standard 8</td> <td>4%</td> <td>4%</td> <td>10% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Key findings about education in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, based on the results of the Uwezo 2009 assessment:<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Literacy levels are low, and are substantially lower in certain regions. Girls tend to perform better in reading English and Kiswahili, while boys tend to perform better in math.</li> <li>Literacy levels are lower in public schools than private schools.</li> <li>Most children can solve real world, "ethno-mathematics" problems, while fewer can solve similar math problems in an abstract, pencil and paper format.</li> <li>5% of children are not enrolled in school, but the problem is far worse in particular regions.</li> <li>About half of children are enrolled in pre-school.</li> <li>Many children are older than expected for their class level, including 40% of children in class 2, and 60% of children in class 7.</li> <li>North Eastern Province and arid districts in Rift Valley and Eastern Provinces have particularly low performance; and many older children, especially girls, are not attending school.</li> <li>Many families pay for extra tuition, which focuses heavily on drilling and exam preparation.</li> <li>Schools struggle to plan their budgets because they receive funds at unpredictable times.</li> <li>Children whose mothers are educated, particularly beyond primary school, tend to have much higher rates of literacy and numeracy.</li> <li>About 15% of students are absent on a given day, with much higher absenteeism in certain districts as a result of increased poverty level.</li> <li>There is a severe shortage of teachers, estimated at 4 teachers per school.</li> <li>The reluctance of the government to invest in educational institutions in marginalized areas thereby developing schools in cities only which result in inefficient education process in arid and semi-arid areas</li> <li>Embezzlement of public funds by school administrators and lack of accountability of the use of government grants and high levels of corruption in educational institutions</li></ol> <p>Due to the mentioned problems in public education, private school are soaring in popularity, even among families that can ill afford school fees.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Childhood_Development_education">Early Childhood Development education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Early Childhood Development education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early Childhood Development (ECD) education or Pre-primary education is a foundation for later learning and development and it targets children aged 0–5 years with a focus on igniting the child's potential for lifelong adaptability, innovation and communication skills while imparting in them the values of responsible citizenship and respect for diversity. ECD is classified into three different clusters i.e. </p> <ul><li>Baby-class</li> <li>Nursery school</li> <li>Pre-unit</li></ul> <p>Between the years of 2003-2007, the educational sector strategic plan and implementation plan committed to eliminating poverty as an educational development hindrance, promoting human rights through provisions of education, and attaining sustainable development of quality basic education for all. This implementation is a positive step towards education access in Kenya. One of the first steps to access education is at the early childhood development (ECD), primary, and secondary levels. The government assessed the high need for a change in access due to half of the population being composed of young people. According to Achoka et al. (2007), 20% of these people are under the age of five years old. ECD implementation is crucial in the school systems because the ages of 0-5 and key developmental years. While the children are rapidly developing, they are also the most vulnerable to environmental factors and influences. An effective ECD programme could create a beneficial foundation for further education and training. Between the years 1992 and 2002 there was a 68.9% increase in the number of ECD centers. <sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accessibility_concerns_in_ECD_education">Accessibility concerns in ECD education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Accessibility concerns in ECD education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The accessibility of education is influenced by four main factors: poverty, regional and gender disparities, policy framework, and the HIV/AIDS pandemic. In 2002, roughly 56% of the population lived in poverty. The people living in these conditions are also unable to acquire proper dietary needs, medical needs, and a clean and stable habitat. The children who are born into these conditions are predisposed to the disadvantaged access of education specifically to ECD. Not only can this influence their access to education, it can also influence their growth and development. While the government tries to offer some support, a majority of the costs associated with education are covered solely by the parents. Many of the families that are living in poverty are unable to afford to send their children to school. <sup id="cite_ref-Odebero_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odebero-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In today’s highly competitive and challenge-ridden world, education can play a vital role in developing people’s characters development and promoting levels of personal growth needed to survive and thrive. Unlike uneducated people, person who pass successfully through the education system undergo experiences that often expose them to diverse cultures, worldviews, and ideas that will help foster global awareness, empathy, and vital skills needed to interact with diverse people, collaborate, learn, and pursue successful lives. In other words, it provides a sense of self-discovery and helps people form their values, beliefs, and identities. However, education as it exists today has its limitations, including following a standardized curriculum that leaves little room for personal interests and individualized learning (Schlegel et al., 2019). Such factors affect creativity and often prevent people from pursuing their unique passions and talents. Also, marginalized groups may not access education due to economic disparities that affect their opportunities for personal growth and success. In the 21st century, education is evolving, and lifelong learning continues to be relevant as many people adapt to the ever-changing technologies and industries. Online courses and self-directed learning are common today, and they offer flexibility but need strong self-discipline. Generally, education is a stepping stone to a meaningful life as it equips one with various skills and broadens horizons. It is only one part of the journey to success and personal fulfilment in today's changing world. </p><p>Geographically, Kenya is very varied and diverse. Northern Kenya are Arid and Semi-Ari Lands (ASALs), but the Central and Western areas are wetlands. Although the government has attempted to achieve accessible education for all citizens, many of the people living in the ASAL regions are continuously moving in search of Wetlands for their families and their livestock. Due to the constant migrations, their lifestyles create conflicts in education access as they are not in an area for long enough to begin the schooling process for their children in the required ECD education. Additionally, there have been land/tribal conflicts which results in families being exiled or parents being killed. The children in these conditions remain unsupported for any education needs as the parents cannot afford it. Connected to the geographical barriers are the cultural barriers in Kenya as well. Although the government attempts to provide equal educational opportunities regardless of gender, some parents focus their attention and resources on males and their education since they are seen as more of an asset to their family. As a result, more males than females are enrolled in ECD programs which creates a gender disparity. <sup id="cite_ref-Odebero_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odebero-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another area of concern in ECD education is the lack of adequate policy framework which has created inconsistent and unmeasurable curriculum. This has a major effect on the children's primary education entry behavior. The group that is most affected by this are the poverty-stricken parents in rural communities. Managing these behaviors are left to the abilities of the educators, but in some areas, the extent of ECD education is processed in rooms called “academies.” Many of the teachers/caregivers in the academies may not have any training. With a variety of factors, some of these centers are not productive learning environments and make it extremely difficult to detect children with special needs. <sup id="cite_ref-Odebero_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odebero-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, the HIV/AIDS epidemic has been a concern for the citizens living in Kenya as it does not spare children. Many children who have HIV/AIDS are born to infected parents who transfer it to them. A majority of those children die within their first five years of life. The infant mortality rate and under-five years mortality rate has significantly increased in recent years. Since it affects a large percentage of the population, this could directly influence the numbers of ECD centers available. <sup id="cite_ref-Odebero_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odebero-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_education">Primary education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Primary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Primary education marks the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/8-4-4_Curriculum" class="mw-redirect" title="8-4-4 Curriculum">8-4-4 Curriculum</a>. It begins at the age of 5 to 7 after completion of a year of kindergarten commonly known as nursery school or pre-unit. The first class or year of primary school is known as Standard 1, the final year as Standard 8 and primary school children are known as pupils. The school year at both primary and secondary levels, begins in January and ends in November. Students get 3 school vacations in April, August and December. </p><p>At the end of the school year, students advance to the next grade. Since repetition was banned students still progress to the next grade even though they fail their examinations. Most primary schools are day schools with pupils living at home. Fewer schools at primary level are boarding schools compared to secondary schools. All public primary school pupils sit for the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education examination at the end of the school year in Standard eight.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In primary school, students are taught English, Kiswahili and Indigenous language activities.<sup id="cite_ref-BECF-_KICD_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BECF-_KICD-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><ul><li><b>Lower primary</b>: This is a 4-year period that marks the first transition into the mainstream <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary education</a> <a href="/wiki/System" title="System">system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and starts at ages 6 or 7. The <a href="/wiki/Grading_in_education" title="Grading in education">grading system</a> is called <i>"standard"</i>, meaning the first four years the students transitions from standard one, through four.</li> <li><b>Upper primary</b>: This is also a 4-year period that helps prepare the students for the <a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">high school</a> years. At standard 7, the students become more aware of which high schools they want to attend. During the last year of the <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary school</a> system, students are allowed to select 4 to 6 <a href="/wiki/Secondary_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary schools">secondary schools</a> that they would like to attend including one <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_school_(Kenya)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National school (Kenya) (page does not exist)">national school</a> and take the <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Certificate_of_Primary_Education" title="Kenya Certificate of Primary Education">KCPE</a>, which validates their transition to <a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">high school</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Universal Primary Education (UME), an international development goal created by the World Conference on Education, has led to Kenya's target of universal primary education for all citizens. Since 2003, enrollments have increased drastically and today Kenya has much closer rates of enrollment to first world countries, such as the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2003 President <a href="/wiki/Mwai_Kibaki" title="Mwai Kibaki">Mwai Kibaki</a> re-introduced free primary education which previously existed before the mid-80s when the government adopted cost-sharing measures that led to a minor level of school fees charged by primary schools for textbooks, PTA, and extracurricular activities. Since 2003, education in public schools became free and compulsory (Kenya Constitution, Article 53, 2010). On learning that primary education had once again<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> become free in Kenya, <a href="/wiki/Kimani_Maruge" title="Kimani Maruge">Kimani Maruge</a>, an uneducated farmer and the world's oldest person to enrol in primary school joined Kapkenduiywo primary school in <a href="/wiki/Eldoret" title="Eldoret">Eldoret</a> at the age of 84. He was elected head boy at the age of 86 in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secondary_education">Secondary education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Secondary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Secondary schools in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> fall into three categories: government-funded, Harambee and private. Government-funded schools are divided into national, provincial and district levels. Harambee schools do not receive full funding from the government and private schools are run by private organizations or individuals. After taking the primary school leaving exam and successfully passing, government-funded schools select students in order of scores. </p><p>Students with the highest scores gain admission into national schools while those with average scores are selected into provincial and district schools. Harambee schools accept students with low scores. Students who fail their examinations pursue technical and vocational education. The latter is divided into technical secondary school (lasting 4 years) and apprenticeships solutions. Since 2010, technical secondary schools student can have access to university programmes.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of students also drop out of school by choice due to poor scores. </p><p>Under the current system, students attend secondary school for four years before sitting for the school-leaving exam at the end of the fourth year. The first-class or year of secondary school is known as form 1 and the final year is form 4. At the end of the fourth year, from October to November students sit for the <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" title="Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education">Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education</a> examination. In 2008, the government introduced plans to offer free Secondary education to all Kenyans. </p><p>Historic prestigious national high schools include <a href="/wiki/Mang%27u_High_School" title="Mang'u High School">Mang'u High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alliance_High_School_(Kenya)" title="Alliance High School (Kenya)">Alliance High School (Kenya)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenana_School" title="Lenana School">Lenana School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Starehe_Boys%27_Centre_and_School" title="Starehe Boys' Centre and School">Starehe Boys' Centre and School</a>. Private secondary schools in Kenya are generally high cost, offering students an alternative system of education with better or more luxurious facilities compared to public schools. They are often favoured for prestige. Most private schools in Kenya offer the British system of education which includes "O-levels" and "A-levels". Very few offer the American system of education and a good number of them offer the Kenya system. Some of the oldest private schools in Kenya include Loreto Convent Msongari, Nairobi (1921), <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_School,_Nairobi" title="St. Mary's School, Nairobi">St. Mary's School, Nairobi</a>, Braeburn School, Consolata School, <a href="/wiki/Strathmore_School" title="Strathmore School">Strathmore School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oshwal_Academy" title="Oshwal Academy">Oshwal Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rift_Valley_Academy" title="Rift Valley Academy">Rift Valley Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Aga Khan Academy">Aga Khan Academy</a>, Kenton College and <a href="/wiki/Brookhouse_School" title="Brookhouse School">Brookhouse School</a>, </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="KCSE_grading_requirements">KCSE grading requirements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: KCSE grading requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subject_grouping">Subject grouping</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Subject grouping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The average grade is based on performance in seven subjects. Where a candidate sits for a minimum seven and a maximum of nine subjects, the average grade is based on the best seven subjects. The grade assigned to the candidate depends on how well he has performed in all the seven ranked subjects. The subjects are grouped and among those seven chosen Group 1 is compulsory, Group 2 must be at least 2, Group 3 must be at least 1, Groups 4 and 5 are optional. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">Group </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>Group 1 </th> <th>Group 2 </th> <th>Group 3 </th> <th>Group 4 </th> <th>Group 5 </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Subject </th></tr> <tr> <td>English; Kiswahili; Mathematics or Mathematics, Alternative B</td> <td>Biology; Physics; Chemistry; Biology for the Blind; General Science</td> <td>History; Geography; Christian Religious Education (CRE) or Islamic Religious Education (IRE) or Hindu Religious Education (HRE)</td> <td>Home Science; Art and Design; Agriculture; Wood Work; Metal Work ; Building Construction; Power Mechanics; Electricity; Drawing and Design; Aviation Technology; Computer Studies</td> <td>French; German; Arabic; Sign Language; Music; Business Studies </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Compulsory</th> <th>Minimum of two or maximum of three</th> <th>Minimum of one or maximum of two</th> <th>Optional or maximum of one</th> <th>Optional or maximum of one </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grading_system">Grading system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Grading system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Mean grading</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Grade </th> <th>A </th> <th>A− (minus) </th> <th>B+ (plus) </th> <th>B (plain) </th> <th>B− (minus) </th> <th>C+ (plus) </th> <th>C (plain) </th> <th>C− (minus) </th> <th>D+ (plus) </th> <th>D (plain) </th> <th>D− (minus) </th> <th>E </th></tr> <tr> <th>Points </th> <td>84–81 </td> <td>80–74 </td> <td>73–67 </td> <td>66–60 </td> <td>59–53 </td> <td>52–46 </td> <td>45–39 </td> <td>38–32 </td> <td>31–25 </td> <td>24–18 </td> <td>17–11 </td> <td>10–7 </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Subject grading</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Grade </th> <th>A </th> <th>A− (minus) </th> <th>B+ (plus) </th> <th>B (plain) </th> <th>B− (minus) </th> <th>C+ (plus) </th> <th>C (plain) </th> <th>C− (minus) </th> <th>D+ (plus) </th> <th>D (plain) </th> <th>D− (minus) </th> <th>E </th></tr> <tr> <th>Points </th> <td>12 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><b>Grade P</b> – This grade denotes that the results are pending due to infringement of entry requirements. For instance, the candidate did not key in the correct index number or involved in some for form of forgery.</li> <li><b>Grade X</b> – This grade is awarded to a candidate who did not sit for one or all the papers that they registered for. In that case, the student will not be graded and will be awarded Grade X. This grade will automatically be awarded when total points scored by candidate fall below 7. A candidate will also be awarded Grade X if they did not sit minimum required subjects in grades 1, 2 and 3. However, the candidate can be graded (Grade A – E) after skipping for the final exams in any subjects in Grades 4 and 5, provided they sat for at least seven subjects in grades 1, 2 and 3, but their certificate and transcript will indicate Grade X in that particular subject.</li> <li><b>Grade W</b> – A candidate is awarded this grade on suspicion of exam malpractice. The examination board will conduct further investigation before grading or cancelling the results of the candidate.</li> <li><b>Grade Y</b> - After exam irregularities are proven, the candidate will be awarded Grade Y. The candidate may face prosecution and will have to resit the examination with the next cohort.</li></ul> <p>University matriculation is based on the best eight and performance in particular subjects relevant to degree courses. For instance: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Subject </th> <th>Group </th> <th>Grade </th> <th>Points </th></tr> <tr> <td>English </td> <td>1 </td> <td>B+ </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kiswahili </td> <td>1 </td> <td>A− </td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mathematics </td> <td>1 </td> <td>A </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>History & Government </td> <td>3 </td> <td>B </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Geography </td> <td>3 </td> <td>A− </td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Physics </td> <td>2 </td> <td>B+ </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chemistry </td> <td>2 </td> <td>B− </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biology </td> <td>2 </td> <td>A− </td> <td>11 </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>The total number of points is 74: which is a mean grade of A−. Chemistry has not been used in the ranking, as maximum number of subjects that can be used in final ranking are seven. This student qualifies for direct admission in a Public University. Training institutions and faculties and departments determine their own minimum entry requirements.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The number of students admitted to public universities through the Kenya Universities and Colleges Central Placement Service (KUCCPS), prior to 2012 known as Kenya Universities Joint Admissions Board (JAB),<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> depends on the total number of beds available in all the public universities. Nonetheless, those who miss out but attained the minimum university entry mark of C+ or C with a relevant diploma certificate are admitted through the parallel degree programs (module II) if they can afford the full fees for the course. </p><p>Students who manage a grade of C+ qualify to do a degree course at the university. Owing to the competition, and fewer places at the university, those with B and in a few cases B−, and above are taken for degree courses at the <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a> universities and benefit by paying government-subsidized fees. The rest join <a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private</a> universities or middle-level colleges. </p><p>This has been the subject of much discussion with people questioning the rationale and morality of locking out qualified students from public institutions yet still admitting those who come from financially able families. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_and_Vocational_Education_and_Training_Institutions">Technical and Vocational Education and Training Institutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Technical and Vocational Education and Training Institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These institutions operate under the state department of vocational and technical training under the helm of a principal secretary. Current PS is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Esther_Thaara_Muhoria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esther Thaara Muhoria (page does not exist)">Esther Thaara Muhoria</a>. </p><p>They award artisan, craft and diploma and higher national diploma certificates after successful completion of relevant courses. Courses offered by these institutions include Business Education, Accounting, Secretarial Studies, Nursing, Teacher Training, Computer Studies, Journalism, Media, Design, Culinary Studies, Foreign Languages, Tourism and Engineering. In order of credibility or accreditation, national polytechnics rank first, followed by government training institutes, teacher training colleges and private institutions. Although generally termed colleges, these institutions do not award degrees. Degrees are only awarded by Universities and Technical Universities. Over time, education has been a critical component in the pursuit of a meaningful life. People can get knowledge, skills, and perspectives important for career success, personal growth, and social contributions. However, it is not appropriate to view education as the only way of fulfilling life due to its limitations. Education provides a good foundation for economic stability and career opportunities. When well-educated, people will cultivate problem-solving, critical thinking, and communication skills to navigate the complex and competitive job market in the 21st century (Tran, 2023). Notably, it brings opportunities and opens doors for people to pursue their passions and have a sense of purpose and fulfilment. </p><p>From July 2014, all government and private institutions offering Technical and Vocational Education and Training where put under <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kenyalaw.org/kenya_gazette/gazette/volume/MTAyMw--/Vol.%20CXVI-No.%2060">"TVETA"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TVETA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkenyalaw.org%2Fkenya_gazette%2Fgazette%2Fvolume%2FMTAyMw--%2FVol.%2520CXVI-No.%252060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Kenya" class="Z3988"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this act normalized this sector as it had become tainted by unaccredited institutions offering substandard education as revealed by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/m/story.php?articleID=1144017076&story_title=move-to-weed-out-fake-colleges&pageNo=2/">"The Standard"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Standard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.standardmedia.co.ke%2Fm%2Fstory.php%3FarticleID%3D1144017076%26story_title%3Dmove-to-weed-out-fake-colleges%26pageNo%3D2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Kenya" class="Z3988"></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2015/12/02/blacklist-colleges-shut-down_c1252870">"The Star"</a>. 2 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Star&rft.date=2015-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-star.co.ke%2Fnews%2F2015%2F12%2F02%2Fblacklist-colleges-shut-down_c1252870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Kenya" class="Z3988"></span> As of 10 October 2016 there were 540 institutions accredited by the Authority<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_TVET_institutions">Government TVET institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Government TVET institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three types of government TVET institutions in Kenya. these are National Polytechnics, Technical Institutions and Vocational Education Centers (formerly Youth Polytechnics)<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.tveta.go.ke/institutions/">[1]</a> Notable Institutions include: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Kenya" title="Technical University of Kenya">Technical University of Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Mombasa" title="Technical University of Mombasa">Technical University of Mombasa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Sigalagala_National_Polytechnic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Sigalagala National Polytechnic (page does not exist)">The Sigalagala National Polytechnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_Valley_Technical_Training_Institute" title="Rift Valley Technical Training Institute">Rift Valley Technical Training Institute</a>S</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="University_education">University education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: University education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Kenya" title="List of universities and colleges in Kenya">List of universities and colleges in Kenya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Kenya" title="Academic ranks in Kenya">Academic ranks in Kenya</a></div> <p>There are 48 universities in Kenya, 22 of which are public and 26 private. The University of Nairobi is the oldest public university in Kenya while KAG East university is the oldest among the private universities. </p><p>While education accessibility has been of major importance at the primary and secondary levels in Kenya, the attempt of making education accessible has not been implemented at the higher education level, which leaves students from a lower socioeconomic status at a disadvantage compared to those of a higher socioeconomic status. In recent years there has been an increase in the cost of higher education worldwide, and there is no exception for Kenya which is limiting access to specific socioeconomic groups and those from different regions and ethnic groups since it favors and is more accessible to those who can afford it. There are very few students from disadvantaged backgrounds attending higher education institutions which is a reflection of the society and the quality of prior education. There are many social inequalities present in Kenya which have a direct impact on education such as: disparities in distribution of national income, security, and employment, levels of investment, health care, and public services are also evident across populations, genders, and ethnic groups. In an observation done by the Society for International Development, in 2004 10% of Kenya's population controlled about 42% of the national income while 10% contents with significantly less than 1%. The poverty gap has widened so significantly that the top 1% is making approximately $1,204 per month while the rest of the population is making approximately $181 per month.<sup id="cite_ref-Odhiambo_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odhiambo-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immediately after independence, Kenya's public higher education was free for all students regardless of their socioeconomic status; it was fully funded by the government. This created a high demand for higher education which raised a concern for donor agencies. At that time, the demand was continuously increasing, but Kenya's economy was not improving, so the government established a cost sharing and cost recovery model. In the cost sharing model, the government would cover part of the cost, but the remaining cost was the institutions and families responsibility. After this change, the student loan scheme was introduced. It was the responsibility of the Higher Education Loans Board (HELB) to pay out loans to Kenyan students that are interested in attending a higher education institution; there have been concerns that the loans are not being distributed equitably which has not fully improved the higher education access issues. Kenya has also explored the Module II admissions plan. In this plan, the admitted students must pay their full tuition fees but also pay an amount that is equivalent to attending a private institution. This has widened the accessibility gap for families of lower socioeconomic status as they will not be able to pay the amount of tuition, so higher education remains unaffordable and inaccessible for those students.<sup id="cite_ref-Odhiambo_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odhiambo-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the current policies and financial requirements, educational access is limited to students who perform highly in academics and those who do not. If students are academically inclined and perform well in their primary and secondary education institutions, the educational fees and increasing tuition costs cause them to be unable to attend a higher education institution. Cost sharing has created an even larger gap in accessibility for students; continuing similar policies will keep creating a larger gap. <sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_Education_Financing">Higher Education Financing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Higher Education Financing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2023, the Government of Kenya launched the Higher Education Financing portal to ensure equality in the access to education for University and TVET students. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nashthuo.com/hef-portal/">HEF portal</a> is based on the New Funding Model (NFM) launched by the President of Kenya on 3 May 2023. Under the NFM, students assessed as vulnerable and extremely needy will receive 100% Government funding for their education. Those assessed as needy will receive 93% of Government funding via the HEF portal.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_accessibility_in_university_education">Digital accessibility in university education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Digital accessibility in university education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been a recent focus on digital accessibility after the COVID-19 pandemic. In a study done by Githinji et al. (2022), there was a focus on the accessibility of digital content in Kenya. This was done at the higher education level. The study found that one of the major challenges in accessibility was the internet connectivity for both educators and students. In many areas in the country, there are not the necessary resources or funds to be able to purchase a device to access digital content. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_universities_and_their_constituent_colleges">Public universities and their constituent colleges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Public universities and their constituent colleges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_universities">Public universities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Public universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sno </th> <th>University Name </th> <th>Area </th> <th>Year Chartered </th> <th>Original name </th> <th>Year established </th> <th>Campus </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Nairobi" title="University of Nairobi">University of Nairobi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a> </td> <td>1970 </td> <td>Royal Technical College, Royal College Nairobi </td> <td>1956 </td> <td>Main campus, Kikuyu campus, Chiromo campus, Lower Kabete campus, Upper Kabete campus, Parklands campus, Kenya Science campus, Mombasa campus and Kisumu campus. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moi_University" title="Moi University">Moi University</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eldoret" title="Eldoret">Eldoret</a> </td> <td>1984 </td> <td>Moi University </td> <td>1984 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenyatta_University" title="Kenyatta University">Kenyatta University</a> </td> <td>Nairobi </td> <td>1985 </td> <td>Kenyatta University College </td> <td>1965 </td> <td>Main campus, Parklands campus, Ruiru campus, City campus, Kitui campus, Mombasa campus, Nakuru campus. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Egerton_University" title="Egerton University">Egerton University</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Njoro" title="Njoro">Njoro</a> </td> <td>1988 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maseno_University" title="Maseno University">Maseno University</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maseno" title="Maseno">Maseno</a> </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>Maseno Govt. Training Institute, Siriba Teachers College </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Oginga Odinga University </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta_University_of_Agriculture_and_Technology" title="Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology">Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kiambu_County" title="Kiambu County">Kiambu</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>Jomo Kenyatta College of Agriculture </td> <td>1981 </td> <td>Multimedia University College of Kenya, Meru University College of Science and Technology, <a href="/wiki/Murang%27a_University_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Murang'a University College">Murang'a University College</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Masinde_Muliro_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology">Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kakamega" title="Kakamega">Kakamega</a> </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>Western College of Arts and Applied Sciences </td> <td>1972 </td> <td>Constituent colleges, Kibabii University College, Turkana University Uollege, Kaimosi University College, Main campus in Kakamega and Mumias campus </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dedan_Kimathi_University_of_Technology" title="Dedan Kimathi University of Technology">Dedan Kimathi University of Technology</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nyeri" title="Nyeri">Nyeri</a> </td> <td>2012 </td> <td>Kimathi Institute of Technology, Kimathi University College of Technology (2007) as a Constituent College of <a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta_University_of_Agriculture_and_Technology" title="Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology">Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology</a> </td> <td>1972 </td> <td>Main Campus, Nyeri </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chuka_University" title="Chuka University">Chuka University</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chuka,_Kenya" title="Chuka, Kenya">Chuka</a> </td> <td>2012 </td> <td>Egerton University Eastern Campus College, Chuka University College (2007) as a Constituent College of <a href="/wiki/Egerton_University" title="Egerton University">Egerton University</a> </td> <td>2004 </td> <td>Main Campus, Chuka </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Kenya" title="Technical University of Kenya">Technical University of Kenya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>Kenya Technical Institute, Kenya Polytechnic, Kenya Polytechnic University College (2007) as a Constituent College of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nairobi" title="University of Nairobi">University of Nairobi</a> </td> <td>1961 </td> <td>Main Campus, Nairobi </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Mombasa" title="Technical University of Mombasa">Technical University of Mombasa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>(MIOME), Mombasa Technical Institute [1966], Mombasa Polytechnic [1976], The Mombasa Polytechnic University College [2007] as a Constituent College of <a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta_University_of_Agriculture_and_Technology" title="Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology">Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology</a> </td> <td>1940 </td> <td>Main Campus, Tudor. Satellite Campuses in Kwale and Lamu County </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pwani_University" title="Pwani University">Pwani University</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kilifi" title="Kilifi">Kilifi</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>Kilifi Institute of Agriculture, Pwani University College as a Constituent College of <a href="/wiki/Kenyatta_University" title="Kenyatta University">Kenyatta University</a> </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>Main Campus, Kilifi </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kisii_University" title="Kisii University">Kisii University</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kisii,_Kenya" title="Kisii, Kenya">Kisii</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>Primary Teachers' Training College (1965), Secondary Teachers' College (1983), Egerton Campus (1994), Kisii University College (2007) as a Constituent College of <a href="/wiki/Egerton_University" title="Egerton University">Egerton University</a> </td> <td>1965 </td> <td>Main Campus, Kisii Town Campus </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Eldoret" title="University of Eldoret">University of Eldoret</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eldoret" title="Eldoret">Eldoret</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>Chepkoilel University College as a Constituent College of <a href="/wiki/Moi_University" title="Moi University">Moi University</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Main Campus Eldoret </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maasai_Mara_University" title="Maasai Mara University">Maasai Mara University</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Narok" title="Narok">Narok</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>Narok University College as a Constituent College of <a href="/wiki/Moi_University" title="Moi University">Moi University</a> </td> <td>2008 </td> <td>Main Campus, Narok </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jaramogi_Oginga_Odinga_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology">Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kisumu" title="Kisumu">Kisumu</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>Bondo Teachers Training College, Bondo University College, as a Constituent College of <a href="/wiki/Maseno_University" title="Maseno University">Maseno University</a> </td> <td>(2009) </td> <td>Main Campus, Lake Victoria </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laikipia_University" title="Laikipia University">Laikipia University</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laikipia" class="mw-redirect" title="Laikipia">Laikipia</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>LSFTC (1965), AHITI (1979), Egerton University Campus (1990), Laikipia University College, as a Constituent College of <a href="/wiki/Egerton_University" title="Egerton University">Egerton University</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Main Campus, Nyahururu town Campus, Naivasha Campus, Nakuru Campus, Maralal Campus </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Eastern_Kenya_University" title="South Eastern Kenya University">South Eastern Kenya University</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kitui" title="Kitui">Kitui</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>Ukamba Agricultural Institute (Ukai), South Eastern University College (Seuco) </td> <td>2008 </td> <td>SEKU Main Campus, Machakos Town Campus, Kitui Town Campus, Wote Town Campus, Mtito-Andei Campus, Nairobi City Campus. </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_University_of_Kenya" title="Multimedia University of Kenya">Multimedia University of Kenya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>Central Training School (CTS) to serve East African Posts Training School (1948), (KCCT) Kenya College of Communications Technology (1992), Multimedia University college of Kenya </td> <td>2008 </td> <td>(MMU) Main Campus </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kabianga" title="University of Kabianga">University of Kabianga</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kericho" title="Kericho">Kericho</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>The Government School, Kabianga (1925), Kabianga Teachers' Training College (1929), Kabianga Framers Training Cente (1959), Kabianga Campus of Moi University (2007), Kabianga University College </td> <td>2009 </td> <td>(UoK) Main Campus, Kapkatet Campus, Kericho Satellite Campus, Satellite Campus </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karatina_University" title="Karatina University">Karatina University</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karatina" title="Karatina">Karatina</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>Moi University Central Kenya Campus, Karatina University College </td> <td>2008 </td> <td>Main Campus, Karatina Town Campus, Itiati Campus, Nanyuki Campus, Riverbank Campus </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meru_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Meru University of Science and Technology">Meru University of Science and Technology</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meru,_Kenya" title="Meru, Kenya">Meru</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>(MECOTECH) Meru College of Technology (1979), (MUCST) Meru University College of Science and Technology </td> <td>2008 </td> <td>MUST Main Campus, Meru Town Campus </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirinyaga_University" title="Kirinyaga University">Kirinyaga University</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerugoya" title="Kerugoya">Kerugoya</a> </td> <td>2016 </td> <td>Kirinyaga Technical Institute, Kirinyaga University College </td> <td>2012 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kutus" title="Kutus">Kutus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerugoya" title="Kerugoya">Kerugoya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Machakos_University" title="Machakos University">Machakos University</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Machakos" title="Machakos">Machakos</a> </td> <td>2016 </td> <td>Technical Rural Training School (1957), Machakos Technical and Trade School(1958), Machakos Technical School(1967), Machakos Technical Training Institute (MTTI) (1987) </td> <td>1957 </td> <td>Main Campus, <a href="/wiki/Machakos" title="Machakos">Machakos</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Co-operative_university_of_Kenya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Co-operative university of Kenya (page does not exist)">The Co-operative university of Kenya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a> </td> <td>1968 </td> <td>Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology </td> <td>2016 </td> <td>CUK Main campus,Karen </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_universities">Private universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Private universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 3 categories of private universities: chartered universities – fully accredited universities, by the Commission for Higher Education; universities, which had been offering degrees long before the establishment of the Commission for Higher Education; and universities authorized to operate with Letters of Interim Authority (LIA). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chartered_universities">Chartered universities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Chartered universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Strathmore_University" title="Strathmore University">Strathmore University</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kenya_University" title="Mount Kenya University">Mount Kenya University</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Eastern_Africa,_Baraton" title="University of Eastern Africa, Baraton">University of Eastern Africa, Baraton</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_International_University_Africa" title="United States International University Africa">United States International University Africa</a> (USIU-A).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Eastern_Africa" title="Catholic University of Eastern Africa">Catholic University of Eastern Africa</a> – CUEA.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daystar_University" title="Daystar University">Daystar University</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabarak_University" title="Kabarak University">Kabarak University</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riara_University" title="Riara University">Riara University</a>.</li> <li>KAG East University</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Methodist_University" title="Kenya Methodist University">Kenya Methodist University</a>.(KeMU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Nazarene_University" title="Africa Nazarene University">Africa Nazarene University</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Paul%27s_University,_Kenya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Paul's University, Kenya (page does not exist)">St. Paul's University</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Methodist_University" title="Kenya Methodist University">Kenya Methodist University</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Africa_Christian_University" title="Pan Africa Christian University">Pan Africa Christian University</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Christian_University" title="Scott Christian University">Scott Christian University</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_Mara_University" title="Maasai Mara University">Maasai Mara University</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Highlands_Evangelical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenya Highlands Evangelical University">Kenya Highlands Evangelical University</a>. Formerly Kenya Highlands Bible College – KHBC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_University_of_Kisumu" title="Great Lakes University of Kisumu">Great Lakes University of Kisumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_International_University" title="Africa International University">Africa International University</a> (formerly NEGST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCA_University" title="KCA University">KCA University</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventist_University_of_Africa_(Rongai)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adventist University of Africa (Rongai) (page does not exist)">Adventist University of Africa (Rongai)</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Africa_Christian_University" title="Pan Africa Christian University">Pan Africa Christian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Eastern_Africa,_Baraton" title="University of Eastern Africa, Baraton">University of Eastern Africa, Baraton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_University" title="Aga Khan University">Aga Khan University</a>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Universities_with_Letters_of_Interim_Authority_(LIA)"><span id="Universities_with_Letters_of_Interim_Authority_.28LIA.29"></span>Universities with Letters of Interim Authority (LIA)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Universities with Letters of Interim Authority (LIA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Kiriri_Women%27s_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Kiriri Women's University of Science and Technology">Kiriri Women's University of Science and Technology</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_University_of_East_Africa" title="Presbyterian University of East Africa">Presbyterian University of East Africa</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretsa_University" title="Gretsa University">Gretsa University</a>.</li> <li>The East African University</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umma_University" title="Umma University">UMMA University</a></li> <li>Management University of Africa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riara_University" title="Riara University">Riara University</a></li> <li>Pioneer International University</li> <li>RAF International University</li> <li>Adventist University</li> <li>Inoorero University</li> <li>GENCO University</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Universities_operating_with_Certificates_of_Registration">Universities operating with Certificates of Registration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Universities operating with Certificates of Registration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Nairobi_International_School_of_theology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Nairobi International School of theology (page does not exist)">The Nairobi International School of theology</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teacher_education">Teacher education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Teacher education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most universities in Kenya have a teacher training programme, and the B.Ed. programmes often have the most students compared to other programmes. Kenya's population is growing, which in turn means that the demand for teachers is growing; however, there is often a shortage of teachers due to budget issues in schools. There are four different levels of teacher education. Early childhood development teacher education, which is available as a certificate or 2-year diploma, requires 300 hours of teaching practice. Primary teacher education is a 2-year programme in which teachers-in-training practice teaching in four sessions of three weeks. A variety of subjects are studied. Diploma teacher education is a 3-year programme. Teacher trainees in this programme take a wide variety of subjects. The undergraduate bachelors programme is a 4-year programme; trainees study 2 different subjects. All teaching programmes require teaching practice in which a teacher trainee prepares for lessons and teaches the lesson while being assessed on their preparation and the teaching itself. Mentor teachers at the school work with administration and supervisors to assess the teacher trainee. One challenge to teacher education in Kenya is a lack of experienced teacher educators who have knowledge of both the content and pedagogy. Additionally, some of the teacher educators of primary programmes were themselves trained at the secondary level, so they do not possess the knowledge of primary education necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Access_to_education">Access to education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Access to education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003, the government launched the Free Primary Education programme (FPE), which abolished primary school fees for all children. Previously, school fees, uniform costs, and textbook costs were a substantial barrier to education for many, especially considering the rate of poverty and economic inequality in Kenya. The aim of FPE was to remove these barriers to education and ensure that more children with low socioeconomic status are able to access schooling. Despite the goals of FPE to improve equitable education for all, analysis of the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE) examination scores showed that counties with high enrollment impact and improved KCPE scores were in the arid and semi-arid area, while counties with high enrollment impact and lower KCPE scores were in coastal areas.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>FPE led to an increased number of students who could attend school. It also led to an increase in the number of private schools, and it resulted in a larger teacher-student ratio in schools. Despite more students per teacher, researchers found that the implementation of FPE resulted in only slightly decreased test scores in those who would have finished primary school regardless of FPE. Overall, FPE succeeded in increasing access to primary school.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Students_with_disabilities">Students with disabilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Students with disabilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Free Primary Education programme secured equal rights for children with disabilities and set aside funding for schools with students with disabilities. Still, by 2005 less than 10% of children with disabilities had access to schooling. In 2010, a new constitution was adopted by Kenya which ensured that children with disabilities have the right to a free and compulsory education. Also in 2010, the National Special Needs Education Policy Framework was adopted by the Kenyan government to ensure that students with disabilities have access to good education. The objectives of this framework include early identification and intervention, increasing public awareness, supporting research, and providing adequate facilities. Despite the strong intentions of this framework to make education accessible for children with disabilities, by 2018 the framework had not been fully implemented. It is not uncommon for policies to remain unimplemented after adoption in Kenya; this may be due to a lack of available government funds.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the adoption of Free Primary Education, only four categories of disability were recognized: hearing impaired, mentally handicapped, physically handicapped, and visual impaired. After Free Primary education was adopted, autism, cerebral palsy, and Down syndrome were included in the disability categories. The National Special Needs Education Policy Framework further expanded the list of recognized disability categories to twenty-two, including orphaned students, the internally displaced, and nomadic students. There have been strides made in helping students with disabilities access an equitable education, but challenges remain. Few teachers are trained in special education. Referral and assessment services do not receive adequate funding, and not all schools have access to these resources. Additionally, there is a cultural stigma on people with disabilities in Kenya. The stigma and marginalization on people with disabilities is particularly acute in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mobile devices are seeing some success as assistive technology for the visually impaired in Kenya. Approximately 1.4% of Kenyans may be visually impaired, and students who are visually impaired have less access to textual works. There are six schools for the blind in Kenya, but only two of them offer secondary education. Only two universities admit visually impaired students, and the majors open to them are limited because of a lack of assistive technology resources. However, mobile devices are very common in Kenya, and one study found that distributing mobile devices to students made it easier for students with visual impairments to access education. Students were able to type notes, record lectures, have text read to them, and easily communicate with classmates and professors via email.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_access_to_education"><span id="Women.27s_access_to_education"></span>Women's access to education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Women's access to education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, the national secondary education expansion programme was put in place. This programme reduced school fees at the secondary level and increased class sizes, thereby expanding access. This policy resulted in an increase of educational attainment by women by 0.75 years. It also reduced the chance of a first childbirth by age 19 and age 20 by about 30%, and it reduced the chance of first marriage by age 16 and age 18 by 40% and 20% respectively. This hints that being able to continue secondary education reduces behaviors that could stop women from pursuing education. Higher education for women is associated with benefits for both women and their future children.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Factors_affecting_education_in_Kenya">Factors affecting education in Kenya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Factors affecting education in Kenya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248332772"><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This section has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Education_in_Kenya" title="Special:EditPage/Education in Kenya">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Education_in_Kenya" title="Talk:Education in Kenya">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Education_in_Kenya" title="Special:EditPage/Education in Kenya">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2003 the Kenyan government promised free primary education to its citizens. In the early 70s primary school fees were abolished but in the mid 80s cost-sharing measures between the government and its citizens led to the re-introduction of minor fee charges by primary schools. As the trend continued with schools requiring parents to pay fees such as PTA, harambee, textbooks, uniforms, caution fees, exam fees and extracurricular activity fees, most parents became overburdened and unable to raise such fees. Those who could not afford the money to pay for their children's school fees often had their children drop out of school. Many children were also forced to drop out of school when teachers would not allow them to take exams. To pressurize parents to pay fees, schools often sent children home during the final exams. </p><p>The growth of Kenya's education sector has exceeded expectations. After the first university was established in 1970, six other public universities and 23 private universities have been established. Although Kenya has its own universities, some parents prefer to send their children to universities outside the country. This is largely because Kenyan public universities are not as flexible with admission requirements as some foreign universities. Another factor that has been pointed out is that youth with disabilities are facing major obstacles to progress in higher education, and measures as affirmative action or measures tailored to the needs of particular profiles of students could play a relevant role in this.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literacy">Literacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Literacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a 2020 study on literacy published in Early Education and Development, researchers found that mothers and fathers in Kenya do not spend much time reading and storytelling with their children. This may be explained by the low level of education attained by the mostly rural participants in the study; it could also be explained by the amount of time these families need to spend on subsistence activities. However, one-third of other household members did read to children living in the same household, which had a positive effect on early childhood literacy.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aiducation" title="Aiducation">Aiducation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_National_Examination_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenya National Examination Council">Kenya National Examination Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Kenya" title="List of universities and colleges in Kenya">List of universities and colleges in Kenya</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Kenya" title="List of schools in Kenya">List of schools in Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_disparities_in_Kenyan_education" title="Gender disparities in Kenyan education">Gender disparities in Kenyan education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_Service_of_Kenya" title="National Library Service of Kenya">National Library Service of Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TVET_schools_s_in_kenya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TVET schools s in kenya (page does not exist)">TVET schools s in kenya</a></li></ul> <p><sup id="cite_ref-Odhiambo_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odhiambo-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/edwell/how-kenya-became-the-strongest-education-system-in-africa-70cdc72024c4">"How Kenya Became the Strongest Education System in Africa"</a>. 17 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Kenya+Became+the+Strongest+Education+System+in+Africa&rft.date=2021-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fedwell%2Fhow-kenya-became-the-strongest-education-system-in-africa-70cdc72024c4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Kenya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMutongi2023" class="citation journal cs1">Mutongi, K. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Jeanes+School%2C+Kabete&rft.au=Paukwa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaukwa.or.ke%2Fthe-history-of-jeanes-school-kabete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Kenya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFeKitabu" class="citation web cs1">eKitabu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ekitabublog.wordpress.com/digital-leaders/secondary-high-schools/maryhill-girls-high-school/">"MaryHill Girls' High School"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MaryHill+Girls%27+High+School&rft.au=eKitabu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fekitabublog.wordpress.com%2Fdigital-leaders%2Fsecondary-high-schools%2Fmaryhill-girls-high-school%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Kenya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOur_Lady_Consolata_Mugoiri_Girls_High_School" class="citation web cs1">Our Lady Consolata Mugoiri Girls High School. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olcmugoirigirls.sc.ke">"Message from the Principal's Desk"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Message+from+the+Principal%27s+Desk&rft.au=Our+Lady+Consolata+Mugoiri+Girls+High+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.olcmugoirigirls.sc.ke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Kenya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Meru_National_Polytechnic" class="citation web cs1">The Meru National Polytechnic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mnp.ac.ke/index.php/about-us/history">"History [of The Meru National Polytechnic]"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%5Bof+The+Meru+National+Polytechnic%5D&rft.au=The+Meru+National+Polytechnic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmnp.ac.ke%2Findex.php%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Kenya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahuhia_Girls'_High]_School" class="citation web cs1">Kahuhia Girls' High] School. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kahuhiagirls.sc.ke/about-us/school-background/89-about.html#:~:text=Kahuhia%20Girls%27%20High%20School%20opened,mabeere%20including%20the%20boarding%20space.">"[Kahuhia Girls' High] School Background]"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5BKahuhia+Girls%27+High%5D+School+Background%5D&rft.au=Kahuhia+Girls%27+High%5D+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kahuhiagirls.sc.ke%2Fabout-us%2Fschool-background%2F89-about.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DKahuhia%2520Girls%2527%2520High%2520School%2520opened%2Cmabeere%2520including%2520the%2520boarding%2520space.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Kenya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholar_Media_Africa" class="citation web cs1">Scholar Media Africa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarmedia.africa/education/cardinal-otunga-high-school-mosocho-on-the-road-to-reclaiming-former-glory/#:~:text=Cardinal%20Otunga%20High%20School%20Mosocho%20was%20established%20following%20a%20request,%2DKisumu%20Highway%2C%20Kisii%20County./">"Cardinal Otunga High School Mosocho on the road to reclaiming former glory"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cardinal+Otunga+High+School+Mosocho+on+the+road+to+reclaiming+former+glory&rft.au=Scholar+Media+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarmedia.africa%2Feducation%2Fcardinal-otunga-high-school-mosocho-on-the-road-to-reclaiming-former-glory%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DCardinal%2520Otunga%2520High%2520School%2520Mosocho%2520was%2520established%2520following%2520a%2520request%2C%252DKisumu%2520Highway%252C%2520Kisii%2520County.%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Kenya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaricho_High_School" class="citation web cs1">Baricho High School. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://barichohighschool.sc.ke">"About Baricho School"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kianyaga+High%3A+Where+Rigathi+Gachagua+ate+githeri+laced+with+kerosene&rft.au=The+Standard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standardmedia.co.ke%2Fold-school%2Farticle%2F2001448556%2Fkianyaga-high-gachagua-ate-githeri-laced-with-kerosene%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Kenya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Standard" class="citation web cs1">The Standard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/news/article/2001271626/spahs-where-ojaamong-okemo-chewed-miwa-to-pass-time">"SPAHS: Where Ojaamong, Okemo chewed miwa to pass time"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technical+University+of+Mombasa&rft.au=UNESCO-UNEVOC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funevoc.unesco.org%2Fhome%2FExplore%2Bthe%2BUNEVOC%2BNetwork%2Fcentre%3D3074%23%3A~%3Atext%3DStarted%2520as%2520Mombasa%2520Institute%2520of%2CMuslim%2520students%2520of%2520East%2520Africa.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Kenya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_K_Otsola" class="citation web cs1">John K Otsola. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215794670_THE_BASIC_TENETS_OF_THE_ARYA_SAMAJ_AND_ITS_ESTABLISHMENT_IN_NAIROBI">"THE BASIC TENETS OF THE ARYA SAMAJ AND ITS ESTABLISHMENT IN NAIROBI"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+BASIC+TENETS+OF+THE+ARYA+SAMAJ+AND+ITS+ESTABLISHMENT+IN+NAIROBI&rft.au=John+K+Otsola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F215794670_THE_BASIC_TENETS_OF_THE_ARYA_SAMAJ_AND_ITS_ESTABLISHMENT_IN_NAIROBI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Kenya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAga_Khan_Education_Services" class="citation web cs1">Aga Khan Education Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agakhanschools.org/Kenya/AKPSM/Index">"The Aga Khan Primary School, Mombasa"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Aga+Khan+Primary+School%2C+Mombasa&rft.au=Aga+Khan+Education+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agakhanschools.org%2FKenya%2FAKPSM%2FIndex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Kenya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAga_Khan_Education_Services" class="citation web cs1">Aga Khan Education Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agakhanschools.org/Kenya/AKHSM/Index">"The Aga Khan High School, Mombasa"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Aga+Khan+High+School%2C+Mombasa&rft.au=Aga+Khan+Education+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agakhanschools.org%2FKenya%2FAKHSM%2FIndex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Kenya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemple_Road_Junior_School" class="citation web cs1">Temple Road Junior School. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://templeroadschool.sc.ke/about/">"About Temple Road Junior School"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Temple+Road+Junior+School&rft.au=Temple+Road+Junior+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftempleroadschool.sc.ke%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Kenya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAga_Khan_Education_Services" class="citation web cs1">Aga Khan Education Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agakhanschools.org/Kenya/AKPSKIS/Index">"The Aga Khan Primary School, Kisumu"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Aga+Khan+Primary+School%2C+Kisumu&rft.au=Aga+Khan+Education+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agakhanschools.org%2FKenya%2FAKPSKIS%2FIndex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Kenya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParklands_Arya_Girls_High_School" class="citation web cs1">Parklands Arya Girls High School. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parklandsaryagirls.sc.ke">"Home"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home&rft.au=Parklands+Arya+Girls+High+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parklandsaryagirls.sc.ke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Kenya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgara_Girls’_High_School" class="citation web cs1">Ngara Girls’ High School. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ngaragirls.sc.ke/history">"Ngara Girls' High School History"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ngara+Girls%27+High+School&rft.au=eKitabu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fekitabublog.wordpress.com%2Fdigital-leaders%2Fsecondary-high-schools%2Fngara-girls-high-school%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Kenya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAga_Khan_Education_Services" class="citation web cs1">Aga Khan Education Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agakhanschools.org/Kenya/AKHSN/Index">"The Aga Khan High School, Nairobi"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+European+Schools+in+Kenya&rft.au=Old+Africa+%28Christine+Nicholls%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foldafricamagazine.com%2Ffirst-european-schools-in-kenya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Kenya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRift_Valley_Academy" class="citation web cs1">Rift Valley Academy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rva.org/history/">"History"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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List of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studentsarena.com/kenya/directory/primary-school/">Primary Schools in Kenya</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Kenyan State-institutions</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.education.go.ke">Ministry of Education website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://che.or.ke/">Commission of Higher Education – Kenya</a></li></ul> <p><b>Data & reports from external institution</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090322042358/http://www.sacmeq.org/education-kenya.htm">Education Statistics and Quality of Education in Kenya</a>, Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/">CIA factbook, Kenya</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/WDE/2010/pdf-versions/Kenya.pdf">World Data on Education-Kenya, IBE(2010)</a> – Overview and statistics of the Kenyan Education system</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=World+TVET+Database&ct=KEN">Vocational Education in Kenya, UNESCO-UNEVOC(2012)</a>- Overview of the vocational education and training system in Kenya</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000250431">https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000250431</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kenya_topics" title="Template:Kenya topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kenya_topics" title="Template talk:Kenya topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kenya_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kenya topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kenya_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Kenya-related_articles" title="Index of Kenya-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kenya" title="History of Kenya">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Kenya" title="Timeline of Kenya">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanga_Kingdom" title="Wanga Kingdom">Wanga Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Railway" title="Uganda Railway">Uganda Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya Colony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_in_World_War_II" title="Kenya in World War II">In World War II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilemi_Triangle" title="Ilemi Triangle">Ilemi Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_African_Union" title="Kenya African Union">Kenya African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kenya_(1963)" title="Constitution of Kenya (1963)">1963 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Kenyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt">1982 coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldenberg_scandal" title="Goldenberg scandal">Goldenberg scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Kenyan_general_election" title="1992 Kenyan general election">1992 Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_Kenyan_crisis" title="2007–2008 Kenyan crisis">2007–2008 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Kenyan_constitutional_referendum" title="2010 Kenyan constitutional referendum">2010 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Kenyan_general_election" title="2013 Kenyan general election"> 2013 Elections</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya" title="Coat of arms of Kenya"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kenya" title="Geography of Kenya">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Africa#Kenya" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Africa">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kenya#Climate" title="Geography of Kenya">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Kenya" title="List of ecoregions in Kenya">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Kenya" title="Environmental issues in Kenya">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley" title="Great Rift Valley">Great Rift Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Kenya" title="List of lakes of Kenya">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Kenya" title="Category:Mountains of Kenya">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Kenya" title="List of national parks of Kenya">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Kenya" title="List of rivers of Kenya">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Kenya" title="List of volcanoes in Kenya">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Kenya" title="Wildlife of Kenya">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Kenya" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Kenya">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Kenya">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kenya" title="List of cities in Kenya">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Kenya" title="Counties of Kenya">Counties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kenya" title="Politics of Kenya">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kenya" title="Constitution of Kenya">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kenya" title="Elections in Kenya">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kenya" title="Foreign relations of Kenya">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kenya" title="Government of Kenya">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kenya" title="Human rights in Kenya">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Kenya" title="Intersex rights in Kenya">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kenya" title="LGBT rights in Kenya">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Kenya" title="Judiciary of Kenya">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kenya" title="Law enforcement in Kenya">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Defence_Forces" title="Kenya Defence Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Kenya">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_Buildings_(Kenya)" title="Parliament Buildings (Kenya)">Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Kenya" title="List of political parties in Kenya">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kenya" title="President of Kenya">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Kenya" title="List of heads of state of Kenya">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_President_of_Kenya" title="Deputy President of Kenya">Deputy President</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kenya" title="Prime Minister of Kenya">Prime Minister <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kenya" title="Economy of Kenya">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Kenya" title="Agriculture in Kenya">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Kenya" title="Central Bank of Kenya">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_industry_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee industry of Kenya">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kenya" title="Energy in Kenya">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Kenya" title="Real estate in Kenya">Real Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_shilling" title="Kenyan shilling">Shilling <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kenya" title="Telecommunications in Kenya">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kenya" title="Tourism in Kenya">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kenya" title="Transport in Kenya">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Kenya" title="Category:Society of Kenya">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Child marriage in Kenya">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Kenya" title="Corruption in Kenya">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Kenya" title="Crime in Kenya">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kenya" title="Demographics of Kenya">Demographics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Kenya" title="Health in Kenya">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Kenya" title="Human trafficking in Kenya">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kenya" title="Languages of Kenya">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Kenya" title="Polygamy in Kenya">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Kenya" title="Prostitution in Kenya">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Kenya" title="Squatting in Kenya">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Kenya" title="Water supply and sanitation in Kenya">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kenya" title="Women in Kenya">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kenya" title="Culture of Kenya">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ee_Mungu_Nguvu_Yetu" title="Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kenya" title="Cinema of Kenya">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya" title="Coat of arms of Kenya">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engsh" title="Engsh">Engsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kenya" title="Flag of Kenya">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kenyan_names" title="Category:Kenyan names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_literature" title="Kenyan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Kenya">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Kenya" title="List of museums in Kenya">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kenya" title="Music of Kenya">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Kenya" title="Public holidays in Kenya">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Kenya" title="Sport in Kenya">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng_slang" title="Sheng slang">Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Kenya">Video gaming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Kenya" title="Outline of Kenya">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Kenya-related_articles" title="Index of Kenya-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kenya" title="Category:Kenya">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kenya" title="Portal:Kenya">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education_in_Africa" title="Template:Education in Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_in_Africa" title="Template talk:Education in Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_in_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education in Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Africa" title="Education in Africa">Education in Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Algeria" title="Education in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Angola" title="Education in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Benin" title="Education in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Botswana" title="Education in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Education in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Burundi" title="Education in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cameroon" title="Education in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cape_Verde" title="Education in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Education in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Chad" title="Education in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Comoros" title="Education in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Education in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Djibouti" title="Education in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Education in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Eritrea" title="Education in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Eswatini" title="Education in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ethiopia" title="Education in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Gabon" title="Education in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Gambia" title="Education in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ghana" title="Education in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guinea" title="Education in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Education in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Education in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lesotho" title="Education in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Liberia" title="Education in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Libya" title="Education in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Madagascar" title="Education in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malawi" title="Education in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mali" title="Education in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mauritania" title="Education in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mauritius" title="Education in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Morocco" title="Education in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mozambique" title="Education in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Namibia" title="Education in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Niger" title="Education in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nigeria" title="Education in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Rwanda" title="Education in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Senegal" title="Education in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Seychelles" title="Education in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Education in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Somalia" title="Education in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Africa" title="Education in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Sudan" title="Education in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sudan" title="Education in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tanzania" title="Education in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Togo" title="Education in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tunisia" title="Education in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uganda" title="Education in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Zambia" title="Education in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Zimbabwe" title="Education in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Somaliland" title="Education in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tristan_da_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&oldid=1248045488">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kenya&oldid=1248045488</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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