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blind</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: blind"> <meta name="keywords" content="blind"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="blind"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 295</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: blind</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">295</span> A Goms Model for Blind Users Website Navigation </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suraina%20Sulong">Suraina Sulong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Keyboard support is one of the main accessibility requirements for web pages and web applications for blind user. But it is not sufficient that the blind user can perform all actions on the page using the keyboard. In addition, designers of web sites or web applications have to make sure that keyboard users can use their pages with acceptable performance. We present GOMS models for navigation in web pages with specific task given to the blind user to accomplish. These models can be used to construct the user model for accessible website. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GOMS%20analysis" title="GOMS analysis">GOMS analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=usability%20factor" title=" usability factor"> usability factor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blind%20user" title=" blind user"> blind user</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20computer%20interaction" title=" human computer interaction"> human computer interaction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128408/a-goms-model-for-blind-users-website-navigation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128408.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">294</span> Interactive Fun Activities for Blind and Sighted Teenagers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haif%20Alharthy">Haif Alharthy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samar%20Altarteer"> Samar Altarteer</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Blind and sighted teenagers might find it challenging to communicate and have fun interaction with each other. The previous studies emphasize the importance of the interactive communication of the blind with the sighted people in developing the interpersonal and social skills of the blind people . Playing games is one of the effective ways used to engage the blind with the sighted people and help in enhancing their social skills. However, it is difficult to find a fun game that is designed to encourage interaction between blind and sighted teenagers in which the blind can play it independently without help and that the sighted find its design attractive and satisfying. The aim of this paper is to examine how challenging is to have fun interaction between blind and sighted people and offer interactive tabletop game solution in which both of them can independently participate and enjoy. The paper discusses the importance and the impact of the interactive fun communication between blind and sighted people and how to get them involved with each other through games. The paper investigates several approaches to design a universal game. A survey was conducted for blind teenager’s family members to discover what difficulties they face while playing and communicating with their blind family member and to identify the blind’s needs and interests in games. The study reveals that although families like to play tabletop games with their blind member, they find difficulties in finding universal games that is interesting and adequate for both. Also, qualitative interviews were conducted with blind teenager shows the sufficiency in tabletop games that do not require help from another family member to play the game. The results suggested that an effective approach is to develop an interactive tabletop game embedded with audio and tactile techniques. The findings of the pilot study highlighted the necessary information such as tools, visuals, and game concepts that should be considered in developing interactive card game for blind and sighted teenagers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Blind" title="Blind">Blind</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=card%20game" title=" card game"> card game</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=communication" title=" communication"> communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interaction" title=" interaction"> interaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=play" title=" play"> play</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tabletop%20game" title=" tabletop game"> tabletop game</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teenager" title=" teenager"> teenager</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90816/interactive-fun-activities-for-blind-and-sighted-teenagers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90816.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">209</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">293</span> Comparing Friction Force Between Track and Spline Using graphite, Mos2, PTFE, and Silicon Dry Lubricant</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20De%20Maaijer">M. De Maaijer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wenxuan%20Shi"> Wenxuan Shi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q="></a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dolores%20Pose">Dolores Pose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ditmar"> Ditmar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Barati"> F. Barati</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Friction has several detrimental effects on Blind performance, Therefore Ziptak company as the leading company in the blind manufacturing sector, start investigating on how to conquer this problem in next generation of blinds. This problem is more sever in extremely sever condition. Although in these condition Ziptrak suggest not to use the blind, working on blind and its associated parts was the priority of Ziptrak company. The purpose of this article is to measure the effects of lubrication process on reducing friction force between spline and track especially at windy conditions Four different lubricants were implicated to measure their efficiency on reducing friction force. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=libricant" title="libricant">libricant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ziptrak" title=" ziptrak"> ziptrak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blind" title=" blind"> blind</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spline" title=" spline"> spline</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163058/comparing-friction-force-between-track-and-spline-using-graphite-mos2-ptfe-and-silicon-dry-lubricant" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163058.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">84</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">292</span> Teachers’ Perceptions on Communicating with Students Who Are Deaf-Blind in Regular Classes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phillimon%20Mahanya">Phillimon Mahanya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Learners with deaf-blindness use touch to communicate. However, teachers are not well versed with tactile communication technicalities. Lack of technical know-how is compounded with a lack of standardisation of the tactile signs the world over. Thus, this study arose from the need to have efficient and effective tactile sign communication for learners who are deaf-blind. A qualitative approach that adopted a case study design was used. A sample of 22 participants comprising school administrators and teachers was purposively drawn from the institutions that enrolled learners who are deaf-blind. Data generated using semi-structured interviews, non-participant observations and document analysis were thematically analysed. It emerged that administrators and teachers used mammoth and solo touches that are not standardised to communicate with learners who are deaf-blind. It was recommended that there should be a standardised tactile sign manual in Zimbabwe to promote the inclusion of learners who are deaf-blind. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=communication" title="communication">communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deaf-blind" title=" deaf-blind"> deaf-blind</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=signing" title=" signing"> signing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tactile" title=" tactile"> tactile</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142698/teachers-perceptions-on-communicating-with-students-who-are-deaf-blind-in-regular-classes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142698.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">238</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">291</span> Rehabilitation of the Blind Using Sono-Visualization Tool</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashwani%20Kumar">Ashwani Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In human beings, eyes play a vital role. A very less research has been done for rehabilitation of blindness for the blind people. This paper discusses the work that helps blind people for recognizing the basic shapes of the objects like circle, square, triangle, horizontal lines, vertical lines, diagonal lines and the wave forms like sinusoidal, square, triangular etc. This is largely achieved by using a digital camera, which is used to capture the visual information present in front of the blind person and a software program, which achieves the image processing operations, and finally the processed image is converted into sound. After the sound generation process, the generated sound is fed to the blind person through headphones for visualizing the imaginary image of the object. For visualizing the imaginary image of the object, it needs to train the blind person. Various training process methods had been applied for recognizing the object. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20processing" title="image processing">image processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pixel" title=" pixel"> pixel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pitch" title=" pitch"> pitch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=loudness" title=" loudness"> loudness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sound%20generation" title=" sound generation"> sound generation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge%20detection" title=" edge detection"> edge detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brightness" title=" brightness"> brightness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14606/rehabilitation-of-the-blind-using-sono-visualization-tool" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14606.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">388</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">290</span> Buddha Images in Mudras Representing Days of a Week: Tactile Texture Design for the Blind</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chantana%20Insra">Chantana Insra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The research “Buddha Images in Mudras Representing Days of a Week: Tactile Texture Design for the Blind” aims to provide original tactile format to institutions for the blind, as supplementary textbooks, to accumulate Buddhist knowledge, so that it could be extracurricular learning. The research studied on 33 students with both total and partial blindness, the latter with the ability to read Braille’s signs, of elementary 4 – 6, who are pursuing their studies on the second semester of the academic year 2013 at Bangkok School for the Blind. The researcher opted samples specifically, studied data acquired from both documents and fieldworks. Those methods must be related to the blind, tactile format production, and Buddha images in mudras representing days of a week. Afterwards, the formats will be analyzed and designed so that there would be 8 format pictures of Buddha images in mudras representing days of the week. Experts will next evaluate the media and try out. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blind" title="blind">blind</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tactile%20texture" title=" tactile texture"> tactile texture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thai%20Buddha%20images" title=" Thai Buddha images"> Thai Buddha images</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mudras" title=" Mudras"> Mudras</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=texture%20design" title=" texture design"> texture design</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17352/buddha-images-in-mudras-representing-days-of-a-week-tactile-texture-design-for-the-blind" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17352.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">351</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">289</span> Identification of Author and Reviewer from Single and Double Blind Paper</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jatinderkumar%20R.%20Saini">Jatinderkumar R. Saini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nikita.%20R.%20Sonthalia"> Nikita. R. Sonthalia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khushbu.%20A.%20Dodiya"> Khushbu. A. Dodiya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Research leads to development of science and technology and hence to the betterment of humankind. Journals and conferences provide a platform to receive large number of research papers for publications and presentations before the expert and scientific community. In order to assure quality of such papers, they are also sent to reviewers for their comments. In order to maintain good ethical standards, the research papers are sent to reviewers in such a way that they do not know each other’s identity. This technique is called double-blind review process. It is called single-blind review process, if identity of any one party (generally authors) is disclosed to the other. This paper presents the techniques by which identity of author as well as reviewer could be made out even through double-blind review process. It is proposed that the characteristics and techniques presented here will help journals and conferences in assuring intentional or unintentional disclosure of identity revealing information by either party to the other. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=author" title="author">author</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conference" title=" conference"> conference</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=double%20blind%20paper" title=" double blind paper"> double blind paper</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=journal" title=" journal"> journal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reviewer" title=" reviewer"> reviewer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20blind%20paper" title=" single blind paper"> single blind paper</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3915/identification-of-author-and-reviewer-from-single-and-double-blind-paper" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3915.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">350</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">288</span> Evolution of Multimodulus Algorithm Blind Equalization Based on Recursive Least Square Algorithm</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sardar%20Ameer%20Akram%20Khan">Sardar Ameer Akram Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shahzad%20Amin%20Sheikh"> Shahzad Amin Sheikh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Blind equalization is an important technique amongst equalization family. Multimodulus algorithms based on blind equalization removes the undesirable effects of ISI and cater ups the phase issues, saving the cost of rotator at the receiver end. In this paper a new algorithm combination of recursive least square and Multimodulus algorithm named as RLSMMA is proposed by providing few assumption, fast convergence and minimum Mean Square Error (MSE) is achieved. The excellence of this technique is shown in the simulations presenting MSE plots and the resulting filter results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blind%20equalizations" title="blind equalizations">blind equalizations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=constant%20modulus%20algorithm" title=" constant modulus algorithm"> constant modulus algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-modulus%20algorithm" title=" multi-modulus algorithm"> multi-modulus algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recursive%20%20least%20square%20algorithm" title=" recursive least square algorithm"> recursive least square algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quadrature%20amplitude%20modulation%20%28QAM%29" title=" quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)"> quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24704/evolution-of-multimodulus-algorithm-blind-equalization-based-on-recursive-least-square-algorithm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24704.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">644</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">287</span> Digital Recording System Identification Based on Audio File</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michel%20Kulhandjian">Michel Kulhandjian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dimitris%20A.%20Pados"> Dimitris A. Pados</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of this work is to develop a theoretical framework for reliable digital recording system identification from digital audio files alone, for forensic purposes. A digital recording system consists of a microphone and a digital sound processing card. We view the cascade as a system of unknown transfer function. We expect same manufacturer and model microphone-sound card combinations to have very similar/near identical transfer functions, bar any unique manufacturing defect. Input voice (or other) signals are modeled as non-stationary processes. The technical problem under consideration becomes blind deconvolution with non-stationary inputs as it manifests itself in the specific application of digital audio recording equipment classification. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blind%20system%20identification" title="blind system identification">blind system identification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=audio%20fingerprinting" title=" audio fingerprinting"> audio fingerprinting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blind%20deconvolution" title=" blind deconvolution"> blind deconvolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blind%20dereverberation" title=" blind dereverberation"> blind dereverberation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75122/digital-recording-system-identification-based-on-audio-file" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75122.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">304</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">286</span> Blind Speech Separation Using SRP-PHAT Localization and Optimal Beamformer in Two-Speaker Environments</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hai%20Quang%20Hong%20Dam">Hai Quang Hong Dam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hai%20Ho"> Hai Ho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Minh%20Hoang%20Le%20Ngo"> Minh Hoang Le Ngo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper investigates the problem of blind speech separation from the speech mixture of two speakers. A voice activity detector employing the Steered Response Power - Phase Transform (SRP-PHAT) is presented for detecting the activity information of speech sources and then the desired speech signals are extracted from the speech mixture by using an optimal beamformer. For evaluation, the algorithm effectiveness, a simulation using real speech recordings had been performed in a double-talk situation where two speakers are active all the time. Evaluations show that the proposed blind speech separation algorithm offers a good interference suppression level whilst maintaining a low distortion level of the desired signal. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blind%20speech%20separation" title="blind speech separation">blind speech separation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=voice%20activity%20detector" title=" voice activity detector"> voice activity detector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SRP-PHAT" title=" SRP-PHAT"> SRP-PHAT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimal%20beamformer" title=" optimal beamformer"> optimal beamformer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53263/blind-speech-separation-using-srp-phat-localization-and-optimal-beamformer-in-two-speaker-environments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53263.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">283</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">285</span> Gas-Liquid Flow Regimes in Vertical Venturi Downstream of Horizontal Blind-Tee</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Alif%20Bin%20Razali">Muhammad Alif Bin Razali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cheng-Gang%20Xie"> Cheng-Gang Xie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wai%20Lam%20Loh"> Wai Lam Loh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A venturi device is commonly used as an integral part of a multiphase flowmeter (MPFM) in real-time oil-gas production monitoring. For an accurate determination of individual phase fraction and flowrate, a gas-liquid flow ideally needs to be well mixed in the venturi measurement section. Partial flow mixing is achieved by installing a venturi vertically downstream of the blind-tee pipework that ‘homogenizes’ the incoming horizontal gas-liquid flow. In order to study in-depth the flow-mixing effect of the blind-tee, gas-liquid flows are captured at blind-tee and venturi sections by using a high-speed video camera and a purpose-built transparent test rig, over a wide range of superficial liquid velocities (0.3 to 2.4m/s) and gas volume fractions (10 to 95%). Electrical capacitance sensors are built to measure the instantaneous holdup (of oil-gas flows) at the venturi inlet and throat. Flow regimes and flow (a)symmetry are investigated based on analyzing the statistical features of capacitance sensors’ holdup time-series data and of the high-speed video time-stacked images. The perceived homogenization effect of the blind-tee on the incoming intermittent horizontal flow regimes is found to be relatively small across the tested flow conditions. A horizontal (blind-tee) to vertical (venturi) flow-pattern transition map is proposed based on gas and liquid mass fluxes (weighted by the Baker parameters). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blind-tee" title="blind-tee">blind-tee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flow%20visualization" title=" flow visualization"> flow visualization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas-liquid%20two-phase%20flow" title=" gas-liquid two-phase flow"> gas-liquid two-phase flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MPFM" title=" MPFM"> MPFM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129335/gas-liquid-flow-regimes-in-vertical-venturi-downstream-of-horizontal-blind-tee" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129335.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">127</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">284</span> Understanding the Experience of the Visually Impaired towards a Multi-Sensorial Architectural Design</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarah%20M.%20Oteifa">Sarah M. Oteifa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lobna%20A.%20Sherif"> Lobna A. Sherif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yasser%20M.%20Mostafa"> Yasser M. Mostafa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Visually impaired people, in their daily lives, face struggles and spatial barriers because the built environment is often designed with an extreme focus on the visual element, causing what is called architectural visual bias or ocularcentrism. The aim of the study is to holistically understand the world of the visually impaired as an attempt to extract the qualities of space that accommodate their needs, and to show the importance of multi-sensory, holistic designs for the blind. Within the framework of existential phenomenology, common themes are reached through "intersubjectivity": experience descriptions by blind people and blind architects, observation of how blind children learn to perceive their surrounding environment, and a personal lived blind-folded experience are analyzed. The extracted themes show how visually impaired people filter out and prioritize tactile (active, passive and dynamic touch), acoustic and olfactory spatial qualities respectively, and how this happened during the personal lived blind folded experience. The themes clarify that haptic and aural inclusive designs are essential to create environments suitable for the visually impaired to empower them towards an independent, safe and efficient life. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=architecture" title="architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=architectural%20ocularcentrism" title=" architectural ocularcentrism"> architectural ocularcentrism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-sensory%20design" title=" multi-sensory design"> multi-sensory design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visually%20impaired" title=" visually impaired"> visually impaired</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72324/understanding-the-experience-of-the-visually-impaired-towards-a-multi-sensorial-architectural-design" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72324.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">202</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">283</span> The Implementation of Special Grammar Circle (Spegraci) as the Media Innovation for Blind People to Learn English Tenses</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aji%20Budi%20Rinekso">Aji Budi Rinekso</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Revika%20Niza%20Artiyana"> Revika Niza Artiyana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lisa%20Widayanti"> Lisa Widayanti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> English is one of the international languages in the world. People use this language to communicate with each other in the international forums, international events or international organizations. As same as other languages, English has a rule which is called grammar. Grammar is the part of english which has a role as the language systems. In grammar, there are tenses which provide a time period system for past, present and future. Sometimes it is difficult for some English learner to remember all of the tenses completely. Especially for those with special needs or exceptional children with vision restrictiveness. The aims of this research are 1) To know the design of Special Grammar Circle (Spegraci) as the media for blind people to learn english grammar. 2) To know the work of Special Gramar Circle (Spegraci) as the media for blind people to learn english grammar. 3) To know the function of this device in increasing tenses ability for blind people. The method of this research is Research and Development which consists of several testing and revision of this device. The implementation of Special Grammar Circle (Spegraci) is to make blind people easily to learn the tenses. This device is easy to use. Users only roll this device and find out the tense formula and match to the name of the formula in braille. In addition, this device also enables to be used by normal people because normal written texts are also provided. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blind%20people" title="blind people">blind people</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=media%20innovation" title=" media innovation"> media innovation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spegraci" title=" spegraci"> spegraci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tenses" title=" tenses"> tenses</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38099/the-implementation-of-special-grammar-circle-spegraci-as-the-media-innovation-for-blind-people-to-learn-english-tenses" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38099.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">295</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">282</span> Source Separation for Global Multispectral Satellite Images Indexing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aymen%20Bouzid">Aymen Bouzid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jihen%20Ben%20Smida"> Jihen Ben Smida</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we propose to prove the importance of the application of blind source separation methods on remote sensing data in order to index multispectral images. The proposed method starts with Gabor Filtering and the application of a Blind Source Separation to get a more effective representation of the information contained on the observation images. After that, a feature vector is extracted from each image in order to index them. Experimental results show the superior performance of this approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blind%20source%20separation" title="blind source separation">blind source separation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=content%20based%20image%20retrieval" title=" content based image retrieval"> content based image retrieval</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feature%20extraction%20multispectral" title=" feature extraction multispectral"> feature extraction multispectral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=satellite%20images" title=" satellite images"> satellite images</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28585/source-separation-for-global-multispectral-satellite-images-indexing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28585.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">403</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">281</span> Arbitrarily Shaped Blur Kernel Estimation for Single Image Blind Deblurring</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aftab%20Khan">Aftab Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashfaq%20Khan"> Ashfaq Khan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The research paper focuses on an interesting challenge faced in Blind Image Deblurring (BID). It relates to the estimation of arbitrarily shaped or non-parametric Point Spread Functions (PSFs) of motion blur caused by camera handshake. These PSFs exhibit much more complex shapes than their parametric counterparts and deblurring in this case requires intricate ways to estimate the blur and effectively remove it. This research work introduces a novel blind deblurring scheme visualized for deblurring images corrupted by arbitrarily shaped PSFs. It is based on Genetic Algorithm (GA) and utilises the Blind/Reference-less Image Spatial QUality Evaluator (BRISQUE) measure as the fitness function for arbitrarily shaped PSF estimation. The proposed BID scheme has been compared with other single image motion deblurring schemes as benchmark. Validation has been carried out on various blurred images. Results of both benchmark and real images are presented. Non-reference image quality measures were used to quantify the deblurring results. For benchmark images, the proposed BID scheme using BRISQUE converges in close vicinity of the original blurring functions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blind%20deconvolution" title="blind deconvolution">blind deconvolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blind%20image%20deblurring" title=" blind image deblurring"> blind image deblurring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20algorithm" title=" genetic algorithm"> genetic algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20restoration" title=" image restoration"> image restoration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20quality%20measures" title=" image quality measures"> image quality measures</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37142/arbitrarily-shaped-blur-kernel-estimation-for-single-image-blind-deblurring" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37142.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">443</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">280</span> A Study of the Tactile Codification on the Philippine Banknote: Redesigning for the Blind</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ace%20Mari%20S.%20Simbajon">Ace Mari S. Simbajon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rhaella%20J.%20Yba%C3%B1ez"> Rhaella J. Ybañez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mae%20G.%20Nadela"> Mae G. Nadela</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cherry%20E.%20Sagun"> Cherry E. Sagun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nera%20Mae%20A.%20Puyo"> Nera Mae A. Puyo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study determined the usability of the Philippine banknotes. An experimental design was used in the study involving twenty (n=20) randomly selected blind participants. The three aspects of usability were measured: effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction. It was found out that the effectiveness rate of the current Philippine Banknotes ranges from 20 percent to 35 percent which means it is not effective basing from Cauro’s threshold of average effectiveness rate which is 78 percent. Its efficiency rate is ranging from 18.06 to 26.22 seconds per denomination. The average satisfaction rate is 1.45 which means the blind are very dissatisfied. These results were used as a guide in making the proposed tactile codification using embossed dots or embossed lines. A round of simulation was conducted with the blind to assess the usability of the two proposals. Results were then statistically treated using t-test. Results show statistically significant difference between the usability of the current banknotes versus the proposed designs. Moreover, it was found out that the use of embossed dots is more effective, more efficient, and more satisfying than the embossed lines with an effectiveness rate ranging from 90 percent to 100 percent, efficiency rate ranging from 6.73 seconds to 12.99 seconds, and satisfaction rate of 3.4 which means the blind are very satisfied. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blind" title="blind">blind</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Philippine%20banknotes" title=" Philippine banknotes"> Philippine banknotes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tactile%20codification" title=" tactile codification"> tactile codification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=usability" title=" usability"> usability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71453/a-study-of-the-tactile-codification-on-the-philippine-banknote-redesigning-for-the-blind" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71453.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">288</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">279</span> A Way of Converting Color Images to Gray Scale Ones for the Color-Blind: Applying to the part of the Tokyo Subway Map</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Katsuhiro%20Narikiyo">Katsuhiro Narikiyo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shota%20Hashikawa"> Shota Hashikawa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper proposes a way of removing noises and reducing the number of colors contained in a JPEG image. Main purpose of this project is to convert color images to monochrome images for the color-blind. We treat the crispy color images like the Tokyo subway map. Each color in the image has an important information. But for the color blinds, similar colors cannot be distinguished. If we can convert those colors to different gray values, they can distinguish them. Therefore we try to convert color images to monochrome images. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=color-blind" title="color-blind">color-blind</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=JPEG" title=" JPEG"> JPEG</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monochrome%20image" title=" monochrome image"> monochrome image</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=denoise" title=" denoise"> denoise</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2968/a-way-of-converting-color-images-to-gray-scale-ones-for-the-color-blind-applying-to-the-part-of-the-tokyo-subway-map" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2968.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">355</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">278</span> Identification and Classification of Entrepreneurial Opportunities in Blinds’ Tourism Industry in Khuzestan Province of Iran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Kharazi">Ali Kharazi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassanali%20Aghajani"> Hassanali Aghajani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hesami%20Azizi"> Hesami Azizi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Tourism entrepreneurship is a growing field that has the potential to create new opportunities for sustainable development. The purpose of this study is to identify and classify the entrepreneurial opportunities in the blind tourism industry in Khuzestan Province of Iran that can be created through the operation of blinds’ tours. This study used a mixed methods approach. The qualitative data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 15 tourist guides and tourism activists, while the quantitative data was collected through a questionnaire survey of 40 blind people who had participated in blinds’ tours. The findings of this study suggest that there are a number of entrepreneurial opportunities in the blind tourism industry in Khuzestan Province, including (1) developing and providing accessible tourism services, such as tours, accommodations, restaurants, and transportation, (2) creating and marketing blind-friendly tourism products and experiences (3) training and educating tourism professionals on how to provide accessible and inclusive tourism services. This study contributes to the theoretical understanding of tourism entrepreneurship by providing insights into the entrepreneurial opportunities in the blind tourism industry. The findings of this study can be used to develop policies and programs that support the development of the blind tourism industry. The qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. This study examines the entrepreneurial opportunities within the blind tourism industry in Khuzestan Province, Iran. In addition, Khuzestan province has made relatively good development in the field of blinds’ tourism. Blind tourists have become loyal customers of blinds’ tours, which has increased their self-confidence and social participation. Tourist guides and centers of tourism services are interested in participating in blinds’ tours more than before, and even other parts outside the tourism field have encouraged sponsorship. Education had a great impact on the quality of tourism services, especially for the blind. It has played a significant role in improving the quality of tourism services for the blind. However, the quality and quantity of infrastructure should be increased in different sectors of tourism services to foster future growth. These opportunities can be used to create new businesses and jobs and to promote sustainable development in the region. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entrepreneurship" title="entrepreneurship">entrepreneurship</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tourism" title=" tourism"> tourism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blind" title=" blind"> blind</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20development" title=" sustainable development"> sustainable development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khuzestan" title=" Khuzestan"> Khuzestan</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179051/identification-and-classification-of-entrepreneurial-opportunities-in-blinds-tourism-industry-in-khuzestan-province-of-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179051.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">70</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">277</span> Exploiting Fast Independent Component Analysis Based Algorithm for Equalization of Impaired Baseband Received Signal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Umair">Muhammad Umair</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syed%20Qasim%20Gilani"> Syed Qasim Gilani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A technique using Independent Component Analysis (ICA) for blind receiver signal processing is investigated. The problem of the receiver signal processing is viewed as of signal equalization and implementation imperfections compensation. Based on this, a model similar to a general ICA problem is developed for the received signal. Then, the use of ICA technique for blind signal equalization in the time domain is presented. The equalization is regarded as a signal separation problem, since the desired signal is separated from interference terms. This problem is addressed in the paper by over-sampling of the received signal. By using ICA for equalization, besides channel equalization, other transmission imperfections such as Direct current (DC) bias offset, carrier phase and In phase Quadrature phase imbalance will also be corrected. Simulation results for a system using 16-Quadraure Amplitude Modulation(QAM) are presented to show the performance of the proposed scheme. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blind%20equalization" title="blind equalization">blind equalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blind%20signal%20separation" title=" blind signal separation"> blind signal separation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equalization" title=" equalization"> equalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=independent%20component%20analysis" title=" independent component analysis"> independent component analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmission%20impairments" title=" transmission impairments"> transmission impairments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=QAM%20receiver" title=" QAM receiver"> QAM receiver</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94433/exploiting-fast-independent-component-analysis-based-algorithm-for-equalization-of-impaired-baseband-received-signal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94433.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">214</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">276</span> Blind Super-Resolution Reconstruction Based on PSF Estimation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Osama%20A.%20Omer">Osama A. Omer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amal%20Hamed"> Amal Hamed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Successful blind image Super-Resolution algorithms require the exact estimation of the Point Spread Function (PSF). In the absence of any prior information about the imagery system and the true image; this estimation is normally done by trial and error experimentation until an acceptable restored image quality is obtained. Multi-frame blind Super-Resolution algorithms often have disadvantages of slow convergence and sensitiveness to complex noises. This paper presents a Super-Resolution image reconstruction algorithm based on estimation of the PSF that yields the optimum restored image quality. The estimation of PSF is performed by the knife-edge method and it is implemented by measuring spreading of the edges in the reproduced HR image itself during the reconstruction process. The proposed image reconstruction approach is using L1 norm minimization and robust regularization based on a bilateral prior to deal with different data and noise models. A series of experiment results show that the proposed method can outperform other previous work robustly and efficiently. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blind" title="blind">blind</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PSF" title=" PSF"> PSF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=super-resolution" title=" super-resolution"> super-resolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knife-edge" title=" knife-edge"> knife-edge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blurring" title=" blurring"> blurring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bilateral" title=" bilateral"> bilateral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L1%20norm" title=" L1 norm"> L1 norm</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1385/blind-super-resolution-reconstruction-based-on-psf-estimation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1385.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">365</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">275</span> Removing Barriers in Assessment and Feedback for Blind Students in Open Distance Learning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sindile%20Ngubane-Mokiwa">Sindile Ngubane-Mokiwa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper addresses two questions: (1) what barriers do the blind students face with assessment and feedback in open distance learning contexts? And (2) How can these barriers be removed? The paper focuses on the distance education through which most students with disabilities elevate their chances of accessing higher education. Lack of genuine inclusion is also evident in the challenges the blind students face during the assessment. These barriers are experienced at both formative and summative stages. The insights in this paper emanate from a case study that was carried out through qualitative approaches. The data was collected through in-depth interview, life stories, and telephonic interviews. The paper provides a review of local, continental and international views on how best assessment barriers can be removed. A group of five blind students, comprising of two honours students, two master's students and one doctoral student participated in this study. The data analysis was done through thematic analysis. The findings revealed that (a) feedback to the assignment is often inaccessible; (b) the software used is incompatible; (c) learning and assessment are designed in exclusionary approaches; (d) assessment facilities are not conducive; and (e) lack of proactive innovative assessment strategies. The article concludes by recommending ways in which barriers to assessment can be removed. These include addressing inclusive assessment and feedback strategies in professional development initiatives. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=assessment%20design" title="assessment design">assessment design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=barriers" title=" barriers"> barriers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disabilities" title=" disabilities"> disabilities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blind%20students" title=" blind students"> blind students</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feedback" title=" feedback"> feedback</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=universal%20design%20for%20learning" title=" universal design for learning"> universal design for learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67210/removing-barriers-in-assessment-and-feedback-for-blind-students-in-open-distance-learning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67210.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">360</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">274</span> Disciplined Care for Disciplined Patients: Results from Daily Experiences of Hospitalized Patients with Blindness</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmood%20Shamshiri">Mahmood Shamshiri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> While visual sensation is the key gate for human-being to understand the world, visual impairment is one of the common cause of disability around the world. There is no doubt about the importance of eye sight in daily life among people, even it is understood the best gift of God to human-beings in many societies. Blind people are admitted to hospital for different health issues. Nurses and other health professionals who provide care for this group of patients need to understand their patients. Understanding the lived experience of blind people helps nurses to expand their knowledge regarding blind patients in order to provide a holistic care and improve the quality of care for blind patients. This phenomenological inquiry aimed to describe the meaning of discipline in daily life of blind people admitted in hospital. An interpretive phenomenology underpinned the philosophical approach of the study. While the interpretive phenomenology played as an umbrella role in the overall point of the study, the six methodical activities which introduced by van Manen helped the researchers to conduct the study. ‘Disciplined care for disciplined patients’ was the main theme emerged from dialogues of blind patients about their daily life in the hospital. Almost all of participants called themselves as disciplined people. The theme ‘disciplined care for disciplined patients’ appeared from four sub-themes including discipline through careful touching and listening, discipline as the ideal way of existence, discipline the preferred way of being independent, desire to take disciplined and detailed care, reactions to the undisciplined caring culture. This phenomenological inquiry to the experiences of patients with blindness in hospital revealed that they commonly are disciplined people and want to be cared in well-organized caring environment. Furthermore, they need to be familiar with the new caring environment. Well-organized and familiar environment help blind patients to increase the level of independency. In addition, blind patients prefer a detail informed and disciplined caring culture. Health professionals have to consider the concept of disciplined care in order to provide a holistic and comprehensive competent care. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disciplined%20people" title="disciplined people">disciplined people</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disciplined%20care" title=" disciplined care"> disciplined care</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lived%20experience" title=" lived experience"> lived experience</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patient%20with%20blindness" title=" patient with blindness"> patient with blindness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91963/disciplined-care-for-disciplined-patients-results-from-daily-experiences-of-hospitalized-patients-with-blindness" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91963.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">273</span> Blind Hybrid ARQ Retransmissions with Different Multiplexing between Time and Frequency for Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications in 5G</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Tawhid%20Kawser">Mohammad Tawhid Kawser</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ishrak%20Kabir"> Ishrak Kabir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sadia%20Sultana"> Sadia Sultana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tanjim%20Ahmad"> Tanjim Ahmad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A promising service category of 5G, popularly known as Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC), is devoted to providing users with the staunchest fail-safe connections in the splits of a second. The reliability of data transfer, as offered by Hybrid ARQ (HARQ), should be employed as URLLC applications are highly error-sensitive. However, the delay added by HARQ ACK/NACK and retransmissions can degrade performance as URLLC applications are highly delay-sensitive too. To improve latency while maintaining reliability, this paper proposes the use of blind transmissions of redundancy versions exploiting the frequency diversity of wide bandwidth of 5G. The blind HARQ retransmissions proposed so far consider narrow bandwidth cases, for example, dedicated short range communication (DSRC), shared channels for device-to-device (D2D) communication, etc., and thus, do not gain much from the frequency diversity. The proposal also combines blind and ACK/NACK based retransmissions for different multiplexing options between time and frequency depending on the current radio channel quality and stringency of latency requirements. The wide bandwidth of 5G justifies that the proposed blind retransmission, without waiting for ACK/NACK, is not palpably extravagant. A simulation is performed to demonstrate the improvement in latency of the proposed scheme. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=5G" title="5G">5G</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=URLLC" title=" URLLC"> URLLC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HARQ" title=" HARQ"> HARQ</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=latency" title=" latency"> latency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=frequency%20diversity" title=" frequency diversity"> frequency diversity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188390/blind-hybrid-arq-retransmissions-with-different-multiplexing-between-time-and-frequency-for-ultra-reliable-low-latency-communications-in-5g" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188390.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">36</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">272</span> Possible Impact of Shunt Surgeries on the Spatial Learning of Congenitally-Blind Children</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Waleed%20Jarjoura">Waleed Jarjoura</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In various cases of visual impairments, the individuals are referred to expert Ophthalmologists in order to establish a correct diagnosis. Children with visual-impairments confront various challenging experiences in life since early childhood throughout lifespan. In some cases, blind infants, especially due to congenital hydrocephalus, suffer from high intra-cranial pressure and, consequently, go through a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt surgery in order to limit the neurological symptoms or decrease the cognitive impairments. In this article, a detailed description of numerous crucial implications of the V/P shunt surgery, through the right posterior-inferior parieto-temporal cortex, on the observed preliminary capabilities that are pre-requisites for the acquisition of literacy skills in braille, basic Math competencies, braille printing which suggest Gerstmann syndrome in the blind. In addition, significant difficultiesorientation and mobility skills using the Cane, in general, organizational skills, and social interactions were observed. The primary conclusion of this report focuses on raising awareness among neuro-surgeons towards the need for alternative intracranial routes for V/P shunt implantation in blind infants that preserve the right posterior-inferior parieto-temporal cortex that is hypothesized to modulate the tactual-spatial cues in braille discrimination. A second conclusion targets educators and therapists that address the acquired dysfunctionsin blind individuals due to V/P shunt surgeries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=congenital%20blindness" title="congenital blindness">congenital blindness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrocephalus" title=" hydrocephalus"> hydrocephalus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shunt%20surgery" title=" shunt surgery"> shunt surgery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial%20orientation" title=" spatial orientation"> spatial orientation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157230/possible-impact-of-shunt-surgeries-on-the-spatial-learning-of-congenitally-blind-children" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157230.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">89</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">271</span> Solar-Blind Ni-Schottky Photodetector Based on MOCVD Grown ZnGa₂O₄</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Taslim%20Khan">Taslim Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ray%20Hua%20Horng"> Ray Hua Horng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajendra%20Singh"> Rajendra Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the design, fabrication, and performance evaluation of a solar-blind Schottky photodetector based on ZnGa₂O₄ grown via MOCVD, utilizing Ni/Au as the Schottky electrode. ZnGa₂O₄, with its wide bandgap of 5.2 eV, is well-suited for high-performance solar-blind photodetection applications. The photodetector demonstrates an impressive responsivity of 280 A/W, indicating its exceptional sensitivity within the solar-blind ultraviolet band. One of the device's notable attributes is its high rejection ratio of 10⁵, which effectively filters out unwanted background signals, enhancing its reliability in various environments. The photodetector also boasts a photodetector responsivity contrast ratio (PDCR) of 10⁷, showcasing its ability to detect even minor changes in incident UV light. Additionally, the device features an outstanding detective of 10¹⁸ Jones, underscoring its capability to precisely detect faint UV signals. It exhibits a fast response time of 80 ms and an ON/OFF ratio of 10⁵, making it suitable for real-time UV sensing applications. The noise-equivalent power (NEP) of 10^-17 W/Hz further highlights its efficiency in detecting low-intensity UV signals. The photodetector also achieves a high forward-to-backward current rejection ratio of 10⁶, ensuring high selectivity. Furthermore, the device maintains an extremely low dark current of approximately 0.1 pA. These findings position the ZnGa₂O₄-based Schottky photodetector as a leading candidate for solar-blind UV detection applications. It offers a compelling combination of sensitivity, selectivity, and operational efficiency, making it a highly promising tool for environments requiring precise and reliable UV detection. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wideband%20gap" title="wideband gap">wideband gap</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20blind%20photodetector" title=" solar blind photodetector"> solar blind photodetector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MOCVD" title=" MOCVD"> MOCVD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zinc%20gallate" title=" zinc gallate"> zinc gallate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186831/solar-blind-ni-schottky-photodetector-based-on-mocvd-grown-znga2o4" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186831.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">39</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">270</span> A New Dual Forward Affine Projection Adaptive Algorithm for Speech Enhancement in Airplane Cockpits</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Djendi%20Mohmaed">Djendi Mohmaed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we propose a dual adaptive algorithm, which is based on the combination between the forward blind source separation (FBSS) structure and the affine projection algorithm (APA). This proposed algorithm combines the advantages of the source separation properties of the FBSS structure and the fast convergence characteristics of the APA algorithm. The proposed algorithm needs two noisy observations to provide an enhanced speech signal. This process is done in a blind manner without the need for ant priori information about the source signals. The proposed dual forward blind source separation affine projection algorithm is denoted (DFAPA) and used for the first time in an airplane cockpit context to enhance the communication from- and to- the airplane. Intensive experiments were carried out in this sense to evaluate the performance of the proposed DFAPA algorithm. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive%20algorithm" title="adaptive algorithm">adaptive algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speech%20enhancement" title=" speech enhancement"> speech enhancement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=system%20mismatch" title=" system mismatch"> system mismatch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SNR" title=" SNR"> SNR</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165920/a-new-dual-forward-affine-projection-adaptive-algorithm-for-speech-enhancement-in-airplane-cockpits" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165920.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">135</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">269</span> User Requirements Analysis for the Development of Assistive Navigation Mobile Apps for Blind and Visually Impaired People</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paraskevi%20Theodorou">Paraskevi Theodorou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Apostolos%20Meliones"> Apostolos Meliones</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the context of the development process of two assistive navigation mobile apps for blind and visually impaired people (BVI) an extensive qualitative analysis of the requirements of potential users has been conducted. The analysis was based on interviews with BVIs and aimed to elicit not only their needs with respect to autonomous navigation but also their preferences on specific features of the apps under development. The elicited requirements were structured into four main categories, namely, requirements concerning the capabilities, functionality and usability of the apps, as well as compatibility requirements with respect to other apps and services. The main categories were then further divided into nine sub-categories. This classification, along with its content, aims to become a useful tool for the researcher or the developer who is involved in the development of digital services for BVI. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accessibility" title="accessibility">accessibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=assistive%20mobile%20apps" title=" assistive mobile apps"> assistive mobile apps</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blind%20and%20visually%20impaired%20people" title=" blind and visually impaired people"> blind and visually impaired people</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=user%20requirements%20analysis" title=" user requirements analysis"> user requirements analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114395/user-requirements-analysis-for-the-development-of-assistive-navigation-mobile-apps-for-blind-and-visually-impaired-people" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114395.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">123</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">268</span> Muscle: The Tactile Texture Designed for the Blind</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chantana%20Insra">Chantana Insra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The research objective focuses on creating a prototype media of the tactile texture of muscles for educational institutes to help visually impaired students learn massage extra learning materials further than the ordinary curriculum. This media is designed as an extra learning material. The population in this study was 30 blinded students between 4th - 6th grades who were able to read Braille language. The research was conducted during the second semester in 2012 at The Bangkok School for the Blind. The method in choosing the population in the study was purposive sampling. The methodology of the research includes collecting data related to visually impaired people, the production of the tactile texture media, human anatomy and Thai traditional massage from literature reviews and field studies. This information was used for analyzing and designing 14 tactile texture pictures presented to experts to evaluate and test the media. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blind" title="blind">blind</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tactile%20texture" title=" tactile texture"> tactile texture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=muscle" title=" muscle"> muscle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visual%20arts%20and%20design" title=" visual arts and design"> visual arts and design</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6200/muscle-the-tactile-texture-designed-for-the-blind" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6200.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">269</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">267</span> Understanding the Polygon with the Eyes of Blinds</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tu%C4%9Fba%20Horzum">Tuğba Horzum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmet%20Arikan"> Ahmet Arikan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper was part of a broader study that investigated what blind students (BSs) understood and how they used concept definitions (CDs) and concept images (CIs) for some mathematical concepts. This paper focused on the polygon concept. For this purpose, four open-ended questions were asked to five blind middle school students. During the interviews, BSs were presented with raised-line materials and were given opportunities to construct geometric shapes with magnetic sticks and micro-balls. Qualitative research techniques applied in grounded theory were used for analyzing documents pictures which were taken from magnetic geometric shapes that BSs constructed, raised-line materials and researcher’s observation notes and interviews. At the end of the analysis, it was observed that BSs used mostly their CIs and never took into account the CDs. Besides, BSs encountered with the difficulties associated with the combination of polygon edges’ endpoints consecutively. Additionally, they focused on the interior of the polygon and the angles which have smaller a size. Lastly, BSs were often conflicted about triangle, rectangle, square and circle whether or not a polygon. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blind%20students" title="blind students">blind students</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concept%20definition" title=" concept definition"> concept definition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concept%20image" title=" concept image"> concept image</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polygon" title=" polygon"> polygon</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38759/understanding-the-polygon-with-the-eyes-of-blinds" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38759.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">297</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">266</span> Direct Blind Separation Methods for Convolutive Images Mixtures</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Hammed">Ahmed Hammed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wady%20Naanaa"> Wady Naanaa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we propose a general approach to deal with the problem of a convolutive mixture of images. We use a direct blind source separation method by adding only one non-statistical justified constraint describing the relationships between different mixing matrix at the aim to make its resolution easy. This method can be applied, provided that this constraint is known, to degraded document affected by the overlapping of text-patterns and images. This is due to chemical and physical reactions of the materials (paper, inks,...) occurring during the documents aging, and other unpredictable causes such as humidity, microorganism infestation, human handling, etc. We will demonstrate that this problem corresponds to a convolutive mixture of images. Subsequently, we will show how the validation of our method through numerical examples. We can so obtain clear images from unreadable ones which can be caused by pages superposition, a phenomenon similar to that we find every often in archival documents. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blind%20source%20separation" title="blind source separation">blind source separation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convoluted%20mixture" title=" convoluted mixture"> convoluted mixture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=degraded%20documents" title=" degraded documents"> degraded documents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text-patterns%20overlapping" title=" text-patterns overlapping"> text-patterns overlapping</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59626/direct-blind-separation-methods-for-convolutive-images-mixtures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59626.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">322</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blind&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blind&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blind&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blind&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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