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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">文頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-概念史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#概念史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>概念史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-概念史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去概念史細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-概念史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-遠古哲學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#遠古哲學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>遠古哲學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-遠古哲學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-廿世紀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#廿世紀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>廿世紀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-廿世紀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-現代定義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#現代定義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>現代定義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-現代定義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-心理概念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#心理概念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>心理概念</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-心理概念-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去心理概念細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-心理概念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-真實感" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#真實感"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>真實感</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-真實感-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-心像" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#心像"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>心像</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-心像-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-發夢" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#發夢"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>發夢</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-發夢-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-發白日夢" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#發白日夢"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>發白日夢</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-發白日夢-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-同記憶嘅拏褦" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#同記憶嘅拏褦"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>同記憶嘅拏褦</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-同記憶嘅拏褦-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-對人有幾重要" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#對人有幾重要"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>對人有幾重要</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-對人有幾重要-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>睇埋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歐詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歐詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>歐詞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歐詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-攷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#攷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>攷</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-攷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拎" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拎"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>拎</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拎-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">想像</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有72種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9" title="مخيلة – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مخيلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaxinaci%C3%B3n" title="Imaxinación – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imaxinación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Въображение – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въображение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="কল্পনা – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কল্পনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%A1ta" title="Mašta – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mašta" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginaci%C3%B3" title="Imaginació – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imaginació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%B5" title="خەیاڵ – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خەیاڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginace" title="Imaginace – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Imaginace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ытар – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ытар" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasi" title="Fantasi – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fantasi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Imagination" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Φαντασία – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φαντασία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Imagination" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imago" title="Imago – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Imago" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginaci%C3%B3n" title="Imaginación – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imaginación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kujutlusv%C3%B5ime" title="Kujutlusvõime – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kujutlusvõime" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irudimen" title="Irudimen – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irudimen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%DB%8C%D9%84" title="تخیل – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تخیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mielikuvitus" title="Mielikuvitus – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mielikuvitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Imagination" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasij" title="Fantasij – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fantasij" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaxinaci%C3%B3n" title="Imaxinación – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imaxinación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F" title="דמיון – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דמיון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="कल्पना – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कल्पना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%A1ta" title="Mašta – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mašta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9pzelet" title="Képzelet – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Képzelet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D6%87%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Երևակայություն – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երևակայություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Երեւակայութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Երեւակայութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Imagination" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imajinasi" title="Imajinasi – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Imajinasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaginazione" title="Immaginazione – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Immaginazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F%E5%8A%9B" title="想像力 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="想像力" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB" title="Қиял – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қиял" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E2%80%8D%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ಕಲ‍್ಪನೆ – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಲ‍್ಪನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%81%EC%83%81%EB%A0%A5" title="상상력 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="상상력" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Элес – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Элес" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginatio" title="Imaginatio – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imaginatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ຈິນຕະນາການ – 寮文" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຈິນຕະນາການ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="寮文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaizduot%C4%97" title="Vaizduotė – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vaizduotė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izt%C4%93le" title="Iztēle – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Iztēle" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Вообразба – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вообразба" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8" title="ഭാവന – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭാവന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginasi" title="Imaginasi – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Imaginasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbeeldingskracht" title="Verbeeldingskracht – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verbeeldingskracht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasi" title="Fantasi – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fantasi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasi" title="Fantasi – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fantasi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginacion" title="Imaginacion – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Imaginacion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕਲਪਨਾ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਲਪਨਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyobra%C5%BAnia" title="Wyobraźnia – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wyobraźnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagina%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Imaginação – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Imaginação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagina%C8%9Bie" title="Imaginație – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imaginație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Воображение – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Воображение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%84" title="تخيل – 信德文" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تخيل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%A1ta" title="Mašta – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mašta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Imagination" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predstavivos%C5%A5" title="Predstavivosť – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Predstavivosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domi%C5%A1ljija" title="Domišljija – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Domišljija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagjinata" title="Imagjinata – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Imagjinata" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Машта – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Машта" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imajinasi" title="Imajinasi – 巽他文" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Imajinasi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasi" title="Fantasi – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fantasi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubunifu" title="Ubunifu – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ubunifu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8E%D0%BB" title="Тахайюл – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тахайюл" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="จินตนาการ – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จินตนาการ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayal_g%C3%BCc%C3%BC" title="Hayal gücü – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hayal gücü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Күзаллау – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Күзаллау" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Уява – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Уява" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%DB%8C%D9%84" title="تخیل – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تخیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng" title="Tưởng tượng – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tưởng tượng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%B3%E8%B1%A1" title="想象 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="想象" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%B3%E8%B1%A1" title="想象 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="想象" 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mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F&action=history"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 基本 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%82%8A%E5%BA%A6%E9%8F%88%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%A2%E7%89%88/%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F" title="列出所有連接過嚟呢度嘅頁面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>有乜連過嚟</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%A4%96%E9%8F%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9/%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F" rel="nofollow" title="由呢版連出去嘅版嘅最近修改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>連結頁嘅更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E8%BC%89" title="上載檔案[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上載檔案</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E7%89%88" title="所有專門版一覽[q]" accesskey="q"><span>專門版</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F&oldid=2045757" title="呢版呢個修訂嘅永久網址"><span>固定連結</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F&action=info" title="多啲同呢版有拏褦嘅資料"><span>此版明細</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F&id=2045757&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="點樣引用呢頁嘅資訊"><span>引用呢篇文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%2583%25B3%25E5%2583%258F"><span>攞短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%2583%25B3%25E5%2583%258F"><span>下載QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Imagination" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34516" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A5%BD%E6%96%87" title="呢篇文係一篇好文。想知更多，請撳呢個掣。"><img alt="呢篇文係一篇好文。想知更多，請撳呢個掣。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F%E5%8A%9B&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="想像力">想像力</a>跳轉過嚟)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daydreaming_Gentleman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Daydreaming_Gentleman.jpg/270px-Daydreaming_Gentleman.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Daydreaming_Gentleman.jpg/405px-Daydreaming_Gentleman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Daydreaming_Gentleman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption>一幅 1912 年嘅畫；幅畫描繪一個坐喺度發緊白日夢嘅男人。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>想像</b>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵音</a>：soeng2 zoeng6；<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>：<span lang="en"><b>imagination</b></span>）係<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="認知功能">認知功能</a>嘅一種，指一個認知系統唔靠<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98" title="感官">感官</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" title="視覺">視覺</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%A6%BA" title="聽覺">聽覺</a>等）嘅輸入，喺自己個<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" title="心靈">心</a>入面組合一啲影像、意念同感覺出嚟嘅能力<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，好似係<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a>上成日研究嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%83%8F" title="心像">心像</a>噉，就係指一個人喺冇收到任何實際嘅視覺刺激之下，喺心入面建構一幅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="影像">影像</a>出嚟。想像呢種認知能力仲可以再細分做<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8A%E8%87%B3%E4%B8%8B%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="由上至下過程">由上至下</a>嘅自主想像同<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8B%E8%87%B3%E4%B8%8A%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="由下至上過程">由下至上</a>嘅非自主想像：前者包括咗個人有<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識">意識</a>噉做嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E7%99%BD%E6%97%A5%E5%A4%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="發白日夢">發白日夢</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；而後者係指一啲冇辦法自主噉控制嘅想像過程，好似<a href="/wiki/%E7%9E%93%E8%A6%BA" title="瞓覺">瞓覺</a>嗰陣嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E5%A4%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="發夢">發夢</a>就係一個例子<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>想像呢種能力對好多人類活動嚟講都不可或缺：想像係<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%84%8F" title="創意">創意</a>嘅基礎－創新<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>上就係指創造一啲前所未有嘅事物，所以創新嘅過程必然會涉及作出創新嗰個人喺外界冇嗰件事物嘅情況下，喺腦海入面建構代表佢想創造嗰件事物嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA%E8%A1%A8%E5%BE%B5" title="心智表徵">心智表徵</a>出嚟<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；人類喺日常生活當中做<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%85%E4%BB%94" title="故仔">作故仔同講故仔</a>等嘅嘢嗰陣，（就算個故仔<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E8%99%9B%E6%A7%8B%E6%95%85%E4%BB%94" title="非虛構故仔">唔係虛構</a>嘅）往往需要喺腦海入面想像個故仔所涉及嘅事件，而故仔係人類<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>嘅重要組成部份之一<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。呢類認知過程喺細路仔身上都可以見到：細路仔好多時喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%A9" title="玩">玩</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" title="遊戲">遊戲</a>嗰陣會作出想像，例如係用<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E8%89%B2%E6%89%AE%E6%BC%94" title="角色扮演">角色扮演</a>嘅方法，扮一啲佢哋想像中嘅角色<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-strawson1970_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strawson1970-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知神經科學">認知神經科學</a>等嘅領域上，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="科學家">科學家</a>有研究想像嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BA%95%E8%B3%AA" title="神經底質">神經基礎</a>。例如有研究試過噉做：佢哋搵咗班受試者返嚟，一路要一班受試者做用到心像嘅作業（喺腦海入面想像一啲影像），一路用架生監察住佢哋嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="視覺皮層">視覺皮層</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%A6%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="大腦皮層">大腦皮層</a>主管視覺<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a>嗰忽）嘅活動；結果發現，研究者可以靠淨係睇視覺皮層嘅活動，分辨到一個受試者喺度想像緊邊一幅影像－即係話呢幾個區喺度幫手做心像嘅過程<sup id="cite_ref-albers2013_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-albers2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="概念史"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E5.BF.B5.E5.8F.B2"></span>概念史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 概念史"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cicero_-_Musei_Capitolini.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cicero_-_Musei_Capitolini.JPG/240px-Cicero_-_Musei_Capitolini.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cicero_-_Musei_Capitolini.JPG/360px-Cicero_-_Musei_Capitolini.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cicero_-_Musei_Capitolini.JPG/480px-Cicero_-_Musei_Capitolini.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1227" data-file-height="1636" /></a><figcaption>古羅馬哲學家西塞羅嘅雕像</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="遠古哲學"><span id=".E9.81.A0.E5.8F.A4.E5.93.B2.E5.AD.B8"></span>遠古哲學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 遠古哲學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="心靈哲學">心靈哲學</a></div> <p>對想像呢樣嘢嘅思考可以追溯到去公元前嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="古希臘">古希臘</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="哲學家">哲學家</a>嘅討論：好似係<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96" title="柏拉圖">柏拉圖</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="阿里士多德">阿里士多德</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>等嘅哲學家有思考過<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" title="心靈">心靈</a>相關嘅問題，當中有啲哲學家－例如柏拉圖－認為想像只不過係一個低等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="認知過程">認知過程</a>；而對想像比較中立嘅阿里士多德就主張，想像係一種獨立嘅認知功能，而且喺多種重要嘅認知過程當中扮演咗一定嘅角色，例如佢有講話認為想像涉及一個心靈得到一幅<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="圖像">圖像</a>嘅過程，所以好可能同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" title="視覺">視覺</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>有關<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。後嚟喺好多方面承襲古希臘文明嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" title="古羅馬">古羅馬</a>嘅思想家都有對想像作出討論，例如公元前 1 世紀嘅古羅馬哲學家<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A1%9E%E7%BE%85" title="西塞羅">西塞羅</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>提出<b>心眼</b><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅概念，指心靈喺冇睇到一樣嘢嘅情況下建構影像嘅能力<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。不過喺呢段時期，對想像嘅討論都係局限於理論化嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學">哲學</a>層面，冇乜嘢實證嘅研究<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="廿世紀"><span id=".E5.BB.BF.E4.B8.96.E7.B4.80"></span>廿世紀</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 廿世紀"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>廿世紀早期嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>由<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="行為主義">行為主義</a>主導：當時嘅心理學家（尤其係<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" title="美國">美國</a>嘅）普遍認為，<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="思緒">思緒</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a>呢啲嘢唔可以直接<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F" title="觀察">觀察</a>，難以作為科研嘅對象，因而輕視對呢啲嘢嘅研究，令心理學研究完全變成以外顯<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="行為">行為</a>做主導，例：研究「呢個刺激通常會引致邊個邊個行為」等嘅問題，完全忽略嗰隻動物心靈內部嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a>處理過程。想像同第啲未必會引起外顯行為嘅認知功能一樣，受到當時心理學界嘅忽視<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>廿世紀嘅 50 年代係<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="認知革命">認知革命</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅時期－呢個時期多個研究心靈嘅領域嘅學者，包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="心理學家">心理學家</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="語言學家">語言學家</a>等，開始發覺一味淨係研究外顯行為嘅行為主義根本唔掂，解釋唔到好多心靈嘅相關現象<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。於是開始出現咗一股思潮，提倡要研究心靈內部嘅資訊處理過程，集結咗心理學、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">人工智能</a>等領域嘅科學家，形成<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a>呢個新嘅科學領域，諗出咗一大柞新嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="實驗心理學">實驗方法</a>研究心靈內部嘅現象，令對想像嘅研究正式進入<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>嘅範疇<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="現代定義"><span id=".E7.8F.BE.E4.BB.A3.E5.AE.9A.E7.BE.A9"></span>現代定義</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 現代定義"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>廣義上，想像可以<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>為 </p> <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; margin: 5px auto;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:left; padding:10px 10px;">「 </td> <td><div style="display: table-cell; text-align: left; padding: 1em; vertical-align: middle;">喺心靈入面形成一啲<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98" title="感官">感官</a>現時感知唔到、甚至乎自己完全前所未見嘅事物</div> </td> <td valign="bottom" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:right; padding:10px 10px;">」 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>嘅認知過程<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。一個心靈會<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>外界嘅事物，由收到嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a>形成<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA%E8%A1%A8%E5%BE%B5" title="心智表徵">心智表徵</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，例如一個人見到一樖樹，佢心靈（人嘅心靈可以理解做人嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦">腦</a>）入面會有某啲方法表示「有樖樹」嘅資訊，呢啲表示就係所謂嘅心智表徵，而如果一個心靈喺冇感知到樹嘅情況下，能夠靠自己形成一個表示「樹」嘅心智表徵，甚至係形成一個代表一樖佢之前完全未感知過嘅樹嘅心智表徵，個心靈就算係做咗想像嘅功能。 </p><p>想像呢種過程可以喺好多心智活動當中見到：好似係<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E7%99%BD%E6%97%A5%E5%A4%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="發白日夢">發白日夢</a>（自主噉喺心入面想像一啲影像同聲）同<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E5%A4%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="發夢">發夢</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9E%93%E8%A6%BA" title="瞓覺">瞓覺</a>嗰陣不自主噉感知到一啲唔存在於外界嘅嘢）等嘅心智活動都涉及個腦自主噉產生心智表徵（想像）嘅過程<sup id="cite_ref-curriesravenscroft2002_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curriesravenscroft2002-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="心理概念"><span id=".E5.BF.83.E7.90.86.E6.A6.82.E5.BF.B5"></span>心理概念</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 心理概念"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA%E8%A1%A8%E5%BE%B5" title="心智表徵">心智表徵</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="真實感"><span id=".E7.9C.9F.E5.AF.A6.E6.84.9F"></span>真實感</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 真實感"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>想像嘅過程必然涉及<b>真實感</b><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅判斷：人能夠判斷自己個<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦">腦</a>入面處理緊嘅資訊係咪<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="真實">真實</a>嘅，既然人類曉分辨乜嘢係真實乜嘢唔係，就表示佢哋腦裏面實係有啲機制，判斷一樣事物係咪真實，而一個人對「呢樣事物係咪真實」嘅判斷就係所謂嘅真實感；定義上，想像係唔真實嘅，一個人想像嘅嘢只係存在喺佢個腦海入面，唔存在喺佢周圍嘅世界入面（相對於<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>），而一般嘅正常人類能夠正確噉指出自己憑空想像出嚟嘅事物係唔真實（或者真實存在，但唔存在喺現時周圍環境當中）嘅；噉就即係表示，想像呢種認知功能必定涉及「個腦將想像嘅內容（正確噉）判定為唔真實」呢一個過程<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>想像呢種認知功能仲可以影響真實感。以<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E5%AF%A6%E7%97%87" title="失實症">失實症</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>研究為例：失實症係一種真實感失調嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="心理病">心理病</a>，病人會成日覺得身處喺身體外面觀察緊自己，又或者覺得身邊嘅事物唔係真實嘅－即係對自己周圍嘅事物喪失咗真實感，而呢種感覺可以造成嚴重嘅情緒困擾<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；研究顯示，想像可以舒緩失實症嘅問題，例如有研究指，當一個病人失實症發作嗰陣，心理學家可以試吓叫佢喺腦海入面，想像自己身處現實世界，正常噉同朋友傾偈做嘢，而此舉幫到手舒緩病人嘅失實感。即係話，想像呢種功能能夠左右一個人對某啲事物嘅真實感，而且喺某啲情況下能夠<b>提升</b>某啲事物嘅真實感（出乎好多心理學家意料）<sup id="cite_ref-oconnor2005_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oconnor2005-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>雖然一樣想像嘅事物感覺唔真實，佢都有可能引起一個人嘅情緒反應：研究表示，想像出嚟嘅嘢往往能夠引起同實物一樣嘅反應，例如有<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%98%E8%9B%9B%E6%81%90%E6%87%BC%E7%97%87" title="蜘蛛恐懼症">蜘蛛恐懼症</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅人會對真實存在喺佢周圍嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%98%E8%9B%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="蜘蛛">蜘蛛</a>有極度<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%90%E6%87%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="恐懼">恐懼</a>嘅反應；而另一方面，叫佢哋喺腦海入面想像蜘蛛嘅影像，都一樣會引起一定程度嘅恐懼反應<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="心像"><span id=".E5.BF.83.E5.83.8F"></span>心像</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 心像"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visual_cortex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Visual_cortex.jpg/300px-Visual_cortex.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Visual_cortex.jpg/450px-Visual_cortex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Visual_cortex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>一個人腦由側面睇嘅切面圖；黃綠色（最近<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E5%B0%BE%E6%9E%95" title="後尾枕">後尾枕</a>）嗰忽就係視覺皮層。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%83%8F" title="心像">心像</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="視覺皮層">視覺皮層</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%83%8F" title="心像">心像</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係喺人類當中最重要嘅想像功能之一<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，早期嘅想像研究（無論係哲學定科學性質嘅心理學）好多時都會將<b>心像</b>同<b>想像</b>當做同義詞。定義上，心像係指<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" title="視覺">視覺</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a>嘅想像：望到一樣事物會令個人嘅腦入面產生一個相應嘅心智表徵，呢個過程係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E7%9F%A5%E8%A6%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="視知覺">視知覺</a>；而如果有一個視覺性質嘅心智表徵，佢出現係由外界刺激以外嘅嘢引起嘅，噉呢個心智表徵就算係一幅心像。心像最簡單嘅例子有一個人有意識噉喺腦海入面想像某啲特定嘅影像<sup id="cite_ref-curriesravenscroft2002_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curriesravenscroft2002-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pearson2015_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pearson2015-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>心像主要係由<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="視覺皮層">視覺皮層</a>（<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%A6%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="大腦皮層">大腦皮層</a>主管視覺資訊嗰忽）嘅活動<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BA%95%E8%B3%AA" title="神經底質">掌控</a>嘅：視覺皮層位於大腦皮層最近後尾枕嗰忽，專門處理視覺資訊，喺一個人做要求視覺嘅工作（例如要分辨物件嘅色水同形狀）嗰陣會零舍活躍。有研究發現： </p> <ul><li>視覺皮層唔淨只會對外界嘅視覺刺激有反應，仲會做心像嘅工作－研究者搵咗班受試者返嚟，一路要一班受試者做用到心像嘅作業（喺腦海入面想像一啲影像），一路用<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="神經成像">神經成像</a>架生監察住佢哋視覺皮層嘅活動；結果發現，當受試者想像一幅影像嗰時，佢哋嘅視覺皮層會有同真係睇到嗰幅圖像嗰時相似甚至一樣嘅活動規律，而且研究者仲有得靠齋觀察視覺皮層嘅活動，分辨到一個受試者喺度想像緊邊個影像<sup id="cite_ref-albers2013_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-albers2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；</li> <li>有神經科學家試過運用<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%A1%B1%E7%A3%81%E5%88%BA%E6%BF%80" title="經顱磁刺激">經顱磁刺激</a>（<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>一種用<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" title="磁場">磁場</a>刺激或者壓抑特定腦區嘅技術）特登壓抑視覺皮層某啲部份嘅活動，發現噉做會暫時搞到受試者嘅心像能力下降（做要求心像嘅工作表現下降）<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>實驗顯示，「叫受試者喺腦海入面想像一幅影像」會達到同「真係見到嗰幅影像」相似甚至一樣嘅效果<sup id="cite_ref-pearson2015_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pearson2015-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；舉個簡單嘅例子說明，當時嘅認知科學已知，望一個熟手嘅人做一項運動作業能夠幫助學習者提升表現（犯錯機會率低咗、完成要用嘅時間少咗... 等等），而後嚟有研究發現，教受試者正確噉喺腦海入面想像要做嘅動作都可以達到提升表現嘅效果；一般認為呢個發現即係表示，「想像一幅影像」同「見到嗰幅影像」嘅心理基礎好相似<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>上述嘅研究令想像成為<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>可以研究嘅對象，喺廿世紀尾幫手開創咗對想像嘅科學研究：呢啲研究表明咗，人類喺睇到一啲物件嗰陣，腦入面會出現心智表徵，而且人類仲有能力喺冇外界視覺刺激嘅情況下，有意識噉喺腦入面建構同樣嘅心智表徵；如果假設咗<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%85%A6%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E8%AB%96" title="心腦同一論">腦等同人類嘅心靈</a>（廿一世紀初認知科學普遍同意嘅假設）嘅話，就表示「一個人喺心靈入面自行建構視覺嘅心智表徵」（定義上嘅心像）係一啲能夠客觀噉觀察得到嘅嘢，可以用嚟做科學研究嘅對象<sup id="cite_ref-pearson2015_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pearson2015-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="發夢"><span id=".E7.99.BC.E5.A4.A2"></span>發夢</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 發夢"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E5%A4%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="發夢">發夢</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%9F%E5%8B%95%E7%9C%BC%E6%9C%9F" title="快速動眼期">快速動眼期</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E5%A4%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="發夢">發夢</a>係一種特殊嘅想像過程：夢係指一連串唔自主噉喺腦入面出現嘅影像、諗頭、<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="情緒">情緒</a>同感受，通常發生於<a href="/wiki/%E7%9E%93%E8%A6%BA" title="瞓覺">瞓覺</a>嘅某啲階段；夢屬於不自主嘅想像－喺一個人特登想像某啲影像（自主嘅心像）嗰陣，佢能夠自主噉控制自己想像啲乜，但夢嘅內容喺多數情況下，都係冇得由個人自主噉控制嘅。自從遠古時期，夢就一路引起哲學家嘅種種遐想，而廿世紀中神經科學技術上嘅發達令科學界開始咗研究<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">人腦</a>喺瞓覺嗰時發生緊乜嘢事－正式開展咗科學上對夢嘅研究<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>心理學上嘅研究表明咗，發夢唔只係一個瞓覺嗰陣發生嘅不自主想像，仲同一個人日間嘅想像互相影響：研究指，日間比較常有異常體驗嘅人傾向對自己發嘅夢嘅內容有比較強嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a>（一般人通常發完夢好快就會唔記得個夢嘅內容）；呢啲人傾向比較有<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%84%8F" title="創意">創意</a>同鍾意日頭嗰陣做各種嘅想像，亦都比較容易受<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E7%9C%A0" title="催眠">催眠</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sleep_EEG_REM.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Sleep_EEG_REM.png/450px-Sleep_EEG_REM.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Sleep_EEG_REM.png/675px-Sleep_EEG_REM.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Sleep_EEG_REM.png 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>紅色框框入面嘅係一個人 REM 嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%9B%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="腦電">腦電</a>活動：圖中顯示 REM 嗰時個人嘅腦有高頻嘅電活動。</figcaption></figure> <p>發夢嘅過程主要發生喺睡眠嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%9F%E5%8B%95%E7%9C%BC%E6%9C%9F" title="快速動眼期">快速動眼期</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（REM）。REM 係一種喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="哺乳類">哺乳類</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%A5%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="鳥類">鳥類</a>當中先會見到嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%A1%E7%9C%A0%E9%9A%8E%E6%AE%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="睡眠階段">睡眠階段</a>，喺 REM 嗰時，隻動物嘅眼會快速郁動，而且全身肌肉會放鬆；<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%9B%BB%E5%9C%96" title="腦電圖">腦電圖</a>（<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>一種用嚟量度一隻動物嘅腦電活動嘅方法）研究發現，REM 係一個「有少少似醒咗」噉嘅睡眠階段，一個處於 REM 嘅人嘅腦會有 <a href="/wiki/Gamma_%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma 波">gamma 波</a>等高<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87" title="頻率">頻率</a>嘅電活動<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而且呢啲高頻電活動仲強到同一個清醒嘅人嘅相似－相比之下，非 REM 嘅睡眠階段特徵係啲腦電活動由 <a href="/wiki/Delta_%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta 波">delta 波</a>等嘅低頻活動主宰<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>REM 同發夢好有啦掕：研究發現，人喺身處 REM 嗰時零舍有可能會發夢－據研究，如果喺 REM 嗰時俾人叫醒，大約 80% 嘅人會話自己醒之前喺度發緊夢，而如果喺非 REM 嘅睡眠階段俾人叫醒，得 40% 左右嘅人會話自己臨醒之前發緊夢；而且 REM 嗰時嘅夢更加生動－喺 REM 嗰陣俾人叫醒嘅人喺描述自己醒之前嗰個夢嗰陣，能夠對個夢作出更加詳細以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E4%BA%8B" title="敘事">敘事</a>式嘅描述，而且更加有可能會覺得個夢像真度高<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="發白日夢"><span id=".E7.99.BC.E7.99.BD.E6.97.A5.E5.A4.A2"></span>發白日夢</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 發白日夢"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E7%99%BD%E6%97%A5%E5%A4%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="發白日夢">發白日夢</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E7%99%BD%E6%97%A5%E5%A4%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="發白日夢">發白日夢</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係指一個人做做吓嘢<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" title="注意力">注意力</a>移離手上嘅工作，變成將<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識">意識</a>集中於個人內在嘅思緒。簡單嘅例子有喺學校上上吓堂覺悶，開始幻想禮拜六日去玩嘅情景。發白日夢係一種常見嘅行為，據估計，人類平均每日會將 47% 瞓覺以外嘅時間用嚟發白日夢<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而發白日夢通常都係做某啲型式嘅想像：一個發緊白日夢嘅人往往會係想像未來會發生嘅事（例如諗「今晚食乜餸」或者「禮拜六日去邊度玩」噉），又或者係想像一啲唔會發生嘅事（例如發白日夢，幻想自己去世界第啲地方冒險），用意多數係消解<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E6%82%B6" title="沉悶">沉悶</a>嘅感覺<sup id="cite_ref-mooneyham2013_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mooneyham2013-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>自從廿世紀開始，心理學界就一路有爭論發白日夢到底有乜嘢作用：由<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="進化論">進化論</a>嘅角度睇，一個認知功能既然可以通過<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%AB%B6%E5%A4%A9%E6%93%87" title="物競天擇">物競天擇</a>嘅考驗留存落嚟，就表示呢個功能有某啲對隻<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>嚟講有益嘅作用；所以廿世紀尾嘅心理學界有做唔少研究，睇吓一個人發白日夢發得多會唔會喺某啲方面幫到佢提升適應能力（例：多發白日夢嘅人會唔會有創意啲？）；佢哋嘅結果發現，喺某啲情況下，發白日夢發得多似乎真係可能有益－研究指，發白日夢好多時都涉及想像未來，能夠幫人對未來作出<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="計劃">計劃</a>；又有研究指，得閒發吓白日夢可以幫助人解決一啲需要創意嘅難題<sup id="cite_ref-mooneyham2013_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mooneyham2013-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="同記憶嘅拏褦"><span id=".E5.90.8C.E8.A8.98.E6.86.B6.E5.98.85.E6.8B.8F.E8.A4.A6"></span>同記憶嘅拏褦</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 同記憶嘅拏褦"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%83%B3" title="回想">回想</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a>係指一個腦將資訊儲起，並且喺將來提取出嚟用嘅認知過程，而記憶功能同想像有一定關係：喺記憶研究上，<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="認知科學家">認知科學家</a>一般都會分清楚<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%83%B3" title="回想">回想</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A8%E8%AD%98" title="辨識">辨識</a>兩種唔同嘅過程；兩者都屬<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%96" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶提取">記憶提取</a>（<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>將儲起咗嘅記憶攞出嚟用），分別在於 </p> <ul><li>回想係指個腦憑空－要諗起嗰樣資訊唔存在喺周圍環境當中－諗返起一啲記憶出嚟（「我記得尋日睇咗嗰本書，內容係噉噉噉」）；</li> <li>而辨識係指個腦感知到一件資訊，並且認得嗰件資訊同之前感知過嘅資訊吻合（「我睇緊呢啲內容，我記得喺尋日睇嗰本書嗰度睇過」）<sup id="cite_ref-recogrecall_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recogrecall-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>理論上，回想可以話係想像嘅一種，因為回想定義上就係指，喺要回想嗰樣嘢唔存在喺周圍環境嘅情況下，喺腦海入面建構返個心智表徵出嚟<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>有多份認知科學上嘅研究都指出，想像同回想係極之相似嘅心智過程： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E8%AA%A4%E5%B7%AE" title="記憶誤差">記憶誤差</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：雖然廿世紀初嘅心理學界成日都將記憶諗做好似<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8" title="相">相</a>噉嘅紀錄儀器，認為記憶會完美噉將過去紀錄低，但呢個諗法係唔真確嘅－<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E8%AA%A4%E5%B7%AE" title="記憶誤差">記憶誤差</a>係指記憶上嘅誤差，就算喺正常健康嘅人當中都不時發生，涉及個人（例如）回想一件事嗰陣搞錯啲細節，甚至乎「回想」起一啲根本冇發生過嘅事<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；有多份研究顯示，好多受試者喺做回想中途都可以受影響，並且因為呢啲影響「諗返起」一啲「佢哋之前唔記得咗嘅童年記憶」，而客觀紀錄同多個屋企人嘅證供都話嗰件事冇發生過；認知科學界認為，噉表示回想嘅記憶一定程度上係<b>重構</b><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅－喺回想一份記憶嗰陣，一個人腦唔係淨係簡單噉提取一份資訊，而係會即場重新建構返份記憶，所以喺回想中途可以因為受影響而出現記憶誤差。噉即係話理論上，回想本質係一種想像性質嘅認知過程<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%BA" title="時間統覺">時間統覺</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：係指一個腦「跨越時間」嘅能力－即係指個腦記得過去（記憶）同想像未來嘅能力；神經科學上嘅研究顯示，回想過去同想像未來呢兩個認知過程所涉及嘅腦區非常相似－研究者搵受試者返去實驗室嗰度，一路叫佢哋回想過去或者想像未來、一路用各種神經成像方法睇住佢哋嘅腦活動，結果發現，回想過去用嘅腦網絡同想像未來用嘅差唔多一樣<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而且（因為腦<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E8%AE%8A" title="病變">病變</a>等原因）回想過去有困難嘅人好多時喺想像未來嗰陣都一樣會有困難－某啲類型嘅想像同回想涉及近乎一樣嘅腦區<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="對人有幾重要"><span id=".E5.B0.8D.E4.BA.BA.E6.9C.89.E5.B9.BE.E9.87.8D.E8.A6.81"></span>對人有幾重要</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 對人有幾重要"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reading_to_children_120516-N-UE260-155.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Reading_to_children_120516-N-UE260-155.jpg/300px-Reading_to_children_120516-N-UE260-155.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Reading_to_children_120516-N-UE260-155.jpg/450px-Reading_to_children_120516-N-UE260-155.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Reading_to_children_120516-N-UE260-155.jpg/600px-Reading_to_children_120516-N-UE260-155.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>一個人喺度講故仔俾細路聽；聽故仔嘅過程要求聽嗰個人想像故仔嘅內容。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%84%8F" title="創意">創意</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%85%E4%BB%94" title="故仔">故仔</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E9%96%89%E7%97%87%E8%AD%9C%E7%B3%BB" title="自閉症譜系">自閉症譜系</a></div> <p>「想像力... 緊要過<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a>。知識係有限嘅，（而）想像力包含嗮成個世界。」<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>—<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%8B%94%C2%B7%E6%84%9B%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="歐拔·愛因斯坦">愛因斯坦</a></dd></dl> <p>想像喺人類嘅生活當中扮演咗好多重要嘅角色：喺日常生活當中，人類成日要用想像力嚟喺心入面建構一啲未經歷過嘅體驗；想像力令到人類識得<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E6%95%85%E4%BB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="作故仔">作故仔</a>－作者會用想像力想像一啲唔係真實嘅故仔出嚟，或者（如果寫嘅係<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%86%B6%E9%8C%84" title="回憶錄">回憶錄</a>等紀錄真事嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="文體">文體</a>）回想返過去發生咗嘅事，而喺睇故仔嘅過程裏面，讀者又需要由睇到嘅文字當中想像個故仔入面嘅世界，要用到自己嘅想像力<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；想像力喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>上都不可或缺－喺科研上，重大嘅發現往往都係源於科學家（憑住已有嘅知識）想像出一啲前所未有嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="假說">假說</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="科學理論">理論</a>先至做得成嘅－正如愛因斯坦所講，科學家唔可以淨係靠背誦已有嘅知識嚟去做新嘅發現<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>對人類嚟講重要，涉及想像力嘅認知過程有以下呢啲： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%85%E4%BB%94" title="故仔">故仔</a>：故仔係指一連串有先後之分、彼此之間有關連嘅事件，可以係真嘅又得、虛構嘅都得；一個故仔可以用多種方法表達，好似係<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9B%E6%95%85" title="講故">用口講</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="文學">用文字寫</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%AB%E7%95%AB" title="漫畫">用一連串圖畫加少量文字</a>等等；有好多學者認為，聽故仔（尤其係以文字為主嘅文學作品）係一樣需要想像力嘅嘢－讀者要能夠由文字作品當中想像故仔所描述嘅事件，所以想像力係享受故仔嘅必要條件－有<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E9%96%89%E7%97%87%E8%AD%9C%E7%B3%BB" title="自閉症譜系">自閉症譜系</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>等令想像力受阻嘅病嘅人往往對故仔缺乏興趣<sup id="cite_ref-happ1991_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-happ1991-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－而作家間有重視討論故仔要點樣寫先可以令讀者容易想像故仔嘅內容（即係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%B1%A1" title="意象">意象</a>）。想像力令人類能夠作同埋理解故仔，而故仔係人類<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>嘅一個極具影響力嘅組成部份－口傳嘅故仔、文學作品、漫畫、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1" title="電影">電影</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" title="電子遊戲">電子遊戲</a>以及多種<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%9E%E5%8F%B0%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="舞台藝術">舞台藝術</a>等好多種嘅文化產物都涉及故仔<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-william2012_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-william2012-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="心靈理論">心靈理論</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：心靈理論係一種認知功能，指推斷其他人嘅心靈狀態（信念、意圖、慾望、情緒、知識等）嘅能力，呢種能力對社交嚟講不可或缺；對一個人嚟講，其他人嘅心靈狀態唔係一啲有得直接觀察得到嘅嘢，所以一個人要做心靈理論嘅功能，就需要按照自己對人類心理同其化人嘅性格等嘅嘢嘅認識，喺腦海入面想像另一個人（例如）如果聽到某句說話嗰陣會有乜嘢感受同反應... 等等<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；事實係，<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E9%96%89%E7%97%87%E8%AD%9C%E7%B3%BB" title="自閉症譜系">自閉症譜系</a>呢類涉及患者心靈理論功能失靈（引致社交上有問題）嘅病亦都涉及想像力方面嘅困難，例如研究指，有自閉症譜系病症嘅細路好少可會有興趣玩<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E8%89%B2%E6%89%AE%E6%BC%94" title="角色扮演">角色扮演</a>等要求想像力嘅遊戲<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>追求<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a>：有好多哲學家都認為，想像力喺追求知識上扮演相當重要嘅角色；想像力令人類能夠按照現有嘅知識，推斷出新嘅知識（新知識定義上就係一啲之前未感知過嘅嘢），例子可以睇<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E8%AD%89%E6%98%8E" title="數學證明">數學證明</a>－<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="數學家">數學家</a>齋靠手上已知嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="數學定理">數學定理</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%90%86" title="公理">公理</a>推理出新嘅知識；想像力令人類能夠想像「如果我個理論係真嘅，噉應該會觀察到噉噉噉嘅現象」同「某某樣嘢同我嘅理論唔相容，所以如果我觀察到嗰樣嘢，就會否證我個理論」（可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。即係話無論係<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="數學">數學</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="形式科學">形式科學</a>定係要求實證嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="自然科學">自然科學</a>，一個知識追求者需要運用想像力，先至能夠搵到新嘅知識<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: 註釋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">同時噉亦都表示，人類對<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>到嘅資訊唔一定有真實感。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">同第啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物">動物</a>相比，人類等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E9%95%B7%E7%9B%AE" title="靈長目">靈長目</a>相當依賴視覺。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">有關腦電活動頻率嘅詳情，可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%9B%BB%E6%B3%A2" title="腦電波">腦電波</a>。</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 睇埋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; column-count:3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" title="心靈">心靈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%84%8F" title="創意">創意</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="計劃">計劃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BF%B5" title="信念">信念</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%84%E6%83%B3" title="妄想">妄想</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="思想實驗">思想實驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E6%A8%A1%E6%93%AC" title="電腦模擬">電腦模擬</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E6%95%85%E4%BB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="作故仔">作故仔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%89%B5%E5%BB%BA" title="世界創建">世界創建</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F%E8%86%A8%E6%BC%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="想像膨漲">想像膨漲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%BB%E6%83%B3" title="性幻想">性幻想</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歐詞"><span id=".E6.AD.90.E8.A9.9E"></span>歐詞</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F&action=edit&section=14" title="編輯小節: 歐詞"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2020813"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">mind's eye；<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" title="拉丁文">拉丁文</a>：<i>mentis oculi</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The cognitive revolution</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">mental representation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">sense of reality</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">derealization</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">arachnophobia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">mental imagery</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">visual cortex</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">transcranial magnetic stimulation，TMS</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">rapid eye movement sleep</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">EEG</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">daydreaming</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">retrieval</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">memory error</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">reconstructed</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">mental time travel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Imagination ... is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">autism spectrum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">theory of mind</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文獻"><span id=".E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F&action=edit&section=15" title="編輯小節: 文獻"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; column-count:3"> <ul><li>Byrne, R.M.J. (2005). <i>The Rational Imagination: How People Create Alternatives to Reality</i>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.</li> <li>Egan, Kieran (1992). <i>Imagination in Teaching and Learning</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</li> <li>Fabiani, Paolo "<i>The Philosophy of the Imagination in Vico and Malebranche</i>". F.U.P. (Florence UP), Italian edition 2002, English edition 2009.</li> <li>Frye, N. (1963). <i>The Educated Imagination</i>. Toronto: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.</li> <li>O' Connor, K. P., & Aardema, F. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/272616/1-s2.0-S1053810005X00071/1-s2.0-S1053810004000625/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEDsaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIQDROq8z6TEQ7QFNnY5%2Favpa2nY4J4tBKNK0mNHhwhMABAIgK7bwv3QNuJESq0fMv3KLhUGFQ5Pb0raC74poLnes1XwqtAMIRBACGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDMtOLy6Ih3noLzxmnyqRA3cabinoOnGYnD9bevfsCOXn3r75%2FdhuMupUs3d1LXXDglkkl3bSVqv5ShuB0FMj8rictgdXHj74nqPDJ47SOhBzPMItD3kS4gNe2o0uD2CsXAStXHA6BXXoFjfwdhehyBjNIrEY5HWRNUO3LoXhnjJbr7leUVl3YBqzLyFm8XX9EQraF9Zw8tw3tmaBoFDgjWVhRW6fM42HoCmQsVbmdGWdCc4JOnzjpcOXKwWe2bmW7PR2nCYuPKflb%2BYnmfwNHz4aEVWWwG6iyIOElwB%2Bwht41JvW1Xb1qeqhTfS0GmCV0DSSFFKV5roXNx3%2BwBjsF%2Boy94NgRok1zIKUHJCCXbPggu1S61PQ2OC4bwqZAGb%2FN3eJeb4m7Ip5%2FgttIlxN7AzAhWjhIhKHac3d0MRahpYZB%2B%2FTzMk67%2BCNYbBSffkbz%2FB8XwGts7Nb8pPX8FfQPcOUiEz4mWcHNYHDDfIvZO7vmYzE5xurTA9bJg8qlY%2FrsU7R%2F1ehwHczj8%2B%2FCn5TXGyYAQ9CNyIUib9qPKaWSfMFMJuGl%2FQFOusB%2BQn%2FXJNAk4SP5I3gOxYVwPQzzb2XBWPF9lFuXInIN1nS2HJYdkabRa23sqXBycbtqtxfwcJVKykG0C4nN3466ceGuLT6Xx%2BFVYYrGcqdgzA8t%2Bot2zbGh1BXM2vyh2AG4ObwJA0takRUdYWK4tJcuOXa33GfxGDZr%2BGj8g%2B6SO3IujCO6T09gl3%2Fc%2BgTDXeE3zdMJ7Mh5P13zTlyU6KiEgPhCqzBihjT9GpnHWXn6g4EuWXSI7R9inw17nMWBIpPeG8DskWI2gXUMz6htA%2FuQAviIsUvA7ERbjLIMnX1hGQ3RDkWAPZkj9A6zg%3D%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20200402T120802Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTY2Q434LQX%2F20200402%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=8f5b226c7aa22ee4d83b111264c982cb4c843849c768aa455d5dbdee22a4d0ec&hash=56a1a24bb4450f860e4ee2a676c4507e81dd97a443a1a985c746009671e6454a&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S1053810004000625&tid=spdf-59e41991-5407-4d9c-9eed-a3db18fdbfdf&sid=76ee89f84cbef1419449ff26466cb98b7942gxrqa&type=client">The imagination: Cognitive, pre-cognitive, and meta-cognitive aspects</a>. <i>Consciousness and Cognition</i>, 14(2), 233-256.</li> <li>Pearson, J., Naselaris, T., Holmes, E. A., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S1364661315001801?token=77679C50DC91690F30D0DB96AB83AD23330EEDE79C16E97D5CF5C1166897990E208B3D849ABB42659A7EFF0FAA644CAC">Mental imagery: functional mechanisms and clinical applications</a>. <i>Trends in cognitive sciences</i>, 19(10), 590-602.</li> <li>Salazar, Noel B (2011). "The power of imagination in transnational mobilities". <i>Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power</i>. 18 (6): 576–598. doi:10.1080/1070289X.2011.672859.</li> <li>Sartre, J. P. (2004). <i>The imaginary: A phenomenological psychology of the imagination</i>. Psychology Press.</li> <li>Stein, L. A. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09528139408953795">Imagination and situated cognition</a> (PDF). <i>Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence</i>, 6(4), 393-407.</li> <li>Sutton-Smith, Brian. (1988). <i>In Search of the Imagination</i>. In K. Egan and D. Nadaner (Eds.), Imagination and Education. New York, Teachers College Press.</li> <li>Warnock, M. (1976). <i>Imagination</i>. Univ of California Press.</li> <li>Wilson, J. G. (2016). "Sartre and the Imagination: Top Shelf Magazines". <i>Sexuality & Culture</i>. 20 (4): 775–784. doi:10.1007/s12119-016-9358-x.</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="攷"><span id=".E6.94.B7"></span>攷</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F&action=edit&section=16" title="編輯小節: 攷"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2020813"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Szczelkun, S. (2018). <i>SENSE THINK ACT: a collection of exercises to experience total human ability</i> (Vol. 1). Stefan Szczelkun.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Byrne, Ruth (2007). <i>The Rational Imagination: How People Create Alternatives to Reality</i>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kucyi, A., & Davis, K. D. (2014). Dynamic functional connectivity of the default mode network tracks daydreaming. <i>Neuroimage</i>, 100, 471-480.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hobson, J. A. (1988). <i>The dreaming brain</i>. Basic Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Janowski, Dr Monica; Ingold, Professor Tim (2012-09-01). <i>Imagining Landscapes: Past, Present and Future</i>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://innovationmanagement.se/imtool-articles/imagination-the-number-one-tool-for-innovation-and-creativity/">Imagination: The Number One Tool for Innovation and Creativity</a>. <i>Innovation Management</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frye, N. (1963). <i>The Educated Imagination</i>. Toronto: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurence Goldman (1998). <i>Child's play: myth, mimesis and make-believe</i>. Oxford New York: Berg Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9781859739181" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-85973-918-1</a>. Basically what this means is that the children use their make-believe situation and act as if what they are acting out is from a reality that already exists even though they have made it up.imagination comes after story created.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-strawson1970-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-strawson1970_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Strawson, P.F., 1970, “Imagination and Perception”, in <i>Experience and Theory</i>, L. Foster and J. W. Swanson (eds.), Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, pp. 31–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-albers2013-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-albers2013_10-0">10.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-albers2013_10-1">10.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Albers, A. M., Kok, P., Toni, I., Dijkerman, H. C., & de Lange, F. P. (2013). Shared representations for working memory and mental imagery in early visual cortex. <i>Current Biology</i>, 23(15), 1427-1431.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brann, E. T. H. (1991). <i>The world of the imagination. Sum and substance</i>. Boston, MA: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, De Oratore, Liber III: XLI: 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J.S. (trans. and ed.), <i>Cicero on Oratory and Orators</i>, Harper & Brothers, (New York), 1875: Book III, C.XLI, p.239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rachlin, H. (1992). Teleological behaviorism. <i>American Psychologist</i>, 47(11), 1371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baars, Bernard J. (1986) <i>The cognitive revolution in psychology</i>. Guilford Press, New York.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Merleau-Ponty, M. (1945). <i>Phenomenology of perception</i>. Translated by Colin Smith (1962). New York: The Humanities Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret A. Boden. (2008). <i>Mind as machine: A history of cognitive science</i>. Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/imagination">Imagination | Definition of Imagination by Merriam-Webster</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-curriesravenscroft2002-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-curriesravenscroft2002_25-0">19.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-curriesravenscroft2002_25-1">19.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Currie, Gregory and Ian Ravenscroft, 2002, <i>Recreative Minds: Imagination in Philosophy and Psychology</i>, New York: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Byrne, R.M.J. (2005). <i>The Rational Imagination: How People Create Alternatives to Reality</i>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Havel, I. M. (1997). Living in conceivable worlds. In <i>First World Congress on Paraconsistency</i> (WCP97), Ghent.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depersonalization-derealization-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352911">Depersonalization-derealization disorder</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oconnor2005-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-oconnor2005_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">O' Connor, K. P., & Aardema, F. (2005). The imagination: Cognitive, pre-cognitive, and meta-cognitive aspects. <i>Consciousness and Cognition</i>, 14(2), 233-256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fewtrell, D., & O'Connor, K. P. (1988). Dizziness and depersonalization: A psychological perspective. <i>Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy</i>, 10(4), 201–219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ost, L. G. (1989). "One-session treatment for specific phobias". <i>Behaviour Research and Therapy</i>. 27 (1): 1-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pearson2015-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pearson2015_38-0">26.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pearson2015_38-1">26.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pearson2015_38-2">26.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Pearson, J., Naselaris, T., Holmes, E. A., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2015). Mental imagery: functional mechanisms and clinical applications. <i>Trends in cognitive sciences</i>, 19(10), 590-602.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stokes M, Thompson R, Cusack R, Duncan J (2009). Top-down activation of shape-specific population codes in visual cortex during mental imagery. <i>Journal of Neuroscience</i>, 29(5): 1565–1572</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Farah, M. (1988). "Is Visual Imagery Really Visual? Overlooked Evidence From Neuropsychology". <i>Psychological Review</i>. 95. 307–317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, L., & McNeill, M. E. (1988). Mental imagery and its potential for physical therapy. <i>Physical Therapy</i>, 68(4), 516-521.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morewedge, Carey K.; Norton, Michael I. (2009). "When dreaming is believing: The (motivated) interpretation of dreams". <i>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</i>. 96 (2): 249–264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ichikawa, Jonathan, 2009, “Dreaming and Imagination”, <i>Mind and Language</i>, 24(1): 103-121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson, David (2003). "To dream, perchance to remember: Individual differences in dream recall". <i>Personality and Individual Differences</i>. 34 (7): 1271–1286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Luca Matarazzo, Ariane Foret, Laura Mascetti, Vincenzo Muto, Anahita Shaffii, & Pierre Maquet, "A systems-level approach to human REM sleep"; in Mallick et al, eds. (2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward F. Pace-Schott, "REM sleep and dreaming", in Mallick et al, eds. (2011), p. 8. "A meta-analysis of 29 awakening studies by Nielsen (2000) revealed that about 82% of awakenings from REM result in recall of a dream whereas this frequency following NREM awakenings is lower at 42%."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dmitri Markov, Marina Goldman, & Karl Doghramji (2012). "Normal Sleep and Circadian Rhythms: Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying Sleep and Wakefulness". <i>Sleep Medicine Clinics</i>, 7(3), September 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilbert, Daniel T.; Killingsworth, Matthew A. (2010-11-12). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/danielgilbert/files/a-wandering-mind-is-an-unhapy-mind-killingsworthe-ma-science-2010.pdf">A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind</a>" (PDF). <i>Science</i>. 330 (6006): 932.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mooneyham2013-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mooneyham2013_55-0">37.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mooneyham2013_55-1">37.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Mooneyham, Benjamin W.; Schooler, Jonathan W. (March 2013). "The costs and benefits of mind-wandering: a review". <i>Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology</i>. 67 (1): 11–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baird, Benjamin; Smallwood, Jonathan; Mrazek, Michael D.; Kam, Julia W. Y.; Franklin, Michael S.; Schooler, Jonathan W. (2012-10-01). "Inspired by distraction: mind wandering facilitates creative incubation". <i>Psychological Science</i>. 23 (10): 1117–1122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-recogrecall-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-recogrecall_58-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.decisionsciencenews.com/2006/09/27/recognition-vs-recall/">Recognition vs. Recall</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190118090047/http://www.decisionsciencenews.com/2006/09/27/recognition-vs-recall/">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2019年1月18號，.. <i>Decision Science News</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Urmson, J. O., 1967, "Memory and Imagination", <i>Mind</i>, 76(301): 83–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Loftus EF, Palmer JC (1974). "Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory". <i>Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior</i>. 13 (5): 585–589.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Loftus, Elizabeth F., 1979 [1996], <i>Eyewitness Testimony</i>, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robins, Sarah K., 2016, "Misremembering", <i>Philosophical Psychology</i>, 29(3): 432-447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schacter, Daniel L., Donna Rose Addis, and Randy L. Buckner, 2007, "Remembering the Past to Imagine the Future: the Prospective Brain", <i>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</i>, 8(9): 657-661.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Buckner, Randy L. and Daniel C. Carroll, 2007, "Self-Projection and the Brain", <i>Trends in Cognitive Sciences</i>, 11(2): 49–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tulving, Endel, 1985, "Memory and Consciousness", <i>Canadian Psychology</i>, 26(1): 1–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Osborn, A. (2012). <i>Applied Imagination-Principles and Procedures of Creative Writing</i>. Read Books Ltd.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/story/20131127-secret-to-thinking-like-a-genius">Why science needs imagination and beauty</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Viereck, George Sylvester (October 26, 1929). "What life means to Einstein: an interview". <i>The Saturday Evening Post</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-happ1991-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-happ1991_74-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Happé, Francesca G.E., 1991, "The Autobiographical Writings of Three Asperger Syndrome Adults: Problems of Interpretation and Implications for Theory", in Uta Frith (ed.), 1991, <i>Autism and Asperger Syndrome</i>, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 207–242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stock, Kathleen, 2017, <i>Only Imagine: Fiction, Interpretation, and Imagination</i>, New York: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Random House Dictionary of the English Language</i>, New York: Random House, 1979.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-william2012-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-william2012_77-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harmon, William (2012), <i>A Handbook to Literature</i> (12th ed.), Boston: Longman.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldman, Alvin I., 1989, "Interpretation Psychologized", <i>Mind and Language</i>, 4(3): 161–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, Ori and Alan M. Leslie, 2007, "The Conceptual Underpinning of Pretense: Pretending is Not 'Behaving as if'", <i>Cognition</i>, 105(1): 103–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, Malinda, Michael Tomasello, and Tricia Striano, 2005, "Role Reversal Imitation and Language in Typically-Developing Infants and Children with Autism", <i>Infancy</i>, 8(3): 253-278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williamson, Timothy, 2005, "Armchair Philosophy, Metaphysical Modality, and Counterfactual Thinking", <i>Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society</i>, 105(1): 1–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nanay, Bence, 2010, "Imaginative Resistance and Conversational Implicatures", <i>The Philosophical Quarterly</i>, 60(240): 586-600.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="拎"><span id=".E6.8B.8E"></span>拎</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F&action=edit&section=17" title="編輯小節: 拎"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018312">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018311">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%89%88" class="extiw" title="commons:頭版">維基同享</a>有多媒體嘅嘢：<br /><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Imagination" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Imagination"><span style="">想像</span></a></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/imagination/">Imagination</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到英文網頁">（英文）</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.co-bw.com/BrainConciousness%20Update%20index.htm">Imagination, Mental Imagery, Consciousness, and Cognition: Scientific, Philosophical and Historical Approaches</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到英文網頁">（英文）</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20121228013431/http://search.dmoz.org/cgi-bin/search?search=Two-Factor+Imagination+Scale&all=yes&cs=UTF-8&cat=Science/Social_Sciences/Psychology/Intelligence/Emotional_Intelligence/Online_Tests">Two-Factor Imagination Scale</a> at the Open Directory Project <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到英文網頁">（英文）</span></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="認知" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="Template:認知"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="Template talk:認知"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="認知" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="研究認知嘅科學領域就係認知心理學">研究認知嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>領域就係<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基本概念</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA%E8%A1%A8%E5%BE%B5" title="心智表徵">心智表徵</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96" title="認知地圖">認知地圖</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%A4%87%E9%9B%9C%E5%BA%A6" title="認知複雜度">認知複雜度</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦">腦</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BA%95%E8%B3%AA" title="神經底質">神經底質</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%81%8F%E8%AA%A4" title="認知偏誤">認知偏誤</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%81%8F%E8%AA%A4%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%BD" title="認知偏誤一覽">一覽</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="認知革命">認知革命</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識">意識</a></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flaticonbrain.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flaticonbrain.png/150px-Flaticonbrain.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flaticonbrain.png/225px-Flaticonbrain.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flaticonbrain.png/300px-Flaticonbrain.png 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="711" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">研究方法</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="實驗心理學">心理實驗</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="反應時間">反應時間</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E5%8B%95%E8%BF%BD%E8%B9%A4" title="眼動追蹤">眼動追蹤</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E8%AC%8E%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" title="解謎遊戲">解謎遊戲</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="認知模型">認知模型</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E7%B5%90%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="聯結主義">聯結主義</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E6%9E%B6%E6%A7%8B" title="認知架構">認知架構</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="神經造影">神經造影</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">認　<br />知　<br />功　<br />能　</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" title="視覺">視覺</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AF%E8%A6%8B" title="錯見">錯見</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A9%E8%89%B2%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" title="彩色視覺">彩色視覺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E6%B7%B1%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="景深感知">景深感知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="形態感知">形態感知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E9%82%8A%E8%A6%96%E5%8A%9B" title="周邊視力">周邊視力</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%83%8F" title="心像">心像</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%97%8B%E8%BD%89" title="心理旋轉">心理旋轉</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">其他</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98" title="感官">感官</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%A6%BA" title="聽覺">聽覺</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%AB%98" title="音高">音高感知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="語音感知">語音感知</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%97%85%E8%A6%BA" title="嗅覺">嗅覺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%B3%E8%A6%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="味覺">味覺</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E8%A6%BA" title="時覺">時覺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AF%E8%A6%BA" title="錯覺">錯覺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98%E6%8F%90%E7%A4%BA" title="感官提示">感官提示</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">　<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" title="注意力">注意力</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E6%B3%A8" title="專注">專注</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6" title="注意力長度">長度</a>）同<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%BF%83" title="分心">分心</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%A4%9A%E4%BD%9C%E6%A5%AD%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="人類多作業處理">多作業處理</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B%E5%B0%8E%E5%90%91" title="注意力導向">注意力導向</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E8%A6%BA" title="警覺">警覺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B5%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88%E8%AB%96" title="特徵整合論">特徵整合論</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%85%A5%E7%A2%BC" title="記憶入碼">入碼</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%84%B2%E8%97%8F" title="記憶儲藏">儲藏</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%96" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶提取">提取</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%83%B3" title="回想">回想</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A8%E8%AD%98" title="辨識">辨識</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="工作記憶">工作記憶</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%B2%A0%E8%8D%B7" title="認知負荷">認知負荷</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%BA" title="時間統覺">時間統覺</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%9B%A3" title="解難">解難</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" title="思維">思考</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E7%AD%96" title="決策">決策</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F%E6%8E%A2%E6%B8%AC%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="訊號探測理論">訊號探測</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="計劃">計劃</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E9%87%8D%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="雙重過程理論">雙重過程理論</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E8%A6%BA" title="直覺">直覺</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7" title="理性">理性</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E6%80%9D%E6%B3%95" title="捷思法">捷思法</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9E%E5%AF%9F" title="洞察">洞察</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%A1%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="外顯知識">外顯</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%9A%B1%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="內隱知識">內隱</a>知識<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="概念">概念</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E5%8C%96" title="抽象化">抽象化</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA" title="知識表示">知識表示</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6" title="專家">專家知識</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="心靈模型">心靈模型</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E8%91%89%E6%96%AF%E8%85%A6%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="貝葉斯腦假說">貝葉斯腦假說</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">拉雜功能</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3" title="理解">理解</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" 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