CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913413930b9787a8',cH: 'wHYKtm3SP729L7_wdVxnawB5Jprkr3eP0FdBXVZtFMU-1739777472-1.2.1.1-Gw22MxcF5XLWWKLmbwrgm0z5xwxVR7h7B_S2bzq1I6fB6MY5LK6JZ1xIZy6EW1Ro',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=sunflower&__cf_chl_tk=DqIb3nce73bRwsIg0OwiN5WNfZMxb3qEo9e94LnAU6I-1739777472-1.0.1.1-PrRaEOCwF7UkXlcHmHYoDGkHPhPZJd2aZhBIM0sqhGM",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739777472',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=sunflower&__cf_chl_f_tk=DqIb3nce73bRwsIg0OwiN5WNfZMxb3qEo9e94LnAU6I-1739777472-1.0.1.1-PrRaEOCwF7UkXlcHmHYoDGkHPhPZJd2aZhBIM0sqhGM",md: "9ts.psEAdPIbnFpnP_pQhSEBDWvtUOyXmB3uOZi3YiY-1739777472-1.2.1.1-Dne0a.NdSF2nOpERvxay50LC4fxpbXcAoWiYvtFMIQu5RIZ.8lFHE2PIwVb6xeGTtOjd4fOMX3LCoKE6vl59AqD.aNrh39zEALs9PqBBDBFDx94eGgjiIT6WPnot9AuIMUqXU3JcO8l0l9zGABZHnQ5X_BGS_Y7p9sKb1JwOQhuX1Z5vy4xu9P_DcUis4QjelU63Nle4LjjRvJgjHdjkpChmQQX.Sx0rRDzHrENToK9IhRlpasGpPndkP0ZLXHJFmxkSjN8o8s89.uYqD50bFw0y3NYntnDvNILh_os3OHxDipflfDAWDmjXed9ywhlwNtVUdave36Qc8jvHE0BfIei2oUF2jy.FFhWsTRzpG._LjRm3SrvjMKOc4TH0.XThqfeVmpenlLaXWS9jHuSVSflSQ.urQXdXKEkmNJ3CxqmvFCeOglvKC3km0njE4YFPug5q9GTv.fPv6q.oYsQ5ZkownPBiae8RTfCzddi3tRM5sLmY3rCjRT8ncaSn5FmXHg0ER9lFQRNivaEfMbJHfra3i.WPrcaag4TZflqaQlN8WNOQAejgjc7onp3WTDrrYNPB5ehF_wIAbJ1IHbCqzV69S3m_spZqDSLGfwOtTypJOgGQZeQk8Fea_drlNDHGtnjZ7ZvtBo5x1.pLdYCl534jpM1WkZ4NIha9xAnvU0FgDMyVQDyMze7l89V2LU6tPK_8oOxR_vz4gcLTGG5EM__j.ObfFcT57K5g1nqEqzBMUlGJlE8LUANyYrXtBHRQ7zimdf9cq5D71JalN.cF.SlgQDksPHLDbKTzWW6lFVy2ZB7s3HAMIaqadP89f4t9SpC0pm9PZ260lpCQjEA41GAKPAL2c2VgAp0EJf5yBjbEqAaIh4tb0DCGxSHT1oxnP.NJlgejcEbuN2rcv.KBCuk7QeimK1hzvPFQEmV1lxbHs0te6JnevDuqKI4AHl4AKKH6ssh4VYxXKB5lnfxe0yGgHTkWZsk6bd72YDfCLSRBZUJgolfdrpqlOIhYzJgqOoMOOXU1oxa_C731FrsVd9IYERXSXFtp6MWmEqw2uyTQVpaCnmO4WN2iccvnl6HQ_zhmmdKPp5_mJpAtg.hthBupgcxdIKBA1ZcgN8dk4dBz7klcWogVJiuc1LtihJa2BXsjnqzr6r1OId9LSKgwYkpRucwl1wjBlm8Dhoi_1Z5ImsdpVw7J8tHd6vZ3xjIE69tvu4Szn2iQthrd9vlbntyME4u2WWXPTjeOdeC_e95orCvNvBqc1y2nLg3CGvs71VQ5LN7Wx3wcAqIa_XCsEtgW9EPBmpLgUxgAsY262goL3tpirb7czXgZmzgkutxgtoFH0HFRpsSKJndQ4Y8dOj64S4rIWU7rbzAJBFrPoXuj2FHpcjRyR7OLp4tVfDDm1qpn_jgZY6qCH7FoV2FdQytvjbEF.LQFRBoAhf9CNUQyE0FdDgSd_qoWvHfTx.ZL775850sTSwy8rHnDsSB7wWAed.02WhNR2_RrvCvXE0y4aU2T6rmoUl9qEmSg0syaVSmTvqu3lEwn_sVtzUyJ82TNzh_2sTf0otxb.pDZTb7Nrmj79L.9O6duLY9i9XvcgWksezI7FJY8OhxYlz91GuSjysi87LOqjlTII4uN_rKyLk6R4_Dgg7T2EFFk_R03mCfco8bcUd3W27.QE7AzpNkqRK7TG0Qf5MlZ10Nc2SW.AJXa1neNK_GPKaDZk3ccL4HTfA4jYZuUJ3D_5eUwq6MLBCv9tJUlS8UcyHqUqe97K.ACul7U1jAKViFvjiJ7Adop_jQtdQLQRlaKeyLfegQdkY0KaCI9fVNnrVCcGj5m7W9FX2w3t3rnESDtPkzBqBhjqPs8LcG8wEdhSyBrT0rm8v2EkGoDh6wYXJN9yQxt47V73al9Do54LEjXQ1GsdmGqjClkcgqbkml0lO2ylw",mdrd: "1sGCpl6ie3iRrKOW1YDP7zG9DtXzZwFJ5gL6QvIe17g-1739777472-1.2.1.1-8z7DgtCUOgzJvKqTzg626SvonsT9wRWY5NmNMG9aQDP.jSiy.fYhdpzPT3L_Y.cRPK7hMP8eeUHsdTWP945t_NN6M.Pcsvr9DKP.JI5Ocq4_WvpFATP95KFkD5EmOyq6HhYXQuhS6WQiW6IJkLwlA5iJNrHfWTKoAUekFJrCB4AfkCTRWO8fNqKXh0aZn_JFLlu4k9mji9BxWrMmwNr9ZO0weloh70zRf4efNIMniZtiq2cPTKbIWMGwFbfZIdobE5HEUO9ijZ9YRqVj6H2NNGsPOHRliyMLrpiQVAixfD1V2keoPbJZHE9TADZfWdIp8jo6Kn_3fcSHcJ2tHAQiXnb3aNpIww6xFVJVfQ4bRvZf0TNqW2eFlbdn3BeotbXVEqeBDN7D6.ArE_FHyvaeLsj2st5fQZRjZ_KpDDyg8Bl8tsO35y4KbpnBZ8OqlzhhCk0ishMk7ynbl5e3PfueptNJSVLZq6Q3vVAywYL4ymMQcCkRwk2HsO4RrXboLCO94.471.zac1A4RN.SaW.MiIhvhuPIrn4YB1rk6DRWyZczjA7plnvzzNNh9ZIZvNtL5W3tb5AtUQSk.K.8E6N71ydsbmEs2syXr64.TuUFkWSDu6vbJNTJkDG3xUXKcTfCsGRF0otfZT11kC0TCLmqwZR9aQ7QHPhcswpfZkNnyAYe.IPvqlNoYD0S689ffv9jx6ukKkL47laJF7WYCkR9_4SAYtWYvl7ksLywfj6GQVGxctdAjfrjwGoTcTcAoizIIBNObY9ltN6cIrexibqS0Od7yY3FXea5tAFGYBWomBuTC.qUAf6bdoNm_if.8dWzJWEbTGS4nBo7fxdBBC24P53bjGfhl2AfC7Yp7CVxHXlNE9w0zCkmZoFpPRj_uM7nCiKTH5RrWsl.eNJ_HxSYXMApE_Oq1Stxu0Rkh5KZLnFM6R8GpFvyUXwDClGISe8rNWN4oiqHJ2YkANjfusOSswIwmlJo2X9mI0dxSgy6DCaGhTUMupq.QeeN1uJ71sBguHYJRE7FjmzjGG5..I.rtNidnxgsPHmn1.QJ0.TRuRDBTSLT0NQFvi9eRv_UePG6H46f54NBMs5jBYvrXvfoPrFXJtRs5NuuQ.CmNQoVksIGoYPtrIztGfDQkIQCmmleUWrIu19C4fOc02SQut3EQ.On1gHE_JbJfiIm570_GLyMx8dxJ7KJezGinwHXoOTAICgNpMViUEJDkpr5hqI5CuukpFnzSL40txiQ8dCkGTssM2_EX.N7FeR7nvy4Y.l0P09lllxdDheLBkFV3CpKrxUFe0b5IxvX.CijA7X4zG3KGN0ju2pdY1lGW5_duthrTdsIKkpxJxT0.NDw4rs2TYV2YAFPUn8oxKAO5G85puH0EoxicwLTDsMDq42f2NSVGETC.PAnioEOXzO._beC.DGckeRW4qidN7dNTKv4hJ2sJ3hFDEPg.YRZo1VD4GUDMI_jNY7qlZlBlLueRjkPGB0Rm3aExqtdKlukjPp7idhV_U_0RBJaVN5dXsO5T99kIck1zxVSGYwxnYnmlItswdl3uWopVQ0shLj9r3ew7zJSBB5NrLBiNs1bfpPQ3.blUWevhWliBe5Y4Qo_4GWRj6EKaE_TAVyemLEB_9IQ8r2vAr1.z8d02VRp81YzF6ElEXf_PguzPBzv135QbXxmPaHnYj7c0P0ypa.TGFGYnJ6wyZsc8XlWPf0lJG49NHYoDxDwh0wh7BJ79bYSyFduUfgy8U0nnmR5rsGRYwLP2HWhzajEUmhqiocFWxU0rUH6SSr0w8uiz8Tob4DKph0tCo77nyOevP7dJa1NUG5MHYCTs57.8TYvGbQKOa6MPK6wnirC13n_FsYKUChBg4Nt_YF2Kj7aKrvHPxkLjU5ES7hArUIF6h_25O8I2YF0hzZvMiMmTE1o2lh.l45_cRBlZ_CLJ9Uk4QfAhwTFXT52mdTuuufmkGw8dBF_syV5OpfI"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913413930b9787a8';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=sunflower&__cf_chl_rt_tk=DqIb3nce73bRwsIg0OwiN5WNfZMxb3qEo9e94LnAU6I-1739777472-1.0.1.1-PrRaEOCwF7UkXlcHmHYoDGkHPhPZJd2aZhBIM0sqhGM" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>