KMI

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><title> KMI </title><meta name="robots" content="all"><meta property="article:author" content="03-01-2023"><meta property="article:publisher" content="13:45"><meta property="og:title" content=""><meta property="og:site_name" content="KMI"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico?v20241107-0827" type="image/x-icon"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="/apple-touch-icon-152x152-precomposed.png?v20241107-0827"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="/apple-touch-icon-144x144-precomposed.png?v20241107-0827"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="/apple-touch-icon-120x120-precomposed.png?v20241107-0827"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="/apple-touch-icon-114x114-precomposed.png?v20241107-0827"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="/apple-touch-icon-72x72-precomposed.png?v20241107-0827"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png?v20241107-0827"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?v20241107-0827"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png?v20241107-0827"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png?v20241107-0827"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png?v20241107-0827"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png?v20241107-0827"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png?v20241107-0827"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png?v20241107-0827"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png?v20241107-0827"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png?v20241107-0827"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/favicon-32x32.png?v20241107-0827" sizes="32x32"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/android-chrome-192x192.png?v20241107-0827" sizes="192x192"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/favicon-96x96.png?v20241107-0827" sizes="96x96"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/favicon-16x16.png?v20241107-0827" sizes="16x16"><link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json?v20241107-0827"><link rel="mask-icon" href="/safari-pinned-tab.svg?v20241107-0827" color="#5bbad5"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"><meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/mstile-144x144.png?v20241107-0827"><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"><link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:300,400,700" rel="stylesheet"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/frontend/css/sub-site-style.css?v20241107-0827" type="text/css" /></head> <body id="sidebar-toggle-container" class="sidebar-toggle-container homepage" >  <noscript> <iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-M5KLQ7C" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> <script> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-M5KLQ7C'); </script>   <div class="backstretch"> <header role="header" class="main-header"> <div class="container"> <a href="/" class="main-header__logo"> <img src="/frontend/img/general/logo-kmi--en.svg?v20241107-0827" alt="Het Koninklijk Meteorologisch Instituut van Belgi毛" class="main-header__logo__img"> </a> <nav role="navigation" class="main-header__nav"> <div class="main-header__nav__wrapper"> <ul class="primary-nav js-primary-nav"> <li class="primary-nav__item visible-xs visible-sm"> <a href="/" class="primary-nav__item__link primary-nav__item--active"> Ozone, UV and Aerosol studies </a> </li> <li class="primary-nav__item class2 "> <a href="/research-themes" class="primary-nav__item__link"> Research </a> <ul class="primary-nav__item__sublist"> <li class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item"> <a href="/research-themes/ozone" class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item__link "> Ozone </a> </li> <li class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item"> <a href="/research-themes/uv" class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item__link "> Ultraviolet (UV) radiation </a> </li> <li class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item"> <a href="/research-themes/aerosols" class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item__link "> Aerosols </a> </li> <li class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item"> <a href="/research-themes/water-vapour" class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item__link "> Water vapour </a> </li> <li class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item"> <a href="/research-themes/atmospheric-modelling" class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item__link "> Atmospheric modelling </a> </li> <li class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item"> <a href="/research-themes/atmospheric-profiling" class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item__link "> Atmospheric profiling </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="primary-nav__item class2 "> <a href="/instruments-and-observation-techniques" class="primary-nav__item__link"> Instruments </a> <ul class="primary-nav__item__sublist"> <li class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item"> <a href="/instruments-and-observation-techniques/spectrophotometers" class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item__link "> Spectrophotometers </a> </li> <li class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item"> <a href="/instruments-and-observation-techniques/ozonesondes" class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item__link "> Ozonesondes </a> </li> <li class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item"> <a href="/instruments-and-observation-techniques/instruments-antarctica" class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item__link "> Aerosol instruments </a> </li> <li class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item"> <a href="/instruments-and-observation-techniques/lidar-ceilometer" class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item__link "> Automatic LIDAR ceilometer </a> </li> <li class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item"> <a href="/instruments-and-observation-techniques/radiosondes" class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item__link "> Radiosondes </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="primary-nav__item class2 "> <a href="/projects" class="primary-nav__item__link"> Projects </a> <ul class="primary-nav__item__sublist"> <li class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item"> <a href="/projects/atmospheric-composition-saf-ac-saf" class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item__link "> Atmospheric Composition SAF (AC SAF) </a> </li> <li class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item"> <a href="/projects/paspartout" class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item__link "> PASPARTOUT </a> </li> <li class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item"> <a href="/projects/climb" class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item__link "> CLIMB </a> </li> <li class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item"> <a href="/projects/dispersion" class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item__link "> Dispersion </a> </li> <li class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item"> <a href="/projects/qasac" class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item__link "> QA/SAC for ozonesondes </a> </li> <li class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item"> <a href="/projects/respirit" class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item__link "> RespirIT </a> </li> <li class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item"> <a href="/projects/retropollen" class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item__link "> RETROPOLLEN </a> </li> <li class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item"> <a href="/projects/stce" class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item__link "> STCE </a> </li> <li class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item"> <a href="/projects/cost-actions" class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item__link "> COST actions </a> </li> <li class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item"> <a href="/projects/completed-projects" class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item__link "> Completed projects </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="primary-nav__item class2 "> <a href="/team-members" class="primary-nav__item__link"> Team </a> </li> <li class="primary-nav__item class2 "> <a href="/scientific-publications" class="primary-nav__item__link"> Publications </a> <ul class="primary-nav__item__sublist"> <li class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item"> <a href="/scientific-publications/publication-year" class="primary-nav__item__sublist__item__link "> Publication year </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <aside class="main-header__nav__extra"> </aside> </div> </nav> <button class="btn main-header__mobile-btn js-mobile-nav-button"> <span class="main-header__mobile-btn__text">menu</span> <span class="main-header__mobile-btn__icon"> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> </span> </button> </div> </header> <div class="main-content-wrapper mobile-nav__content"> <header class="subsite-page-title-wrapper"> <div class="container"> <h1 class="subsite-page-title"> <span class="subsite-page__title__inner"> Ozone, UV and Aerosol studies </span> </h1> </div> </header> <div class="container"> <main role="main" class="main-content"> <div class="container"> <div class="entry-points-pp"> <div class="entry-points-pp__wrapper"> <a href="/research-themes" class="entry-points-pp__item"> <figure class="entry-points-pp__item__figure" style="background-image:url(https://ozone.meteo.be/media/cache/news_overview_pp_jpg/uploads/media/60196036cf511/research-100.jpg)" loading="lazy" decoding="async"> <img src="https://ozone.meteo.be/media/cache/news_overview_pp_jpg/uploads/media/60196036cf511/research-100.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" decoding="async" /> </figure> <div class="entry-points-pp__item__wrap"> <h3 class="entry-points-pp__item__title"> Research </h3> </div> </a> <a href="/instruments-and-observation-techniques" class="entry-points-pp__item"> <figure class="entry-points-pp__item__figure" style="background-image:url(https://ozone.meteo.be/media/cache/news_overview_pp_jpg/uploads/media/6019602fc1a92/instruments2-100.jpg)" loading="lazy" decoding="async"> <img src="https://ozone.meteo.be/media/cache/news_overview_pp_jpg/uploads/media/6019602fc1a92/instruments2-100.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" decoding="async" /> </figure> <div class="entry-points-pp__item__wrap"> <h3 class="entry-points-pp__item__title"> Instruments </h3> </div> </a> <a href="/projects" class="entry-points-pp__item"> <figure class="entry-points-pp__item__figure" style="background-image:url(https://ozone.meteo.be/media/cache/news_overview_pp_jpg/uploads/media/601a43b629345/project-100.jpg)" loading="lazy" decoding="async"> <img src="https://ozone.meteo.be/media/cache/news_overview_pp_jpg/uploads/media/601a43b629345/project-100.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" decoding="async" /> </figure> <div class="entry-points-pp__item__wrap"> <h3 class="entry-points-pp__item__title"> Projects </h3> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="entry-points-pp"> <div class="entry-points-pp__wrapper"> <a href="/team-members" class="entry-points-pp__item"> <figure class="entry-points-pp__item__figure" style="background-image:url(https://ozone.meteo.be/media/cache/news_overview_pp_jpg/uploads/media/601a86139a16a/team-2-100.jpg)" loading="lazy" decoding="async"> <img src="https://ozone.meteo.be/media/cache/news_overview_pp_jpg/uploads/media/601a86139a16a/team-2-100.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" decoding="async" /> </figure> <div class="entry-points-pp__item__wrap"> <h3 class="entry-points-pp__item__title"> Team </h3> </div> </a> <a href="/scientific-publications" class="entry-points-pp__item"> <figure class="entry-points-pp__item__figure" style="background-image:url(https://ozone.meteo.be/media/cache/news_overview_pp_jpg/uploads/media/60196034243fb/publications3-100.jpg)" loading="lazy" decoding="async"> <img src="https://ozone.meteo.be/media/cache/news_overview_pp_jpg/uploads/media/60196034243fb/publications3-100.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" decoding="async" /> </figure> <div class="entry-points-pp__item__wrap"> <h3 class="entry-points-pp__item__title"> Publications </h3> </div> </a> <a href="/outreach" class="entry-points-pp__item"> <figure class="entry-points-pp__item__figure" style="background-image:url(https://ozone.meteo.be/media/cache/news_overview_pp_jpg/uploads/media/60196032f1460/outreach-100.jpg)" loading="lazy" decoding="async"> <img src="https://ozone.meteo.be/media/cache/news_overview_pp_jpg/uploads/media/60196032f1460/outreach-100.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" decoding="async" /> </figure> <div class="entry-points-pp__item__wrap"> <h3 class="entry-points-pp__item__title"> Outreach </h3> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </main> </div> </div> <div class="totop-wrapper"> <div class="container"> <button class="totop-btn js-totop"> <i class="totop-btn__icon icon--circle-arrow-up"></i> <span class="totop-btn__text"> Back to top </span> </button> </div> </div> <div class="backstretch__image js-backstretch" data-desktop-url="https://ozone.meteo.be/media/cache/subsite_backstretch_desktop_jpg/uploads/media/60102abe426aa/backgroundo3uvaerosol.jpg" data-mobile-url="https://ozone.meteo.be/media/cache/subsite_backstretch_mobile_jpg/uploads/media/60102abe426aa/backgroundo3uvaerosol.jpg"></div> </div> <footer role="footer" class="footer mobile-nav__content"> <section class="sub-footer--disclaimer"> <div class="container"> <p> <p>Welcome on the pages of the ACM虏 (Atmospheric Composition, Measurements and Modelling) group</p> </p> </div> </section> <section class="sub-footer--kmi"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 col-sm-9"> <img src="/frontend/img/general/logo-kmi--en.svg?v20241107-0827" alt="" class="sub-footer--kmi__logo"> <p class="sub-footer--kmi__text"> We offer a reliable public service realised by empowered staff and based on research, innovation and continuity. </p> <a href="https://www.meteo.be" class="btn btn--secondary">This website is a subsite of the Royal Meteorological Institute</a> </div> <div class="col-md-3 col-sm-3"> <div class="footer-social"> <h6 class="footer-social__title">Follow us</h6> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/www.meteo.be" class="footer-social__links" target="_blank"> <i class="icon icon--facebook footer-social__links__icon"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/meteobefr" class="footer-social__links" target="_blank"> <i class="icon icon--twitter footer-social__links__icon"></i> </a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/kmi_irm/" class="footer-social__links" target="_blank"> <i class="icon icon--instagram footer-social__links__icon"></i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="sub-footer"> <div class="container"> <div class="sub-footer__inner"> <div class="sub-footer__info"> <p class="sub-footer__info__time"> © RMI 2024 </p> </div> <ul class="sub-footer__nav__list"><li class="sub-footer__nav__list__item"><a href="/about-rmi/legal-informations" class="" >Legal informations</a> </li></ul> <ul class="sub-footer__nav__list"> <li class="sub-footer__nav__list__item"> <a class="js-kmcc-extended-modal-button" data-target="legal_privacy_policy" data-url="/en/legal/modal/legal_privacy_policy" > Privacy policy </a> </li> <li class="sub-footer__nav__list__item"> <a class="js-kmcc-extended-modal-button" data-target="legal_cookie_preferences" data-url="/en/legal/modal/legal_cookie_preferences" > Cookie preferences </a> </li> </ul> <p class="sub-footer__credentials"> Created by <a href="http://www.kunstmaan.be" target="_blank" class="sub-footer__credentials__link"> <img src="/frontend/img/general/logo-kumai.svg?v20241107-0827" alt="Kunstmaan | Accenture Interactive" class="sub-footer__credentials__link__img"> </a> </p> <div class="sub-footer__partners"> <a href="http://www.belspo.be/" target="_blank" class="sub-footer__partners__link"> <img src="/frontend/img/footer/belspo-logo.png?v20241107-0827" alt="belspo logo" class="sub-footer__partners__link__img"> </a> <a href="http://www.belgium.be/" target="_blank" class="sub-footer__partners__link"> <img src="/frontend/img/footer/be-logo.png?v20241107-0827" alt="be logo" class="sub-footer__partners__link__img"> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> </footer> <script src="/frontend/js/bundle-subsites.js?v20241107-0827"></script> <script src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?hl=en"></script> <kuma-cookie-bar> <div id="kmcc-backdrop" class="kmcc-backdrop"></div><div id="kmcc-cookie-bar" class="kmcc-cookie-bar"> <div class="kmcc-container"> <h2>This website works best with cookies</h2> <div class="kmcc-row"> <div class="kmcc-col js-kmcc-collapsible-content"> <h5 class="kmcc-collapsible-content__title js-kmcc-collapsible-content__title"> <span>Functional cookies</span> <svg class="icon icon--chevron--down kmcc-collapsible-content__title__icon"> <use xlink:href="/frontend/img/legal/svg/symbol-defs.svg#icon--chevron--down"></use> </svg> </h5> <div class="kmcc-collapsible-content__content-container"> <div class="kmcc-collapsible-content__content js-kmcc-collapsible-content__content"> <p>These are essential cookies that ensure that this website functions properly.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="kmcc-col js-kmcc-collapsible-content"> <h5 class="kmcc-collapsible-content__title js-kmcc-collapsible-content__title"> <span>Analytical cookies</span> <svg class="icon icon--chevron--down kmcc-collapsible-content__title__icon"> <use xlink:href="/frontend/img/legal/svg/symbol-defs.svg#icon--chevron--down"></use> </svg> </h5> <div class="kmcc-collapsible-content__content-container"> <div class="kmcc-collapsible-content__content js-kmcc-collapsible-content__content"> These enable us to measure the general use of this website. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="kmcc-cookie-bar__footer"> <div class="kmcc-cookie-bar__footer__preferences"> <div class="kmcc-cookie-bar__footer__preferences__first"><p>You can change these settings at any time in your <a class="js-kmcc-extended-modal-button" data-url="/en/legal/modal/legal_cookie_preferences">cookie preferences</a>. You can also view our <a class="js-kmcc-extended-modal-button" data-target="legal_privacy_policy" data-url="/en/legal/modal/legal_privacy_policy">privacy policy</a>.</p></div><div class="kmcc-cookie-bar__footer__preferences__first--mobile"><a class="js-kmcc-extended-modal-button" data-target="legal_privacy_policy" data-url="/en/legal/modal/legal_privacy_policy">privacy policy</a></div> <div class="kmcc-cookie-bar__footer__preferences__second"> <a id="kmcc-accept-all-cookies" class="btn btn--primary kmcc-btn kmcc-btn--spaced" href="#" data-href="/en/legal/toggle-all-cookies"> I accept all cookies</a> <a class="js-kmcc-extended-modal-button" data-target="legal_cookie_preferences" data-url="/en/legal/modal/legal_cookie_preferences"> I would like to set my cookie preferences manually </a> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <input type="hidden" id="kmcc-modal-content-url" value="/en/legal/modal/legal_cookie_preferences"><div id="kmcc-cookie-modal" class="kmcc-cookie-modal legal-modal--narrow"> <svg id="kmcc-cookie-modal__close-button" class="icon icon--cross svg-parent kmcc-btn-close-modal"> <use xlink:href="/frontend/img/legal/svg/symbol-defs.svg#icon--cross"></use></svg> <div id="kmcc-modal-content" class="kmcc-cookie-modal__content"> <div id="kmcc-modal-content-wrapper"> </div> </div> <div class="kmcc-cookie-modal__detail-view"> <a href="#" id="kmcc-close-detail" class="kmcc-btn-close-detail"> <svg class="icon icon--chevron--down kmcc-btn-close-detail__icon"> <use xlink:href="/frontend/img/legal/svg/symbol-defs.svg#icon--chevron--down"></use></svg> <span class="kmcc-btn-close-detail__text"> back </span></a> <div id="kmcc-detail-content" class="kmcc-cookie-modal__detail-view__content-wrapper"> </div> </div></div> <div id="kmcc-notification" class="kmcc-notification"> <p class="kmcc-notification__content"> Cookies saved </p></div> </kuma-cookie-bar> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

KMI