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All Rights Reserved. * * Licensed under the W3C SOFTWARE AND DOCUMENT NOTICE AND LICENSE. * * https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/2015/copyright-software-and-document * */ (function() { 'use strict'; // Exit early if we're not running in a browser. if (typeof window !== 'object') { return; } // Exit early if all IntersectionObserver and IntersectionObserverEntry // features are natively supported. if ('IntersectionObserver' in window && 'IntersectionObserverEntry' in window && 'intersectionRatio' in window.IntersectionObserverEntry.prototype) { // Minimal polyfill for Edge 15's lack of `isIntersecting` // See: https://github.com/w3c/IntersectionObserver/issues/211 if (!('isIntersecting' in window.IntersectionObserverEntry.prototype)) { Object.defineProperty(window.IntersectionObserverEntry.prototype, 'isIntersecting', { get: function () { return this.intersectionRatio > 0; } }); } return; } /** * Returns the embedding frame element, if any. * @param {!Document} doc * @return {!Element} */ function getFrameElement(doc) { try { return doc.defaultView && doc.defaultView.frameElement || null; } catch (e) { // Ignore the error. return null; } } /** * A local reference to the root document. */ var document = (function(startDoc) { var doc = startDoc; var frame = getFrameElement(doc); while (frame) { doc = frame.ownerDocument; frame = getFrameElement(doc); } return doc; })(window.document); /** * An IntersectionObserver registry. This registry exists to hold a strong * reference to IntersectionObserver instances currently observing a target * element. Without this registry, instances without another reference may be * garbage collected. */ var registry = []; /** * The signal updater for cross-origin intersection. When not null, it means * that the polyfill is configured to work in a cross-origin mode. * @type {function(DOMRect|ClientRect, DOMRect|ClientRect)} */ var crossOriginUpdater = null; /** * The current cross-origin intersection. Only used in the cross-origin mode. * @type {DOMRect|ClientRect} */ var crossOriginRect = null; /** * Creates the global IntersectionObserverEntry constructor. * https://w3c.github.io/IntersectionObserver/#intersection-observer-entry * @param {Object} entry A dictionary of instance properties. * @constructor */ function IntersectionObserverEntry(entry) { this.time = entry.time; this.target = entry.target; this.rootBounds = ensureDOMRect(entry.rootBounds); this.boundingClientRect = ensureDOMRect(entry.boundingClientRect); this.intersectionRect = ensureDOMRect(entry.intersectionRect || getEmptyRect()); this.isIntersecting = !!entry.intersectionRect; // Calculates the intersection ratio. var targetRect = this.boundingClientRect; var targetArea = targetRect.width * targetRect.height; var intersectionRect = this.intersectionRect; var intersectionArea = intersectionRect.width * intersectionRect.height; // Sets intersection ratio. if (targetArea) { // Round the intersection ratio to avoid floating point math issues: // https://github.com/w3c/IntersectionObserver/issues/324 this.intersectionRatio = Number((intersectionArea / targetArea).toFixed(4)); } else { // If area is zero and is intersecting, sets to 1, otherwise to 0 this.intersectionRatio = this.isIntersecting ? 1 : 0; } } /** * Creates the global IntersectionObserver constructor. * https://w3c.github.io/IntersectionObserver/#intersection-observer-interface * @param {Function} callback The function to be invoked after intersection * changes have queued. The function is not invoked if the queue has * been emptied by calling the `takeRecords` method. * @param {Object=} opt_options Optional configuration options. * @constructor */ function IntersectionObserver(callback, opt_options) { var options = opt_options || {}; if (typeof callback != 'function') { throw new Error('callback must be a function'); } if ( options.root && options.root.nodeType != 1 && options.root.nodeType != 9 ) { throw new Error('root must be a Document or Element'); } // Binds and throttles `this._checkForIntersections`. this._checkForIntersections = throttle( this._checkForIntersections.bind(this), this.THROTTLE_TIMEOUT); // Private properties. this._callback = callback; this._observationTargets = []; this._queuedEntries = []; this._rootMarginValues = this._parseRootMargin(options.rootMargin); // Public properties. this.thresholds = this._initThresholds(options.threshold); this.root = options.root || null; this.rootMargin = this._rootMarginValues.map(function(margin) { return margin.value + margin.unit; }).join(' '); /** @private @const {!Array<!Document>} */ this._monitoringDocuments = []; /** @private @const {!Array<function()>} */ this._monitoringUnsubscribes = []; } /** * The minimum interval within which the document will be checked for * intersection changes. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.THROTTLE_TIMEOUT = 100; /** * The frequency in which the polyfill polls for intersection changes. * this can be updated on a per instance basis and must be set prior to * calling `observe` on the first target. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.POLL_INTERVAL = null; /** * Use a mutation observer on the root element * to detect intersection changes. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.USE_MUTATION_OBSERVER = true; /** * Sets up the polyfill in the cross-origin mode. The result is the * updater function that accepts two arguments: `boundingClientRect` and * `intersectionRect` - just as these fields would be available to the * parent via `IntersectionObserverEntry`. This function should be called * each time the iframe receives intersection information from the parent * window, e.g. via messaging. * @return {function(DOMRect|ClientRect, DOMRect|ClientRect)} */ IntersectionObserver._setupCrossOriginUpdater = function() { if (!crossOriginUpdater) { /** * @param {DOMRect|ClientRect} boundingClientRect * @param {DOMRect|ClientRect} intersectionRect */ crossOriginUpdater = function(boundingClientRect, intersectionRect) { if (!boundingClientRect || !intersectionRect) { crossOriginRect = getEmptyRect(); } else { crossOriginRect = convertFromParentRect(boundingClientRect, intersectionRect); } registry.forEach(function(observer) { observer._checkForIntersections(); }); }; } return crossOriginUpdater; }; /** * Resets the cross-origin mode. */ IntersectionObserver._resetCrossOriginUpdater = function() { crossOriginUpdater = null; crossOriginRect = null; }; /** * Starts observing a target element for intersection changes based on * the thresholds values. * @param {Element} target The DOM element to observe. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.observe = function(target) { var isTargetAlreadyObserved = this._observationTargets.some(function(item) { return item.element == target; }); if (isTargetAlreadyObserved) { return; } if (!(target && target.nodeType == 1)) { throw new Error('target must be an Element'); } this._registerInstance(); this._observationTargets.push({element: target, entry: null}); this._monitorIntersections(target.ownerDocument); this._checkForIntersections(); }; /** * Stops observing a target element for intersection changes. * @param {Element} target The DOM element to observe. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.unobserve = function(target) { this._observationTargets = this._observationTargets.filter(function(item) { return item.element != target; }); this._unmonitorIntersections(target.ownerDocument); if (this._observationTargets.length == 0) { this._unregisterInstance(); } }; /** * Stops observing all target elements for intersection changes. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.disconnect = function() { this._observationTargets = []; this._unmonitorAllIntersections(); this._unregisterInstance(); }; /** * Returns any queue entries that have not yet been reported to the * callback and clears the queue. This can be used in conjunction with the * callback to obtain the absolute most up-to-date intersection information. * @return {Array} The currently queued entries. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.takeRecords = function() { var records = this._queuedEntries.slice(); this._queuedEntries = []; return records; }; /** * Accepts the threshold value from the user configuration object and * returns a sorted array of unique threshold values. If a value is not * between 0 and 1 and error is thrown. * @private * @param {Array|number=} opt_threshold An optional threshold value or * a list of threshold values, defaulting to [0]. * @return {Array} A sorted list of unique and valid threshold values. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._initThresholds = function(opt_threshold) { var threshold = opt_threshold || [0]; if (!Array.isArray(threshold)) threshold = [threshold]; return threshold.sort().filter(function(t, i, a) { if (typeof t != 'number' || isNaN(t) || t < 0 || t > 1) { throw new Error('threshold must be a number between 0 and 1 inclusively'); } return t !== a[i - 1]; }); }; /** * Accepts the rootMargin value from the user configuration object * and returns an array of the four margin values as an object containing * the value and unit properties. If any of the values are not properly * formatted or use a unit other than px or %, and error is thrown. * @private * @param {string=} opt_rootMargin An optional rootMargin value, * defaulting to '0px'. * @return {Array<Object>} An array of margin objects with the keys * value and unit. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._parseRootMargin = function(opt_rootMargin) { var marginString = opt_rootMargin || '0px'; var margins = marginString.split(/\s+/).map(function(margin) { var parts = /^(-?\d*\.?\d+)(px|%)$/.exec(margin); if (!parts) { throw new Error('rootMargin must be specified in pixels or percent'); } return {value: parseFloat(parts[1]), unit: parts[2]}; }); // Handles shorthand. margins[1] = margins[1] || margins[0]; margins[2] = margins[2] || margins[0]; margins[3] = margins[3] || margins[1]; return margins; }; /** * Starts polling for intersection changes if the polling is not already * happening, and if the page's visibility state is visible. * @param {!Document} doc * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._monitorIntersections = function(doc) { var win = doc.defaultView; if (!win) { // Already destroyed. return; } if (this._monitoringDocuments.indexOf(doc) != -1) { // Already monitoring. return; } // Private state for monitoring. var callback = this._checkForIntersections; var monitoringInterval = null; var domObserver = null; // If a poll interval is set, use polling instead of listening to // resize and scroll events or DOM mutations. if (this.POLL_INTERVAL) { monitoringInterval = win.setInterval(callback, this.POLL_INTERVAL); } else { addEvent(win, 'resize', callback, true); addEvent(doc, 'scroll', callback, true); if (this.USE_MUTATION_OBSERVER && 'MutationObserver' in win) { domObserver = new win.MutationObserver(callback); domObserver.observe(doc, { attributes: true, childList: true, characterData: true, subtree: true }); } } this._monitoringDocuments.push(doc); this._monitoringUnsubscribes.push(function() { // Get the window object again. When a friendly iframe is destroyed, it // will be null. var win = doc.defaultView; if (win) { if (monitoringInterval) { win.clearInterval(monitoringInterval); } removeEvent(win, 'resize', callback, true); } removeEvent(doc, 'scroll', callback, true); if (domObserver) { domObserver.disconnect(); } }); // Also monitor the parent. var rootDoc = (this.root && (this.root.ownerDocument || this.root)) || document; if (doc != rootDoc) { var frame = getFrameElement(doc); if (frame) { this._monitorIntersections(frame.ownerDocument); } } }; /** * Stops polling for intersection changes. * @param {!Document} doc * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._unmonitorIntersections = function(doc) { var index = this._monitoringDocuments.indexOf(doc); if (index == -1) { return; } var rootDoc = (this.root && (this.root.ownerDocument || this.root)) || document; // Check if any dependent targets are still remaining. var hasDependentTargets = this._observationTargets.some(function(item) { var itemDoc = item.element.ownerDocument; // Target is in this context. if (itemDoc == doc) { return true; } // Target is nested in this context. while (itemDoc && itemDoc != rootDoc) { var frame = getFrameElement(itemDoc); itemDoc = frame && frame.ownerDocument; if (itemDoc == doc) { return true; } } return false; }); if (hasDependentTargets) { return; } // Unsubscribe. var unsubscribe = this._monitoringUnsubscribes[index]; this._monitoringDocuments.splice(index, 1); this._monitoringUnsubscribes.splice(index, 1); unsubscribe(); // Also unmonitor the parent. if (doc != rootDoc) { var frame = getFrameElement(doc); if (frame) { this._unmonitorIntersections(frame.ownerDocument); } } }; /** * Stops polling for intersection changes. * @param {!Document} doc * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._unmonitorAllIntersections = function() { var unsubscribes = this._monitoringUnsubscribes.slice(0); this._monitoringDocuments.length = 0; this._monitoringUnsubscribes.length = 0; for (var i = 0; i < unsubscribes.length; i++) { unsubscribes[i](); } }; /** * Scans each observation target for intersection changes and adds them * to the internal entries queue. If new entries are found, it * schedules the callback to be invoked. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._checkForIntersections = function() { if (!this.root && crossOriginUpdater && !crossOriginRect) { // Cross origin monitoring, but no initial data available yet. return; } var rootIsInDom = this._rootIsInDom(); var rootRect = rootIsInDom ? this._getRootRect() : getEmptyRect(); this._observationTargets.forEach(function(item) { var target = item.element; var targetRect = getBoundingClientRect(target); var rootContainsTarget = this._rootContainsTarget(target); var oldEntry = item.entry; var intersectionRect = rootIsInDom && rootContainsTarget && this._computeTargetAndRootIntersection(target, targetRect, rootRect); var rootBounds = null; if (!this._rootContainsTarget(target)) { rootBounds = getEmptyRect(); } else if (!crossOriginUpdater || this.root) { rootBounds = rootRect; } var newEntry = item.entry = new IntersectionObserverEntry({ time: now(), target: target, boundingClientRect: targetRect, rootBounds: rootBounds, intersectionRect: intersectionRect }); if (!oldEntry) { this._queuedEntries.push(newEntry); } else if (rootIsInDom && rootContainsTarget) { // If the new entry intersection ratio has crossed any of the // thresholds, add a new entry. if (this._hasCrossedThreshold(oldEntry, newEntry)) { this._queuedEntries.push(newEntry); } } else { // If the root is not in the DOM or target is not contained within // root but the previous entry for this target had an intersection, // add a new record indicating removal. if (oldEntry && oldEntry.isIntersecting) { this._queuedEntries.push(newEntry); } } }, this); if (this._queuedEntries.length) { this._callback(this.takeRecords(), this); } }; /** * Accepts a target and root rect computes the intersection between then * following the algorithm in the spec. * TODO(philipwalton): at this time clip-path is not considered. * https://w3c.github.io/IntersectionObserver/#calculate-intersection-rect-algo * @param {Element} target The target DOM element * @param {Object} targetRect The bounding rect of the target. * @param {Object} rootRect The bounding rect of the root after being * expanded by the rootMargin value. * @return {?Object} The final intersection rect object or undefined if no * intersection is found. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._computeTargetAndRootIntersection = function(target, targetRect, rootRect) { // If the element isn't displayed, an intersection can't happen. if (window.getComputedStyle(target).display == 'none') return; var intersectionRect = targetRect; var parent = getParentNode(target); var atRoot = false; while (!atRoot && parent) { var parentRect = null; var parentComputedStyle = parent.nodeType == 1 ? window.getComputedStyle(parent) : {}; // If the parent isn't displayed, an intersection can't happen. if (parentComputedStyle.display == 'none') return null; if (parent == this.root || parent.nodeType == /* DOCUMENT */ 9) { atRoot = true; if (parent == this.root || parent == document) { if (crossOriginUpdater && !this.root) { if (!crossOriginRect || crossOriginRect.width == 0 && crossOriginRect.height == 0) { // A 0-size cross-origin intersection means no-intersection. parent = null; parentRect = null; intersectionRect = null; } else { parentRect = crossOriginRect; } } else { parentRect = rootRect; } } else { // Check if there's a frame that can be navigated to. var frame = getParentNode(parent); var frameRect = frame && getBoundingClientRect(frame); var frameIntersect = frame && this._computeTargetAndRootIntersection(frame, frameRect, rootRect); if (frameRect && frameIntersect) { parent = frame; parentRect = convertFromParentRect(frameRect, frameIntersect); } else { parent = null; intersectionRect = null; } } } else { // If the element has a non-visible overflow, and it's not the <body> // or <html> element, update the intersection rect. // Note: <body> and <html> cannot be clipped to a rect that's not also // the document rect, so no need to compute a new intersection. var doc = parent.ownerDocument; if (parent != doc.body && parent != doc.documentElement && parentComputedStyle.overflow != 'visible') { parentRect = getBoundingClientRect(parent); } } // If either of the above conditionals set a new parentRect, // calculate new intersection data. if (parentRect) { intersectionRect = computeRectIntersection(parentRect, intersectionRect); } if (!intersectionRect) break; parent = parent && getParentNode(parent); } return intersectionRect; }; /** * Returns the root rect after being expanded by the rootMargin value. * @return {ClientRect} The expanded root rect. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._getRootRect = function() { var rootRect; if (this.root && !isDoc(this.root)) { rootRect = getBoundingClientRect(this.root); } else { // Use <html>/<body> instead of window since scroll bars affect size. var doc = isDoc(this.root) ? this.root : document; var html = doc.documentElement; var body = doc.body; rootRect = { top: 0, left: 0, right: html.clientWidth || body.clientWidth, width: html.clientWidth || body.clientWidth, bottom: html.clientHeight || body.clientHeight, height: html.clientHeight || body.clientHeight }; } return this._expandRectByRootMargin(rootRect); }; /** * Accepts a rect and expands it by the rootMargin value. * @param {DOMRect|ClientRect} rect The rect object to expand. * @return {ClientRect} The expanded rect. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._expandRectByRootMargin = function(rect) { var margins = this._rootMarginValues.map(function(margin, i) { return margin.unit == 'px' ? margin.value : margin.value * (i % 2 ? rect.width : rect.height) / 100; }); var newRect = { top: rect.top - margins[0], right: rect.right + margins[1], bottom: rect.bottom + margins[2], left: rect.left - margins[3] }; newRect.width = newRect.right - newRect.left; newRect.height = newRect.bottom - newRect.top; return newRect; }; /** * Accepts an old and new entry and returns true if at least one of the * threshold values has been crossed. * @param {?IntersectionObserverEntry} oldEntry The previous entry for a * particular target element or null if no previous entry exists. * @param {IntersectionObserverEntry} newEntry The current entry for a * particular target element. * @return {boolean} Returns true if a any threshold has been crossed. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._hasCrossedThreshold = function(oldEntry, newEntry) { // To make comparing easier, an entry that has a ratio of 0 // but does not actually intersect is given a value of -1 var oldRatio = oldEntry && oldEntry.isIntersecting ? oldEntry.intersectionRatio || 0 : -1; var newRatio = newEntry.isIntersecting ? newEntry.intersectionRatio || 0 : -1; // Ignore unchanged ratios if (oldRatio === newRatio) return; for (var i = 0; i < this.thresholds.length; i++) { var threshold = this.thresholds[i]; // Return true if an entry matches a threshold or if the new ratio // and the old ratio are on the opposite sides of a threshold. if (threshold == oldRatio || threshold == newRatio || threshold < oldRatio !== threshold < newRatio) { return true; } } }; /** * Returns whether or not the root element is an element and is in the DOM. * @return {boolean} True if the root element is an element and is in the DOM. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._rootIsInDom = function() { return !this.root || containsDeep(document, this.root); }; /** * Returns whether or not the target element is a child of root. * @param {Element} target The target element to check. * @return {boolean} True if the target element is a child of root. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._rootContainsTarget = function(target) { var rootDoc = (this.root && (this.root.ownerDocument || this.root)) || document; return ( containsDeep(rootDoc, target) && (!this.root || rootDoc == target.ownerDocument) ); }; /** * Adds the instance to the global IntersectionObserver registry if it isn't * already present. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._registerInstance = function() { if (registry.indexOf(this) < 0) { registry.push(this); } }; /** * Removes the instance from the global IntersectionObserver registry. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._unregisterInstance = function() { var index = registry.indexOf(this); if (index != -1) registry.splice(index, 1); }; /** * Returns the result of the performance.now() method or null in browsers * that don't support the API. * @return {number} The elapsed time since the page was requested. */ function now() { return window.performance && performance.now && performance.now(); } /** * Throttles a function and delays its execution, so it's only called at most * once within a given time period. * @param {Function} fn The function to throttle. * @param {number} timeout The amount of time that must pass before the * function can be called again. * @return {Function} The throttled function. */ function throttle(fn, timeout) { var timer = null; return function () { if (!timer) { timer = setTimeout(function() { fn(); timer = null; }, timeout); } }; } /** * Adds an event handler to a DOM node ensuring cross-browser compatibility. * @param {Node} node The DOM node to add the event handler to. * @param {string} event The event name. * @param {Function} fn The event handler to add. * @param {boolean} opt_useCapture Optionally adds the even to the capture * phase. Note: this only works in modern browsers. */ function addEvent(node, event, fn, opt_useCapture) { if (typeof node.addEventListener == 'function') { node.addEventListener(event, fn, opt_useCapture || false); } else if (typeof node.attachEvent == 'function') { node.attachEvent('on' + event, fn); } } /** * Removes a previously added event handler from a DOM node. * @param {Node} node The DOM node to remove the event handler from. * @param {string} event The event name. * @param {Function} fn The event handler to remove. * @param {boolean} opt_useCapture If the event handler was added with this * flag set to true, it should be set to true here in order to remove it. */ function removeEvent(node, event, fn, opt_useCapture) { if (typeof node.removeEventListener == 'function') { node.removeEventListener(event, fn, opt_useCapture || false); } else if (typeof node.detatchEvent == 'function') { node.detatchEvent('on' + event, fn); } } /** * Returns the intersection between two rect objects. * @param {Object} rect1 The first rect. * @param {Object} rect2 The second rect. * @return {?Object|?ClientRect} The intersection rect or undefined if no * intersection is found. */ function computeRectIntersection(rect1, rect2) { var top = Math.max(rect1.top, rect2.top); var bottom = Math.min(rect1.bottom, rect2.bottom); var left = Math.max(rect1.left, rect2.left); var right = Math.min(rect1.right, rect2.right); var width = right - left; var height = bottom - top; return (width >= 0 && height >= 0) && { top: top, bottom: bottom, left: left, right: right, width: width, height: height } || null; } /** * Shims the native getBoundingClientRect for compatibility with older IE. * @param {Element} el The element whose bounding rect to get. * @return {DOMRect|ClientRect} The (possibly shimmed) rect of the element. */ function getBoundingClientRect(el) { var rect; try { rect = el.getBoundingClientRect(); } catch (err) { // Ignore Windows 7 IE11 "Unspecified error" // https://github.com/w3c/IntersectionObserver/pull/205 } if (!rect) return getEmptyRect(); // Older IE if (!(rect.width && rect.height)) { rect = { top: rect.top, right: rect.right, bottom: rect.bottom, left: rect.left, width: rect.right - rect.left, height: rect.bottom - rect.top }; } return rect; } /** * Returns an empty rect object. An empty rect is returned when an element * is not in the DOM. * @return {ClientRect} The empty rect. */ function getEmptyRect() { return { top: 0, bottom: 0, left: 0, right: 0, width: 0, height: 0 }; } /** * Ensure that the result has all of the necessary fields of the DOMRect. * Specifically this ensures that `x` and `y` fields are set. * * @param {?DOMRect|?ClientRect} rect * @return {?DOMRect} */ function ensureDOMRect(rect) { // A `DOMRect` object has `x` and `y` fields. if (!rect || 'x' in rect) { return rect; } // A IE's `ClientRect` type does not have `x` and `y`. The same is the case // for internally calculated Rect objects. 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Lexico","image":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://raw.githubusercontent.com/entropyhub/entropyhub.github.io/master/assets/images/reexternalwotypage/202012_semicolon_lexico_WOTY_spanish_748x482.jpg","author":"Lexico.com Team","genre":"Articulos En Español","wordcount":"1847","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Lexico.com","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://www.lexico.com/lexico-logo.svg"}},"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://lexico.com","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://lexico.com/explore"},"datePublished":"2020-12-16","dateCreated":"2020-12-16","dateModified":"2021-02-06","description":"Este artículo representa la traducción al español de la versión original en inglés: “Lexico’s 2020 Word of the Year”.","articleBody":"\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eEste artículo representa la traducción al español de la versión original en inglés: \u003ca href=\"https://www.lexico.com/explore/word-of-the-year\"\u003e“Lexico’s 2020 Word of the Year”.\u003c/a\u003e Tenga en cuenta que, salvo donde se indique lo contrario, el uso de la palabra cuarentena se refiere a la palabra en inglés quarantine.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eAunque el año 2020 ha sido un año lleno de acontecimientos, el diccionario Lexico se enorgullece en anunciar un acontecimiento más: nuestra primera palabra del año, \u003ca href=\"https://www.lexico.com/es/definicion/cuarentena\"\u003ecuarentena\u003c/a\u003e. La palabra, la cual se define como “aislamiento preventivo de personas o animales en un lugar y durante un período de tiempo por razones sanitarias”, es la más importante de la conversación sobre la manera en que la COVID-19 ha cambiado la sociedad y los idiomas en 2020.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2 dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVolumen récord de búsquedas en marzo 2020 por “cuarentena”\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eEl mayor aumento en búsquedas de la palabra cuarentena en los diccionarios Lexico ocurrió el 18 de marzo y coincidió con muchos de los primeros \u003ca href=\"https://www.lexico.com/es/definicion/confinamiento\"\u003econfinamientos\u003c/a\u003e decretados por las autoridades y las directivas emitidas por las organizaciones líderes como el CCPEEU como respuesta al coronavirus. Aquel día, apenas una semana después de que la Organización Mundial de la Salud proclamó el estado de \u003ca href=\"https://www.lexico.com/es/definicion/pandemia\"\u003epandemia\u003c/a\u003e a causa del COVID-19, las búsquedas de la palabra cuarentena aumentaron un 15,180% en comparación con el comienzo del año 2020. El interés de los usuarios por la palabra cuarentena se mantuvo constante a lo largo del año, registrando un aumento medio de más de un 323% en relación con los datos disponibles para 2019.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2 dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUn origen familiar\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eCuarentena fue registrada como un término médico por primera vez en inglés a mediados del siglo XVII. Es un préstamo de la palabra italiana quarantina (“40 días”), la cual proviene de la palabra en latín quadrāgintā,con el mismo significado. Durante la peste bubónica en el siglo XV, cuarentena se refería al plazo durante el cual los barcos sospechosos de portar enfermedades eran excluidos de los puertos. Se repite la historia que hay en la etimología, no solo debido a su origen durante una pandemia anterior, sino también porque los primeros brotes de COVID-19 afectaron a los cruceros.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eEn español, la palabra\u0026nbsp;cuarentena\u0026nbsp;proviene de la misma raíz latina que la palabra italiana quarantina. Las búsquedas de la palabra\u0026nbsp;cuarentena\u0026nbsp;aumentaron un 1,800% en el diccionario Lexico en español\u0026nbsp;el 28 de abril.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2 dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUn vocabulario de cuarentena completamente nuevo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eNo solo cuarentena capta las medidas de salud pública y lo vivido en esta época de COVID-19, sino también ilustra la transformación asombrosa del léxico debida a la pandemia. Cuarentena es un ejemplo notable de como una explosión de términos científicos de repente se vuelven esenciales a la vida cotidiana, por ejemplo, \u003ca href=\"https://www.lexico.com/definition/asymptomatic\"\u003easymptomatic\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://www.lexico.com/definition/contact_tracing\"\u003econtact tracing\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://www.lexico.com/definition/herd_immunity\"\u003eherd immunity\u003c/a\u003e, R number, \u003ca href=\"https://www.lexico.com/definition/social_distancing\"\u003esocial distancing\u003c/a\u003e y \u003ca href=\"https://www.lexico.com/definition/superspreader\"\u003esuperspreader\u003c/a\u003e, sin mencionar \u003ca href=\"https://www.lexico.com/definition/covid-19\"\u003eCOVID-19\u003c/a\u003e en sí, además de \u003ca href=\"https://www.lexico.com/definition/coronavirus\"\u003ecoronavirus\u003c/a\u003e y SARS-CoV-2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eA principios de la pandemia, el empleo de cuarentena permaneció fiel en gran medida a la acepción técnica, refiriéndose específicamente al período de aislamiento de 14 días recomendado, cuando no era directamente exigido, para las personas expuestas al nuevo coronavirus. En muchos lugares, este aislamiento fue autoimpuesto, llevando a un rápido aumento de búsquedas de los términos \u003ca href=\"https://www.lexico.com/definition/self-isolation\"\u003eself-isolation\u003c/a\u003e y \u003ca href=\"https://www.lexico.com/definition/self-quarantine\"\u003eself-quarantine\u003c/a\u003e (“confinamiento selectivo”). También se registró un aumento en la utilización en inglés de quarantine como verbo intransitivo. Esta acepción de cuarentena junto con otras actualizaciones de Oxford Languages se agregará al diccionario Lexico en 2021.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eEn el habla cotidiana, el significado de\u0026nbsp;cuarentena\u0026nbsp;se amplió y esta se convirtió en una palabra genérica que alude a las restricciones a la vida, el trabajo y la escuela en una pandemia, independientemente de exposición al virus. Este significado nuevo se puede observar en el uso generalizado de\u0026nbsp;cuarentena\u0026nbsp;como marco colectivo de referencia (e.g.,\u0026nbsp;dating during quarantine), además de modificador (e.g.,\u0026nbsp;new quarantine music and fashion trends).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eCuarentena se une a muchos otros términos oficiales y extraoficiales para las medidas de confinamiento. Algunos ejemplos incluyen hunker down, \u003ca href=\"https://www.lexico.com/definition/isolation\"\u003eisolation\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://www.lexico.com/definition/lockdown\"\u003elockdown\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://www.lexico.com/definition/self-isolation\"\u003eself-isolation\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://www.lexico.com/definition/shelter_in_place\"\u003eshelter in place\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://www.lexico.com/definition/stay-at-home\"\u003estay-at-home\u003c/a\u003e y \u003ca href=\"https://www.lexico.com/definition/shutdown\"\u003eshutdown\u003c/a\u003e. Otras expresiones, \u0026nbsp;según lo documentado por Oxford Languages, surgieron en las variedades del inglés en Malasia (movement control order o MCO), Filipinas (enhance community quarantine o ECQ) y Singapur (circuit break).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2 dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUn descanso bienvenido de la cuarentena\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003ePor cierto, en medio del confinamiento, la gente se entretuvo creando nuevas palabras. \u0026nbsp;La cuarentena animó la creación de formaciones divertidas, revelando la creatividad, sentido del humor y resistencia de todos ante enormes dificultades. Quarantine inspiró tales juegos de palabra como quarantini (cócteles preparados durante la cuarentena); quaranteams (una red social exclusiva para limitar la exposición); quaranteens (la próxima generación de adolescentes concebidos durante la pandemia); quarantimes (la época de cuarentena) y quarantine and chill (el Netflix y chill de la vida de cuarentena).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eLa palabra\u0026nbsp;cuarentena\u0026nbsp;en sí se acortó informalmente a\u0026nbsp;quar,\u0026nbsp;y a\u0026nbsp;quaz\u0026nbsp;o\u0026nbsp;quazza\u0026nbsp;en el inglés australiano. Toda esta innovación se refleja también en el juego de palabras basados en\u0026nbsp;coronavirus\u0026nbsp;y\u0026nbsp;COVID-19:\u0026nbsp;rona\u0026nbsp;(en jerga,\u0026nbsp;coronavirus);\u0026nbsp;coronacut\u0026nbsp;(recorte de cuarentena);\u0026nbsp;coronasomnia\u0026nbsp;(insomnio debido a la pandemia);\u0026nbsp;covidiot\u0026nbsp;(llamar a alguien idiota por desobedecer directrices de seguridad de COVID-19) y\u0026nbsp;Covid-10\u0026nbsp;o\u0026nbsp;Covid-15\u0026nbsp;(el aumento de peso durante cuarentena).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eHablando de\u0026nbsp;Covid-15,\u0026nbsp;otros idiomas generaron sus propios juegos de palabras, tal como\u0026nbsp;Coronapseck, el equivalente alemán de la\u0026nbsp;Covid-15\u0026nbsp;que combina las palabras\u0026nbsp;coronavirus\u0026nbsp;con\u0026nbsp;grasa.\u0026nbsp;Quatorzaine\u0026nbsp;se difundió entre los hablantes de francés y se refiere al periodo recomendado de cuarentena de 14 días. La palabra está compuesta de las palabras francesas para\u0026nbsp;cuarentena\u0026nbsp;(quarantaine) y\u0026nbsp;catorce\u0026nbsp;(quatorze). Un término más antiguo, la palabra italiana\u0026nbsp;untore\u0026nbsp;(“quien propaga enfermedad”) aumentó en popularidad.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eEl español dio origen a cuarempena (cuarenta junto con \u003ca href=\"https://www.lexico.com/es/definicion/pena\"\u003epena\u003c/a\u003e o “tristeza de la cuarentena”/ “depresión de la cuarentena”); \u003ca href=\"https://www.lexico.com/es/definicion/gran\"\u003eGran\u003c/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"https://www.lexico.com/es/definicion/confinamiento\"\u003eConfinamiento\u003c/a\u003e (“el periodo de crisis provocado por la pandemia”); los coronabonos (un instrumento europeo de deuda); aplausazo (“aplauso masivo desde las casas para los proveedores de servicios médicos”) y cuarentenar, que se estableció como alternativa al sintagma verbal poner en cuarentena.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2 dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNunca habrá una cuarentena para el idioma\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eFinalmente, el vocabulario nuevo y recientemente significativo de la COVID-19 requirió actualizaciones al diccionario a una escala y un ritmo rara vez visto en la lexicografía. Junto con Dictionary.com, los diccionarios Lexico proceden de la obra/labor de Oxford Languages, el cual ha añadido cientos de entradas y acepciones nuevas y actualizadas este año como resultado del cambio tremendo léxico incitado por los trastornos sociales de 2020.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eLas entradas nuevas de la actualización debida al coronavirus incluyen\u0026nbsp;case fatality rate, contact tracer,\u0026nbsp;CPAP,\u0026nbsp;cytokine storm,\u0026nbsp;frontliner,\u0026nbsp;physical distancing,\u0026nbsp;R number\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;spike protein.\u0026nbsp;Las acepciones nuevas de palabras existentes incluyen\u0026nbsp;before times,\u0026nbsp;front line,\u0026nbsp;remotely\u0026nbsp;y\u0026nbsp;shield.\u0026nbsp;Además de su trabajo extenso en las etimologías, los archivos de audio y en la reevaluación de temas delicados,\u0026nbsp;los lexicógrafos de Oxford Languages también revisaron miles de entradas—sobre todo la entrada para\u0026nbsp;cuarentena. Estas actualizaciones de Lexico—y muchas más—estarán disponibles en 2021.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eA principios del 2020, hubiera sido difícil imaginar que una palabra técnica como cuarentena, tan alejada de la mayoría de las experiencias e inquietudes de la gente, se convertiría en una parte normal y necesaria de la vida cotidiana y la lengua. Al final del año 2020, millones de personas de todo el mundo están aún a la espera de salir de cuarentena aunque hay esperanza por la producción de una vacuna contra el COVID-19. Esta situación pone aun más de relieve el papel central de la palabra cuarentena durante un año sin precedente—y la elección de esta palabra como la palabra inaugural del año de Lexico.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eVeintenas de otras palabras definieron este año extraordinario. Obtenga más información en \u003ca href=\"https://www.dictionary.com/e/word-of-the-year/\"\u003ela palabra del año 2020 del Dictionary.com\u003c/a\u003e, pandemia, y las \u003ca href=\"https://languages.oup.com/word-of-the-year/2020/\"\u003epalabras del 2020, un año sin precedente, de Oxford Languages\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"} //]]> </script><div id="content"><div class="lex-container"><div class="banbox mobile_banner"><div class="container content-ban"><aside class="banner adUnit"><div id="lexi_serp_dkt_atf_728x90_10"></div><div id="lexi_serp_mweb_atf_320x50_1"></div></aside></div></div><div class="main-content"><div class="container layout"><div class="lex-content"><div class="lex-filling"><div><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="3.5" data-ratioy="1"><img class="headImage" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411im_/https://raw.githubusercontent.com/entropyhub/entropyhub.github.io/master/assets/images/reexternalwotypage/202012_semicolon_lexico_WOTY_spanish_748x482.jpg"/></div><div class="breadcrumbs layout"><p><a href="/web/20211030122411/https://www.lexico.com/es" data-behaviour="ga-event-breadcrumb" data-value="Homepage anchor">Home</a><span class="chevron"></span> <a data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="secondary breadcrumb" href="/web/20211030122411/https://www.lexico.com/es/grammar">Spanish Grammar</a> <span class="chevron"></span> <a data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="secondary breadcrumb" href="/web/20211030122411/https://www.lexico.com/es/grammar/articulos-en-espanol">Articulos En Español</a> <span class="chevron"></span> <a data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="secondary breadcrumb" href="/web/20211030122411/https://www.lexico.com/es/grammar/la-palabra-del-ano">La Palabra Del Año 2020 De Lexico</a></p></div><div class="non-lexical-socials"><div class="socials"><ul><li><a class="ico-fb" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://www.facebook.com/dialog/share?app_id=292327308384887&display=page&href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fes%2Fgrammar%2Fla-palabra-del-ano&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fes%2Fgrammar%2Fla-palabra-del-ano" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Share on Facebook" onclick="javascript:ga('send', 'event', 'share_this_entry', 'facebook', 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://www.lexico.com/es/grammar/la-palabra-del-ano');" data-behaviour="ga-event-entry-sharing" data-value="Facebook"><i class="transition"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 30 30" viewbox="0 0 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m15 0c-8.284 0-15 6.716-15 15 0 8.285 6.716 15 15 15 8.284 0 15-6.715 15-15 0-8.284-6.716-15-15-15m3.214 15.01h-2.102c0 3.357 0 7.495 0 7.495h-3.115c0 0 0-4.095 0-7.495h-1.482v-2.647h1.482v-1.714c0-1.227.582-3.144 3.143-3.144l2.307.009v2.571c0 0-1.404 0-1.676 0-.271 0-.66.136-.66.722v1.556h2.375l-.272 2.647" fill="#37589a"/></svg></i></a></li> <li><a class="ico-tw" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=La%20Palabra%20Del%20A%C3%B1o%202020%20De%20Lexico%20-%20Lexico.com&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fes%2Fgrammar%2Fla-palabra-del-ano" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Share on Twitter" onclick="javascript:ga('send', 'event', 'share_this_entry', 'twitter', 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://www.lexico.com/es/grammar/la-palabra-del-ano');" data-behaviour="ga-event-entry-sharing" data-value="Twitter"><i class="transition"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 30 30" viewbox="0 0 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m15 0c-8.284 0-15 6.716-15 15 0 8.285 6.716 15 15 15 8.283 0 15-6.715 15-15 0-8.284-6.717-15-15-15m5.965 11.943c.006.132.001.264.001.397 0 4.066-3.095 8.755-8.757 8.755-1.738 0-3.356-.509-4.718-1.382.242.028.486.041.734.041 1.443 0 2.769-.489 3.821-1.314-1.345-.025-2.483-.916-2.874-2.136.188.033.38.053.579.053.281 0 .553-.039.81-.107-1.407-.284-2.468-1.527-2.468-3.02 0-.013 0-.026 0-.039.416.231.891.368 1.395.384-.825-.551-1.369-1.494-1.369-2.562 0-.564.152-1.093.417-1.547 1.517 1.863 3.786 3.087 6.342 3.215-.052-.226-.08-.459-.08-.701 0-1.699 1.377-3.076 3.079-3.076.885 0 1.685.374 2.246.97.699-.137 1.359-.394 1.955-.748-.232.719-.719 1.322-1.354 1.703.624-.073 1.217-.24 1.768-.483-.413.618-.936 1.16-1.536 1.595" fill="#38a8e0"/></svg></i></a></li> <li><a class="ico-lin" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://www.linkedin.com/cws/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fes%2Fgrammar%2Fla-palabra-del-ano" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Share on Linkedin+" onclick="javascript:window.open(this.href,'', 'menubar=no,toolbar=no,resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,height=600,width=600'); 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La palabra, la cual se define como “aislamiento preventivo de personas o animales en un lugar y durante un período de tiempo por razones sanitarias”, es la más importante de la conversación sobre la manera en que la COVID-19 ha cambiado la sociedad y los idiomas en 2020. </p><p><br></p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Volumen récord de búsquedas en marzo 2020 por “cuarentena”</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">El mayor aumento en búsquedas de la palabra cuarentena en los diccionarios Lexico ocurrió el 18 de marzo y coincidió con muchos de los primeros <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://www.lexico.com/es/definicion/confinamiento">confinamientos</a> decretados por las autoridades y las directivas emitidas por las organizaciones líderes como el CCPEEU como respuesta al coronavirus. Aquel día, apenas una semana después de que la Organización Mundial de la Salud proclamó el estado de <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://www.lexico.com/es/definicion/pandemia">pandemia</a> a causa del COVID-19, las búsquedas de la palabra cuarentena aumentaron un 15,180% en comparación con el comienzo del año 2020. El interés de los usuarios por la palabra cuarentena se mantuvo constante a lo largo del año, registrando un aumento medio de más de un 323% en relación con los datos disponibles para 2019.</p><p><br></p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Un origen familiar</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Cuarentena fue registrada como un término médico por primera vez en inglés a mediados del siglo XVII. Es un préstamo de la palabra italiana quarantina (“40 días”), la cual proviene de la palabra en latín quadrāgintā,con el mismo significado. Durante la peste bubónica en el siglo XV, cuarentena se refería al plazo durante el cual los barcos sospechosos de portar enfermedades eran excluidos de los puertos. Se repite la historia que hay en la etimología, no solo debido a su origen durante una pandemia anterior, sino también porque los primeros brotes de COVID-19 afectaron a los cruceros. </p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr">En español, la palabra cuarentena proviene de la misma raíz latina que la palabra italiana quarantina. Las búsquedas de la palabra cuarentena aumentaron un 1,800% en el diccionario Lexico en español el 28 de abril.</p><p><br></p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Un vocabulario de cuarentena completamente nuevo </strong></h2><p dir="ltr">No solo cuarentena capta las medidas de salud pública y lo vivido en esta época de COVID-19, sino también ilustra la transformación asombrosa del léxico debida a la pandemia. Cuarentena es un ejemplo notable de como una explosión de términos científicos de repente se vuelven esenciales a la vida cotidiana, por ejemplo, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://www.lexico.com/definition/asymptomatic">asymptomatic</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://www.lexico.com/definition/contact_tracing">contact tracing</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://www.lexico.com/definition/herd_immunity">herd immunity</a>, R number, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://www.lexico.com/definition/social_distancing">social distancing</a> y <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://www.lexico.com/definition/superspreader">superspreader</a>, sin mencionar <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://www.lexico.com/definition/covid-19">COVID-19</a> en sí, además de <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://www.lexico.com/definition/coronavirus">coronavirus</a> y SARS-CoV-2. </p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr">A principios de la pandemia, el empleo de cuarentena permaneció fiel en gran medida a la acepción técnica, refiriéndose específicamente al período de aislamiento de 14 días recomendado, cuando no era directamente exigido, para las personas expuestas al nuevo coronavirus. En muchos lugares, este aislamiento fue autoimpuesto, llevando a un rápido aumento de búsquedas de los términos <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://www.lexico.com/definition/self-isolation">self-isolation</a> y <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://www.lexico.com/definition/self-quarantine">self-quarantine</a> (“confinamiento selectivo”). También se registró un aumento en la utilización en inglés de quarantine como verbo intransitivo. Esta acepción de cuarentena junto con otras actualizaciones de Oxford Languages se agregará al diccionario Lexico en 2021.</p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr">En el habla cotidiana, el significado de cuarentena se amplió y esta se convirtió en una palabra genérica que alude a las restricciones a la vida, el trabajo y la escuela en una pandemia, independientemente de exposición al virus. Este significado nuevo se puede observar en el uso generalizado de cuarentena como marco colectivo de referencia (e.g., dating during quarantine), además de modificador (e.g., new quarantine music and fashion trends).</p><p dir="ltr">Cuarentena se une a muchos otros términos oficiales y extraoficiales para las medidas de confinamiento. Algunos ejemplos incluyen hunker down, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://www.lexico.com/definition/isolation">isolation</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://www.lexico.com/definition/lockdown">lockdown</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://www.lexico.com/definition/self-isolation">self-isolation</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://www.lexico.com/definition/shelter_in_place">shelter in place</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://www.lexico.com/definition/stay-at-home">stay-at-home</a> y <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://www.lexico.com/definition/shutdown">shutdown</a>. Otras expresiones,  según lo documentado por Oxford Languages, surgieron en las variedades del inglés en Malasia (movement control order o MCO), Filipinas (enhance community quarantine o ECQ) y Singapur (circuit break). </p><p><br></p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Un descanso bienvenido de la cuarentena</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Por cierto, en medio del confinamiento, la gente se entretuvo creando nuevas palabras.  La cuarentena animó la creación de formaciones divertidas, revelando la creatividad, sentido del humor y resistencia de todos ante enormes dificultades. Quarantine inspiró tales juegos de palabra como quarantini (cócteles preparados durante la cuarentena); quaranteams (una red social exclusiva para limitar la exposición); quaranteens (la próxima generación de adolescentes concebidos durante la pandemia); quarantimes (la época de cuarentena) y quarantine and chill (el Netflix y chill de la vida de cuarentena).</p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr">La palabra cuarentena en sí se acortó informalmente a quar, y a quaz o quazza en el inglés australiano. Toda esta innovación se refleja también en el juego de palabras basados en coronavirus y COVID-19: rona (en jerga, coronavirus); coronacut (recorte de cuarentena); coronasomnia (insomnio debido a la pandemia); covidiot (llamar a alguien idiota por desobedecer directrices de seguridad de COVID-19) y Covid-10 o Covid-15 (el aumento de peso durante cuarentena).</p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr">Hablando de Covid-15, otros idiomas generaron sus propios juegos de palabras, tal como Coronapseck, el equivalente alemán de la Covid-15 que combina las palabras coronavirus con grasa. Quatorzaine se difundió entre los hablantes de francés y se refiere al periodo recomendado de cuarentena de 14 días. La palabra está compuesta de las palabras francesas para cuarentena (quarantaine) y catorce (quatorze). Un término más antiguo, la palabra italiana untore (“quien propaga enfermedad”) aumentó en popularidad.</p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr">El español dio origen a cuarempena (cuarenta junto con <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://www.lexico.com/es/definicion/pena">pena</a> o “tristeza de la cuarentena”/ “depresión de la cuarentena”); <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://www.lexico.com/es/definicion/gran">Gran</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://www.lexico.com/es/definicion/confinamiento">Confinamiento</a> (“el periodo de crisis provocado por la pandemia”); los coronabonos (un instrumento europeo de deuda); aplausazo (“aplauso masivo desde las casas para los proveedores de servicios médicos”) y cuarentenar, que se estableció como alternativa al sintagma verbal poner en cuarentena.</p><p><br></p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Nunca habrá una cuarentena para el idioma</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Finalmente, el vocabulario nuevo y recientemente significativo de la COVID-19 requirió actualizaciones al diccionario a una escala y un ritmo rara vez visto en la lexicografía. Junto con Dictionary.com, los diccionarios Lexico proceden de la obra/labor de Oxford Languages, el cual ha añadido cientos de entradas y acepciones nuevas y actualizadas este año como resultado del cambio tremendo léxico incitado por los trastornos sociales de 2020. </p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr">Las entradas nuevas de la actualización debida al coronavirus incluyen case fatality rate, contact tracer, CPAP, cytokine storm, frontliner, physical distancing, R number and spike protein. Las acepciones nuevas de palabras existentes incluyen before times, front line, remotely y shield. Además de su trabajo extenso en las etimologías, los archivos de audio y en la reevaluación de temas delicados, los lexicógrafos de Oxford Languages también revisaron miles de entradas—sobre todo la entrada para cuarentena. Estas actualizaciones de Lexico—y muchas más—estarán disponibles en 2021.</p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr">A principios del 2020, hubiera sido difícil imaginar que una palabra técnica como cuarentena, tan alejada de la mayoría de las experiencias e inquietudes de la gente, se convertiría en una parte normal y necesaria de la vida cotidiana y la lengua. Al final del año 2020, millones de personas de todo el mundo están aún a la espera de salir de cuarentena aunque hay esperanza por la producción de una vacuna contra el COVID-19. Esta situación pone aun más de relieve el papel central de la palabra cuarentena durante un año sin precedente—y la elección de esta palabra como la palabra inaugural del año de Lexico. </p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr">Veintenas de otras palabras definieron este año extraordinario. Obtenga más información en <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://www.dictionary.com/e/word-of-the-year/">la palabra del año 2020 del Dictionary.com</a>, pandemia, y las <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://languages.oup.com/word-of-the-year/2020/">palabras del 2020, un año sin precedente, de Oxford Languages</a>.</p></p><div class="non-lexical-socials socials-mobile"><div class="socials"><ul><li><a class="ico-fb" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://www.facebook.com/dialog/share?app_id=292327308384887&display=page&href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fes%2Fgrammar%2Fla-palabra-del-ano&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fes%2Fgrammar%2Fla-palabra-del-ano" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Share on Facebook" onclick="javascript:ga('send', 'event', 'share_this_entry', 'facebook', 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211030122411/https://www.lexico.com/es/grammar/la-palabra-del-ano');" 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