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href="#Political_background_and_exiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Political background and exiles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_background_and_exiles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political background and exiles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_background_and_exiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_exile_in_Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_exile_in_Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>First exile in Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_exile_in_Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-San_Juan_and_second_and_third_exiles_in_Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#San_Juan_and_second_and_third_exiles_in_Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>San Juan and second and third exiles in Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-San_Juan_and_second_and_third_exiles_in_Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Return to Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President_of_Argentina,_1868–1874" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_of_Argentina,_1868–1874"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>President of Argentina, 1868–1874</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President_of_Argentina,_1868–1874-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Final years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Publications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Major works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Other works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="دومينغو فاوستينو سارمينتو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دومينغو فاوستينو سارمينتو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Sarmiento – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Domingo Sarmiento" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дамінга Фаўсціна Сарм’ента – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дамінга Фаўсціна Сарм’ента" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF_%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Ντομίνγκο Φαουστίνο Σαρμιέντο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντομίνγκο Φαουστίνο Σαρμιέντο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="دومینگو فوستینو سارمینتو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دومینگو فوستینو سارمینتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EB%B0%8D%EA%B3%A0_%ED%8C%8C%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EB%85%B8_%EC%82%AC%EB%A5%B4%EB%AF%B8%EC%97%94%ED%86%A0" title="도밍고 파우스티노 사르미엔토 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도밍고 파우스티노 사르미엔토" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B8_%D5%96%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8_%D5%8D%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B8" title="Դոմինգո Ֆաուստինո Սարմիենտո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դոմինգո Ֆաուստինո Սարմիենտո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95_%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95" title="דומינגו פאוסטינו סרמיינטו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דומינגו פאוסטינו סרמיינטו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D" title="დომინგო ფაუსტინო სარმიენტო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დომინგო ფაუსტინო სარმიენტო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominicus_Faustinus_Sarmiento" title="Dominicus Faustinus Sarmiento – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dominicus Faustinus Sarmiento" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B" title="दॉमिंगो फॉस्तिनो सार्मियेंतो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दॉमिंगो फॉस्तिनो सार्मियेंतो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="دومينجو فاوستينو سارمينتو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دومينجو فاوستينو سارمينتو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%89%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%BC%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%BC%D9%88" title="ډومینګو فوسټینو سارمینټو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ډومینګو فوسټینو سارمینټو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Sarmiento – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Domingo Sarmiento" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE,_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Сармьенто, Доминго Фаустино – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сармьенто, Доминго Фаустино" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95" title="โดมิงโก เฟาส์ติโน ซาร์มิเอนโต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โดมิงโก เฟาส์ติโน ซาร์มิเอนโต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%27%D1%94%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Домінго Фаустіно Сарм'єнто – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Домінго Фаустіно Сарм'єнто" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%B1%B3%E6%81%A9%E6%89%98" title="薩米恩托 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="薩米恩托" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Sarmiento&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Domingo Sarmiento">Domingo Sarmiento</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2nd President of Argentina from 1868 to 1874</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Domingo Faustino Sarmiento</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarmiento.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sarmiento.jpg/220px-Sarmiento.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sarmiento.jpg/330px-Sarmiento.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sarmiento.jpg/440px-Sarmiento.jpg 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="573" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Sarmiento in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1874</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">7th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Argentina" title="President of Argentina">President of Argentina</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />12 October 1868 – 11 October 1874</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of Argentina">Vice President</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Alsina" title="Adolfo Alsina">Adolfo Alsina</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Mitre" title="Bartolomé Mitre">Bartolomé Mitre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Avellaneda" title="Nicolás Avellaneda">Nicolás Avellaneda</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship">Minister of Foreign Affairs and Worship</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 September 1879 – 9 October 1879</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Avellaneda" title="Nicolás Avellaneda">Nicolás Avellaneda</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Manuel Montes de Oca</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Lucas González</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_and_Transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of the Interior and Transport">Minister of the Interior</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />29 August 1879 – 9 October 1879</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Avellaneda" title="Nicolás Avellaneda">Nicolás Avellaneda</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_Irigoyen" title="Bernardo de Irigoyen">Bernardo de Irigoyen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Benjamín Zorrilla</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_San_Juan_Province" title="Governor of San Juan Province">Governor of San Juan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 January 1862 – 9 April 1864</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Domingo_D%C3%ADaz" title="Francisco Domingo Díaz">Francisco Díaz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Santiago Lloveras</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">15 February 1811<br /><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Argentina" title="San Juan, Argentina">San Juan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 September 1888<span style="display:none">(1888-09-11)</span> (aged 77)<br /><a href="/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Asunción">Asunción</a>, Paraguay</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data">Liberal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Benita_Mart%C3%ADnez_Pastoriza" title="Benita Martínez Pastoriza">Benita Martínez Pastoriza</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1847; <abbr title="separated">sep.</abbr> 1857)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domestic partner(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Aurelia Vélez Sársfield<br />(1857–1888)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Ana Faustina<sup id="cite_ref-note_1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Domingo Fidel<sup id="cite_ref-note_2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Firma_de_Sarmiento.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Firma_de_Sarmiento.jpg/128px-Firma_de_Sarmiento.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Firma_de_Sarmiento.jpg/192px-Firma_de_Sarmiento.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Firma_de_Sarmiento.jpg/256px-Firma_de_Sarmiento.jpg 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="68" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span>Argentina</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Argentine_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Argentine_Army.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Argentine_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Argentine_Army.svg/35px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Argentine_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Argentine_Army.svg/46px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Argentine_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="205" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Army" title="Argentine Army">Argentine Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1834–1863</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GD-EA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/GD-EA.png/23px-GD-EA.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/GD-EA.png/35px-GD-EA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/GD-EA.png/46px-GD-EA.png 2x" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="101" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Divisional_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisional General">Divisional General</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><b>Philosophy career</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Domingo Faustino Sarmiento</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[doˈmiŋɡo<span class="wrap"> </span>saɾˈmjento]</a></span>; 15 February 1811 – 11 September 1888) was an Argentine activist, intellectual, writer, statesman and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Argentina" title="President of Argentina">President of Argentina</a>. His writing spanned a wide range of genres and topics, from journalism to autobiography, to political philosophy and history. He was a member of a group of intellectuals, known as the <i><a href="/wiki/1837_generation" title="1837 generation">Generation of 1837</a></i>, who had a great influence on 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. He was particularly concerned with educational issues and was also an important influence on the region's literature. </p><p>Sarmiento grew up in a poor but politically active family that paved the way for many of his future accomplishments. Between 1843 and 1850, he was frequently in <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exile</a>, and wrote in both <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and in Argentina. His greatest literary achievement was <i><a href="/wiki/Facundo" title="Facundo">Facundo</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">critique</a> of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a>, that Sarmiento wrote while working for the newspaper <i>El Progreso</i> during his exile in Chile. The book brought him far more than just literary recognition; he expended his efforts and energy on the war against dictatorships, specifically that of Rosas, and contrasted enlightened Europe—a world where, in his eyes, democracy, social services, and intelligent thought were valued—with the barbarism of the <i><a href="/wiki/Gaucho" title="Gaucho">gaucho</a></i> and especially the <i><a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">caudillo</a></i>, the ruthless strongmen of nineteenth-century Argentina. </p><p>While president of Argentina from 1868 to 1874, Sarmiento championed intelligent thought—including education for children and women—and democracy for Latin America. He also took advantage of the opportunity to modernize and develop train systems, a postal system, and a comprehensive education system. He spent many years in ministerial roles on the federal and state levels where he travelled abroad and examined other <a href="/wiki/Education_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Education system">education systems</a>. </p><p>Sarmiento died in <a href="/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Asunción">Asunción</a>, Paraguay, at the age of 77 from a <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a>. He was buried in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>. Today, he is respected as a political innovator and writer. <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Miguel de Unamuno</a> considered him among the greatest writers of <a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a> prose.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Youth_and_influences">Youth and influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Youth and influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Argentina-CIA_WFB_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Argentina-CIA_WFB_Map.png/170px-Argentina-CIA_WFB_Map.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Argentina-CIA_WFB_Map.png/255px-Argentina-CIA_WFB_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Argentina-CIA_WFB_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>A current map of Argentina, showing some of the key locations in Sarmiento's life such as San Juan (to the West) and Buenos Aires (in the East)</figcaption></figure> <p>Sarmiento was born in Carrascal, a poor suburb of <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Argentina" title="San Juan, Argentina">San Juan, Argentina</a> on 15 February 1811.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, José Clemente Quiroga Sarmiento y Funes, had served in the military during the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_War_of_Independence" title="Argentine War of Independence">wars of independence</a>, returning prisoners of war to San Juan.<sup id="cite_ref-Bunkley_1969_p=31_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunkley_1969_p=31-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother, Doña Paula Zoila de Albarracín e Irrazábal, was a very pious woman,<sup id="cite_ref-bunkley24_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bunkley24-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who lost her father at a young age and was left with very little to support herself.<sup id="cite_ref-bunkley24_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bunkley24-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, she took to selling her weaving in order to afford to build a house of her own. On 21 September 1801, José and Paula were married. They had 15 children, 9 of whom died young; Domingo was the only son to survive to adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-bunkley24_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bunkley24-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarmiento was greatly influenced by his parents, his mother who was always working hard, and his father who told stories of being a patriot and serving his country, something Sarmiento strongly believed in.<sup id="cite_ref-Bunkley_1969_p=31_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunkley_1969_p=31-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Sarmiento's own words: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarmiento%27s_birthplace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sarmiento%27s_birthplace.jpg/220px-Sarmiento%27s_birthplace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sarmiento%27s_birthplace.jpg/330px-Sarmiento%27s_birthplace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sarmiento%27s_birthplace.jpg/440px-Sarmiento%27s_birthplace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Sarmiento's birthplace, Carrascal, San Juan</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I was born in a family that lived long years in mediocrity bordering on destitution, and which is to this day poor in every sense of the word. My father is a good man whose life has nothing remarkable except [for his] having served in subordinate positions in the War of Independence... My mother is the true figure of Christianity in its purest sense; with her, trust in Providence was always the solution to all difficulties in life."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>At the age of four, Sarmiento was taught to read by his father and his uncle, José Eufrasio Quiroga Sarmiento, who later became Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Cuyo,_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuyo, Argentina">Cuyo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another uncle who influenced him in his youth was Domingo de Oro, a notable figure in the young Argentine Republic who was influential in bringing <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a> to power.<sup id="cite_ref-bunkley26_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bunkley26-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Sarmiento did not follow de Oro's political and religious leanings, he learned the value of intellectual integrity and honesty.<sup id="cite_ref-bunkley26_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bunkley26-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He developed scholarly and oratorical skills, qualities which de Oro was famous for.<sup id="cite_ref-bunkley26_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bunkley26-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1816, at the age of five, Sarmiento began attending the <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary school</a> <i>La Escuela de la Patria</i>. He was a good student, and earned the title of First Citizen (<i>Primer Ciudadano</i>) of the school.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After completing primary school, his mother wanted him to go to <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Argentina" title="Córdoba, Argentina">Córdoba</a> to become a <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a>. He had spent a year reading the Bible and often spent time as a child helping his uncle with <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">church services</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Sarmiento soon became bored with religion and school, and got involved with a group of aggressive children.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarmiento's father took him to the Loreto Seminary in 1821, but for reasons unknown, Sarmiento did not enter the seminary, returning instead to San Juan with his father.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1823, the Minister of State, <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Rivadavia" title="Bernardino Rivadavia">Bernardino Rivadavia</a>, announced that the six top pupils of each state would be selected to receive higher education in Buenos Aires. Sarmiento was at the top of the list in San Juan, but it was then announced that only ten pupils would receive the scholarship. The selection was made by lot, and Sarmiento was not one of the scholars whose name was drawn.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like many other nineteenth century Argentines prominent in public life, he was a <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">freemason</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_background_and_exiles">Political background and exiles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political background and exiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarmiento-Joven.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sarmiento-Joven.jpg/220px-Sarmiento-Joven.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sarmiento-Joven.jpg/330px-Sarmiento-Joven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sarmiento-Joven.jpg/440px-Sarmiento-Joven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Sarmiento at the time of his exile in Chile, by <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Rawson" title="Franklin Rawson">Franklin Rawson</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ignacio_Baz_-_Domingo_F._Sarmiento_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ignacio_Baz_-_Domingo_F._Sarmiento_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Ignacio_Baz_-_Domingo_F._Sarmiento_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ignacio_Baz_-_Domingo_F._Sarmiento_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Ignacio_Baz_-_Domingo_F._Sarmiento_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ignacio_Baz_-_Domingo_F._Sarmiento_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Ignacio_Baz_-_Domingo_F._Sarmiento_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1537" data-file-height="1543" /></a><figcaption>Sarmiento portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Baz" title="Ignacio Baz">Ignacio Baz</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1826, an assembly elected <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Rivadavia" title="Bernardino Rivadavia">Bernardino Rivadavia</a> as president of the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="United Provinces of the Río de la Plata">United Provinces of the Río de la Plata</a>. This action roused the ire of the provinces, and <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> was the result. Support for a strong, centralized Argentine government was based in Buenos Aires, and gave rise to two opposing groups. The wealthy and educated of the <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Party" title="Unitarian Party">Unitarian Party</a>, such as Sarmiento, favored centralized government. In opposition to them were the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party_(Argentina)" title="Federalist Party (Argentina)">Federalists</a>, who were mainly based in rural areas and tended to reject European mores. Numbering figures such as <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Dorrego" title="Manuel Dorrego">Manuel Dorrego</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Facundo_Quiroga" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Facundo Quiroga">Juan Facundo Quiroga</a> among their ranks, they were in favor of a loose federation with more autonomy for the individual provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-moss171_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moss171-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opinion of the Rivadavia government was divided between the two <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideologies</a>. For Unitarians like Sarmiento, Rivadavia's presidency was a positive experience. He set up a European-staffed university and supported a public education program for rural male children. He also supported theater and opera groups, publishing houses and a museum. These contributions were considered as civilizing influences by the Unitarians, but they upset the Federalist constituency. Common laborers had their salaries subjected to a government cap, and the <a href="/wiki/Gaucho" title="Gaucho"><i>gauchos</i></a> were arrested by Rivadavia for vagrancy and forced to work on public projects, usually without pay.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1827, the Unitarians were challenged by Federalist forces. After the resignation of Rivadavia, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Dorrego" title="Manuel Dorrego">Manuel Dorrego</a> was installed as governor of Buenos Aires province. He quickly made peace with Brazil but, on returning to Argentina, was overthrown and executed by the Unitarian general <a href="/wiki/Juan_Lavalle" title="Juan Lavalle">Juan Lavalle</a>, who took Dorrego's place.<sup id="cite_ref-moss173_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moss173-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Lavalle did not spend long as governor either: he was soon overthrown by militias composed largely of <i>gauchos</i> led by Rosas and <a href="/wiki/Estanislao_L%C3%B3pez" title="Estanislao López">Estanislao López</a>. By the end of 1829 the old legislature that Lavalle had disbanded was back in place and had appointed Rosas as governor of Buenos Aires.<sup id="cite_ref-moss173_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moss173-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first time Sarmiento was forced to leave home was with his uncle, José de Oro, in 1827, because of his military activities.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> José de Oro was a priest who had fought in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Battle of Chacabuco</a> under <a href="/wiki/General_San_Mart%C3%ADn" class="mw-redirect" title="General San Martín">General San Martín</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together, Sarmiento and de Oro went to <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_del_Monte_de_Oro" title="San Francisco del Monte de Oro">San Francisco del Monte de Oro</a>, in the neighbour province of <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Province" title="San Luis Province">San Luis</a>. He spent much of his time with his uncle learning and began to teach at the only school in town. Later that year, his mother wrote to him asking him to come home. Sarmiento refused, only to receive a response from his father that he was coming to collect him.<sup id="cite_ref-bunkley49_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bunkley49-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father had persuaded the governor of San Juan to send Sarmiento to Buenos Aires to study at the College of Moral Sciences (<i>Colegio de Ciencias Morales</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-bunkley49_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bunkley49-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after Sarmiento's return, the province of San Juan broke out into civil war and <a href="/wiki/Facundo_Quiroga" title="Facundo Quiroga">Facundo Quiroga</a> invaded Sarmiento's town.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As historian William Katra describes this "traumatic experience": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At sixteen years of age, he stood in front of the shop he tended and viewed the entrance into San Juan of Facundo Quiroga and some six hundred mounted <i><a href="/wiki/Montonera" class="mw-redirect" title="Montonera">montonera</a></i> horsemen. They constituted an unsettling presence [. . . ]. That sight, with its overwhelmingly negative associations, left an indelible impression on his budding consciousness. For the impressionable youth Quiroga's ascent to protagonist status in the province's affairs was akin to the rape of civilized society by incarnated evil.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Unable to attend school in Buenos Aires due to the political turmoil, Sarmiento chose to fight against Quiroga.<sup id="cite_ref-bunkley77_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bunkley77-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He joined and fought in the unitarian army, only to be placed under house arrest when San Juan was eventually taken over by Quiroga<sup id="cite_ref-bunkley77_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bunkley77-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pilar" title="Battle of Pilar">battle of Pilar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was later released, only to join the forces of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Paz" title="José María Paz">General Paz</a>, a key unitarian figure.<sup id="cite_ref-Ham_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ham-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_exile_in_Chile">First exile in Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First exile in Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fighting and <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> soon resumed, but, one by one, Quiroga vanquished the main allies of General Paz, including the Governor of San Juan, and in 1831 Sarmiento fled to Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-Ham_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ham-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not return to Argentina for five years.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley10_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley10-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, Chile was noted for its good public administration, its constitutional organization, and the rare freedom to criticize the regime. In Sarmiento's view, Chile had "Security of property, the continuation of order, and with both of these, the love of work and the spirit of enterprise that causes the development of wealth and prosperity."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a form of freedom of expression, Sarmiento began to write political commentary. In addition to writing, he also began teaching in <a href="/wiki/Los_Andes,_Chile" title="Los Andes, Chile">Los Andes</a>. Due to his innovative style of teaching, he found himself in conflict with the governor of the province. He founded his own school in Pocuro as a response to the governor. During this time, Sarmiento fell in love and had an illegitimate daughter named Ana Faustina, who Sarmiento did not acknowledge until she married.<sup id="cite_ref-historiador_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historiador-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="San_Juan_and_second_and_third_exiles_in_Chile">San Juan and second and third exiles in Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: San Juan and second and third exiles in Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento_militar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento_militar.jpg/200px-Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento_militar.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento_militar.jpg/300px-Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento_militar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento_militar.jpg/400px-Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento_militar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="1132" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a> of Domingo Faustino Sarmiento after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caseros" title="Battle of Caseros">Battle of Caseros</a>. He is wearing the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Order_of_the_Southern_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Order of the Southern Cross">Imperial Order of the Southern Cross</a> given to him by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a> during his exile in <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B3polis" title="Petrópolis">Petrópolis</a> in 1852<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SarmientoBoston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/SarmientoBoston.jpg/200px-SarmientoBoston.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/SarmientoBoston.jpg/300px-SarmientoBoston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/SarmientoBoston.jpg/400px-SarmientoBoston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption> Monument in homage to <i>Domingo F. Sarmiento</i> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USA-Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/USA-Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento.jpg/200px-USA-Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/USA-Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento.jpg/300px-USA-Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/USA-Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento.jpg/400px-USA-Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5117" data-file-height="3390" /></a><figcaption>Domingo Faustino Sarmiento in Boston, Massachusetts</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1836, Sarmiento returned to San Juan, seriously ill with typhoid fever; his family and friends thought he would die upon his return, but he recovered and established an anti-federalist journal called <i>El Zonda</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley16_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley16-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government of San Juan did not like Sarmiento's criticisms and censored the magazine by imposing an unaffordable tax upon each purchase. Sarmiento was forced to cease publication of the magazine in 1840. He also founded a school for girls during this time called the Santa Rosa High School, which was a preparatory school.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley16_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley16-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the school, he founded a Literary Society.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley16_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley16-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is around this time that Sarmiento became associated with the so-called "<a href="/wiki/1837_generation" title="1837 generation">Generation of 1837</a>". This was a group of activists, who included <a href="/wiki/Esteban_Echeverr%C3%ADa" title="Esteban Echeverría">Esteban Echeverría</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Alberdi" title="Juan Bautista Alberdi">Juan Bautista Alberdi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Mitre" title="Bartolomé Mitre">Bartolomé Mitre</a>, who spent much of the 1830s to 1880s first agitating for and then bringing about social change, advocating republicanism, free trade, freedom of speech, and material progress.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though, based in San Juan, Sarmiento was absent from the initial creation of this group, in 1838 he wrote to Alberdi seeking the latter's advice;<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in time he would become the group's most fervent supporter.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1840, after being arrested and accused of conspiracy, Sarmiento was forced into exile in Chile again.<sup id="cite_ref-galvani20_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galvani20-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was en route to Chile that, in the baths of Zonda, he wrote the graffiti "On ne tue point les idées,"<sup id="cite_ref-galvani20_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galvani20-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an incident that would later serve as the preface to his book <i>Facundo</i>. Once on the other side of the Andes, in 1841 Samiento started writing for the <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a> newspaper <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/El_Mercurio" title="El Mercurio">El Mercurio</a></i></span>, as well working as a publisher of the <i>Crónica Contemporánea de Latino América</i> ("Contemporary Latin American Chronicle").<sup id="cite_ref-crowley9_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley9-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1842, Sarmiento was appointed the Director of the first <a href="/wiki/Normal_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal School">Normal School</a> in South America; the same year he also founded the newspaper <i>El Progreso</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley9_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley9-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time he sent for his family from San Juan to Chile. In 1843, Sarmiento published <i>Mi Defensa</i> ("My Defence"), while continuing to teach.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley10_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley10-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And in May 1845, <i>El Progreso</i> started the serial publication of the first edition of his best-known work, <i>Facundo</i>; in July, <i>Facundo</i> appeared in book form.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the years 1845 and 1847, Sarmiento travelled on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean government">Chilean government</a> across parts of South America to <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, to Europe, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, and to North America, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> in order to examine different education systems and the levels of education and communication. Based on his travels, he wrote the book <i>Viajes por Europa, África, y América</i> which was published in 1849.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley10_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley10-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1848, Sarmiento voluntarily left to Chile once again. During the same year, he met widow Benita Martínez Pastoriza, married her, and adopted her son, Domingo Fidel, or Dominguito,<sup id="cite_ref-crowley10_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley10-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who would be killed in action during the <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">War of the Triple Alliance</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curupaity" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Curupaity">Curupaytí</a> in 1866.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarmiento continued to exercise the idea of freedom of the press and began two new periodicals entitled <i>La Tribuna</i> and <i>La Crónica</i> respectively, which strongly attacked Juan Manuel de Rosas. During this stay in Chile, Sarmiento's essays became more strongly opposed to Juan Manuel de Rosas. The Argentine government tried to have Sarmiento extradited from Chile to Argentina, but the Chilean government refused to hand him over.<sup id="cite_ref-historiador_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historiador-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1850, he published both <i><a href="/wiki/Argir%C3%B3polis" title="Argirópolis">Argirópolis</a></i> and <i>Recuerdos de Provincia</i> (Recollections of a Provincial Past). In 1852, Rosas's regime was finally brought down. Sarmiento became involved in debates about the country's new constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Argentina">Return to Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Return to Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarmiento_courret_1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sarmiento_courret_1864.jpg/160px-Sarmiento_courret_1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sarmiento_courret_1864.jpg/240px-Sarmiento_courret_1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sarmiento_courret_1864.jpg/320px-Sarmiento_courret_1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="1588" /></a><figcaption>Sarmiento in 1864. Photograph by <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Courret" title="Eugenio Courret">Eugenio Courret</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1854, Sarmiento briefly visited Mendoza, just across the border from Chile in Western Argentina, but he was arrested and imprisoned. Upon his release, he went back to Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley10_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley10-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in 1855 he put an end to what was now his "self-imposed" exile in Chile:<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he arrived in Buenos Aires, soon to become editor-in-chief of the newspaper <i>El Nacional</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also appointed town councillor in 1856, and 1857 he joined the provincial Senate, a position he held until 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was in 1861, shortly after Mitre became Argentine president, that Sarmiento left Buenos Aires and returned to San Juan, where he was elected governor, a post he took up in 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was then that he passed the <i>Statutory Law of Public Education</i>, making it mandatory for children to attend primary school. It allowed for a number of institutions to be opened including secondary schools, military schools and an <a href="/wiki/All_girls_school" class="mw-redirect" title="All girls school">all-girls school</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-penn387_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-penn387-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While governor, he developed roads and infrastructure, built public buildings and hospitals, encouraged agriculture and allowed for mineral mining.<sup id="cite_ref-historiador_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historiador-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He resumed his post as editor of <i>El Zonda</i>. In 1863, Sarmiento fought against the power of the <i><a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">caudillo</a></i> of La Rioja and found himself in conflict with the Interior Minister of <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Mitre" title="Bartolomé Mitre">General Mitre's government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Rawson" title="Guillermo Rawson">Guillermo Rawson</a>. Sarmiento stepped down as governor of San Juan to become the Plenipotentiary Minister to the United States, where he was sent in 1865, soon after the assassination of President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>. Moved by the story of Lincoln, Sarmiento ended up writing his book <i>Vida de Lincoln</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-historiador_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historiador-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was on this trip that Sarmiento received an honorary degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. A bust of him stood in the Modern Languages Building at the University of Michigan until multiple student protests prompted its removal. Students installed plaques and painted the bust red to represent the controversies surrounding his policies towards the indigenous people in Argentina. There still stands a statue of Sarmiento at <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>. While on this trip, he was asked to run for President again. He won, taking office on 12 October 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-historiador_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historiador-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="President_of_Argentina,_1868–1874"><span id="President_of_Argentina.2C_1868.E2.80.931874"></span>President of Argentina, 1868–1874</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: President of Argentina, 1868–1874"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarmiento_(1873).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Sarmiento_%281873%29.jpg/180px-Sarmiento_%281873%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Sarmiento_%281873%29.jpg/270px-Sarmiento_%281873%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Sarmiento_%281873%29.jpg/360px-Sarmiento_%281873%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="1608" /></a><figcaption>President Sarmiento in 1873.</figcaption></figure> <p>Domingo Faustino Sarmiento served as President of the Republic of Argentina from 1868 to 1874, becoming president despite the maneuverings of his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Mitre" title="Bartolomé Mitre">Bartolomé Mitre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rock130_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rock130-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to biographer Allison Bunkley, his presidency "marks the advent of the middle, or land-owning classes as the pivot power of the nation. The age of the gaucho had ended, and the age of the merchant and cattleman had begun."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarmiento sought to create basic freedoms, and wanted to ensure civil safety and progress for everyone, not just the few. Sarmiento's tour of the United States had given him many new ideas about politics, democracy, and the structure of society, especially when he was the Argentine ambassador to the country from 1865 to 1868. He found <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a> area to be the source of much of his influence, writing in an Argentine newspaper that New England was "the cradle of the modern republic, the school for all of America." He described Boston as <i>"The pioneer city of the modern world, the Zion of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a> ... Europe contemplates in New England the power which in the future will supplant her."</i><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only did Sarmiento evolve political ideas, but also structural ones by transitioning Argentina from a primarily agricultural economy to one focused on cities and industry.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/David_Rock_(historian)" title="David Rock (historian)">David Rock</a> notes that, beyond putting an end to caudillismo, Sarmiento's main achievements in government concerned his promotion of education. As Rock reports, "between 1868 and 1874 educational subsidies from the central government to the provinces quadrupled."<sup id="cite_ref-rock130_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rock130-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He established 800 educational and military institutions, and his improvements to the educational system enabled 100,000 children to attend school. </p><p>He also pushed forward modernization more generally, building infrastructure including 5,000 kilometres (3,100 mi) of telegraph line across the country for improved communications, making it easier for the government in Buenos Aires and the provinces to communicate; modernizing the postal and train systems which he believed to be integral for interregional and national economies, as well as building the Red Line, a train line that would bring goods to Buenos Aires in order to better facilitate trade with Great Britain. By the end of his presidency, the Red Line extended 1,331 kilometres (827 mi). In 1869, he conducted Argentina's first national census.<sup id="cite_ref-historiador_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historiador-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though Sarmiento is well known historically, he was not a popular president.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley21_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley21-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, Rock judges that "by and large his administration was a disappointment".<sup id="cite_ref-rock130_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rock130-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his presidency, Argentina conducted an unpopular war against Paraguay; at the same time, people were displeased with him for not fighting for the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Magellan" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Magellan">Straits of Magellan</a> from Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley21_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley21-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he increased productivity, he increased expenditures, which also negatively affected his popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley22_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley22-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the arrival of a large influx of European immigrants was blamed for the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Fever_in_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow Fever in Buenos Aires">Yellow Fever in Buenos Aires</a> and the risk of civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley22_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley22-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Sarmiento's presidency was further marked by ongoing rivalry between Buenos Aires and the provinces. In the war against Paraguay, Sarmiento's adopted son was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-historiador_33-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historiador-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarmiento suffered from immense grief and was thought to never have been the same again. </p><p>On 22 August 1873, Sarmiento was the target of an unsuccessful assassination attempt, when two Italian <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> brothers shot at his <a href="/wiki/Coach_(carriage)" title="Coach (carriage)">coach</a>. They had been hired by federal caudillo <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_L%C3%B3pez_Jord%C3%A1n" title="Ricardo López Jordán">Ricardo López Jordán</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-historiador_33-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historiador-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later in 1874, he completed his term as President and stepped down, handing his presidency over to <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Avellaneda" title="Nicolás Avellaneda">Nicolás Avellaneda</a>, his former Minister of Education.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_years">Final years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Final years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:181px;max-width:181px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento_Post_Mortem_(Asunci%C3%B3n,_1888).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento_Post_Mortem_%28Asunci%C3%B3n%2C_1888%29.jpg/179px-Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento_Post_Mortem_%28Asunci%C3%B3n%2C_1888%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento_Post_Mortem_%28Asunci%C3%B3n%2C_1888%29.jpg/269px-Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento_Post_Mortem_%28Asunci%C3%B3n%2C_1888%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento_Post_Mortem_%28Asunci%C3%B3n%2C_1888%29.jpg/358px-Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento_Post_Mortem_%28Asunci%C3%B3n%2C_1888%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1467" data-file-height="1062" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:207px;max-width:207px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muelle_desemb_restos_sarmiento_1888.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Muelle_desemb_restos_sarmiento_1888.jpg/205px-Muelle_desemb_restos_sarmiento_1888.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Muelle_desemb_restos_sarmiento_1888.jpg/308px-Muelle_desemb_restos_sarmiento_1888.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Muelle_desemb_restos_sarmiento_1888.jpg/410px-Muelle_desemb_restos_sarmiento_1888.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="645" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><i>(Left)</i>: post mortem portrait of Sarmiento in Asunción, Paraguay, 11 September 1888; <i>(right)</i>: The coffin with Sarmiento's body, arriving in Buenos Aires ten days after his death</div></div></div></div> <p>In 1875, following his term as President, Sarmiento became the General Director of Schools for the Province of Buenos Aires. That same year, he became the Senator for San Juan, a post that he held until 1879, when he became Interior Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-galvani25_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galvani25-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But he soon resigned, following conflict with the Governor of Buenos Aires, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Tejedor_(politician)" title="Carlos Tejedor (politician)">Carlos Tejedor</a>. He then assumed the post of Superintendent General of Schools for the National Education Ministry under President Roca and published <i>El Monitor de la Educación Común</i>, which is a fundamental reference for Argentine education.<sup id="cite_ref-efemerides_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-efemerides-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1882, Sarmiento was successful in passing the sanction of Free Education allowing schools to be free, mandatory, and separate from that of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-historiador_33-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historiador-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1888, Sarmiento left Argentina for Paraguay.<sup id="cite_ref-galvani25_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galvani25-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was accompanied by his daughter, Ana, and his companion Aurelia Vélez. He died in <a href="/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Asunción">Asunción</a> on 11 September 1888, from a heart attack, and was buried in Buenos Aires,<sup id="cite_ref-crowley10_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley10-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after a ten-day trip.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His tomb at <a href="/wiki/La_Recoleta_Cemetery" title="La Recoleta Cemetery">La Recoleta Cemetery</a> lies under a sculpture, a condor upon a pylon, designed by himself and executed by <a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Pol" title="Victor de Pol">Victor de Pol</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a>, the Emperor of Brazil and a great admirer of Sarmiento, sent to his funeral procession a green and gold crown of flowers with a message written in Spanish remembering the highlights of his life: "<a href="/wiki/Facundo" title="Facundo">Civilization and Barbarism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_The_Tonelero_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of The Tonelero Pass">Tonelero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caseros" title="Battle of Caseros">Monte Caseros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B3polis" title="Petrópolis">Petrópolis</a>, Public Education. Remembrance and Homage from Pedro de Alcântara."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarmiento_statue_inaug_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sarmiento_statue_inaug_1900.jpg/220px-Sarmiento_statue_inaug_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sarmiento_statue_inaug_1900.jpg/330px-Sarmiento_statue_inaug_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sarmiento_statue_inaug_1900.jpg/440px-Sarmiento_statue_inaug_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1111" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>The statue of Sarmiento made by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Auguste Rodin</a>, when being unveiled in 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>Sarmiento was well known for his modernization of the country, and for his improvements to the educational system. He firmly believed in democracy and European liberalism, but was most often seen as a romantic. Sarmiento was well versed in Western philosophy including the works of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was particularly fascinated with the liberty given to those living in the United States, which he witnessed as a representative of the Peruvian government. He did, however, see pitfalls to liberty, pointing for example to the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, which he compared to Argentina's own <a href="/wiki/May_Revolution" title="May Revolution">May Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Katra_1994_p=79_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katra_1994_p=79-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that liberty could turn into anarchy and thus civil war, which is what happened in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and in Argentina. Therefore, his use of the term "liberty" was more in reference to a laissez-faire approach to the economy, and religious liberty.<sup id="cite_ref-Katra_1994_p=79_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katra_1994_p=79-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though a Catholic himself, he began to adopt the ideas of separation of church and state modeled after the US.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley39_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley39-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that there should be more religious freedom, and less religious affiliation in schools.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was one of many ways in which Sarmiento tried to connect South America to North America.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Domingo_Sarmiento_Rodin_Palermo_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Domingo_Sarmiento_Rodin_Palermo_II.jpg/160px-Domingo_Sarmiento_Rodin_Palermo_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Domingo_Sarmiento_Rodin_Palermo_II.jpg/240px-Domingo_Sarmiento_Rodin_Palermo_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Domingo_Sarmiento_Rodin_Palermo_II.jpg/320px-Domingo_Sarmiento_Rodin_Palermo_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="1561" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Sarmiento photographed in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Sarmiento believed that the material and social needs of people had to be satisfied but not at the cost of order and decorum. He put great importance on law and citizen participation. These ideas he most equated to Rome and to the United States, a society which he viewed as exhibiting similar qualities. In order to civilize the Argentine society and make it equal to that of Rome or the United States, Sarmiento believed in eliminating the caudillos, or the larger landholdings and establishing multiple agricultural colonies run by European immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coming from a family of writers, orators, and clerics, Domingo Sarmiento placed a great value on education and learning. He opened a number of schools including the first school in Latin America for teachers in Santiago in 1842: <i>La Escuela Normal Preceptores de Chile</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-penn387_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-penn387-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proceeded to open 18 more schools and had mostly female teachers from the United States come to Argentina to instruct graduates how to be effective when teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-penn387_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-penn387-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarmiento's belief was that education was the key to happiness and success, and that a nation could not be democratic if it was not educated.<sup id="cite_ref-penn388_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-penn388-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "We must educate our rulers," he said. "An ignorant people will always choose Rosas.".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His views on the South American Indians have been more controversial, with some scholars arguing Sarmiento's views reflected the racism of his day.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in the periodical <i>El Nacional,</i> dated November 25, 1857, Sarmiento wrote: “Will we be able to exterminate the Indians? For the savages of America, I feel an invincible repugnance that I cannot cure. Those scoundrels are not anything more than disgusting Indians that I would hang if they reappeared. <a href="/wiki/Lautaro" title="Lautaro">Lautaro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caupolic%C3%A1n" title="Caupolicán">Caupolicán</a> are dirty Indians, because that's how they are all. Incapable of progress, their extermination is providential and useful, sublime and great. They must be exterminated without even sparing the little one, who already has the instinctive hatred for the civilized man.” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_works">Major works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Major works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Facundo" title="Facundo">Facundo</a> – Civilización y Barbarie – Vida de Juan Facundo Quiroga</b></i>, 1845. Written during his long exile in Chile. Originally published in 1845 in Chile in installments in <i>El Progreso</i> newspaper, <i>Facundo</i> is Sarmiento's most famous work. It was first published in book form in 1851, and the first English translation, by Mary Mann, appeared in 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-ross18_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ross18-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent modern edition in English was translated by Kathleen Ross. <i>Facundo</i> promotes further civilization and European influence on Argentine culture through the use of anecdotes and references to <a href="/wiki/Juan_Facundo_Quiroga" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Facundo Quiroga">Juan Facundo Quiroga</a>, Argentine caudillo general. As well as being a call to progress, Sarmiento discusses the nature of Argentine peoples as well as including his thoughts and objections to Juan Manuel de Rosas, governor of Buenos Aires from 1829 to 1832 and again from 1835, due to the turmoil generated by Facundo's death, to 1852. As literary critic Sylvia Molloy observes, Sarmiento claimed that this book helped explain Argentine struggles to European readers, and was cited in European publications.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Written with extensive assistance from others, Sarmiento adds to his own memory the quotes, accounts, and dossiers from other historians and companions of Facundo Quiroga. <i>Facundo</i> maintains its relevance in modern-day as well, bringing attention to the contrast of lifestyles in Latin America, the conflict and struggle for progress while maintaining tradition, as well as the moral and ethical treatment of the public by government officials and regimes.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Recuerdos_de_Provincia" title="Recuerdos de Provincia">Recuerdos de Provincia</a></b></i> (<i>Recollections of a Provincial Past</i>), 1850. In this second autobiography, Sarmiento displays a stronger effort to include familial links and ties to his past, in contrast to <i>Mi defensa</i>, choosing to relate himself to San Juan and his Argentine heritage. Sarmiento discusses growing up in rural Argentina with basic ideologies and simple livings. <i>Recuerdos</i> discusses his Similar to <i>Facundo</i>, Sarmiento uses previous dossiers filed against himself by enemies to assist in writing <i>Recuerdos</i> and therefore fabricating an autobiography based on these files and from his own memory. Sarmiento's persuasion in this book is substantial. The accounts, whether all true or false against him, are a source of information to write <i>Recuerdos</i> as he is then able to object and rectify into what he creates as a 'true account' of autobiography.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_works">Other works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sarmiento was a prolific author. The following is a selection of his other works: </p> <ul><li><i>Mi defensa</i>, 1843. This was Sarmiento's first autobiography in a pamphlet form, which omits any substantial information or recognition of his illegitimate daughter Ana. This would have discredited Sarmiento as a respected father of Argentina, as Sarmiento portrays himself as a sole individual, disregarding or denouncing important ties to other people and groups in his life.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley26_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley26-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Viajes por Europa, África, y América</i> 1849. A description and observations while travelling as a representative of the Chilean government to learn more about educational systems around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley26_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley26-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Argirópolis</i> 1850. A description of a future utopian city in the River Plate States.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley29_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley29-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Comentarios sobre la constitución</i> 1852. This is Sarmiento's official account of his ideologies promoting civilization and the "Europeanization" and "Americanization" of Argentina. This account includes dossiers, articles, speeches and information regarding the pending constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley28_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley28-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Informes sobre educación</i>, 1856. This report was the first official statistic report on education in Latin America includes information on gender and location distribution of pupils, salaries and wages, and comparative achievement. <i>Informes sobre educación</i> proposes new theories, plans, and methods of education as well as quality controls on schools and learning systems.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley29_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley29-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Las Escuelas, base de la prosperidad y de la republica en los Estados Unidos</i> 1864. This work, along with the previous two, were intended to persuade Latin America and Argentines of the benefits of the educational, economic and political systems of the United States, which Sarmiento supported.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley26_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley26-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Conflicto y armonías de las razas en América</i> 1883, deals with race issues in Latin America in the late 1800s. While situations in the book remain particular to the time period and location, race issues and conflicts of races are still prevalent and enable the book to be relevant in the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-Crowley_1972_p=24_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowley_1972_p=24-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Vida de Dominguito</i>, 1886. A memoir of Dominguito, Sarmiento's adopted son who was the only child Sarmiento had always accepted. Many of the notes used to compile <i>Vida de Dominguito</i> had been written 20 years prior during one of Sarmiento's stays in Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-Crowley_1972_p=24_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowley_1972_p=24-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Educar al soberano</i>, a compilation of letters written from 1870 to 1886 on the topic of improved education, promoting and suggesting new reforms such as secondary schools, parks, sporting fields and specialty schools. This compilation was met with far greater success than <i>Ortografía, Instrucción Publica</i> and received greater public support.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley29_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley29-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>El camino de Lacio</i>, which impacted Argentina by influencing many Italians to immigrate by relating Argentinas history to that of Latium of the Roman empire.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley28_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley28-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Inmigración y colonización</i>, a publication which led to mass immigration of Europeans to mostly urban Argentina, which Sarmiento believed would assist in 'civilizing' the country over the more barbaric gauchos and rural provinces. This had a large impact on Argentine politics, especially as much of the civil tension in the country was divided between the rural provinces and the cities. In addition to increased urban population, these European immigrants had a cultural effect upon Argentina, providing what Sarmiento believed to be more civilized culture similar to North America's.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley26_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley26-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>On the Condition of Foreigners</i>, which helped to assist political changes for immigrants in 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley28_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley28-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Ortografía, Instrucción Publica</i>, an example of Sarmiento's passion for improved education. Sarmiento focused on illiteracy of the youth, and suggested simplifying reading and spelling for the public education system, a method which was never implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley28_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley28-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Práctica Constitucional</i>, a three volume work, describing current political methods as well as propositions for new methodologies.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley28_76-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley28-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Presidential Papers</i>, a history of his presidency, formed of many personal and external documents.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley28_76-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley28-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Travels in the United States in 1847</i>, (Edited and translated into English by Michael Aaron Rockland.)<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_de_Casa_Sarmiento.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Museo_de_Casa_Sarmiento.jpg/220px-Museo_de_Casa_Sarmiento.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Museo_de_Casa_Sarmiento.jpg/330px-Museo_de_Casa_Sarmiento.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Museo_de_Casa_Sarmiento.jpg/440px-Museo_de_Casa_Sarmiento.jpg 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>Sarmiento's house on the Parana delta</figcaption></figure> <p>The impact of Domingo Faustino Sarmiento is most obviously seen in the establishment of September 11 as <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Panamerican</a> <a href="/wiki/Teacher%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Teacher's Day">Teacher's Day</a> which was done in his honor at the 1943 Interamerican Conference on Education, held in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>. Today, he is still considered to be Latin America's teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his time, he opened countless schools, created free public libraries, opened immigration, and worked towards a Union of Plate States.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His impact was not only on the world of education, but also on Argentine political and social structure. His ideas are now revered as innovative, though at the time they were not widely accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley166_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley166-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a <a href="/wiki/Self-made_man" title="Self-made man">self-made man</a> and believed in sociological and economic growth for Latin America, something that the Argentine people could not recognize at the time with the soaring standard of living which came with high prices, high wages, and an increased national debt.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley166_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley166-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a building named in his honor at the Argentine embassy in <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a> </p><p>Today, there is a statue in honor of Sarmiento in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Avenue,_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Avenue, Boston">Commonwealth Avenue Mall</a>, between Gloucester and Hereford streets, erected in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a square, <i>Plaza Sarmiento</i> in Rosario, Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Rodin</a>'s last sculptures was that of Sarmiento which is now in Buenos Aires.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-note_1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">With María Jesus del Canto</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note_2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.K.A. Dominguito, born Domingo Fidel Castro Martínez, natural child of Domingo Castro y Calvo with Benita Martínez Pastoriza</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The list includes <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Alberdi" title="Juan Bautista Alberdi">Juan Bautista Alberdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Alberti" title="Manuel Alberti">Manuel Alberti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Alvear" title="Carlos María de Alvear">Carlos María de Alvear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Azcu%C3%A9naga" title="Miguel de Azcuénaga">Miguel de Azcuénaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Balcarce" title="Antonio González de Balcarce">Antonio González de Balcarce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Belgrano" title="Manuel Belgrano">Manuel Belgrano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Beruti" title="Antonio Beruti">Antonio Luis Beruti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Castelli" title="Juan José Castelli">Juan José Castelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domingo_French" title="Domingo French">Domingo French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Ar%C3%A1oz_de_Lamadrid" title="Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid">Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Narciso_de_Laprida" title="Francisco Narciso de Laprida">Francisco Narciso de Laprida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Larrea_(politician)" title="Juan Larrea (politician)">Juan Larrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Lavalle" title="Juan Lavalle">Juan Lavalle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicente_L%C3%B3pez_y_Planes" title="Vicente López y Planes">Vicente López y Planes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Mitre" title="Bartolomé Mitre">Bartolomé Mitre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Moreno" title="Mariano Moreno">Mariano Moreno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Paso" title="Juan José Paso">Juan José Paso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Pellegrini" title="Carlos Pellegrini">Carlos Pellegrini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gervasio_Antonio_de_Posadas" title="Gervasio Antonio de Posadas">Gervasio Antonio de Posadas</a>, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, and <a href="/wiki/Justo_Jos%C3%A9_de_Urquiza" title="Justo José de Urquiza">Justo José de Urquiza</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a> is known to have been a member of the <a href="/wiki/Lautaro_Lodge" title="Lautaro Lodge">Lautaro Lodge</a>; but whether the lodge was truly masonic has been debated: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDenslow1957" class="citation book cs1">Denslow, William R. (1957). <i>10,000 Famous Freemasons</i>. Vol. 1–4. Richmond, VA: Macoy Publishing & Masonic Supply Co Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=10%2C000+Famous+Freemasons&rft.place=Richmond%2C+VA&rft.pub=Macoy+Publishing+%26+Masonic+Supply+Co+Inc&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Denslow&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomingo+Faustino+Sarmiento" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBravo1993" class="citation journal cs1">Bravo, Héctor Félix (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524154954/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/sites/default/files/sarmientos.PDF">"Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (1811–1888)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Perspectivas: Revista trimestral de educación comparada - UNESCO</i>. <b>XXIII</b>: 808–821. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibe.unesco.org/sites/default/files/sarmientos.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectivas%3A+Revista+trimestral+de+educaci%C3%B3n+comparada+-+UNESCO&rft.atitle=Domingo+Faustino+Sarmiento+%281811%E2%80%931888%29&rft.volume=XXIII&rft.pages=808-821&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Bravo&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9ctor+F%C3%A9lix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibe.unesco.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fsarmientos.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomingo+Faustino+Sarmiento" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrero2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Herrero, Alejandro (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/bitstream/handle/11336/28796/CONICET_Digital_Nro.f470776e-925f-4615-b1e8-63ff1138e3e0_A.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y">"Lugones and Ingenieros and their homage to Domingo Faustino Sarmiento in the first hundred anniversary of his birth (1911)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Estudios de Filosofía Práctica e Historia de las Ideas</i>. XIX n. 2: 57–72. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1515-7180">1515-7180</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Estudios+de+Filosof%C3%ADa+Pr%C3%A1ctica+e+Historia+de+las+Ideas&rft.atitle=Lugones+and+Ingenieros+and+their+homage+to+Domingo+Faustino+Sarmiento+in+the+first+hundred+anniversary+of+his+birth+%281911%29&rft.volume=XIX+n.+2&rft.pages=57-72&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1515-7180&rft.aulast=Herrero&rft.aufirst=Alejandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fri.conicet.gov.ar%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F11336%2F28796%2FCONICET_Digital_Nro.f470776e-925f-4615-b1e8-63ff1138e3e0_A.pdf%3Fsequence%3D5%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomingo+Faustino+Sarmiento" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Fernándes Leys <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bibliotecavirtual.unl.edu.ar:8443/bitstream/handle/11185/4153/RU049_06_A004.pdf">Hallazgo de Unamuno en Sarmiento</a>, "Sobre la literatura hispanoamericana. Ensayos" T. I., p. 855. Aguilar</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampobassi1975" class="citation book cs1">Campobassi, José Salvador (1975). <i>Sarmiento y su época, Volumen 1</i>. Buenos Aires: Losada.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sarmiento+y+su+%C3%A9poca%2C+Volumen+1&rft.place=Buenos+Aires&rft.pub=Losada&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Campobassi&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Salvador&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomingo+Faustino+Sarmiento" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowley1972">Crowley 1972</a>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bunkley_1969_p=31-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bunkley_1969_p=31_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bunkley_1969_p=31_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBunkley1969">Bunkley 1969</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bunkley24-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bunkley24_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bunkley24_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bunkley24_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBunkley1969">Bunkley 1969</a>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mi Defensa, in Obras Completas de Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (henceforth OC), vol. 3 (Buenos Aires: Editorial Luz Del Dia, 1948), pp. 6–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBunkley1969">Bunkley 1969</a>, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bunkley26-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bunkley26_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bunkley26_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bunkley26_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBunkley1969">Bunkley 1969</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía_Hamilton1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_Garc%C3%ADa_Hamilton" title="José Ignacio García Hamilton">García Hamilton, José Ignacio</a> (1997). <i>Cuyano alborotador: la vida de Domingo Faustino Sarmiento</i> (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana. pp. 270–271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9500712504" title="Special:BookSources/9500712504"><bdi>9500712504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuyano+alborotador%3A+la+vida+de+Domingo+Faustino+Sarmiento&rft.place=Buenos+Aires&rft.pages=270-271&rft.pub=Editorial+Sudamericana&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9500712504&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa+Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Ignacio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomingo+Faustino+Sarmiento" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBunkley1969">Bunkley 1969</a>, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBunkley1969">Bunkley 1969</a>, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBunkley1969">Bunkley 1969</a>, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBunkley1969">Bunkley 1969</a>, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBunkley1969">Bunkley 1969</a>, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moss171-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moss171_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMossValestuk1999">Moss & Valestuk 1999</a>, p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMossValestuk1999">Moss & Valestuk 1999</a>, p. 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moss173-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moss173_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-moss173_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMossValestuk1999">Moss & Valestuk 1999</a>, p. 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowley1972">Crowley 1972</a>, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBunkley1969">Bunkley 1969</a>, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bunkley49-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bunkley49_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bunkley49_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBunkley1969">Bunkley 1969</a>, p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBunkley1969">Bunkley 1969</a>, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatra1996">Katra 1996</a>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bunkley77-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bunkley77_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bunkley77_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBunkley1969">Bunkley 1969</a>, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarcía_Hamilton1997">García Hamilton 1997</a>, pp. 52–61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ham-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ham_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ham_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarcía_Hamilton1997">García Hamilton 1997</a>, pp. 62–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crowley10-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crowley10_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley10_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley10_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley10_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley10_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley10_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowley1972">Crowley 1972</a>, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Los diez años precedentes," <i>El Nacional</i> May 1, 1841<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. Hmm. This reference looks a little dodgy! (July 2022)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historiador-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-historiador_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historiador_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historiador_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historiador_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historiador_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historiador_33-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historiador_33-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historiador_33-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historiador_33-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Felipe Pigna, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/biografias/s/sarmiento.php">"Domingo Faustino Sarmiento"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080215162701/http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/biografias/s/sarmiento.php">Archived</a> 15 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. El Historiador; Biografias.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (March 2008)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1975">Calmon 1975</a>, p. 407</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crowley16-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crowley16_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley16_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley16_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowley1972">Crowley 1972</a>, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatra1996">Katra 1996</a>, pp. 7–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatra1993">Katra 1993</a>, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatra1993">Katra 1993</a>, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-galvani20-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-galvani20_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-galvani20_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalvani1990">Galvani 1990</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crowley9-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crowley9_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley9_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowley1972">Crowley 1972</a>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalvani1990">Galvani 1990</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.recoletacemetery.com/?cat=12&paged=5">After Life: Recoleta Cemetery</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatra1996">Katra 1996</a>, pp. 173–176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatra1996">Katra 1996</a>, p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalvani1990">Galvani 1990</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatra1996">Katra 1996</a>, p. 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalvani1990">Galvani 1990</a>, pp. 23–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-penn387-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-penn387_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-penn387_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-penn387_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenn1946">Penn 1946</a>, p. 387</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rock130-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rock130_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rock130_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rock130_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRock1985">Rock 1985</a>, p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBunkley1969">Bunkley 1969</a>, p. 449</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obras, 31: 197, article written October 9, 1865, for El Zonda, Obras, 24: 71. JSTOR<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The citation is not specific enough to facilitate source verification (July 2022)">not specific enough to verify</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowley1972">Crowley 1972</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crowley21-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crowley21_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley21_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowley1972">Crowley 1972</a>, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crowley22-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crowley22_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley22_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowley1972">Crowley 1972</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowley1972">Crowley 1972</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-galvani25-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-galvani25_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-galvani25_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalvani1990">Galvani 1990</a>, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-efemerides-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-efemerides_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/sarmiento/index.html">Domingo Faustino Sarmiento</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080123235029/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/sarmiento/index.html">Archived</a> 23 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elarcondelahistoria.com/llegan-los-restos-de-domingo-faustino-sarmiento-2191888/">LLEGAN LOS RESTOS DE DOMINGO FAUSTINO SARMIENTO (21/09/1888)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1975">Calmon 1975</a>, pp. 407–408</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatra1994">Katra 1994</a>, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katra_1994_p=79-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Katra_1994_p=79_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katra_1994_p=79_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatra1994">Katra 1994</a>, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crowley39-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crowley39_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowley1972">Crowley 1972</a>, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowley1972">Crowley 1972</a>, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowley1972">Crowley 1972</a>, p. 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatra1994">Katra 1994</a>, p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-penn388-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-penn388_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenn1946">Penn 1946</a>, p. 388</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">qtd. <a href="#CITEREFPenn1946">Penn 1946</a>, p. 388</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGott2011" class="citation web cs1">Gott, Richard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latinolife.co.uk/articles/sarmiento-argentine-national-hero-or-ideologue-white-settler-racism">"Sarmiento: Argentine National Hero or Ideologue of White Settler Racism?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sarmiento%3A+Argentine+National+Hero+or+Ideologue+of+White+Settler+Racism%3F&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Gott&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latinolife.co.uk%2Farticles%2Fsarmiento-argentine-national-hero-or-ideologue-white-settler-racism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomingo+Faustino+Sarmiento" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDAVIS2018" class="citation web cs1">DAVIS, DARIÉN J. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/content/qt3tp4p886/qt3tp4p886_noSplash_5d74902596de684b564bb7372eed382b.pdf?t=pw2gol">"From Oppressive to Benign: A Comparative History of the Construction of Whiteness in Brazil in the Post Abolition Era"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Oppressive+to+Benign%3A+A+Comparative+History+of+the+Construction+of+Whiteness+in+Brazil+in+the+Post+Abolition+Era&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=DAVIS&rft.aufirst=DARI%C3%89N+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fcontent%2Fqt3tp4p886%2Fqt3tp4p886_noSplash_5d74902596de684b564bb7372eed382b.pdf%3Ft%3Dpw2gol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomingo+Faustino+Sarmiento" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ross18-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ross18_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss2003">Ross 2003</a>, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMolloy1991">Molloy 1991</a>, p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss2003">Ross 2003</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lacayo, Herberto. "Untitled." Hispania 32.2 (1949):pp.409-410</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crowley26-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crowley26_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley26_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley26_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley26_74-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowley1972">Crowley 1972</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crowley29-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crowley29_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley29_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley29_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowley1972">Crowley 1972</a>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crowley28-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crowley28_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley28_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley28_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley28_76-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley28_76-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley28_76-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowley1972">Crowley 1972</a>, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crowley_1972_p=24-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crowley_1972_p=24_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crowley_1972_p=24_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowley1972">Crowley 1972</a>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatton1976">Patton 1976</a>, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/sarmiento">Domingo Faustino Sarmiento</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080113115938/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/sarmiento">Archived</a> January 13, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowley1972">Crowley 1972</a>, p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crowley166-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crowley166_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley166_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowley1972">Crowley 1972</a>, p. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Art Institution</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?uri=full=3100001~!14508!0#focus">"Domingo Faustino Sarmiento Statue"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rosario.com.ar/hoteles/item30.htm">Rosario City Website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musee-rodin.fr/biotx-e.htm">Musée Rodin Website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080327092053/http://www.musee-rodin.fr/biotx-e.htm">Archived</a> March 27, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunkley1969" class="citation cs2">Bunkley, Allison Williams (1969) [1952], <i>The Life of Sarmiento</i>, New York: Greenwood Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8371-2392-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8371-2392-5"><bdi>0-8371-2392-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Sarmiento&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-8371-2392-5&rft.aulast=Bunkley&rft.aufirst=Allison+Williams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomingo+Faustino+Sarmiento" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalmon1975" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Calmon, Pedro (1975), <i>História de D. Pedro II</i> (in Portuguese), vol. 1, Rio de Janeiro: J. Olympio</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+de+D.+Pedro+II&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pub=J.+Olympio&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Calmon&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomingo+Faustino+Sarmiento" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley1972" class="citation cs2">Crowley, Francis G. (1972), <i>Domingo Faustino Sarmiento</i>, New York: Twayne</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domingo+Faustino+Sarmiento&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Twayne&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Francis+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomingo+Faustino+Sarmiento" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalvani1990" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Galvani, Victoria, ed. (1990), <i>Domingo Faustino Sarmiento</i> (in Spanish), Madrid: Institución de Cooperación Iberoamericana, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7232-577-6" title="Special:BookSources/84-7232-577-6"><bdi>84-7232-577-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domingo+Faustino+Sarmiento&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Instituci%C3%B3n+de+Cooperaci%C3%B3n+Iberoamericana&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=84-7232-577-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomingo+Faustino+Sarmiento" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalperín_Donghi1994" class="citation cs2">Halperín Donghi, Tulio (1994), "Sarmiento's Place in Postrevolutionary Argentina", in Halperin Donghi, Tulio; Jaksic, Ivan; Kirkpatrick, Gwen; et al. (eds.), <i>Sarmiento: Author of a Nation</i>, ??: University of California Press, pp. 19–30</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sarmiento%27s+Place+in+Postrevolutionary+Argentina&rft.btitle=Sarmiento%3A+Author+of+a+Nation&rft.place=%3F%3F&rft.pages=19-30&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Halper%C3%ADn+Donghi&rft.aufirst=Tulio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomingo+Faustino+Sarmiento" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatra1993" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Katra, William H. (1993), <i>Sarmiento de frente y perfil</i> (in Spanish), New York: Peter Lang, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8204-2044-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8204-2044-1"><bdi>0-8204-2044-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sarmiento+de+frente+y+perfil&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8204-2044-1&rft.aulast=Katra&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomingo+Faustino+Sarmiento" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatra1994" class="citation cs2">Katra, William H. (1994), "Reading <i>Viajes</i>", in Halperin Donghi, Tulio; Jaksic, Ivan; Kirkpatrick, Gwen; et al. (eds.), <i>Sarmiento: Author of a Nation</i>, ??: University of California Press, pp. 73–100</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reading+Viajes&rft.btitle=Sarmiento%3A+Author+of+a+Nation&rft.place=%3F%3F&rft.pages=73-100&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Katra&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomingo+Faustino+Sarmiento" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatra1996" class="citation cs2">Katra, William H. (1996), <i>The Argentine Generation of 1837: Echeverría, Alberti, Sarmiento, Mitre</i>, London: Associated University Presses, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8386-3599-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8386-3599-7"><bdi>0-8386-3599-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Argentine+Generation+of+1837%3A+Echeverr%C3%ADa%2C+Alberti%2C+Sarmiento%2C+Mitre&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Associated+University+Presses&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8386-3599-7&rft.aulast=Katra&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomingo+Faustino+Sarmiento" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkpatrickMasiello1994" class="citation cs2">Kirkpatrick, Gwen; Masiello, Francine (1994), "Introduction: Sarmiento between History and Fiction", in Halperin Donghi, Tulio; Jaksic, Ivan; Kirkpatrick, Gwen; et al. (eds.), <i>Sarmiento: Author of a Nation</i>, ??: University of California Press, pp. 1–18</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Sarmiento+between+History+and+Fiction&rft.btitle=Sarmiento%3A+Author+of+a+Nation&rft.place=%3F%3F&rft.pages=1-18&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=Gwen&rft.au=Masiello%2C+Francine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomingo+Faustino+Sarmiento" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2001" class="citation cs2">Mann, Mary Tyler Peabody (2001), <i>"My Dear Sir": Mary Mann's Letters to Sarmiento, 1865–1881</i>, Buenos Aires: Instituto Cultural Argentino Norteamericano, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/987-98659-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/987-98659-0-1"><bdi>987-98659-0-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22My+Dear+Sir%22%3A+Mary+Mann%27s+Letters+to+Sarmiento%2C+1865%E2%80%931881&rft.pub=Buenos+Aires%3A+Instituto+Cultural+Argentino+Norteamericano&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=987-98659-0-1&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Mary+Tyler+Peabody&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomingo+Faustino+Sarmiento" class="Z3988"></span>. Edited by Barry L. Velleman. There is a Spanish translation of these letters, <i>"Mi estimado señor": Cartas de Mary Mann a Sarmiento (1865–1881).</i> Buenos Aires: Icana y Victoria Ocampo, 2005. Edited by Barry L. Velleman. Translated by Marcela Solá. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/987-1198-03-5" title="Special:BookSources/987-1198-03-5">987-1198-03-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolloy1991" class="citation cs2">Molloy, Sylvia (1991), <i>At Face Value: Autobiographical Writing in Spanish America</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-33195-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-33195-1"><bdi>0-521-33195-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+Face+Value%3A+Autobiographical+Writing+in+Spanish+America&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-521-33195-1&rft.aulast=Molloy&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomingo+Faustino+Sarmiento" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMossValestuk1999" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Moss, Joyce; Valestuk, Lorraine (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latinamericanlit0000moss/page/171">"<i>Facundo</i>: Domingo F. Sarmiento"</a>, <i>Latin American Literature and Its Times</i>, vol. 1, World Literature and Its Times: Profiles of Notable Literary Works and the Historical Events That Influenced Them, Detroit: Gale Group, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latinamericanlit0000moss/page/171">171–180</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7876-3726-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7876-3726-2"><bdi>0-7876-3726-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Facundo%3A+Domingo+F.+Sarmiento&rft.btitle=Latin+American+Literature+and+Its+Times&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=171-180&rft.pub=Gale+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7876-3726-2&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rft.au=Valestuk%2C+Lorraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flatinamericanlit0000moss%2Fpage%2F171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomingo+Faustino+Sarmiento" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatton1976" class="citation cs2">Patton, Elda Clayon (1976), <i>Sarmiento in the United States</i>, Evansville Indiana: The University of Evansville Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sarmiento+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Evansville+Indiana&rft.pub=The+University+of+Evansville+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Patton&rft.aufirst=Elda+Clayon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomingo+Faustino+Sarmiento" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenn1946" class="citation cs2">Penn, Dorothy (August 1946), "Sarmiento--"School Master President" of Argentina", <i>Hispania</i>, <b>29</b> (3), American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese: 386–389, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F333368">10.2307/333368</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/333368">333368</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispania&rft.atitle=Sarmiento--%22School+Master+President%22+of+Argentina&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=386-389&rft.date=1946-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F333368&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F333368%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Penn&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomingo+Faustino+Sarmiento" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRock1985" class="citation cs2">Rock, David (1985), <i>Argentina, 1516–1982: From Spanish Colonization to the Falklands War</i>, Berkeley: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-05189-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-05189-0"><bdi>0-520-05189-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Argentina%2C+1516%E2%80%931982%3A+From+Spanish+Colonization+to+the+Falklands+War&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-520-05189-0&rft.aulast=Rock&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomingo+Faustino+Sarmiento" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2003" class="citation cs2">Ross, Kathleen (2003), "Translator's Introduction", in Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (ed.), <i>Facundo: Civilization and Barbarism</i>, trans. Kathleen Ross, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 17–26</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Translator%27s+Introduction&rft.btitle=Facundo%3A+Civilization+and+Barbarism&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pages=17-26&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomingo+Faustino+Sarmiento" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarmiento2005" class="citation cs2">Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino (2005), <i>Recollections of a Provincial Past</i>, ??: Library of Latin America, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511369-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511369-1"><bdi>0-19-511369-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recollections+of+a+Provincial+Past&rft.place=%3F%3F&rft.pub=Library+of+Latin+America%2C+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-511369-1&rft.aulast=Sarmiento&rft.aufirst=Domingo+Faustino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomingo+Faustino+Sarmiento" class="Z3988"></span>. Trans. by Elizabeth Garrels and Asa Zatz.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarmiento2003" class="citation cs2">Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino (2003), <i>Facundo: Civilization and Barbarism</i>, translated by Kathleen Ross, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press (published 1845), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23980-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23980-6"><bdi>0-520-23980-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facundo%3A+Civilization+and+Barbarism&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-520-23980-6&rft.aulast=Sarmiento&rft.aufirst=Domingo+Faustino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomingo+Faustino+Sarmiento" class="Z3988"></span> The first complete English translation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Domingo Faustino Sarmiento</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/36297">Works by Domingo Faustino Sarmiento</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Sarmiento%2C%20Domingo%20Faustino%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Sarmiento%2C%20Domingo%20F%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Sarmiento%2C%20D%2E%20F%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Domingo%20Faustino%20Sarmiento%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Domingo%20F%2E%20Sarmiento%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22D%2E%20F%2E%20Sarmiento%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Sarmiento%2C%20Domingo%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Domingo%20Sarmiento%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Domingo%20Faustino%20Sarmiento%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Domingo%20F%2E%20Sarmiento%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22D%2E%20F%2E%20Sarmiento%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22D%2E%20Faustino%20Sarmiento%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sarmiento%2C%20Domingo%20Faustino%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sarmiento%2C%20Domingo%20F%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sarmiento%2C%20D%2E%20F%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sarmiento%2C%20D%2E%20Faustino%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Domingo%20Sarmiento%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sarmiento%2C%20Domingo%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Domingo%20Faustino%20Sarmiento%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Domingo%20F%2E%20Sarmiento%22%20OR%20title%3A%22D%2E%20F%2E%20Sarmiento%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Domingo%20Sarmiento%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Domingo%20Faustino%20Sarmiento%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Domingo%20F%2E%20Sarmiento%22%20OR%20description%3A%22D%2E%20F%2E%20Sarmiento%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Sarmiento%2C%20Domingo%20Faustino%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Sarmiento%2C%20Domingo%20F%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Domingo%20Sarmiento%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Sarmiento%2C%20Domingo%22%29%20OR%20%28%221811-1888%22%20AND%20Sarmiento%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Domingo Faustino Sarmiento</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/14223">Works by Domingo Faustino Sarmiento</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Domingo_D%C3%ADaz" title="Francisco Domingo Díaz">Francisco Domingo Díaz</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_San_Juan_Province" title="Governor of San Juan Province">Governor of San Juan</a> </b><br />1862–1864 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Santiago Lloveras</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Mitre" title="Bartolomé Mitre">Bartolomé Mitre</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Argentina" title="President of Argentina">President of Argentina</a> </b><br />1868–1874 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Avellaneda" title="Nicolás Avellaneda">Nicolás Avellaneda</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_Irigoyen" title="Bernardo de Irigoyen">Bernardo de Irigoyen</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Argentina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of the Interior (Argentina)">Minister of the Interior</a> </b><br />1879 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Benjamín Zorrilla</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Manuel Montes de Oca</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship">Minister of Foreign Affairs and Worship</a> </b><br />1879 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Lucas González</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Domingo Faustino Sarmiento"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_by_Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Domingo Faustino Sarmiento</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Facundo" title="Facundo">Facundo</a></i> (1845)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Recuerdos_de_Provincia" title="Recuerdos de Provincia">Recuerdos de Provincia</a></i> (1850)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mi_defensa" title="Mi defensa">Mi defensa</a></i> (1843)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Informes_sobre_educaci%C3%B3n" title="Informes sobre educación">Informes sobre educación</a></i> (1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_y_colonizaci%C3%B3n" title="Inmigración y colonización">Inmigración y colonización</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_Argentina" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Argentina" title="Template:Presidents of Argentina"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Argentina" title="Template talk:Presidents of Argentina"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Argentina" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Argentina"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_Argentina" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Argentina" title="List of heads of state of Argentina">Heads of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/May_Revolution" title="May Revolution">May Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentine_War_of_Independence" title="Argentine War of Independence">Independence War Period</a><br /> up to <a href="/wiki/Asamblea_del_A%C3%B1o_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Asamblea del Año XIII">Asamblea del Año XIII</a> (1810–1814)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primera_Junta" title="Primera Junta">Primera Junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junta_Grande" title="Junta Grande">Junta Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Triumvirate_(Argentina)" title="First Triumvirate (Argentina)">First Triumvirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate_(Argentina)" title="Second Triumvirate (Argentina)">Second Triumvirate</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Argentina"><img alt="Flag of Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/50px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/75px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/100px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Argentina</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Director_of_the_United_Provinces_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata">Supreme directors of the United Provinces<br /> of the Río de la Plata</a> (1814–1820)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gervasio_Antonio_de_Posadas" title="Gervasio Antonio de Posadas">Gervasio Antonio de Posadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Alvear" title="Carlos María de Alvear">Carlos María de Alvear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Viamonte" title="Juan José Viamonte">Juan José Viamonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rondeau" title="José Rondeau">José Rondeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_%C3%81lvarez_Thomas" title="Ignacio Álvarez Thomas">Ignacio Álvarez Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Balcarce" title="Antonio González de Balcarce">Antonio González de Balcarce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Pueyrred%C3%B3n" title="Juan Martín de Pueyrredón">Juan Martín de Pueyrredón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rondeau" title="José Rondeau">José Rondeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pedro_Aguirre" title="Juan Pedro Aguirre">Juan Pedro Aguirre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Unitarian Republic</i> – First Presidential Government (1826–1827)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Rivadavia" title="Bernardino Rivadavia">Bernardino Rivadavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_L%C3%B3pez_y_Planes" title="Vicente López y Planes">Vicente López y Planes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pacto_Federal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacto Federal">Pacto Federal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Confederation" title="Argentine Confederation">Argentine Confederation</a> (1827–1862)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Dorrego" title="Manuel Dorrego">Manuel Dorrego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Balcarce" title="Juan Ramón Balcarce">Juan Ramón Balcarce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Viamonte" title="Juan José Viamonte">Juan José Viamonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Vicente_Maza" title="Manuel Vicente Maza">Manuel Vicente Maza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justo_Jos%C3%A9_de_Urquiza" title="Justo José de Urquiza">Justo José de Urquiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Derqui" title="Santiago Derqui">Santiago Derqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Esteban_Pedernera" title="Juan Esteban Pedernera">Juan Esteban Pedernera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>National Organization</i> – <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentine Republic</a> (1862–1880)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Mitre" title="Bartolomé Mitre">Bartolomé Mitre</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Domingo Faustino Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Avellaneda" title="Nicolás Avellaneda">Nicolás Avellaneda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Generation_of_%2780" title="Generation of '80">Generation of '80</a> – <i>Oligarchic Republic</i> (1880–1916)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Argentino_Roca" title="Julio Argentino Roca">Julio Argentino Roca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Ju%C3%A1rez_Celman" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Ángel Juárez Celman">Miguel Juárez Celman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Pellegrini" title="Carlos Pellegrini">Carlos Pellegrini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_S%C3%A1enz_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Luis Sáenz Peña">Luis Sáenz Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Evaristo_Uriburu" title="José Evaristo Uriburu">José Evaristo Uriburu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Argentino_Roca" title="Julio Argentino Roca">Julio Argentino Roca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Quintana" title="Manuel Quintana">Manuel Quintana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Figueroa_Alcorta" title="José Figueroa Alcorta">José Figueroa Alcorta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roque_S%C3%A1enz_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Roque Sáenz Peña">Roque Sáenz Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorino_de_la_Plaza" title="Victorino de la Plaza">Victorino de la Plaza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First <i><a href="/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Radical Civic Union</a></i> terms, after <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1enz_Pe%C3%B1a_Law" title="Sáenz Peña Law">secret ballot</a> (1916–1930)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_Yrigoyen" title="Hipólito Yrigoyen">Hipólito Yrigoyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Torcuato_de_Alvear" title="Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear">Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_Yrigoyen" title="Hipólito Yrigoyen">Hipólito Yrigoyen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infamous_Decade" title="Infamous Decade">Infamous Decade</a> (1930–1943)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_F%C3%A9lix_Uriburu" title="José Félix Uriburu">José Félix Uriburu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Pedro_Justo" title="Agustín Pedro Justo">Agustín Pedro Justo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Mar%C3%ADa_Ortiz" title="Roberto María Ortiz">Roberto María Ortiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Castillo" title="Ramón Castillo">Ramón Castillo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/1943_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1943 Argentine coup d'état">Revolution of '43</a></i> – Military Dictatorships (1943–1946)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Rawson" title="Arturo Rawson">Arturo Rawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Pedro Pablo Ramírez">Pedro Pablo Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edelmiro_Juli%C3%A1n_Farrell" title="Edelmiro Julián Farrell">Edelmiro Julián Farrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First <i><a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronist</a></i> terms (1946–1955)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Juan Domingo Perón</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora" title="Revolución Libertadora">Revolución Libertadora</a></i> – Military Dictatorships (1955–1958)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Lonardi" title="Eduardo Lonardi">Eduardo Lonardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Eugenio_Aramburu" title="Pedro Eugenio Aramburu">Pedro Eugenio Aramburu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fragile Civilian Governments – Proscription of Peronism (1958–1966)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Frondizi" title="Arturo Frondizi">Arturo Frondizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Guido" title="José María Guido">José María Guido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Umberto_Illia" title="Arturo Umberto Illia">Arturo Umberto Illia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Revolución Argentina</a></i> – Military Dictatorships (1966–1973)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Ongan%C3%ADa" title="Juan Carlos Onganía">Juan Carlos Onganía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_M._Levingston" class="mw-redirect" title="Roberto M. Levingston">Roberto M. Levingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Agust%C3%ADn_Lanusse" title="Alejandro Agustín Lanusse">Alejandro Agustín Lanusse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Return of Perón (1973–1976)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Jos%C3%A9_C%C3%A1mpora" title="Héctor José Cámpora">Héctor José Cámpora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Alberto_Lastiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Raúl Alberto Lastiri">Raúl Alberto Lastiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Juan Domingo Perón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Per%C3%B3n" title="Isabel Perón">Isabel Perón</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">National Reorganization Process</a></i> – Military Dictatorships (1976–1983)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla" title="Jorge Rafael Videla">Jorge Rafael Videla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Eduardo_Viola" title="Roberto Eduardo Viola">Roberto Eduardo Viola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Galtieri" title="Leopoldo Galtieri">Leopoldo Galtieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reynaldo_Bignone" title="Reynaldo Bignone">Reynaldo Bignone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Return to Democracy (1983–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Alfons%C3%ADn" title="Raúl Alfonsín">Raúl Alfonsín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Menem" title="Carlos Menem">Carlos Menem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_la_R%C3%BAa" title="Fernando de la Rúa">Fernando de la Rúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Sa%C3%A1" title="Adolfo Rodríguez Saá">Adolfo Rodríguez Saá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Duhalde" title="Eduardo Duhalde">Eduardo Duhalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner" title="Néstor Kirchner">Néstor Kirchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner" title="Cristina Fernández de Kirchner">Cristina Fernández de Kirchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Macri" title="Mauricio Macri">Mauricio Macri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Alberto Fernández">Alberto Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Javier Milei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Argentina" title="Portal:Argentina">Portal:Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Argentina" title="Politics of Argentina">Politics of Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Argentina" title="President of Argentina">President of Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Argentina" title="List of heads of state of Argentina">List of heads of state of Argentina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Argentine_Civil_Wars_(1814–76)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Argentine_Civil_War" title="Template:Argentine Civil War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Argentine_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Argentine Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Argentine_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Argentine Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Argentine_Civil_Wars_(1814–76)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Civil_Wars" title="Argentine Civil Wars">Argentine Civil Wars (1814–76)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties<br /> involved<br /> (leaders)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federales_(Argentina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federales (Argentina)">Federalists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">José Gervasio Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Vera" title="Mariano Vera">Mariano Vera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estanislao_L%C3%B3pez" title="Estanislao López">Estanislao López</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ram%C3%ADrez_(governor)" title="Francisco Ramírez (governor)">Francisco Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Bustos" title="Juan Bautista Bustos">Juan Bautista Bustos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Dorrego" title="Manuel Dorrego">Manuel Dorrego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facundo_Quiroga" title="Facundo Quiroga">Facundo Quiroga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Heredia" title="Alejandro Heredia">Alejandro Heredia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascual_Echag%C3%BCe" title="Pascual Echagüe">Pascual Echagüe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justo_Jos%C3%A9_de_Urquiza" title="Justo José de Urquiza">Justo José de Urquiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_L%C3%B3pez_Jord%C3%A1n" title="Ricardo López Jordán">Ricardo López Jordán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Varela" title="Felipe Varela">Felipe Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Vicente_Pe%C3%B1aloza" title="Ángel Vicente Peñaloza">Chacho Peñaloza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Party" title="Unitarian Party">Unitarians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Alvear" title="Carlos María de Alvear">Carlos María de Alvear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Pueyrred%C3%B3n" title="Juan Martín de Pueyrredón">Juan Martín de Pueyrredón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rondeau" title="José Rondeau">José Rondeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Rivadavia" title="Bernardino Rivadavia">Bernardino Rivadavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Lavalle" title="Juan Lavalle">Juan Lavalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Paz" title="José María Paz">José María Paz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Esteban_Pedernera" title="Juan Esteban Pedernera">Juan Esteban Pedernera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Ar%C3%A1oz_de_Lamadrid" title="Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid">Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Ferr%C3%A9" title="Pedro Ferré">Pedro Ferré</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Domingo Faustino Sarmiento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cepeda_(1820)" title="Battle of Cepeda (1820)">Cepeda (1820)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Navarro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Navarro (page does not exist)">Navarro (1828)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Roque" title="Battle of San Roque">San Roque (1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A1rquez_Bridge" title="Battle of Márquez Bridge">Márquez Bridge (1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_La_Tablada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of La Tablada (page does not exist)">La Tablada (1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Oncativo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Oncativo (page does not exist)">Oncativo (1830)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sauce_Grande&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Sauce Grande (page does not exist)">Sauce Grande (1840)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Famaill%C3%A1" title="Battle of Famaillá">Famaillá (1841)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caaguaz%C3%BA" title="Battle of Caaguazú">Caaguazú (1841)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laguna_Limpia" title="Battle of Laguna Limpia">Laguna Limpia (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caseros" title="Battle of Caseros">Caseros (1852)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cepeda_(1859)" title="Battle of Cepeda (1859)">Cepeda (1859)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pav%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Pavón">Pavón (1861)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pozo_de_Vargas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Pozo de Vargas (page does not exist)">Pozo de Vargas (1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Don_Gonzalo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Don Gonzalo (page does not exist)">Don Gonzalo (1873)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pilar" title="Treaty of Pilar">Pilar (1820)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Benegas" title="Treaty of Benegas">Benegas (1820)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral_Treaty" title="Quadrilateral Treaty">Quadrilateral (1822)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1uelas_Pact" title="Cañuelas Pact">Cañuelas Pact (1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Pact" title="Federal Pact">Federal Pact (1831)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protocol_of_Palermo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protocol of Palermo (page does not exist)">Protocol of Palermo (1852)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Nicol%C3%A1s_Agreement" title="San Nicolás Agreement">San Nicolás (1852)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_San_Jos%C3%A9_de_Flores" title="Pact of San José de Flores">Pact of San José de Flores (1859)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="United Provinces of the Río de la Plata">United Provinces of the Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liga_Federal" class="mw-redirect" title="Liga Federal">League of the Free Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arequito_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Arequito Revolt">Arequito Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_the_Restorers" title="Revolution of the Restorers">Revolution of the Restorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_League" title="Unitarian League">Unitarian League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Confederation" title="Argentine Confederation">Argentine Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Civil_War" title="Uruguayan Civil War">Uruguayan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemen_of_the_South" title="Freemen of the South">Freemen of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_11_September_1852" title="Revolution of 11 September 1852">Revolution of 11 September 1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Buenos_Aires" title="State of Buenos Aires">State of Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Constitution_of_1853" title="Argentine Constitution of 1853">Argentine Constitution of 1853</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121208917">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/12340366">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/75201/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjmVbKj4Mc6YbDVhKVcT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118751328">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81072956">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121205608">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121205608">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MUSV075948">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36522921">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000604797&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX942843">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/224086">Portugal</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/155051">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068350716">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90544466">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000008980&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=168568">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000021680">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201849487">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/xv8bfblg1hlgxsm">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810545342205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/198382">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007267557005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058528089106706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13917259">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01464550?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1215147">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118751328.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118751328">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027669505">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6vm59ds">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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