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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Education policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coffee_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coffee_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Coffee industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coffee_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_the_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_the_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Relationship with the Church</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Electoral history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Awards and decorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.2</span> <span>Journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.3</span> <span>Web sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gerardo Barrios</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardo_Barrios" title="Gerardo Barrios – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gerardo Barrios" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardo_Barrios" title="Gerardo Barrios – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gerardo Barrios" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardo_Barrios" title="Gerardo Barrios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gerardo Barrios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardo_Barrios" title="Gerardo Barrios – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gerardo Barrios" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardo_Barrios" title="Gerardo Barrios – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gerardo Barrios" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardo_Barrios" title="Gerardo Barrios – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gerardo Barrios" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardo_Barrios" title="Gerardo Barrios – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gerardo Barrios" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardo_Barrios" title="Gerardo Barrios – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gerardo Barrios" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81,_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Барриос, Херардо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Барриос, Херардо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of El Salvador from 1859 to 1863</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Barrios</i> and the second or maternal family name is <i> Espinoza</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Captain_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain General">Captain General</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Gerardo Barrios</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerardo_Barrios.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Gerardo Barrios, 1861" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gerardo_Barrios.jpg/250px-Gerardo_Barrios.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Gerardo_Barrios.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="373" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait of Gerardo Barrios, 1861</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">10th <a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">President of El Salvador</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 February 1861 – 26 October 1863</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Vice President</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_F%C3%A9lix_Quir%C3%B3s" title="José Félix Quirós">José Félix Quirós</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Peralta" title="José María Peralta">José María Peralta</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Due%C3%B1as" title="Francisco Dueñas">Francisco Dueñas</a> (provisional)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />12 March 1859 – 16 December 1860<br />Acting President until 1 February 1860</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Peralta" title="José María Peralta">José María Peralta</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Peralta" title="José María Peralta">José María Peralta</a> (acting)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />24 June 1858 – 18 September 1858<br />Acting President</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Sant%C3%ADn_del_Castillo" title="Miguel Santín del Castillo">Miguel Santín del Castillo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Sant%C3%ADn_del_Castillo" title="Miguel Santín del Castillo">Miguel Santín del Castillo</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Deputy of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_El_Salvador" title="Legislative Assembly of El Salvador">Legislative Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1858–18??</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_Department_(El_Salvador)" title="San Miguel Department (El Salvador)">San Miguel</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Ministerial offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Minister of Interior and External Relations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />20 September 1858 – 19 January 1859</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself (exterior)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(El_Salvador)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (El Salvador)">Minister of External Relations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />31 March 1858 – 20 September 1858</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(El_Salvador)" title="Ministry of the Interior (El Salvador)">Minister of Interior Relations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 1857 – 14 June 1857 </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">José Gerardo Barrios Espinoza</div><br />September/October 1813<br /><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Barrios" title="Ciudad Barrios">Cacahuatique</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Ed%C3%A9n_de_San_Juan" title="Nuevo Edén de San Juan">La Poza de la Juana</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">29 August 1865<span style="display:none">(1865-08-29)</span> (aged 51)<br /><a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">Execution by firing squad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">Salvadoran</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data">Liberal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Adelaida Guzmán Saldós</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1843)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Eufrasio_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán">Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán</a> (father-in-law)<br /><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Trinidad_Caba%C3%B1as" title="José Trinidad Cabañas">José Trinidad Cabañas</a> (brother-in-law)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Military officer, politician</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Central_America.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Central_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Central_America.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Central_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Central_America.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Central_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Central America</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_El_Salvador_%281839-1865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador_%281839-1865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_El_Salvador_%281839-1865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador_%281839-1865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_El_Salvador_%281839-1865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador_%281839-1865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="286" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data">Central American Army<br /><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Army" title="Salvadoran Army">Salvadoran Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1828–1863</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Captain_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain General">Captain General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Central_American_Civil_War" title="First Central American Civil War">1st Central American Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Central_American_Civil_War" title="Second Central American Civil War">2nd Central American Civil War</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malesp%C3%ADn%27s_War" title="Malespín's War">Malespín's War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guatemalan%E2%80%93Salvadoran_War_(1851%E2%80%9352)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guatemalan–Salvadoran War (1851–52) (page does not exist)">Guatemalan–Salvadoran War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Arada" title="Battle of La Arada">Battle of La Arada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_War" title="Filibuster War">Filibuster War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1863" title="War of 1863">War of 1863</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coatepeque" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Coatepeque">Battle of Coatepeque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_San_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of San Salvador (page does not exist)">Siege of San Salvador</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>José Gerardo Barrios Espinoza</b> (September/October 1813 – 29 August 1865) was a Salvadoran military officer and politician who served as <a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">president of El Salvador</a> on three occasions between June 1858 and his overthrow in October 1863. </p><p>Born in 1813, Barrios was taught various fields of education by his grandfather and a family friend, who also instilled in him his <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> ideals he held throughout his life. As a teenager, Barrios fought for the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a> under <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Moraz%C3%A1n" title="Francisco Morazán">Francisco Morazán</a> from the late-1820s to the early-1840s. He continued his military career in <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> where he fought during <a href="/wiki/Malesp%C3%ADn%27s_War" title="Malespín's War">Malespín's War</a> in the mid-1840s, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guatemalan%E2%80%93Salvadoran_War_(1851%E2%80%9352)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guatemalan–Salvadoran War (1851–52) (page does not exist)">Guatemalan–Salvadoran War</a> in the early-1850s, and the <a href="/wiki/Filibuster_War" title="Filibuster War">Filibuster War</a> in the mid-1850s. </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(El_Salvador)" title="Ministry of the Interior (El Salvador)">minister of internal affairs</a> in 1857, Barrios attempted a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> against President <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Campo" title="Rafael Campo">Rafael Campo</a> but failed. Despite his attempted coup, he was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(El_Salvador)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (El Salvador)">minister of external affairs</a> in January 1858 by President <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Sant%C3%ADn_del_Castillo" title="Miguel Santín del Castillo">Miguel Santín del Castillo</a>. When Santín left the presidency due to illness on 24 June 1858, Barrios assumed office as provisional president. Santín resumed his presidency on 17 September 1858 and appointed Barrios as minister of internal and external affairs three days later. </p><p>In January 1859, Santín and Barrios both resigned from their positions and <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Eufrasio_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán">Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán</a>, Barrios' father-in-law, became president. Eventually, Guzmán resigned and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Peralta" title="José María Peralta">José María Peralta</a> on 15 February 1859, who himself resigned on 12 March 1859 and was replaced by Barrios. Barrios ran unopposed and won the <a href="/wiki/1859_Salvadoran_presidential_election" title="1859 Salvadoran presidential election">1859 presidential election</a>, and began a six-yer term on 1 February 1860. During his presidency, Barrios worked to improve the country's education system and reduce the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_El_Salvador" title="Catholic Church in El Salvador">Catholic Church</a>. </p><p>In 1863, <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatives</a> joined a Guatemalan <a href="/wiki/War_of_1863" title="War of 1863">invasion of El Salvador</a> to depose Barrios. Although Barrios defeated Guatemalan soldiers under <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Carrera" title="Rafael Carrera">Rafael Carrera</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coatepeque" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Coatepeque">Battle of Coatepeque</a> in February 1863, the Guatemalans eventually prevailed and forced Barrios to flee the country on 26 October 1863 after the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_San_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of San Salvador (page does not exist)">Siege of San Salvador</a>. In his place, the Guatemalans installed <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Due%C3%B1as" title="Francisco Dueñas">Francisco Dueñas</a> as provisional president. Barrios attempted to return to power in May 1865, but his ship was forced to dock in Nicaragua where he was arrested. He was extradited to El Salvador in August 1865 where he was <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martialed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_El_Salvador" title="Capital punishment in El Salvador">sentenced to death</a>. Barrios was <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">executed by a firing squad</a> on 29 August 1865. </p><p>Barrios is considered to be a national hero and has many locations and institutions named after him. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerardo_Barrios&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>José Gerardo Barrios Espinoza was born to José María Barrios and Petrona Espinoza de Barrios; his paternal grandparents were Pedro Joaquín Barrios and Margarita Cisneros Avila, both of <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spanish descent</a>. His place and date of birth is disputed; he was born in either Cacahuatique (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Barrios" title="Ciudad Barrios">Ciudad Barrios</a>) or La Poza de la Juana (today a part of <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Ed%C3%A9n_de_San_Juan" title="Nuevo Edén de San Juan">Nuevo Edén de San Juan</a>), and he was born on either 24 September 1813 or 3 October 1813. He was baptized on 24 October 1813. Barrios had three sisters: Petronila, María Josefa, and Onicéfora.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasa_Presidencialc._2005a_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasa_Presidencialc._2005a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barrios suffered from some sort of defect and limped throughout his life. He was described as being sincere and loyal with his friends and being discreet when speaking. During his youth, Barrios was taught the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish language</a>, geography, American and European history, mathematics, astronomy, and physics by Pedro Joaquin Barrios (his paternal grandfather) and a family friend. They instilled in him his <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> ideals which he held throughout his life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasa_Presidencialc._2005a_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasa_Presidencialc._2005a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barrios was religious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985457_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985457-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barrios married Adelaida Guzmán Saldós in 1843. Guzmán Saldós, who was 17 years old at the time of her marriage, was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Eufrasio_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán">Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">president</a> of <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> from 1845–1846 and in 1859, and Paula Saldós.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasa_Presidencialc._2005b_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasa_Presidencialc._2005b-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their marriage produced no children.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerardo_Barrios&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a liberal, Barrios was a proponent of <a href="/wiki/Central_American_reunification" title="Central American reunification">Central American reunification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985455_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985455-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barrios fought for <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Moraz%C3%A1n" title="Francisco Morazán">Francisco Morazán</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="List of heads of state of the Federal Republic of Central America">president</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/First_Central_American_Civil_War" title="First Central American Civil War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Central_American_Civil_War" title="Second Central American Civil War">Second Central American Civil Wars</a> beginning in 1828 when he was only a teenager.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward198363_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward198363-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985456_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985456-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barrios also served as a member of the Federal Congress of the federal republic from 1836 to 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChing199751_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChing199751-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barrios was a <i>coquimbo</i>, a liberal who fought until the very end of the second civil war and fled on the ship of the same name after Morazán was executed in 1842.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985456_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985456-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1844 and 1845, Barrios participated in <a href="/wiki/Malesp%C3%ADn%27s_War" title="Malespín's War">the overthrow</a> of President <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Malesp%C3%ADn" title="Francisco Malespín">Francisco Malespín</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward198363_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward198363-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1840s and 1850s, Barrios visited Europe and developed estates in eastern El Salvador.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985456_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985456-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 January 1850, the Salvadoran legislature granted Barrios the rank of <a href="/wiki/Captain_general" title="Captain general">captain general</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReyes1910341_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReyes1910341-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 February 1851, Barrios fought under President <a href="/wiki/Doroteo_Vasconcelos" title="Doroteo Vasconcelos">Doroteo Vasconcelos</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Arada" title="Battle of La Arada">Battle of La Arada</a>, which ended in a Salvadoran defeat against Guatemalan forces under President <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Carrera" title="Rafael Carrera">Rafael Carrera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barrios was called to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Filibuster_War" title="Filibuster War">Filibuster War</a> against <a href="/wiki/William_Walker_(filibuster)" title="William Walker (filibuster)">William Walker</a>'s Nicaraguan government where he commanded a division.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985456_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985456-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1856, Barrios, along with General <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Trinidad_Caba%C3%B1as" title="José Trinidad Cabañas">José Trinidad Cabañas</a> (his brother-in-law through Cabañas' marriage to Barrios' sister Petronila)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasa_Presidencialc._2005a_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasa_Presidencialc._2005a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and José María Zelaya, began conspiring a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> against President <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Campo" title="Rafael Campo">Rafael Campo</a>. In January 1857, Campo appointed Barrios as El Salvador's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(El_Salvador)" title="Ministry of the Interior (El Salvador)">minister of interior relations</a> and was named as a designated successor to the presidency the following month.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 June 1857, Barrios began a coup d'état against Campo, moving 1,500 soldiers of the first division to the port city of <a href="/wiki/La_Libertad,_El_Salvador" title="La Libertad, El Salvador">La Libertad</a>, and the following day, moved the division to San Salvador.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward198363_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward198363-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Campo declared Barrios to be a traitor and ordered General <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Belloso" title="Ramón Belloso">Ramón Belloso</a> to attack Barrios' soldiers on 12 June 1857. Barrios surrendered to Campo on 14 June 1857.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency">Presidency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerardo_Barrios&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assuming_office">Assuming office</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerardo_Barrios&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Assuming office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Gerardo_Barrios.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Portrait_of_Gerardo_Barrios.jpg/230px-Portrait_of_Gerardo_Barrios.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Portrait_of_Gerardo_Barrios.jpg/345px-Portrait_of_Gerardo_Barrios.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Portrait_of_Gerardo_Barrios.jpg/460px-Portrait_of_Gerardo_Barrios.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Barrios' portrait in the <a href="/wiki/National_Palace_(El_Salvador)" title="National Palace (El Salvador)">National Palace</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 7 February 1858, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Sant%C3%ADn_del_Castillo" title="Miguel Santín del Castillo">Miguel Santín del Castillo</a> became president of El Salvador. He appointed Guzmán, Barrios' father-in-law, as his <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_El_Salvador" title="Vice President of El Salvador">vice president</a>. He named <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Zepeda" title="Lorenzo Zepeda">Lorenzo Zepeda</a> as the first designated successor to the presidency, and Barrios as the second designated successor. Additionally, Barrios was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(El_Salvador)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (El Salvador)">minister of external relations</a> on 31 March 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward198363_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward198363-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 June 1858, Barrios assumed the presidency in an <a href="/wiki/Acting_president" title="Acting president">acting capacity</a> when Santín temporarily left politics due to illness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasa_Presidencialc._2005a_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasa_Presidencialc._2005a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 September 1858, Barrios ordered Morazán's body to be exhumed from its resting place in <a href="/wiki/Cojutepeque" title="Cojutepeque">Cojutepeque</a> to be moved to <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a>, where it was buried following a religious ceremony on 17 September 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELópez_Bernal2000120_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez_Bernal2000120-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left office the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasa_Presidencialc._2005a_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasa_Presidencialc._2005a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 September 1858, Santín appointed Barrios as minister of interior and exterior relations and as general commander of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Santín ordered Barrios to resign from his positions, to which Barrios responded he would only do so if Santín also resigned. On 19 January 1859, Santín and Barrios both resigned, and the Legislative Assembly met to choose a new president. Barrios supported Guzmán's bid for the presidency, while Santín attempted to regain his position. Ultimately, the Legislative Assembly chose Guzmán as president, and Santín and several of his supporters left the country. A few weeks into Guzmán's presidency, he retired from politics and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Peralta" title="José María Peralta">José María Peralta</a> on 15 February 1859. Peralta named Barrios as the country's military commander the day he assumed the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barrios returned to the presidency, again in an acting capacity, on 12 March 1859 after Peralta resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasa_Presidencialc._2005a_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasa_Presidencialc._2005a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 December 1859, Barrios won the <a href="/wiki/1859_Salvadoran_presidential_election" title="1859 Salvadoran presidential election">1859 presidential election</a> unopposed and assumed the presidency in an official capacity on 1 February 1860, appointing <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_F%C3%A9lix_Quir%C3%B3s" title="José Félix Quirós">José Félix Quirós</a> as his vice president. Barrios left office on 16 December 1860 so that he could make a state visit to Guatemala and was replaced by Peralta as acting president. He returned to El Salvador and resumed his presidency on 7 February 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasa_Presidencialc._2005a_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasa_Presidencialc._2005a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his presidency, Barrios' government drafted a new constitution which allowed him to run for re-election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaggerty1990144_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaggerty1990144-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_policies">Education policies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerardo_Barrios&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Education policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1859, Barrios rebuilt the Asunción College and reorganized its structure to be more secular<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns198559–60_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns198559–60-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and established three new universities: the Normal Schools of <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel,_El_Salvador" title="San Miguel, El Salvador">San Miguel</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana,_El_Salvador" title="Santa Ana, El Salvador">Santa Ana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlores_Macal1976114_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlores_Macal1976114-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1860, Barrios informed the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_El_Salvador" title="Legislative Assembly of El Salvador">Legislative Assembly</a> that he intended to "regenerate" the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns1984297_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns1984297-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described El Salvador as "backward", "destitute", and "misgoverned" upon assuming office. Barrios sought to achieve five primary goals during his presidency: promote agriculture, industry, and commerce; introduce <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> Western European ideals to the country; encourage immigration to the country; reform the country's education system; construct new roads and ports to expand the country's international trade and internal transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns1984298_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns1984298-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coffee_industry">Coffee industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerardo_Barrios&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Coffee industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barrios believed that El Salvador would be a major <a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_El_Salvador" title="Coffee production in El Salvador">coffee producer</a> by 1864,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns1984298–299_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns1984298–299-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> encouraging the transfer of government-owned haciendas to coffee planters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barrios' government allowed oligarchs who held a stake in coffee production to hold significant power and influence in El Salvador, power and influence which would persist until the <a href="/wiki/1931_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1931 Salvadoran coup d'état">overthrow</a> of President <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Araujo" title="Arturo Araujo">Arturo Araujo</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_El_Salvador" title="Armed Forces of El Salvador">military</a> in December 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaige199312–13_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaige199312–13-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_the_Church">Relationship with the Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerardo_Barrios&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relationship with the Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 11 October 1861, Barrios issued a decree which ordered all priests in the country to swear loyalty and submission to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_El_Salvador" title="Constitution of El Salvador">constitution</a> and the government. Many priests, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Miguel_Pineda_y_Salda%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomás Miguel Pineda y Saldaña (page does not exist)">Tomás Miguel Pineda y Saldaña</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Miguel_Pineda_y_Salda%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Tomás Miguel Pineda y Saldaña">es</a>]</span>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_San_Salvador" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Salvador">archbishop of San Salvador</a>, left the country in protest on 19 November 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985455_&_460–461_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985455_&_460–461-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1862, the Salvadoran government signed a <a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">concordat</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, outlining the relation between both parties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985461–462_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985461–462-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_with_Guatemala_and_overthrow">War with Guatemala and overthrow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerardo_Barrios&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: War with Guatemala and overthrow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/War_of_1863" title="War of 1863">War of 1863</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:102px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Coatepeque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Batalla_de_Coatepeque.jpg/238px-Batalla_de_Coatepeque.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Batalla_de_Coatepeque.jpg/357px-Batalla_de_Coatepeque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Batalla_de_Coatepeque.jpg/476px-Batalla_de_Coatepeque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2839" data-file-height="1225" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:112px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sitio_de_San_Salvador.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sitio_de_San_Salvador.jpg/238px-Sitio_de_San_Salvador.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sitio_de_San_Salvador.jpg/357px-Sitio_de_San_Salvador.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sitio_de_San_Salvador.jpg/476px-Sitio_de_San_Salvador.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3567" data-file-height="1691" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left">Depictions of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coatepeque" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Coatepeque">Battle of Coatepeque</a> (top) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_San_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of San Salvador (page does not exist)">Siege of San Salvador</a> (bottom) in the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Gerardo_Barrios" title="Plaza Gerardo Barrios">Plaza Gerardo Barrios</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>Barrios' rise to the presidency in El Salvador was initially supported by Carrera, who was still serving as president of Guatemala, as he believed that Barrios' strong government would ensure stability in the region in the wake of the war against Walker's Nicaragua. To support Barrios, Carrera did not allow Salvadoran exiles in Guatemala to organize themselves to challenge Barrios. In December 1860 and January 1861, Barrios made an official visit to Guatemala. Eventually, however, relations between both countries deteriorated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985457_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985457-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 January 1862, Honduran President <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Santos_Guardiola" title="José Santos Guardiola">José Santos Guardiola</a> was assassinated and Barrios sought to influence the succeeding liberal government. Barrios' influence in Honduras was opposed by the Guatemalan government, and both Barrios and Carrera issued personal insults against each other;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985462_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985462-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barrios referred to Carrera as "the savage" and Guatemalan writers mocked Barrios as lame and pompous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985457–458_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985457–458-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1863, El Salvador and Guatemala <a href="/wiki/War_of_1863" title="War of 1863">went to war</a>. In February 1863, Salvadoran forces led by Barrios defeated the Guatemalans at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coatepeque" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Coatepeque">Battle of Coatepeque</a>. On 30 June 1863, Marshal <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Portillo" title="Santiago González Portillo">Santiago González Portillo</a> defected to the Guatemalans and declared himself as provisional president in opposition of Barrios.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruz_Zepeda_Peña2006127_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruz_Zepeda_Peña2006127-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 October 1863, after a long siege, Carrera captured San Salvador, deposing Barrios from power and forcing him to flee the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985456_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985456-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The day Barrios was overthrown, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Due%C3%B1as" title="Francisco Dueñas">Francisco Dueñas</a>, a conservative exile, succeeded Barrios as the country's provisional president; on 4 December 1864, Dueñas won the <a href="/wiki/1864_Salvadoran_presidential_election" title="1864 Salvadoran presidential election">1864 presidential election</a> unopposed and assumed the presidency in an official capacity on 1 February 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exile,_arrest,_and_execution"><span id="Exile.2C_arrest.2C_and_execution"></span>Exile, arrest, and execution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerardo_Barrios&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Exile, arrest, and execution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerardo_Barrios_tomb.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gerardo_Barrios_tomb.png/220px-Gerardo_Barrios_tomb.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gerardo_Barrios_tomb.png/330px-Gerardo_Barrios_tomb.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gerardo_Barrios_tomb.png/440px-Gerardo_Barrios_tomb.png 2x" data-file-width="1689" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption>Barrios' grave in the <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_of_Distinguished_Citizens" title="Cemetery of Distinguished Citizens">Cemetery of Distinguished Citizens</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After his overthrow, Barrios and his wife fled to country to <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, and then later, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_New_York_Times18655_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_New_York_Times18655-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1864, Barrios published a <a href="/wiki/Manifesto" title="Manifesto">manifesto</a> which rejected the Salvadoran government's legitimacy—calling its leaders <a href="/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">usurpers</a>—and rejected the government's declaration that found Barrios guilty of <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">high treason</a> and declared him a traitor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrios18643–5_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrios18643–5-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1865, Dueñas broke up the department of <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_Department_(El_Salvador)" title="San Miguel Department (El Salvador)">San Miguel</a> into three smaller departments—<a href="/wiki/La_Uni%C3%B3n_Department" title="La Unión Department">La Unión</a>, San Miguel, and <a href="/wiki/Usulut%C3%A1n_Department" title="Usulután Department">Usulután</a>—to reduce its size and influence, and Barrios retained high support there. On 15 May 1865, Cabañas attempted a rebellion in San Miguel to restore Barrios as president, and the government declared a state of siege. In June 1865, Barrios returned to El Salvador with 800 rifles on the ship <i>Manuela Planas</i> sailing under the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">American flag</a> with hopes of seizing the presidency by force,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, his ship was damaged by a lightning strike and was forced to divert for <a href="/wiki/El_Realejo" title="El Realejo">El Realejo</a>, Nicaragua. He and his ship were seized by the Nicaraguan government after his documentation papers were deemed to be forgeries. Diplomats from El Salvador to Nicaragua to demand his extradition, and as the Nicaraguan and Salvadoran governments were friendly to one another and the diplomats assured that Barrios would not be executed, he was extradited to El Salvador.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_New_York_Times18655_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_New_York_Times18655-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barrios was imprisoned and <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martialed</a> by the Salvadoran government; his trial began on 10 August 1865. He was <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_El_Salvador" title="Capital punishment in El Salvador">sentenced to death</a> on 28 August 1865 at 11 p.m.; Barrios was denied the right to "settle his private affairs" and was <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">executed by a firing squad</a> five hours later on 29 August 1865. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> described his execution as a "barbarous act" and the Nicaraguan government criticized Barrios' execution as being in bad faith.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_New_York_Times18655_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_New_York_Times18655-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government lifted the state of siege on 31 August 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerardo_Barrios&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estatua_de_Gerardo_Barrios.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Estatua_de_Gerardo_Barrios.jpg/220px-Estatua_de_Gerardo_Barrios.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Estatua_de_Gerardo_Barrios.jpg/330px-Estatua_de_Gerardo_Barrios.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Estatua_de_Gerardo_Barrios.jpg/440px-Estatua_de_Gerardo_Barrios.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>An equestrian statue of Barrios in the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Gerardo_Barrios" title="Plaza Gerardo Barrios">Plaza Gerardo Barrios</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1882, when a monument to Morazán was inaugurated, Barrios was given a tribute due to their shared ideology of Central American unification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELópez_Bernal2000127_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez_Bernal2000127-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1910, Barrios was declared by the Salvadoran government to be a <a href="/wiki/Hero_(title)" title="Hero (title)">national hero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELópez_Bernal2000127_&_130_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez_Bernal2000127_&_130-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various locations and institutions in El Salvador are named after Barrios. On 29 August 1909, the Bolívar Plaza, San Salvador's central plaza which includes the <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="San Salvador Cathedral">San Salvador Cathedral</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Palace_(El_Salvador)" title="National Palace (El Salvador)">National Palace</a>, was renamed to the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Gerardo_Barrios" title="Plaza Gerardo Barrios">Plaza Gerardo Barrios</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECañas-Dinarte2013_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECañas-Dinarte2013-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An equestrian status of Barrios was installed in that plaza in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELópez_Bernal2000130_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez_Bernal2000130-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1911, President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Enrique_Araujo" title="Manuel Enrique Araujo">Manuel Enrique Araujo</a> established the Cooperative Society "Gerardo Barrios 29 of August".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELópez_Bernal2000133–134_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez_Bernal2000133–134-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 January 1927, President <a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Romero_Bosque" title="Pío Romero Bosque">Pío Romero Bosque</a> issued an executive order to rename the country's military school, established in 1868, to the <a href="/wiki/Captain_General_Gerardo_Barrios_Military_School" title="Captain General Gerardo Barrios Military School">Captain General Gerardo Barrios Military School</a> (EMCGGB).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEscuela_Militarc._2018_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEscuela_Militarc._2018-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military school retained its name until it was closed and demolished in June 2022 to make way for the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_de_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Estadio Nacional de El Salvador">Estadio Nacional de El Salvador</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELozano2022_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELozano2022-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1981, the Captain General Gerardo Barrios University (UGB) was established in San Miguel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEuniRankc._2014_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEuniRankc._2014-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barrios was featured on the <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_col%C3%B3n" title="Salvadoran colón">SVC₡</a>50 banknote.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A <a href="/wiki/March_(music)" title="March (music)">military march</a>, named "Marcha Gerardo Barrios", has been composed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELópez_Bernal2000131_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez_Bernal2000131-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barrios is buried in the <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_of_Distinguished_Citizens" title="Cemetery of Distinguished Citizens">Cemetery of Distinguished Citizens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva2009_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva2009-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerardo_Barrios&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Electoral history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan="2">Year </th> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan="2">Office </th> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan="2">Type </th> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Party </th> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan="2">Main opponent </th> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Party </th> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;" colspan="4">Votes for Barrios </th> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan="2">Result </th> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Swing </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;">Total </th> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;">% </th> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;"><abbr title="Position">P</abbr>. </th> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#EAECF0;"><a href="/wiki/1859_Salvadoran_presidential_election" title="1859 Salvadoran presidential election">1859</a> </th> <td>President of El Salvador </td> <td>General </td> <td style="background-color:Maroon;"> </td> <td>Liberal </td> <td colspan="3">Unopposed </td> <td>? </td> <td>100.0 </td> <td>1st </td> <td>N/A </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Won </td> <td style="background-color:Maroon;"> </td> <td>Hold </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_decorations">Awards and decorations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerardo_Barrios&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Awards and decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Guatemala_%281858%E2%80%931871%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala_%281858%E2%80%931871%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Guatemala_%281858%E2%80%931871%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala_%281858%E2%80%931871%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Guatemala_%281858%E2%80%931871%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala_%281858%E2%80%931871%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> </p> <ul><li>Order of Honor (1858)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeistenschneiderLeistenschneider1980114_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeistenschneiderLeistenschneider1980114-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavaliere_SSML_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus"><img alt="Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Cavaliere_SSML_BAR.svg/60px-Cavaliere_SSML_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Cavaliere_SSML_BAR.svg/90px-Cavaliere_SSML_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Cavaliere_SSML_BAR.svg/120px-Cavaliere_SSML_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus" title="Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus">Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeistenschneiderLeistenschneider1980114_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeistenschneiderLeistenschneider1980114-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281825-1870%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281825-1870%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281825-1870%29.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281825-1870%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281825-1870%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281825-1870%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_St._Gregory_the_Great.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of St. Gregory the Great"><img alt="Order of St. Gregory the Great" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Order_of_St._Gregory_the_Great.png/60px-Order_of_St._Gregory_the_Great.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Order_of_St._Gregory_the_Great.png/90px-Order_of_St._Gregory_the_Great.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Order_of_St._Gregory_the_Great.png/120px-Order_of_St._Gregory_the_Great.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Gregory_the_Great" title="Order of St. Gregory the Great">Order of St. Gregory the Great</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeistenschneiderLeistenschneider1980114_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeistenschneiderLeistenschneider1980114-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerardo_Barrios&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">President of El Salvador</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerardo_Barrios&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerardo_Barrios&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasa_Presidencialc._2005a-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasa_Presidencialc._2005a_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasa_Presidencialc._2005a_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasa_Presidencialc._2005a_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasa_Presidencialc._2005a_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasa_Presidencialc._2005a_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasa_Presidencialc._2005a_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasa_Presidencialc._2005a_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasa_Presidencialc._2005a">Casa Presidencial c. 2005a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985457-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985457_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985457_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn1985">Kuhn 1985</a>, p. 457.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasa_Presidencialc._2005b-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasa_Presidencialc._2005b_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasa_Presidencialc._2005b">Casa Presidencial c. 2005b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985455-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985455_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn1985">Kuhn 1985</a>, p. 455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward198363-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward198363_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward198363_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward198363_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward198363_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodward1983">Woodward 1983</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985456-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985456_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985456_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985456_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985456_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985456_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn1985">Kuhn 1985</a>, p. 456.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChing199751-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChing199751_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChing1997">Ching 1997</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReyes1910341-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReyes1910341_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReyes1910">Reyes 1910</a>, p. 341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018_9-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCSDc._2018_9-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUCSDc._2018">UCSD c. 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez_Bernal2000120-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELópez_Bernal2000120_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLópez_Bernal2000">López Bernal 2000</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaggerty1990144-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaggerty1990144_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaggerty1990">Haggerty 1990</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns198559–60-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns198559–60_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns1985">Burns 1985</a>, pp. 59–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlores_Macal1976114-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlores_Macal1976114_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlores_Macal1976">Flores Macal 1976</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns1984297-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns1984297_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns1984">Burns 1984</a>, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns1984298-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns1984298_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns1984">Burns 1984</a>, p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns1984298–299-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns1984298–299_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns1984">Burns 1984</a>, pp. 298–299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaige199312–13-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaige199312–13_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaige1993">Paige 1993</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985455_&_460–461-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985455_&_460–461_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn1985">Kuhn 1985</a>, pp. 455 & 460–461.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985461–462-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985461–462_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn1985">Kuhn 1985</a>, pp. 461–462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985462-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985462_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn1985">Kuhn 1985</a>, p. 462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985457–458-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn1985457–458_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn1985">Kuhn 1985</a>, pp. 457–458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruz_Zepeda_Peña2006127-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruz_Zepeda_Peña2006127_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCruz_Zepeda_Peña2006">Cruz Zepeda Peña 2006</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_New_York_Times18655-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_New_York_Times18655_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_New_York_Times18655_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_New_York_Times18655_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_New_York_Times1865">The New York Times 1865</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrios18643–5-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrios18643–5_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrios1864">Barrios 1864</a>, pp. 3–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez_Bernal2000127-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELópez_Bernal2000127_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLópez_Bernal2000">López Bernal 2000</a>, pp. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez_Bernal2000127_&_130-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELópez_Bernal2000127_&_130_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLópez_Bernal2000">López Bernal 2000</a>, pp. 127 & 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECañas-Dinarte2013-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECañas-Dinarte2013_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCañas-Dinarte2013">Cañas-Dinarte 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez_Bernal2000130-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELópez_Bernal2000130_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLópez_Bernal2000">López Bernal 2000</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez_Bernal2000133–134-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELópez_Bernal2000133–134_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLópez_Bernal2000">López Bernal 2000</a>, pp. 133–134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEscuela_Militarc._2018-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEscuela_Militarc._2018_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEscuela_Militarc._2018">Escuela Militar c. 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELozano2022-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELozano2022_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLozano2022">Lozano 2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEuniRankc._2014-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEuniRankc._2014_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFuniRankc._2014">uniRank c. 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez_Bernal2000131-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELópez_Bernal2000131_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLópez_Bernal2000">López Bernal 2000</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilva2009-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilva2009_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilva2009">Silva 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeistenschneiderLeistenschneider1980114-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeistenschneiderLeistenschneider1980114_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeistenschneiderLeistenschneider1980114_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeistenschneiderLeistenschneider1980114_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeistenschneiderLeistenschneider1980">Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerardo_Barrios&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerardo_Barrios&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarrios1864" class="citation book cs1">Barrios, Gerardo (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IlA_AQAAMAAJ"><i>Manifesto of Don Gerardo Barrios, Captain General and President of the Republic of San Salvador, to His Fellow Citizens: Translated from the Spanish</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>: Imp. de s. Hallet. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/60233738">60233738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manifesto+of+Don+Gerardo+Barrios%2C+Captain+General+and+President+of+the+Republic+of+San+Salvador%2C+to+His+Fellow+Citizens%3A+Translated+from+the+Spanish&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Imp.+de+s.+Hallet&rft.date=1864&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F60233738%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Barrios&rft.aufirst=Gerardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIlA_AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerardo+Barrios" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChing1997" class="citation book cs1">Ching, Erik K. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/304330235"><i>From Clientelism to Militarism: The State, Politics and Authoritarianism in El Salvador, 1840–1940</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39326756">39326756</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/304330235">304330235</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Clientelism+to+Militarism%3A+The+State%2C+Politics+and+Authoritarianism+in+El+Salvador%2C+1840%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Santa+Barbara&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39326756&rft.aulast=Ching&rft.aufirst=Erik+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F304330235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerardo+Barrios" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruz_Zepeda_Peña2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ciro_Cruz_Zepeda" title="Ciro Cruz Zepeda">Cruz Zepeda Peña, Ciro</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831201723/https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/sites/default/files/2017-12/Tomo_I_Historia_AsambleaLegislativa.pdf"><i>Historia de Orgán Legislativo de la República de El Salvador: 1824–1864</i></a> [<i>History of the Legislative Organ of the Republic of El Salvador: 1824–1864</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish) (I ed.). <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_El_Salvador" title="Legislative Assembly of El Salvador">Legislative Assembly of El Salvador</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/sites/default/files/2017-12/Tomo_I_Historia_AsambleaLegislativa.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+Org%C3%A1n+Legislativo+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+de+El+Salvador%3A+1824%E2%80%931864&rft.edition=I&rft.pub=Legislative+Assembly+of+El+Salvador&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Cruz+Zepeda+Pe%C3%B1a&rft.aufirst=Ciro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asamblea.gob.sv%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2017-12%2FTomo_I_Historia_AsambleaLegislativa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerardo+Barrios" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaggerty1990" class="citation book cs1">Haggerty, Richard A., ed. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elsalvadorcountr00hagg"><i>El Salvador: A Country Study</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">United States Government Publishing Office</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780160226083" title="Special:BookSources/9780160226083"><bdi>9780160226083</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/89048948">89048948</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/556774203">556774203</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Salvador%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F556774203&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F89048948&rft.isbn=9780160226083&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felsalvadorcountr00hagg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerardo+Barrios" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeistenschneiderLeistenschneider1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leistenschneider, María & Leistenschneider, Freddy (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/589275475/Gobernantes-de-El-Salvador"><i>Gobernantes de El Salvador: Biografías</i></a> [<i>Governors of El Salvador: Biographies</i>] (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(El_Salvador)" title="Ministry of the Interior (El Salvador)">Ministry of the Interior</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7876291">7876291</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gobernantes+de+El+Salvador%3A+Biograf%C3%ADas&rft.pub=Ministry+of+the+Interior&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7876291&rft.aulast=Leistenschneider&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa&rft.au=Leistenschneider%2C+Freddy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F589275475%2FGobernantes-de-El-Salvador&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerardo+Barrios" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReyes1910" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Reyes, Rafael (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iWVDAAAAIAAJ"><i>Nociones de Historia del Salvador: Precedidas de un Resumen de Historia Universal</i></a> [<i>Notions of History of El Salvador: Preceded by a Summary of Universal History</i>] (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Spain: Tall. Gráf. de José Casamajó<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nociones+de+Historia+del+Salvador%3A+Precedidas+de+un+Resumen+de+Historia+Universal&rft.place=Barcelona%2C+Spain&rft.pub=Tall.+Gr%C3%A1f.+de+Jos%C3%A9+Casamaj%C3%B3&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Reyes&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiWVDAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerardo+Barrios" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journals">Journals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerardo_Barrios&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1984" class="citation journal cs1">Burns, E. Bradford (1984). "The Modernization of Underdevelopment: El Salvador, 1858-1931". <i>The Journal of Developing Areas</i>. <b>18</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_University" title="Tennessee State University">Tennessee State University</a>: 293–316. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4191260">4191260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Developing+Areas&rft.atitle=The+Modernization+of+Underdevelopment%3A+El+Salvador%2C+1858-1931&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=293-316&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4191260%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=E.+Bradford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerardo+Barrios" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1985" class="citation journal cs1">Burns, E. Bradford (January 1985). "The Intellectual Infrastructure of Modernization in El Salvador, 1870–1900". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Americas_(journal)" title="The Americas (journal)">The Americas</a></i>. <b>41</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 57–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1007100">10.2307/1007100</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1007100">1007100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Americas&rft.atitle=The+Intellectual+Infrastructure+of+Modernization+in+El+Salvador%2C+1870%E2%80%931900&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=57-82&rft.date=1985-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1007100&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1007100%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=E.+Bradford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerardo+Barrios" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlores_Macal1976" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Flores Macal, Mario (1976). "Historia de la Universidad de El Salvador" [History of the University of El Salvador]. <i>Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos</i> (in Spanish) (2). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Costa_Rica" title="University of Costa Rica">University of Costa Rica</a>: 107–140. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25661573">25661573</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anuario+de+Estudios+Centroamericanos&rft.atitle=Historia+de+la+Universidad+de+El+Salvador&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=107-140&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25661573%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Flores+Macal&rft.aufirst=Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerardo+Barrios" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn1985" class="citation journal cs1">Kuhn, Gary G. (1985). "Church and State Conflict in El Salvador as a Cause of the Central American War of 1863". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Church_and_State" title="Journal of Church and State">Journal of Church and State</a></i>. <b>27</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 455–462. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjcs%2F27.3.455">10.1093/jcs/27.3.455</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23916318">23916318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Church+and+State&rft.atitle=Church+and+State+Conflict+in+El+Salvador+as+a+Cause+of+the+Central+American+War+of+1863&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=455-462&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjcs%2F27.3.455&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23916318%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Gary+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerardo+Barrios" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez_Bernal2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">López Bernal, Carlos Gregorio (2000). "Inventando Tradiciones y Héroes Nacionales: El Salvador (1858–1930)" [Invented Traditions and National Heroes: El Salvador (1858–1930)]. <i><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Institute_of_Geography_and_History" title="Pan American Institute of Geography and History">Revista de Historia de América</a></i> (in Spanish) (127). <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Institute_of_Geography_and_History" title="Pan American Institute of Geography and History">Pan American Institute of Geography and History</a>: 117–151. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20140046">20140046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Historia+de+Am%C3%A9rica&rft.atitle=Inventando+Tradiciones+y+H%C3%A9roes+Nacionales%3A+El+Salvador+%281858%E2%80%931930%29&rft.issue=127&rft.pages=117-151&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20140046%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez+Bernal&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Gregorio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerardo+Barrios" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaige1993" class="citation journal cs1">Paige, Jeffrey M. (1993). "Coffee and Power in El Salvador". <i><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Research_Review" title="Latin American Research Review">Latin American Research Review</a></i>. <b>28</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Studies_Association" title="Latin American Studies Association">Latin American Studies Association</a>: 7–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0023879100016940">10.1017/S0023879100016940</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2503609">2503609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Research+Review&rft.atitle=Coffee+and+Power+in+El+Salvador&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=7-40&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0023879100016940&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2503609%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Paige&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerardo+Barrios" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward1983" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Woodward, Ralph Lee Jr. (1983). "La Politica Centroamericana de un Caudillo Conservador Rafael Carrera, 1840–1865" [The Central American Politics of a Conservative Caudillo Rafael Carrera]. <i>Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos</i> (in Spanish). <b>9</b>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Costa_Rica" title="University of Costa Rica">University of Costa Rica</a>: 55–68. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25661861">25661861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anuario+de+Estudios+Centroamericanos&rft.atitle=La+Politica+Centroamericana+de+un+Caudillo+Conservador+Rafael+Carrera%2C+1840%E2%80%931865&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=55-68&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25661861%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Lee+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerardo+Barrios" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Web_sources">Web sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerardo_Barrios&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Web sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_New_York_Times1865" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1865/09/24/archives/central-america-arrest-and-execution-of-president-barrios-popular.html">"Arrest and Execution of President Barrios Popular Resentment Against the Government End of the Revolution in Honduras"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>. 24 September 1865. p. 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Arrest+and+Execution+of+President+Barrios+Popular+Resentment+Against+the+Government+End+of+the+Revolution+in+Honduras&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1865-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1865%2F09%2F24%2Farchives%2Fcentral-america-arrest-and-execution-of-president-barrios-popular.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerardo+Barrios" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCañas-Dinarte2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cañas-Dinarte, Carlos (23 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307121012/http://archivo.elsalvador.com/noticias/EDICIONESANTERIORES/julio23/NACIONAL/nacio8.html">"Plaza Barrios: un Predio Histórico"</a> [Barrios Plaza: A Historic Property]. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Diario_de_Hoy" title="El Diario de Hoy">El Diario de Hoy</a></i> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archivo.elsalvador.com/noticias/EDICIONESANTERIORES/julio23/NACIONAL/nacio8.html">the original</a> on 7 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Diario+de+Hoy&rft.atitle=Plaza+Barrios%3A+un+Predio+Hist%C3%B3rico&rft.date=2013-07-23&rft.aulast=Ca%C3%B1as-Dinarte&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchivo.elsalvador.com%2Fnoticias%2FEDICIONESANTERIORES%2Fjulio23%2FNACIONAL%2Fnacio8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerardo+Barrios" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFuniRankc._2014" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.4icu.org/reviews/universities-english/1262.html">"Captain General Gerardo Barrios University"</a>. <i>uniRank</i>. c. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906085109/https://www.4icu.org/reviews/universities-english/1262.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uniRank&rft.atitle=Captain+General+Gerardo+Barrios+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.4icu.org%2Freviews%2Funiversities-english%2F1262.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerardo+Barrios" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUCSDc._2018" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323211303/https://library.ucsd.edu/research-and-collections/collections/notable-collections/latin-american-elections-statistics/El%20Salvador/elections-and-events-1850-1899.html">"Elections and Events 1850–1899"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a></i>. The Library – UC San Diego. c. 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.ucsd.edu/research-and-collections/collections/notable-collections/latin-american-elections-statistics/El%20Salvador/elections-and-events-1850-1899.html">the original</a> on 23 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+California%2C+San+Diego&rft.atitle=Elections+and+Events+1850%E2%80%931899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.ucsd.edu%2Fresearch-and-collections%2Fcollections%2Fnotable-collections%2Flatin-american-elections-statistics%2FEl%2520Salvador%2Felections-and-events-1850-1899.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerardo+Barrios" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEscuela_Militarc._2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180805232855/http://www.escuelamilitar.mil.sv/index.php/quienes-somos/historia">"Historia"</a> [History]. <i><a href="/wiki/Captain_General_Gerardo_Barrios_Military_School" title="Captain General Gerardo Barrios Military School">Escuela Militar</a></i> (in Spanish). c. 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escuelamilitar.mil.sv/index.php/quienes-somos/historia">the original</a> on 5 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Escuela+Militar&rft.atitle=Historia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escuelamilitar.mil.sv%2Findex.php%2Fquienes-somos%2Fhistoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerardo+Barrios" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLozano2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lozano, Luis (8 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laprensagrafica.com/elsalvador/Inicia-la-demolicion-de-la-Escuela-Militar-Gerardo-Barrios-para-la-construccion-del-nuevo-Estadio-Nacional-20220608-0062.html">"Inicia la Demolición de la Escuela Militar Gerardo Barrios para la Construcción del Nuevo Estadio Nacional"</a> [The Demolition of the Gerardo Barrios Military School Begins for the Construction of the New National Stadium]. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Prensa_Gr%C3%A1fica" title="La Prensa Gráfica">La Prensa Gráfica</a></i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Prensa+Gr%C3%A1fica&rft.atitle=Inicia+la+Demolici%C3%B3n+de+la+Escuela+Militar+Gerardo+Barrios+para+la+Construcci%C3%B3n+del+Nuevo+Estadio+Nacional&rft.date=2022-06-08&rft.aulast=Lozano&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laprensagrafica.com%2Felsalvador%2FInicia-la-demolicion-de-la-Escuela-Militar-Gerardo-Barrios-para-la-construccion-del-nuevo-Estadio-Nacional-20220608-0062.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerardo+Barrios" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasa_Presidencialc._2005a" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302073330/http://www.casapres.gob.sv/presidentes/pres/gbarrios1858.htm">"Presidentes de El Salvador – Capitán General Gerardo Barrios"</a> [Presidents of El Salvador – Captain General Gerardo Barrios]. <i>Casa Presidencial</i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_El_Salvador" title="Government of El Salvador">Government of El Salvador</a>. c. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casapres.gob.sv/presidentes/pres/gbarrios1858.htm">the original</a> on 2 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Casa+Presidencial&rft.atitle=Presidentes+de+El+Salvador+%E2%80%93+Capit%C3%A1n+General+Gerardo+Barrios&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.casapres.gob.sv%2Fpresidentes%2Fpres%2Fgbarrios1858.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerardo+Barrios" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasa_Presidencialc._2005b" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071006011542/http://www.casapres.gob.sv/presidentes/pres/jeguzman1844.htm">"Presidentes de El Salvador – General Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán"</a> [Presidents of El Salvador – General Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán]. <i>Casa Presidencial</i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_El_Salvador" title="Government of El Salvador">Government of El Salvador</a>. c. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casapres.gob.sv/presidentes/pres/jeguzman1844.htm">the original</a> on 6 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Casa+Presidencial&rft.atitle=Presidentes+de+El+Salvador+%E2%80%93+General+Joaqu%C3%ADn+Eufrasio+Guzm%C3%A1n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.casapres.gob.sv%2Fpresidentes%2Fpres%2Fjeguzman1844.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerardo+Barrios" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilva2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Silva, José Enrique (25 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027174227/http://www.laprensagrafica.com/opinion/editorial/68365-el-cementerio-los-ilustres-.html">"El Cementerio Los Ilustres"</a> [The Cemetery of the Distinguished]. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Prensa_Gr%C3%A1fica" title="La Prensa Gráfica">La Prensa Gráfica</a></i> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laprensagrafica.com/opinion/editorial/68365-el-cementerio-los-ilustres-.html">the original</a> on 27 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Prensa+Gr%C3%A1fica&rft.atitle=El+Cementerio+Los+Ilustres&rft.date=2009-10-25&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Enrique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laprensagrafica.com%2Fopinion%2Feditorial%2F68365-el-cementerio-los-ilustres-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerardo+Barrios" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerardo_Barrios&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCortés1965" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cortés, Emiliano (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xJxqAAAAMAAJ"><i>Biografía del Capitán General Gerardo Barrios</i></a> [<i>Biography of Captain General Gerardo Barrios</i>] (in Spanish). Editorial Lea. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/865621520">865621520</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biograf%C3%ADa+del+Capit%C3%A1n+General+Gerardo+Barrios&rft.pub=Editorial+Lea&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F865621520&rft.aulast=Cort%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Emiliano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxJxqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerardo+Barrios" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGómez1966" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gómez, José Dolores (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I2cSAQAAIAAJ"><i>Gerardo Barrios Ante la Posteridad</i></a> [<i>Gerardo Barrios Before Posterity</i>] (in Spanish) (3 ed.). <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>: Ministry of Education, Directory of General Publications<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gerardo+Barrios+Ante+la+Posteridad&rft.place=El+Salvador&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education%2C+Directory+of+General+Publications&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Dolores&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI2cSAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerardo+Barrios" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez_Vallecillos1967" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">López Vallecillos, Italo (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T4NnAAAAMAAJ"><i>Gerardo Barrios y Su Tiempo</i></a> [<i>Gerardo Barrios and His Time</i>] (in Spanish). Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>: Ministry of Education, Directory of General Publications. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B012OTIF8I">B012OTIF8I</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gerardo+Barrios+y+Su+Tiempo&rft.place=El+Salvador&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education%2C+Directory+of+General+Publications&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB012OTIF8I%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez+Vallecillos&rft.aufirst=Italo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT4NnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerardo+Barrios" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerardo_Barrios&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gerardo_Barrios" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gerardo Barrios">Gerardo Barrios</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXjWHqWhdy4">"Capitán General Gerardo Barrios. Presidente 1860 – 1863 (2004)"</a> [Captain General Gerardo Barrios. President 1860–1863 (2004)]. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Central_American_University_(San_Salvador)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central American University (San Salvador)">Central American University</a>. 12 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Capit%C3%A1n+General+Gerardo+Barrios.+Presidente+1860+%E2%80%93+1863+%282004%29&rft.date=2014-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DmXjWHqWhdy4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerardo+Barrios" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.gob.sv/downloads/multimedia/gerardo_barrios.mp3">"Marcha "Gerardo Barrios"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [March "Gerardo Barrios"] (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_El_Salvador" title="Armed Forces of El Salvador">Armed Forces of El Salvador</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marcha+%22Gerardo+Barrios%22&rft.pub=Armed+Forces+of+El+Salvador&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.gob.sv%2Fdownloads%2Fmultimedia%2Fgerardo_barrios.mp3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerardo+Barrios" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Sant%C3%ADn_del_Castillo" title="Miguel Santín del Castillo">Miguel Santín del Castillo</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">President of El Salvador</a><br />(Acting President) </b><br />1858 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Sant%C3%ADn_del_Castillo" title="Miguel Santín del Castillo">Miguel Santín del Castillo</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Peralta" title="José María Peralta">José María Peralta</a><br />(Acting President)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">President of El Salvador</a> </b><br />1859–1860 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Peralta" title="José María Peralta">José María Peralta</a><br />(Acting President)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Peralta" title="José María Peralta">José María Peralta</a><br />(Acting President)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">President of El Salvador</a> </b><br />1861–1863 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Due%C3%B1as" title="Francisco Dueñas">Francisco Dueñas</a><br />(Provisional President)</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Age_of_consent_-_Central_America.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Age_of_consent_-_Central_America.svg/21px-Age_of_consent_-_Central_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Age_of_consent_-_Central_America.svg/32px-Age_of_consent_-_Central_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Age_of_consent_-_Central_America.svg/42px-Age_of_consent_-_Central_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="419" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Central_America" title="Portal:Central America">Central America</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/21px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/32px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/42px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:El_Salvador" title="Portal:El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Barriere" title="Pedro Barriere">Barriere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mat%C3%ADas_Delgado" title="José Matías Delgado">Delgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Fil%C3%ADsola" title="Vicente Filísola">Filísola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Codallos" title="Felipe Codallos">Codallos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultive_Junta_(El_Salvador)" title="Consultive Junta (El Salvador)">Consultive Junta</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Prado" title="Mariano Prado">Prado</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_El_Salvador.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the President of El Salvador"><img alt="Seal of the President of El Salvador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Seal_of_the_President_of_El_Salvador.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Seal_of_the_President_of_El_Salvador.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Seal_of_the_President_of_El_Salvador.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a> (1823–1841)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Juan Manuel Rodríguez">J. Rodríguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Prado" title="Mariano Prado">Prado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_Villacorta" title="Juan Vicente Villacorta">J. V. Villacorta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Prado" title="Mariano Prado">Prado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Cornejo" title="José María Cornejo">Cornejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Dami%C3%A1n_Villacorta" title="José Damián Villacorta">J. D. Villacorta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Cornejo" title="José María Cornejo">Cornejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Moraz%C3%A1n" title="Francisco Morazán">Morazán</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="Joaquín de San Martín">J. San Martín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Prado" title="Mariano Prado">Prado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="Joaquín de San Martín">J. San Martín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salazar_Castro" title="Carlos Salazar Castro">C. Salazar</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gregorio_Salazar" title="José Gregorio Salazar">G. Salazar</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Escol%C3%A1n_y_Balibrera" title="Joaquín Escolán y Balibrera">Escolán</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Silva" title="José María Silva">Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Espinoza" title="Nicolás Espinoza">Espinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_G%C3%B3mez_(Salvadoran_politician)" title="Francisco Gómez (Salvadoran politician)">F. Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vigil_Coca%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Diego Vigil Cocaña">Vigil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoteo_Men%C3%A9ndez" title="Timoteo Menéndez">T. Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vigil_Coca%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Diego Vigil Cocaña">Vigil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoteo_Men%C3%A9ndez" title="Timoteo Menéndez">T. Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_Ca%C3%B1as" title="Antonio José Cañas">Cañas</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Moraz%C3%A1n" title="Francisco Morazán">Morazán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Silva" title="José María Silva">Silva</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_Ca%C3%B1as" title="Antonio José Cañas">Cañas</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norberto_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Norberto Ramírez">Ramírez</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Lindo" title="Juan Lindo">Lindo</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">Republic of El Salvador</a> (1841–1931)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Lindo" title="Juan Lindo">Lindo</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Jos%C3%A9_Arce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro José Arce (page does not exist)">Arce</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Escol%C3%A1stico_Mar%C3%ADn" title="José Escolástico Marín">Marín</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Juan José Guzmán">J. J. Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioniso_Villacorta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dioniso Villacorta (page does not exist)">D. Villacorta</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Escol%C3%A1stico_Mar%C3%ADn" title="José Escolástico Marín">Marín</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Juan José Guzmán">J. J. Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Jos%C3%A9_Arce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro José Arce (page does not exist)">Arce</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_Palacios" title="Fermín Palacios">Palacios</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Malesp%C3%ADn" title="Francisco Malespín">Malespín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_Palacios" title="Fermín Palacios">Palacios</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Eufrasio_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán">J. E. Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_Palacios" title="Fermín Palacios">Palacios</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Aguilar" title="Eugenio Aguilar">Aguilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_Palacios" title="Fermín Palacios">Palacios</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Aguilar" title="Eugenio Aguilar">Aguilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Medina" title="Tomás Medina">Medina</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_F%C3%A9lix_Quir%C3%B3s" title="José Félix Quirós">Quirós</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doroteo_Vasconcelos" title="Doroteo Vasconcelos">Vasconcelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(Salvadoran_politician)" title="Ramón Rodríguez (Salvadoran politician)">R. Rodríguez</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doroteo_Vasconcelos" title="Doroteo Vasconcelos">Vasconcelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Due%C3%B1as" title="Francisco Dueñas">Dueñas</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_F%C3%A9lix_Quir%C3%B3s" title="José Félix Quirós">Quirós</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Due%C3%B1as" title="Francisco Dueñas">Dueñas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José María San Martín">J. M. San Martín</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Due%C3%B1as" title="Francisco Dueñas">Dueñas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_G%C3%B3mez_(politician)" title="Vicente Gómez (politician)">V. Gómez</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José María San Martín">J. M. San Martín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mariano_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="José Mariano Hernández">J. Hernández</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José María San Martín">J. M. San Martín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Due%C3%B1as" title="Francisco Dueñas">Dueñas</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Campo" title="Rafael Campo">Campo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Due%C3%B1as" title="Francisco Dueñas">Dueñas</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Campo" title="Rafael Campo">Campo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Zepeda" title="Lorenzo Zepeda">Zepeda</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Sant%C3%ADn_del_Castillo" title="Miguel Santín del Castillo">Santín</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barrios</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Sant%C3%ADn_del_Castillo" title="Miguel Santín del Castillo">Santín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Eufrasio_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán">J. E. Guzmán</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Peralta" title="José María Peralta">Peralta</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Due%C3%B1as" title="Francisco Dueñas">Dueñas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Portillo" title="Santiago González Portillo">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_M%C3%A9ndez_(Salvadoran_politician)" title="Manuel Méndez (Salvadoran politician)">Méndez</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Portillo" title="Santiago González Portillo">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_del_Valle" title="Andrés del Valle">del Valle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Zald%C3%ADvar" title="Rafael Zaldívar">Zaldívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Guirola" title="Ángel Guirola">Guirola</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Zald%C3%ADvar" title="Rafael Zaldívar">Zaldívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Figueroa" title="Fernando Figueroa">Figueroa</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rosales_Herrador" title="José Rosales Herrador">Rosales</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Men%C3%A9ndez" title="Francisco Menéndez">F. Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ezeta" title="Carlos Ezeta">C. Ezeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ezeta" title="Antonio Ezeta">A. Ezeta</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Antonio_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Regalado_Romero" title="Tomás Regalado Romero">Regalado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Jos%C3%A9_Escal%C3%B3n" title="Pedro José Escalón">Escalón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Figueroa" title="Fernando Figueroa">Figueroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Enrique_Araujo" title="Manuel Enrique Araujo">M. Araujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mel%C3%A9ndez_(politician)" title="Carlos Meléndez (politician)">C. Meléndez</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Qui%C3%B1%C3%B3nez_Molina" title="Alfonso Quiñónez Molina">Quiñónez</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mel%C3%A9ndez_(politician)" title="Carlos Meléndez (politician)">C. Meléndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Qui%C3%B1%C3%B3nez_Molina" title="Alfonso Quiñónez Molina">Quiñónez</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Mel%C3%A9ndez" title="Jorge Meléndez">J. Meléndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Qui%C3%B1%C3%B3nez_Molina" title="Alfonso Quiñónez Molina">Quiñónez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Romero_Bosque" title="Pío Romero Bosque">P. Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Araujo" title="Arturo Araujo">A. Araujo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador" title="Military dictatorship in El Salvador">Military presidents</a> (1931–1979)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Directory" title="Civic Directory">Civic Directory</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximiliano_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Maximiliano Hernández Martínez">Hernández Martínez</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Ignacio_Men%C3%A9ndez" title="Andrés Ignacio Menéndez">A. Menéndez</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximiliano_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Maximiliano Hernández Martínez">Hernández Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Ignacio_Men%C3%A9ndez" title="Andrés Ignacio Menéndez">A. Menéndez</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osm%C3%ADn_Aguirre_y_Salinas" title="Osmín Aguirre y Salinas">Aguirre</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Castaneda_Castro" title="Salvador Castaneda Castro">Castaneda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolutionary_Council_of_Government_(El_Salvador)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolutionary Council of Government (El Salvador) (page does not exist)">Revolutionary Council of Government</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Osorio" title="Óscar Osorio">Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Lemus" title="José María Lemus">Lemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junta_of_Government_(El_Salvador)" title="Junta of Government (El Salvador)">Junta of Government</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic-Military_Directory" title="Civic-Military Directory">Civic-Military Directory</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Rodolfo_Cord%C3%B3n_Cea" title="Eusebio Rodolfo Cordón Cea">Cordón</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Adalberto_Rivera_Carballo" title="Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo">Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_S%C3%A1nchez_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Fidel Sánchez Hernández">F. Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Armando_Molina" title="Arturo Armando Molina">A. Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Humberto_Romero" title="Carlos Humberto Romero">C. Romero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a> (1979–1992)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_Junta_of_El_Salvador" title="Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador">Revolutionary Government Junta</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Maga%C3%B1a" title="Álvaro Magaña">Magaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Napole%C3%B3n_Duarte" title="José Napoleón Duarte">Duarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Cristiani" title="Alfredo Cristiani">Cristiani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Civil War (since 1992)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Cristiani" title="Alfredo Cristiani">Cristiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armando_Calder%C3%B3n_Sol" title="Armando Calderón Sol">Calderón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Flores_P%C3%A9rez" title="Francisco Flores Pérez">Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Saca" title="Antonio Saca">Saca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Funes" title="Mauricio Funes">Funes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_S%C3%A1nchez_Cer%C3%A9n" title="Salvador Sánchez Cerén">S. Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayib_Bukele" title="Nayib Bukele">Bukele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Guevara" title="Claudia Rodríguez de Guevara">C. Rodríguez</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>†</small></sup> – Acting or provisional president</li> <li><sup><small>‡</small></sup> – Military junta</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671414#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671414#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671414#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000360429813">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/223780777">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/323876/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmDmYMQXDFg3Q6xkPHV4q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93060671">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15684706h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15684706h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070254664">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10575069">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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