CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Batavia, Dutch East Indies - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"efbb5bfe-97b5-4b8e-a252-ccd01e155cb1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies","wgTitle":"Batavia, Dutch East Indies","wgCurRevisionId":1255309535,"wgRevisionId":1255309535,"wgArticleId":354064,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)","CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from June 2019","Articles containing Dutch-language text","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list", "Pages using infobox settlement with no coordinates","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Batavia, Dutch East Indies","History of Jakarta","Former settlements and colonies of the Dutch East India Company","Populated places established by the Dutch East India Company"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies","wgRelevantArticleId":354064,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true, "watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1199713","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession", "wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_TM-60036462%2C_Foto%2C_%27De_Kali_Besar_Zuid_in_de_Chinese_wijk_van_Batavia%27%2C_fotograaf_onbekend%2C_1925-1938.jpg/1200px-Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_TM-60036462%2C_Foto%2C_%27De_Kali_Besar_Zuid_in_de_Chinese_wijk_van_Batavia%27%2C_fotograaf_onbekend%2C_1925-1938.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="838"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_TM-60036462%2C_Foto%2C_%27De_Kali_Besar_Zuid_in_de_Chinese_wijk_van_Batavia%27%2C_fotograaf_onbekend%2C_1925-1938.jpg/800px-Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_TM-60036462%2C_Foto%2C_%27De_Kali_Besar_Zuid_in_de_Chinese_wijk_van_Batavia%27%2C_fotograaf_onbekend%2C_1925-1938.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="559"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_TM-60036462%2C_Foto%2C_%27De_Kali_Besar_Zuid_in_de_Chinese_wijk_van_Batavia%27%2C_fotograaf_onbekend%2C_1925-1938.jpg/640px-Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_TM-60036462%2C_Foto%2C_%27De_Kali_Besar_Zuid_in_de_Chinese_wijk_van_Batavia%27%2C_fotograaf_onbekend%2C_1925-1938.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="447"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Batavia, Dutch East Indies - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Batavia_Dutch_East_Indies rootpage-Batavia_Dutch_East_Indies skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Batavia%2C+Dutch+East+Indies" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Batavia%2C+Dutch+East+Indies" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Batavia%2C+Dutch+East+Indies" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Batavia%2C+Dutch+East+Indies" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_East_India_Company_(1610–1799)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_East_India_Company_(1610–1799)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Dutch East India Company (1610–1799)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dutch_East_India_Company_(1610–1799)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dutch East India Company (1610–1799) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dutch_East_India_Company_(1610–1799)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Arrival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Founding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>The region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1740_massacre_and_opening_to_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1740_massacre_and_opening_to_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1740 massacre and opening to trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1740_massacre_and_opening_to_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_East_Indies_(1800–1949)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_East_Indies_(1800–1949)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dutch East Indies (1800–1949)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dutch_East_Indies_(1800–1949)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dutch East Indies (1800–1949) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dutch_East_Indies_(1800–1949)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Southward_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southward_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Southward expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southward_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>British rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technological_advances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technological_advances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Technological advances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technological_advances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abolition_of_Cultivation_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolition_of_Cultivation_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Abolition of Cultivation System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolition_of_Cultivation_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_Ethical_Policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_Ethical_Policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Dutch Ethical Policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_Ethical_Policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Independence movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Batavia, Dutch East Indies</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia" title="Batavia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Batavia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia" title="Batavia – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Batavia" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia_(Niederl%C3%A4ndisch-Indien)" title="Batavia (Niederländisch-Indien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Batavia (Niederländisch-Indien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia_(Indias_Orientales_Neerlandesas)" title="Batavia (Indias Orientales Neerlandesas) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batavia (Indias Orientales Neerlandesas)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia_(Indes_n%C3%A9erlandaises)" title="Batavia (Indes néerlandaises) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Batavia (Indes néerlandaises)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia" title="Batavia – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Batavia" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia" title="Batavia – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Batavia" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia" title="Batavia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Batavia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia_(Indie_orientali_olandesi)" title="Batavia (Indie orientali olandesi) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Batavia (Indie orientali olandesi)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF,_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%88%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%87%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ബറ്റാവിയ, ഡച്ച് ഈസ്റ്റ് ഇൻഡീസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബറ്റാവിയ, ഡച്ച് ഈസ്റ്റ് ഇൻഡീസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia" title="Batavia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Batavia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia_(Nederlands-Indi%C3%AB)" title="Batavia (Nederlands-Indië) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Batavia (Nederlands-Indië)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2" title="バタヴィア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バタヴィア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia" title="Batavia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batavia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Батавия (город) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Батавия (город)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavija,_Nizozemska_vzhodna_Indija" title="Batavija, Nizozemska vzhodna Indija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Batavija, Nizozemska vzhodna Indija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia" title="Batavia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Batavia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE,_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="பத்தேவியா, ஒல்லாந்தக் கிழக்கிந்தியத் தீவுகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பத்தேவியா, ஒல்லாந்தக் கிழக்கிந்தியத் தீவுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia,_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_%E1%BA%A4n_H%C3%A0_Lan" title="Batavia, Đông Ấn Hà Lan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Batavia, Đông Ấn Hà Lan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%81%94%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E%E5%9F%8E" title="巴達維亞城 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴達維亞城" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betawi" title="Betawi – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Betawi" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1199713#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&oldid=1255309535" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Batavia%2C_Dutch_East_Indies&id=1255309535&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBatavia%2C_Dutch_East_Indies"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBatavia%2C_Dutch_East_Indies"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Batavia%2C_Dutch_East_Indies&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Batavia" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1199713" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital of the Dutch East Indies</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Batavia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Batavia (disambiguation)">Batavia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former capital city in West Java, Dutch East Indies</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Batavia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">Former capital city (1619–1949)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">City Municipality of Batavia<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Stadsgemeente Batavia</i></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other transcription(s)</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">勿礁維</span></span> <span style="font-size:70%;">(<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a>)</span><br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">勿礁维</span></span> <span style="font-size:70%;">(<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:201px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Collectie_NMvWereldculturen,_TM-60036462,_Foto,_%27De_Kali_Besar_Zuid_in_de_Chinese_wijk_van_Batavia%27,_fotograaf_onbekend,_1925-1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_TM-60036462%2C_Foto%2C_%27De_Kali_Besar_Zuid_in_de_Chinese_wijk_van_Batavia%27%2C_fotograaf_onbekend%2C_1925-1938.jpg/288px-Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_TM-60036462%2C_Foto%2C_%27De_Kali_Besar_Zuid_in_de_Chinese_wijk_van_Batavia%27%2C_fotograaf_onbekend%2C_1925-1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_TM-60036462%2C_Foto%2C_%27De_Kali_Besar_Zuid_in_de_Chinese_wijk_van_Batavia%27%2C_fotograaf_onbekend%2C_1925-1938.jpg/432px-Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_TM-60036462%2C_Foto%2C_%27De_Kali_Besar_Zuid_in_de_Chinese_wijk_van_Batavia%27%2C_fotograaf_onbekend%2C_1925-1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_TM-60036462%2C_Foto%2C_%27De_Kali_Besar_Zuid_in_de_Chinese_wijk_van_Batavia%27%2C_fotograaf_onbekend%2C_1925-1938.jpg/576px-Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_TM-60036462%2C_Foto%2C_%27De_Kali_Besar_Zuid_in_de_Chinese_wijk_van_Batavia%27%2C_fotograaf_onbekend%2C_1925-1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1048" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Kali_Besar" title="Kali Besar">Kali Besar</a> in 1938</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div style="height:101px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Stadhuis_in_de_benedenstad_van_Batavia_TMnr_60004846.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Stadhuis_in_de_benedenstad_van_Batavia_TMnr_60004846.jpg/144px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Stadhuis_in_de_benedenstad_van_Batavia_TMnr_60004846.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Stadhuis_in_de_benedenstad_van_Batavia_TMnr_60004846.jpg/216px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Stadhuis_in_de_benedenstad_van_Batavia_TMnr_60004846.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Stadhuis_in_de_benedenstad_van_Batavia_TMnr_60004846.jpg/288px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Stadhuis_in_de_benedenstad_van_Batavia_TMnr_60004846.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_History_Museum" title="Jakarta History Museum">Stadhuis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kota_Tua_Jakarta" title="Kota Tua Jakarta">Oud Batavia</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div style="height:101px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Het_standbeeld_van_J.P._Coen_voor_het_Paleis_van_Daendels_het_%27Grote_Huis%27_aan_het_Waterlooplein_in_Weltevreden_te_Batavia%27_TMnr_10015443.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Het_standbeeld_van_J.P._Coen_voor_het_Paleis_van_Daendels_het_%27Grote_Huis%27_aan_het_Waterlooplein_in_Weltevreden_te_Batavia%27_TMnr_10015443.jpg/140px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Het_standbeeld_van_J.P._Coen_voor_het_Paleis_van_Daendels_het_%27Grote_Huis%27_aan_het_Waterlooplein_in_Weltevreden_te_Batavia%27_TMnr_10015443.jpg/210px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Het_standbeeld_van_J.P._Coen_voor_het_Paleis_van_Daendels_het_%27Grote_Huis%27_aan_het_Waterlooplein_in_Weltevreden_te_Batavia%27_TMnr_10015443.jpg/280px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="504" /></a></span></div><div>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen" title="Jan Pieterszoon Coen">Jan Pieterszoon Coen</a> in front of <a href="/wiki/A.A._Maramis_Building" title="A.A. Maramis Building">Grote Huis building</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Luchtfoto_van_het_spoorwegstation_te_Batavia-Kota_TMnr_10014030.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Luchtfoto_van_het_spoorwegstation_te_Batavia-Kota_TMnr_10014030.jpg/144px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Luchtfoto_van_het_spoorwegstation_te_Batavia-Kota_TMnr_10014030.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Luchtfoto_van_het_spoorwegstation_te_Batavia-Kota_TMnr_10014030.jpg/216px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Luchtfoto_van_het_spoorwegstation_te_Batavia-Kota_TMnr_10014030.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Luchtfoto_van_het_spoorwegstation_te_Batavia-Kota_TMnr_10014030.jpg/288px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Luchtfoto_van_het_spoorwegstation_te_Batavia-Kota_TMnr_10014030.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div><div>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Kota_railway_station" title="Jakarta Kota railway station">Batavia Zuid railway station</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_haven_van_Tandjoengpriok_op_de_achtergrond_het_station_Batavia_Java_TMnr_10008011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_haven_van_Tandjoengpriok_op_de_achtergrond_het_station_Batavia_Java_TMnr_10008011.jpg/140px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_haven_van_Tandjoengpriok_op_de_achtergrond_het_station_Batavia_Java_TMnr_10008011.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_haven_van_Tandjoengpriok_op_de_achtergrond_het_station_Batavia_Java_TMnr_10008011.jpg/210px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_haven_van_Tandjoengpriok_op_de_achtergrond_het_station_Batavia_Java_TMnr_10008011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_haven_van_Tandjoengpriok_op_de_achtergrond_het_station_Batavia_Java_TMnr_10008011.jpg/280px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_haven_van_Tandjoengpriok_op_de_achtergrond_het_station_Batavia_Java_TMnr_10008011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="471" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tanjung_Priok" title="Port of Tanjung Priok">Tandjoengpriok port</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maritime_flag_of_Batavia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Batavia"><img alt="Flag of Batavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Maritime_flag_of_Batavia.svg/106px-Maritime_flag_of_Batavia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Maritime_flag_of_Batavia.svg/159px-Maritime_flag_of_Batavia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Maritime_flag_of_Batavia.svg/212px-Maritime_flag_of_Batavia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Batavia_(1930).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Batavia"><img alt="Official seal of Batavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Coat_of_Arms_of_Batavia_%281930%29.svg/113px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Batavia_%281930%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="113" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Coat_of_Arms_of_Batavia_%281930%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Batavia_%281930%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Coat_of_Arms_of_Batavia_%281930%29.svg/226px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Batavia_%281930%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="494" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Jakarta" title="Coat of arms of Jakarta">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Dispereert Niet</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>)</span><br />"Do Not Surrender"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batavia,_1920.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Batavia, c. 1920"><img alt="Map of Batavia, c. 1920" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Batavia%2C_1920.png/250px-Batavia%2C_1920.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Batavia%2C_1920.png/375px-Batavia%2C_1920.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Batavia%2C_1920.png/500px-Batavia%2C_1920.png 2x" data-file-width="1174" data-file-height="1596" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Map of Batavia, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1920</span></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Territory</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Administrative divisions of the Dutch East Indies">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">West Java</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Administrative divisions of the Dutch East Indies">Residency</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Batavia</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jakarta#Dutch_East_India_Company_(1610–1800)" title="History of Jakarta">Establishment</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30 May 1619</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation</a>; renamed to <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1942–1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Dutch re-occupation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1946–1949</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence" title="Proclamation of Indonesian Independence">Independence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">17 August 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Gemeenteraad Batavia</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Jakarta#Burgemeester_of_Batavia_(1916–1942)" title="Governor of Jakarta">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">G. J. Bisschop (first)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sastromoeljono" title="Sastromoeljono">Sastromoeljono</a> (last)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(1920)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">253,800</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1619–1949</div> <div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Banten.svg/19px-Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Banten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Banten.svg/29px-Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Banten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Banten.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Banten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="347" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Banten_Sultanate" title="Banten Sultanate">Jayakarta</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Jakarta_%28vectorised%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Jakarta_%28vectorised%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Jakarta_%28vectorised%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Jakarta_%28vectorised%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Jakarta_%28vectorised%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Jakarta_%28vectorised%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> →</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Batavia</b> was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>. The area corresponds to present-day <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, Indonesia. Batavia can refer to the city proper or its <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinterland" title="Hinterland">hinterland</a>, the <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Ommelanden</i></span>, which included the much larger area of the Residency of Batavia in the present-day Indonesian provinces of Jakarta, <a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>. </p><p>The founding of Batavia by the Dutch in 1619, on the site of the ruins of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jakarta" title="History of Jakarta">Jayakarta</a>, led to the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch colony">Dutch colony</a>; Batavia became the center of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>'s trading network in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. Monopolies on local produce were augmented by non-indigenous <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crops</a>. To safeguard their commercial interests, the company and the colonial administration absorbed surrounding territory. </p><p>Batavia is on the north coast of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, in a sheltered bay, on a land of marshland and hills crisscrossed with canals. The city had two centers: <a href="/wiki/Kota_Tua_Jakarta" title="Kota Tua Jakarta">Oud Batavia</a> (the oldest part of the city) and <a href="/wiki/Sawah_Besar" title="Sawah Besar">Weltevreden</a> (the relatively newer city), on higher ground to the south. </p><p>It was a <a href="/wiki/European_colonial" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonial">European colonial</a> city for about 320 years until 1942, when the Dutch East Indies was <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">occupied by Japan during World War II</a>. During the Japanese occupation and after Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August 1945, the city was known as Jakarta. It remained internationally known by its Dutch name until Indonesia achieved full independence in 1949, when the city was renamed Jakarta. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dutch_East_India_Company_(1610–1799)"><span id="Dutch_East_India_Company_.281610.E2.80.931799.29"></span>Dutch East India Company (1610–1799)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dutch East India Company (1610–1799)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival">Arrival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arrival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iacatra_year_1605-1608_drawn1675-1725.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sketch of Batavia, its harbor with ships, and hills in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Iacatra_year_1605-1608_drawn1675-1725.jpg/290px-Iacatra_year_1605-1608_drawn1675-1725.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Iacatra_year_1605-1608_drawn1675-1725.jpg/435px-Iacatra_year_1605-1608_drawn1675-1725.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Iacatra_year_1605-1608_drawn1675-1725.jpg/580px-Iacatra_year_1605-1608_drawn1675-1725.jpg 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Batavia between 1675 and 1725</figcaption></figure> <p>Amsterdam merchants embarked on an expedition to the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a> archipelago in 1595 under the command of <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Houtman" title="Cornelis de Houtman">Cornelis de Houtman</a>. The <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">English East India Company</a>'s first voyage in 1602, commanded by <a href="/wiki/James_Lancaster" title="James Lancaster">James Lancaster</a>, arrived in <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh</a> and sailed on to <a href="/wiki/Banten_Sultanate" title="Banten Sultanate">Bantam</a>. There, Lancaster was allowed to build a trading post which was the center of English trade in the East Indies archipelago until 1682.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> </p><p>The Dutch government granted the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (VOC) a monopoly on Asian trade in 1602. A year later, the first permanent Dutch trading post in the East Indies archipelago was established in Bantam, <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>. Prince Jayawikarta gave Dutch merchants permission to build a wooden <a href="/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse">warehouse</a> and houses on the east bank of the <a href="/wiki/Ciliwung" title="Ciliwung">Ciliwung</a> river opposite Jayakarta in 1610, and the outpost was established the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs1991_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs1991-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> As Dutch power increased, Jayawikarta allowed the English to build houses on the west bank of the Ciliwung and a fort near his customs office to maintain a balance of power. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vereenigde_Oostindische_Compagnie_spiegelretourschip_Amsterdam_replica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Vereenigde_Oostindische_Compagnie_spiegelretourschip_Amsterdam_replica.jpg/170px-Vereenigde_Oostindische_Compagnie_spiegelretourschip_Amsterdam_replica.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Vereenigde_Oostindische_Compagnie_spiegelretourschip_Amsterdam_replica.jpg/255px-Vereenigde_Oostindische_Compagnie_spiegelretourschip_Amsterdam_replica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Vereenigde_Oostindische_Compagnie_spiegelretourschip_Amsterdam_replica.jpg/340px-Vereenigde_Oostindische_Compagnie_spiegelretourschip_Amsterdam_replica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a><figcaption>Replica of the <a href="/wiki/East_Indiaman" title="East Indiaman">East Indiaman</a> <i>Amsterdam</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_East_Indies_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="United East Indies Company">United East Indies Company</a> (VOC)</figcaption></figure> <p>Tensions between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch escalated until 1618, when Jayawikarta's soldiers besieged the Dutch fortress containing the Nassau and Mauritius warehouse. An English fleet of 15 ships arrived under <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dale" title="Thomas Dale">Thomas Dale</a>, former governor of the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">colony of Virginia</a>. After a sea battle, newly appointed Dutch governor <a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen" title="Jan Pieterszoon Coen">Jan Pieterszoon Coen</a> escaped to the <a href="/wiki/Moluccas" class="mw-redirect" title="Moluccas">Moluccas</a> to seek support; the Dutch had taken over the first of the Portuguese forts there in 1605. Dutch garrison commander <a href="/wiki/Pieter_van_den_Broecke" title="Pieter van den Broecke">Pieter van den Broecke</a> and five other men were arrested during negotiations, since Jayawikarta believed that he had been deceived by the Dutch. Jayawikarta and the English then forged an alliance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Dutch army was on the verge of surrendering to the English when, in 1619, the Sultanate of Banten sent a group of soldiers to summon Jayawikarta. Jayawikarta's agreement with the English had not been approved by the Bantenese authorities. The conflict between Banten and Jayawikarta and the tense relationship between Banten and the English provided a new opportunity for the Dutch. Coen returned from the Moluccas with reinforcements on 28 May 1619,<sup id="cite_ref-Gimon2001_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gimon2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> razing Jayakarta to the ground two days later<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs2001_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35">: 35 </span></sup> and expelling its population.<sup id="cite_ref-Cribb2004_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cribb2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50">: 50 </span></sup> Only the <a href="/wiki/Luso-Sundanese_padr%C3%A3o" title="Luso-Sundanese padrão">Luso-Sundanese padrão</a> remained. </p><p>Jayawikarta retreated to <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Banten" title="List of districts of Banten">Tanara</a>, in the interior of Banten, where he later died. The Dutch established a closer relationship with Banten and assumed control of the port, which became the regional Dutch center of power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding"><span class="anchor" id="Establishment"></span>Founding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Founding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The region which became Batavia came under Dutch control in 1619, initially as an expansion of the original Dutch fort and a new building on the ruins of the former Jayakarta. Coen decided to expand the original fort into a larger fortress on 2 July 1619, and sent plans for <a href="/wiki/Batavia_Castle" title="Batavia Castle">Batavia Castle</a> to the Netherlands on 7 October of that year. The castle was larger than the previous one, with two northern bastions protecting it from a maritime attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Haan192244–5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Haan192244–5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nassau and Mauritius warehouses were expanded with the erection of an eastern fort extension, overseen by Commander Van Raay, on 12 March 1619.<sup id="cite_ref-VOC_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VOC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Coen wanted to name the new settlement Nieuw-Hoorn after <a href="/wiki/Hoorn" title="Hoorn">Hoorn</a> (his birthplace), he was prevented from doing so by the board of the VOC.<sup id="cite_ref-VOC_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VOC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Batavia was chosen as the new name of the fort and settlement, and a naming ceremony was held on 18 January 1621.<sup id="cite_ref-VOC_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VOC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was named after the <a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a> Germanic tribe, which inhabited the <a href="/wiki/Batavia_(region)" title="Batavia (region)">Batavian region</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>; at the time, it was believed that the tribe was the ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch people</a>. Jayakarta was called Batavia for over 300 years.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were three governmental administrations in the Batavia region.<sup id="cite_ref-Kanumoyoso_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanumoyoso-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> Initial authority was established in 1609<sup id="cite_ref-Kanumoyoso_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanumoyoso-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> and became the colonial <i>High Government</i>, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Governor-general_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Governor-general of the Dutch East Indies">Governor-General</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies_(Dutch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of the Indies (Dutch)">Council of the Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kanumoyoso_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanumoyoso-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> The urban (or civil) administration of the city of Batavia was established in 1620.<sup id="cite_ref-Kanumoyoso_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanumoyoso-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> On 24 June 1620, two company officials and three free citizens (or burghers) were appointed to the first College of Aldermen.<sup id="cite_ref-Robson-McKillop_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robson-McKillop-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local rural administration, formed in 1664, became fully functional in 1682.<sup id="cite_ref-Kanumoyoso_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanumoyoso-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese people</a> were prohibited from settling in Batavia from the time of its founding in 1619.<sup id="cite_ref-Lucassen_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucassen-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 194">: 194 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion">Expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Reproductie_van_een_plattegrond_van_Batavia_uit_circa_1627_TMnr_496-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="aerial map from around 1627" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Reproductie_van_een_plattegrond_van_Batavia_uit_circa_1627_TMnr_496-3.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Reproductie_van_een_plattegrond_van_Batavia_uit_circa_1627_TMnr_496-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Reproductie_van_een_plattegrond_van_Batavia_uit_circa_1627_TMnr_496-3.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Reproductie_van_een_plattegrond_van_Batavia_uit_circa_1627_TMnr_496-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Reproductie_van_een_plattegrond_van_Batavia_uit_circa_1627_TMnr_496-3.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Reproductie_van_een_plattegrond_van_Batavia_uit_circa_1627_TMnr_496-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Batavia and its eastern expansion</figcaption></figure> <p>From its founding, Batavia was planned in a well-defined layout.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Haan192246–7_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Haan192246–7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three trenches were dug east of the <a href="/wiki/Ciliwung" title="Ciliwung">Ciliwung</a> River in 1619, its first Dutch-made canals. The canals were named (from south to north) Leeuwengracht, Groenegracht, and Steenhouwersgracht.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBollee,_Kaart_van_Batavia_1667_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBollee,_Kaart_van_Batavia_1667-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The castle area begins in a former field north of Steenhouwersgracht,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Haan192246–7_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Haan192246–7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which a town market was established.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Haan192246–7_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Haan192246–7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBollee,_Kaart_van_Batavia_1667_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBollee,_Kaart_van_Batavia_1667-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first church and town hall were built c. 1622 on the east bank of the river; Batavia's first combined church and town hall (replaced during the 1630s) was at <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&params=6.132212_S_106.811779_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°07′56″S</span> <span class="longitude">106°48′42″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6.132212°S 106.811779°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-6.132212; 106.811779</span></span></span></a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Haan192246–7_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Haan192246–7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AMH-5643-KB_View_of_the_Tijgersgracht_on_Batavia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Canal with buildings on either side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/AMH-5643-KB_View_of_the_Tijgersgracht_on_Batavia.jpg/220px-AMH-5643-KB_View_of_the_Tijgersgracht_on_Batavia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/AMH-5643-KB_View_of_the_Tijgersgracht_on_Batavia.jpg/330px-AMH-5643-KB_View_of_the_Tijgersgracht_on_Batavia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/AMH-5643-KB_View_of_the_Tijgersgracht_on_Batavia.jpg/440px-AMH-5643-KB_View_of_the_Tijgersgracht_on_Batavia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1882" /></a><figcaption>The coconut tree–lined Tijgersgracht canal</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 1627, the three canals were connected with the Tijgersgracht canal. The new canal was lined with coconut trees; according to a contemporary observer, "Among the Grachts, the Tygersgracht is the most stately and most pleasant, both for the goodliness of its buildings, and the ornamentation of its streets, which afford a very agreeable shadow to those who pass along the street".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunawan_Tjahjono_1998113_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunawan_Tjahjono_1998113-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Prinsestraat, originally the street leading to the castle, became an urban center connecting the castle's south gate with the <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_History_Museum" title="Jakarta History Museum">city hall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Haan192246–7_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Haan192246–7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eastern Batavia was protected by a long canal which linked the castle moat and the Ciliwung riverbend, and ran at a slight angle to Tijgersgracht. The canal cost over 160,000 real, which was paid mostly by the Chinese instead of the company (who had strengthened the castle with slave and prison labor).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Haan192246–7_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Haan192246–7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The short-lived outer canal was redesigned several years after the 1628–1629 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Batavia" title="Siege of Batavia">siege of Batavia</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kaart_voorstellende_het_Kasteel_en_de_Stad_Batavia_in_het_jaar_1667_TMnr_496-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large overhead map with smaller maps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kaart_voorstellende_het_Kasteel_en_de_Stad_Batavia_in_het_jaar_1667_TMnr_496-2.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kaart_voorstellende_het_Kasteel_en_de_Stad_Batavia_in_het_jaar_1667_TMnr_496-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kaart_voorstellende_het_Kasteel_en_de_Stad_Batavia_in_het_jaar_1667_TMnr_496-2.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kaart_voorstellende_het_Kasteel_en_de_Stad_Batavia_in_het_jaar_1667_TMnr_496-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kaart_voorstellende_het_Kasteel_en_de_Stad_Batavia_in_het_jaar_1667_TMnr_496-2.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kaart_voorstellende_het_Kasteel_en_de_Stad_Batavia_in_het_jaar_1667_TMnr_496-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>Batavia in 1667</figcaption></figure> <p>East of Batavia, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Agung" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Agung">Sultan Agung</a> (king of the <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a>) gained control of most of Java by defeating <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a> in 1625.<sup id="cite_ref-Drakeley_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drakeley-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup> On 27 August 1628, Agung began the siege of Batavia.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs2001_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52">: 52 </span></sup> After heavy losses in his first attempt, he retreated and launched a second offensive the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-Drakeley_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drakeley-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs2001_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52–53">: 52–53 </span></sup> This also failed; the Dutch fleet destroyed his supplies and ships in the harbors of <a href="/wiki/Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cirebon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tegal_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tegal (city)">Tegal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs2001_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53">: 53 </span></sup> Mataram troops, starving and decimated by illness, retreated again.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs2001_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53">: 53 </span></sup> Agung then moved east,<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs2001_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53">: 53 </span></sup> attacking <a href="/wiki/Blitar" title="Blitar">Blitar</a>, Panarukan and the <a href="/wiki/Blambangan_Kingdom" title="Blambangan Kingdom">Blambangan Kingdom</a> in eastern Java (a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Balinese</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Gelgel,_Indonesia" title="Gelgel, Indonesia">Gelgel</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs2001_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55">: 55 </span></sup> </p><p>After the siege, it was decided that Batavia needed a stronger defense system. Based on the work of Flemish mathematician and military engineer <a href="/wiki/Simon_Stevin" title="Simon Stevin">Simon Stevin</a>, Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Specx" title="Jacques Specx">Jacques Specx</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cribb2004_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cribb2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 463">: 463 </span></sup> designed a moat and city wall; extensions of the wall were built west of Batavia, and the city was completely enclosed. </p><p>In 1656, due to a conflict with Banten, the Javanese were not allowed to live within the city walls and settled outside Batavia. The Chinese and the <a href="/wiki/Mardijker_people" title="Mardijker people">Mardijkers</a> were the only non-Dutch settlers within the walled city. A 1659 truce with Banten enabled the city to grow, and more bamboo houses were built. Bamboo houses and livestock were banned in 1667, and the wealthy Dutch built tall houses and canals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_region"><span class="anchor" id="Hinterland"></span>The region</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The region was an important source of food crops and building materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Kanumoyoso_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanumoyoso-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The VOC established a local government in 1664, which became fully functional in 1682.<sup id="cite_ref-Kanumoyoso_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanumoyoso-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> Chinese inhabitants began to cultivate sugarcane.<sup id="cite_ref-Kanumoyoso_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanumoyoso-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large-scale cultivation negatively impacted the environment, and Batavia's northern area experienced <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">coastal erosion</a>. The canals required extensive maintenance, with frequent closures for <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulyawan_Karim200991–2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulyawan_Karim200991–2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Residents of the Ommelanden lived in country houses or ethnic <a href="/wiki/Kampung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampung">kampungs</a> governed by a headman.<sup id="cite_ref-Kanumoyoso_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanumoyoso-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Haan1922469_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Haan1922469-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1740_massacre_and_opening_to_trade"><span class="anchor" id="Massacre_of_Chinese"></span>1740 massacre and opening to trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1740 massacre and opening to trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1740_Batavia_massacre" title="1740 Batavia massacre">1740 Batavia massacre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tableau_de_la_Partie_de_Batavia,_ou_s%27est_fait_proprement_le_terrible_Massacre_des_Chinois,_le_9_Octob._1740.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tableau_de_la_Partie_de_Batavia%2C_ou_s%27est_fait_proprement_le_terrible_Massacre_des_Chinois%2C_le_9_Octob._1740.jpg/260px-Tableau_de_la_Partie_de_Batavia%2C_ou_s%27est_fait_proprement_le_terrible_Massacre_des_Chinois%2C_le_9_Octob._1740.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tableau_de_la_Partie_de_Batavia%2C_ou_s%27est_fait_proprement_le_terrible_Massacre_des_Chinois%2C_le_9_Octob._1740.jpg/390px-Tableau_de_la_Partie_de_Batavia%2C_ou_s%27est_fait_proprement_le_terrible_Massacre_des_Chinois%2C_le_9_Octob._1740.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tableau_de_la_Partie_de_Batavia%2C_ou_s%27est_fait_proprement_le_terrible_Massacre_des_Chinois%2C_le_9_Octob._1740.jpg/520px-Tableau_de_la_Partie_de_Batavia%2C_ou_s%27est_fait_proprement_le_terrible_Massacre_des_Chinois%2C_le_9_Octob._1740.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2365" data-file-height="1694" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary etching of the massacre</figcaption></figure> <p>Batavia's sugar industry declined during the 1730s,<sup id="cite_ref-Kanumoyoso_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanumoyoso-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 169">: 169 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> with rising unemployment and social disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-Kanumoyoso_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanumoyoso-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 169">: 169 </span></sup> In 1739, there were 10,574 Chinese people living in the Ommelanden.<sup id="cite_ref-Kanumoyoso_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanumoyoso-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53">: 53 </span></sup> Tensions grew as the colonial government attempted to restrict Chinese immigration with deportations to Ceylon and South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Gimon2001_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gimon2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese, afraid that they would be thrown overboard to drown, rioted.<sup id="cite_ref-Gimon2001_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gimon2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ward2009_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward2009-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 99">: 99 </span></sup> Ten thousand Chinese were killed from 9 to 22 October 1740.<sup id="cite_ref-Gimon2001_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gimon2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The few surviving Chinese inhabitants were moved to <a href="/wiki/Glodok" title="Glodok">Glodok</a>, outside the city walls, the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-witton101_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-witton101-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1789, the Americans visited and were permitted through formal applications to trade.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dutch_East_Indies_(1800–1949)"><span id="Dutch_East_Indies_.281800.E2.80.931949.29"></span>Dutch East Indies (1800–1949)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dutch East Indies (1800–1949)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batavia-Wikipedia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1846 map of southern Batavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Batavia-Wikipedia.JPG/220px-Batavia-Wikipedia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Batavia-Wikipedia.JPG/330px-Batavia-Wikipedia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Batavia-Wikipedia.JPG/440px-Batavia-Wikipedia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Southern expansion, 1840</figcaption></figure> <p>After the VOC went bankrupt and was dissolved in 1800, the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a> nationalized its debts and possessions and expanded its territorial claims into a colony known as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>. Batavia evolved from a regional company headquarters into the colony's capital. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southward_expansion">Southward expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Southward expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1808, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Willem_Daendels" title="Herman Willem Daendels">Herman Willem Daendels</a> decided to leave the dilapidated, unhealthy <a href="/wiki/Kota_Tua_Jakarta" title="Kota Tua Jakarta">Old Town</a>. A new town center was built further south, on the <a href="/wiki/Sawah_Besar" title="Sawah Besar">Weltevreden</a> estate. Batavia became a city with two centers; Kota was the business hub with offices and warehouses of shipping and trading companies, and Weltevreden was home to the government, military, and shops. The centers were connected by the Molenvliet Canal and a road alongside the canal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunawan_Tjahjono_1998109_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunawan_Tjahjono_1998109-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_rule"><span class="anchor" id="British_interregnum"></span>British rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: British rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/French_and_British_interregnum_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies">British rule</a>, Daendels was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Raffles" title="Stamford Raffles">Stamford Raffles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs2008_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hannigan2015_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hannigan2015-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 115–122">: 115–122 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hannigan2013_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hannigan2013-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIA2004_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIA2004-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> In 1811, Raffles—who was employed by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a> as secretary to the governor of Malacca—decided to take over the government in Batavia. One reason was to prevent the French from stepping in completely, since Napoleon had nominated Daendels (who worked closely with the French). </p><p>In 1816, the Dutch returned to rule the region. Europeans were brought to the archipelago to establish a colony on vacant land, triggering wars in Java and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>. Large numbers of troops were brought into the Dutch Indies to suppress unrest (particularly on Sumatra) and extend Dutch government influence beyond Java. However, the Dutch never conquered the entire archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-astro_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of Weltevreden as the colony's administrative center continued, gradually shifting the center of Batavia south from <a href="/wiki/Kota_Tua_Jakarta" title="Kota Tua Jakarta">Oud Batavia</a>. A new <a href="/wiki/Indies_Empire_architecture" title="Indies Empire architecture">Indies Empire style</a> of architecture emerged; white-plastered <a href="/wiki/Villa#18th_and_19th_centuries" title="Villa">villas</a> with a large front porch were built, especially around the <a href="/wiki/Merdeka_Square,_Jakarta" title="Merdeka Square, Jakarta">Koningsplein</a> and at Weltevreden. This newer part of Batavia generally had a more open look than Oud Batavia's developed, canal cityscape.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Jong1998257_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Jong1998257-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technological_advances">Technological advances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Technological advances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Postspaarbank_gelegen_aan_de_Molenvliet_in_het_centrum_van_Batavia_met_druk_tramverkeer_TMnr_60010980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Postspaarbank_gelegen_aan_de_Molenvliet_in_het_centrum_van_Batavia_met_druk_tramverkeer_TMnr_60010980.jpg/180px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Postspaarbank_gelegen_aan_de_Molenvliet_in_het_centrum_van_Batavia_met_druk_tramverkeer_TMnr_60010980.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Postspaarbank_gelegen_aan_de_Molenvliet_in_het_centrum_van_Batavia_met_druk_tramverkeer_TMnr_60010980.jpg/270px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Postspaarbank_gelegen_aan_de_Molenvliet_in_het_centrum_van_Batavia_met_druk_tramverkeer_TMnr_60010980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Postspaarbank_gelegen_aan_de_Molenvliet_in_het_centrum_van_Batavia_met_druk_tramverkeer_TMnr_60010980.jpg/360px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Postspaarbank_gelegen_aan_de_Molenvliet_in_het_centrum_van_Batavia_met_druk_tramverkeer_TMnr_60010980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Jakarta" title="Trams in Jakarta">Trams</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jalan_Gajah_Mada_and_Jalan_Hayam_Wuruk" title="Jalan Gajah Mada and Jalan Hayam Wuruk">Molenvliet</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Jakarta" title="Trams in Jakarta">Trams in Batavia</a></div> <p>Unlike the first half of the 19th century, the second half of the century was a peaceful period characterized by economic and technological expansion and a stable government. In 1856, the region's first telegraph line was installed between Batavia and <a href="/wiki/Bogor" title="Bogor">Buitenzorg</a>. In 1859, Batavia was connected to Singapore with the Dutch East Indies' first international telegraph connection. The city completed its first <a href="/wiki/Gasworks" title="Gasworks">gasworks</a> two years later, and its streets were lit with <a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">gas</a> by 1862. The first trams and telephones came in 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerrillees200114_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrillees200114-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Horse-drawn <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">tram</a>, introduced to Batavia in 1869, were upgraded to steam power in 1882 and electricity in 1900. The city's first railway also began in 1869, and the line from Batavia to <a href="/wiki/Bogor" title="Bogor">Buitenzorg</a> was completed in 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerrillees200114_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrillees200114-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's first <a href="/wiki/Ice_house_(building)" title="Ice house (building)">ice house</a> was built in 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerrillees200114_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrillees200114-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1869 opening of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> increased the need for a new port. The port of <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Priok" title="Tanjung Priok">Tanjung Priok</a> was completed in 1885, replacing the centuries-old, inadequate <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kelapa" title="Sunda Kelapa">Sunda Kelapa</a>, significantly increasing trade and tourism in Batavia and the Dutch East Indies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerrillees200114_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrillees200114-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abolition_of_Cultivation_System"><span class="anchor" id="Abolition_of_cultivation_system"></span>Abolition of Cultivation System</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Abolition of Cultivation System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batavia_1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1897 Batvia map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Batavia_1897.jpg/220px-Batavia_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Batavia_1897.jpg/330px-Batavia_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Batavia_1897.jpg/440px-Batavia_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="1467" /></a><figcaption>Batavia in 1897</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cultivation_System" title="Cultivation System">Cultivation System</a> (<i>cultuurstelsel</i>) was a mid-19th-century Dutch government policy which required a portion of agricultural production to be export crops. Indonesian historians refer to it as <i>tanam paksa</i> (enforced planting). </p><p>The 1870 abolition of the Cultivation System led to the rapid development of private enterprise in the Dutch East Indies. A number of trading companies and financial institutions were established on Java, particularly in Batavia. The Old Town's deteriorating structures were replaced with offices, usually along the <a href="/wiki/Ciliwung" title="Ciliwung">Ciliwung</a> River. Private companies owned (or managed) plantations, oil fields, and mines. The island's first railway line opened in 1867, and railway stations were built in urban centers such as Batavia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunawan_Tjahjono_1998116_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunawan_Tjahjono_1998116-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schools, hospitals, factories, offices, trading companies, and post offices were established throughout the city. Improvements in Batavia's transportation, health, and technology encouraged more Dutch people to move to the capital, and Batavian society became increasingly Dutch. The city traded with Europe, and increased shipping led to the construction of a new harbor at <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Priok" title="Tanjung Priok">Tanjung Priok</a> between 1877 and 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-stages_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stages-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foreigners were known locally as <a href="/wiki/Totok" title="Totok">totoks</a>, distinguishing new Chinese arrivals from the <a href="/wiki/Peranakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakan">peranakans</a>. Many totoks adopted Indonesian culture, wearing <a href="/wiki/Kebaya" title="Kebaya">kebayas</a>, sarongs, and summer dresses.<sup id="cite_ref-totok_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-totok-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the 19th century, Batavia's population was 115,887 people; of these, 8,893 were Europeans, 26,817 were Chinese and 77,700 were indigenous islanders.<sup id="cite_ref-rendez-vous-batavia.nl_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rendez-vous-batavia.nl-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's expanding commercial activity led to the immigration of large numbers of Dutch employees and rural Javanese to Batavia. The 1905 population of Batavia and its surrounding area reached 2.1 million, including 93,000 Chinese people, 14,000 Europeans, and 2,800 Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-Oosthoek_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oosthoek-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This growth resulted in an increased demand for housing, and land prices soared. New houses were built close together, and kampung settlements filled spaces between the houses. Settlements, built with little regard for the region's tropical conditions, resulted in overcrowding, poor sanitation, and an absence of public amenities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunawan_Tjahjono_1998109_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunawan_Tjahjono_1998109-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Java had an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> in 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunawan_Tjahjono_1998109_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunawan_Tjahjono_1998109-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Old Batavia's abandoned moats and ramparts experienced a boom during the period, as trading companies were established along the Ciliwung.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunawan_Tjahjono_1998109_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunawan_Tjahjono_1998109-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The old city soon re-established itself as a commercial center, with 20th- and 17th-century buildings adjacent to one another. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_Ethical_Policy">Dutch Ethical Policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dutch Ethical Policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:002c.Emil_Karl_Schumacher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Weltevreden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/002c.Emil_Karl_Schumacher.jpg/220px-002c.Emil_Karl_Schumacher.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/002c.Emil_Karl_Schumacher.jpg/330px-002c.Emil_Karl_Schumacher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/002c.Emil_Karl_Schumacher.jpg/440px-002c.Emil_Karl_Schumacher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Batavia, Weltevreden, Koningsplein, Hotel der Nederlanden <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1912</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Batavia_(Baedeker,_1914).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Another map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Map_of_Batavia_%28Baedeker%2C_1914%29.jpg/220px-Map_of_Batavia_%28Baedeker%2C_1914%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Map_of_Batavia_%28Baedeker%2C_1914%29.jpg/330px-Map_of_Batavia_%28Baedeker%2C_1914%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Map_of_Batavia_%28Baedeker%2C_1914%29.jpg/440px-Map_of_Batavia_%28Baedeker%2C_1914%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1784" data-file-height="1815" /></a><figcaption>Batavia <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1914</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ethical_Policy" title="Dutch Ethical Policy">Dutch Ethical Policy</a> was introduced in 1901, expanding educational opportunities for the indigenous population of the Dutch East Indies. In 1924, a law school was founded in Batavia.<sup id="cite_ref-id_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-id-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's population in the 1930 census was 435,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Cribb2004_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cribb2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50">: 50 </span></sup> </p><p>The University of Batavia was established in 1941, and later became the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Indonesia" title="University of Indonesia">University of Indonesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-id_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-id-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1946, the Dutch colonial government established the Nood Universiteit (Emergency University) in Jakarta. The following year, its name was changed to Universiteit van Indonesië (UVI). After the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a> the government established Universiteit Indonesia, a state university, in Jakarta in February 1950. Its name was later changed to Universitas Indonesia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_movement">Independence movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Independence movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_gebouw_van_de_Volksraad_te_Batavia_gelegen_in_het_Hertogspark_tussen_het_Koningsplein-Oost_en_Waterlooplein_TMnr_60010973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_gebouw_van_de_Volksraad_te_Batavia_gelegen_in_het_Hertogspark_tussen_het_Koningsplein-Oost_en_Waterlooplein_TMnr_60010973.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_gebouw_van_de_Volksraad_te_Batavia_gelegen_in_het_Hertogspark_tussen_het_Koningsplein-Oost_en_Waterlooplein_TMnr_60010973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_gebouw_van_de_Volksraad_te_Batavia_gelegen_in_het_Hertogspark_tussen_het_Koningsplein-Oost_en_Waterlooplein_TMnr_60010973.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_gebouw_van_de_Volksraad_te_Batavia_gelegen_in_het_Hertogspark_tussen_het_Koningsplein-Oost_en_Waterlooplein_TMnr_60010973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_gebouw_van_de_Volksraad_te_Batavia_gelegen_in_het_Hertogspark_tussen_het_Koningsplein-Oost_en_Waterlooplein_TMnr_60010973.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_gebouw_van_de_Volksraad_te_Batavia_gelegen_in_het_Hertogspark_tussen_het_Koningsplein-Oost_en_Waterlooplein_TMnr_60010973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Volksraad_(Dutch_East_Indies)" title="Volksraad (Dutch East Indies)">Volksraad</a> <a href="/wiki/Pancasila_Building" title="Pancasila Building">parliament building</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Volksraad_(Dutch_East_Indies)" title="Volksraad (Dutch East Indies)">Volksraad</a> member <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Husni_Thamrin" title="Mohammad Husni Thamrin">Mohammad Husni Thamrin</a> criticized the colonial government for ignoring the <a href="/wiki/Kampung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampung">kampungs</a> and catering to the wealthy in <a href="/wiki/Menteng" title="Menteng">Menteng</a>. In 1909, <a href="/wiki/Tirto_Adhi_Soerjo" title="Tirto Adhi Soerjo">Tirto Adhi Soerjo</a> founded the Islamic Commercial Union in Batavia to support Indonesian merchants. Branches in other areas followed. In 1920, <a href="/wiki/Oemar_Said_Tjokroaminoto" title="Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto">Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agus_Salim" title="Agus Salim">Agus Salim</a> established a committee in Batavia to support the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman Caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-id_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-id-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spies warned the Dutch about a planned revolt in 1926, and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">Communist Party of Indonesia</a> (PKI) leaders were arrested. <a href="/wiki/Andries_Cornelis_Dirk_de_Graeff" title="Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff">Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff</a> replaced <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Fock" title="Dirk Fock">Dirk Fock</a> as governor-general, and uprisings in Batavia, Banten, and Priangan were quickly crushed.<sup id="cite_ref-id_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-id-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armed Communists occupied the Batavia <a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">telephone exchange</a> for one night before they were captured. The Dutch sent prisoners to Banden and to a penal colony at <a href="/wiki/Boven-Digoel_concentration_camp" title="Boven-Digoel concentration camp">Boven-Digoel</a> in West New Guinea, where many died of malaria.<sup id="cite_ref-id_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-id-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> and the Study Club founded the Indonesian Nationalist Association (which became the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Party" title="Indonesian National Party">Indonesian National Party</a> and later joined the Partai Sarekat Islam, <a href="/wiki/Budi_Utomo" title="Budi Utomo">Budi Utomo</a>, and the Surabaya Study Club to form the Union of Indonesian Political Associations) on 4 July 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-id_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-id-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A youth congress was held in Batavia in October 1928, and the groups began referring to the city as Jakarta. They demanded Indonesian independence, displayed the red-and-white flag, and sang the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Raya" title="Indonesia Raya">Indonesian national anthem</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Wage_Rudolf_Supratman" title="Wage Rudolf Supratman">Wage Rudolf Supratman</a>. The Dutch banned the flag, the national anthem, and the words "Indonesia" and "Indonesian".<sup id="cite_ref-id_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-id-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Schets_van_de_Japanse_intocht_in_Batavia_zoals_de_Japanners_het_zich_voorstelden_TMnr_10001766.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Schets_van_de_Japanse_intocht_in_Batavia_zoals_de_Japanners_het_zich_voorstelden_TMnr_10001766.jpg/260px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Schets_van_de_Japanse_intocht_in_Batavia_zoals_de_Japanners_het_zich_voorstelden_TMnr_10001766.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Schets_van_de_Japanse_intocht_in_Batavia_zoals_de_Japanners_het_zich_voorstelden_TMnr_10001766.jpg/390px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Schets_van_de_Japanse_intocht_in_Batavia_zoals_de_Japanners_het_zich_voorstelden_TMnr_10001766.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Schets_van_de_Japanse_intocht_in_Batavia_zoals_de_Japanners_het_zich_voorstelden_TMnr_10001766.jpg/520px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Schets_van_de_Japanse_intocht_in_Batavia_zoals_de_Japanners_het_zich_voorstelden_TMnr_10001766.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of the imagined Japanese entry into Batavia</figcaption></figure> <p>On 5 March 1942, Batavia fell to the Japanese. The Dutch formally surrendered to the Japanese occupation forces on 9 March 1942, and the colony's government was transferred to Japan. Batavia was renamed Jakarta. The economic situation and the physical condition of Indonesian cities deteriorated during the occupation. Buildings were converted to internment camps for the Dutch. </p><p>After the Japanese defeat in 1945, the region experienced a period of transition and upheaval during the Indonesian struggle for independence. During the Japanese occupation, and when the Indonesian nationalists <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence" title="Proclamation of Indonesian Independence">declared independence</a> on 17 August 1945, the city was renamed Jakarta.<sup id="cite_ref-Waworoentoe2013_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waworoentoe2013-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1945, it was briefly occupied by the Allies and returned to the Dutch. The Dutch name, Batavia, remained the internationally recognized name until Indonesian independence was achieved and Jakarta proclaimed the national capital on 27 December 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-Waworoentoe2013_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waworoentoe2013-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balinese_slave_in_Batavia_in_1700_from_Cornelis_de_Bruin_Voyages_de_Corneille_le_Brun_1718.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1718 drawing of a female Balinese slave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Balinese_slave_in_Batavia_in_1700_from_Cornelis_de_Bruin_Voyages_de_Corneille_le_Brun_1718.jpg/220px-Balinese_slave_in_Batavia_in_1700_from_Cornelis_de_Bruin_Voyages_de_Corneille_le_Brun_1718.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Balinese_slave_in_Batavia_in_1700_from_Cornelis_de_Bruin_Voyages_de_Corneille_le_Brun_1718.jpg/330px-Balinese_slave_in_Batavia_in_1700_from_Cornelis_de_Bruin_Voyages_de_Corneille_le_Brun_1718.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Balinese_slave_in_Batavia_in_1700_from_Cornelis_de_Bruin_Voyages_de_Corneille_le_Brun_1718.jpg/440px-Balinese_slave_in_Batavia_in_1700_from_Cornelis_de_Bruin_Voyages_de_Corneille_le_Brun_1718.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="2813" /></a><figcaption>Many <a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">coolies</a> and slaves were employed from outside Java.</figcaption></figure> <p>Batavia, founded as the trade and administrative center of the VOC, was never intended to be a Dutch settlement. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen" title="Jan Pieterszoon Coen">Jan Pieterszoon Coen</a> founded Batavia for trade, with the city's inhabitants producing and supplying food. There was no migration of intact Dutch families, and there were few Dutch women in Batavia. A mixed society was formed; relationships between Dutchmen and Asian women did not usually result in marriage, and the women did not have the right to return to the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>. This societal pattern created a group of <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizos</a> in Batavia. Since the VOC preferred to maintain complete control of its business, a large number of slaves was employed. </p><p>Women became an important feature of Batavia's social network; they were accustomed to dealing with slaves, and spoke the same language (mostly Portuguese and Malay). Many of these women effectively became widows; their husbands left Batavia to return to the Netherlands, and their children were often removed as well. </p><p>Most of Batavia's residents were of Asian descent. Thousands of slaves were brought from India and <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Arakan</a>; later, slaves were brought from <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>. To avoid an uprising, a decision was made to free the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese people</a> from slavery. Chinese people made up the largest group in Batavia (most being merchants and laborers), and were the most decisive group in the city's development. Other residents included Malays and Muslim and Hindu merchants from India. </p><p>Initially, these ethnic groups lived together; however, in 1688, segregation was imposed on the indigenous population. Each ethnic group was forced to live in its own village outside the city wall. Each person was tagged to identify their ethnic group; later, the identity tags were replaced with parchment. </p><p>Batavia experienced more <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> epidemics during the 18th century, as its marsh areas bred mosquitoes.<sup id="cite_ref-Brug1997_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brug1997-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disease killed many Europeans and Batavia received the nickname "cemetery of Europeans".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wealthier European settlers moved to southern areas at higher elevations.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward2009_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward2009-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 101">: 101 </span></sup> </p><p>Within Batavia's walls, the wealthy Dutch built tall houses and canals. Commercial opportunities attracted Indonesian and Chinese immigrants, with the increasing population imposing a burden on the city. During the 18th century, over 60 percent of Batavia's population were slaves working for the VOC. Laws protected slaves against overly cruel actions by their masters; Christian slaves were freed after the death of their masters, and other slaves were allowed to own a store and earn money to buy their freedom. </p><p>Although Batavia became the political and administrative center of the Dutch East Indies and the main port in Southeast Asian trade, the city's population remained relatively small. Early-19th-century estimates of its population were smaller than that of <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>, although it overtook the latter by the end of the century; the 1920 census indicated a population of 306,000, compared to 192,000 for Surabaya, 158,000 for <a href="/wiki/Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a> and 134,000 for <a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a>. Its population increased rapidly, exceeding half a million ten years later.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The population of the Dutch East Indies was never purely European. Of the 30,000 Dutch citizens in the Dutch East Indies in 1860, less than 5,000 were purely Dutch. Seventy percent of the population was male, since more male immigrants arrived from Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Jong1998258_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Jong1998258-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slavery existed in Batavia until its abolition in 1853. Slaves mainly lived in the back of the garden of the main house and were paid, with free food and lodging. Female slaves, known as <i>baboe</i>, cooked and cared for children.<sup id="cite_ref-astro_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Children went to school, where the teachers were locally trained. Many children did not finish school; to counter this, the school system awarded prizes to well-performing children.<sup id="cite_ref-astro_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Raffles" title="Stamford Raffles">Stamford Raffles</a> was governor of Java, he changed social interaction in Batavian society. Raffles disapproved of the relaxed Dutch dress code, where many men wore <a href="/wiki/Javanese_culture" title="Javanese culture">Javanese attire</a>. Raffles and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Olivia_Mariamne_Devenish" title="Olivia Mariamne Devenish">Olivia</a>, introduced European dress (with much white, because of the tropical climate) for men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-astro_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the British left Batavia in 1815, most of the native people reverted to their original Javanese attire but some new aspects persisted. Native males chosen to be the governing elite wore a European outfit on duty, but after hours they would change to <a href="/wiki/Sarong" title="Sarong">sarongs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kebaya" title="Kebaya">kebaya</a>. Lower-ranked Dutchmen might wear the local style all day. Women wore sarongs and kebaya to official events, where they wore tighter-fitting robes or richly colored (or flowered) cloth—in the style of British India—and <a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">batik</a> shawls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Jong1998259_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Jong1998259-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people"><span class="anchor" id="People_associated_with_Batavia"></span>Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Souw_Beng_Kong" title="Souw Beng Kong">Souw Beng Kong</a> (1580–1644), the first <a href="/wiki/Kapitan_Cina" title="Kapitan Cina">Kapitan Cina</a> of Batavia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untung_Surapati" title="Untung Surapati">Untung Surapati</a> (1660–1706), former Balinese slave from the city, imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_History_Museum" title="Jakarta History Museum">Stadhuis</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriana_Bake" title="Adriana Bake">Adriana Bake</a> (1724–1787), first Indonesian-born first lady of Batavia<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si_Pitung" title="Si Pitung">Si Pitung</a> (1866–1893), well-known 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Preman_(Indonesian_gangster)" title="Preman (Indonesian gangster)">preman</a> (bandit) from Batavia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Husni_Thamrin" title="Mohammad Husni Thamrin">Mohammad Husni Thamrin</a> (1894–1941), pre-independence Indonesian politician and nationalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinout_Willem_van_Bemmelen" title="Reinout Willem van Bemmelen">Reinout Willem van Bemmelen</a> (1904–1983), geologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bot" title="Ben Bot">Ben Bot</a> (born 1937), diplomat and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonke_Dragt" title="Tonke Dragt">Tonke Dragt</a> (born 1930), writer and illustrator of children's literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boudewijn_de_Groot" title="Boudewijn de Groot">Boudewijn de Groot</a> (born 1944), musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_van_Hulten" title="Michel van Hulten">Michel van Hulten</a> (born 1930), politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Keuls" title="Yvonne Keuls">Yvonne Keuls</a> (born 1931), writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taco_Kuiper" title="Taco Kuiper">Taco Kuiper</a> (1941–2004), investigative journalist and publisher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._Springer" title="F. Springer">Carel Jan Schneider</a> (1932–2011), foreign service diplomat and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Steinmetz" title="Francis Steinmetz">Francis Steinmetz</a> (1914–2006), Royal Netherlands Navy officer</li> <li>Abdul Latif Taha (1771–1873), Bruneian muslim <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frans_Tutuhatunewa" title="Frans Tutuhatunewa">Frans Tutuhatunewa</a> (1923–2016), president of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Maluku" title="Republic of South Maluku">Republic of South Maluku</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ricklefs2008-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs2008_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs2008_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricklefs MC. <i>A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1200</i> Palgrave Macmillan, 4th edition, Sep 10, 2008. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137149183" title="Special:BookSources/9781137149183">9781137149183</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricklefs1991-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs1991_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricklefs MC. <i>A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1200</i>. MacMillan, 2nd edition, 1991ISBN 0333576896</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gimon2001-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gimon2001_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gimon2001_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gimon2001_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gimon2001_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gimon CA. <i>Sejarah Indonesia: An Online Timeline of Indonesian History</i>. gimonca.com 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/sejarah02.shtml">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricklefs2001-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs2001_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs2001_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs2001_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs2001_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs2001_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs2001_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs2001_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricklefs MC. <i>A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1200</i> Palgrave Macmillan, 3rd edition, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804744805" title="Special:BookSources/9780804744805">9780804744805</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cribb2004-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cribb2004_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cribb2004_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cribb2004_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cribb R, Kahin A. <i>Historical Dictionary of Indonesia</i>. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. 2nd edition <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810849358" title="Special:BookSources/9780810849358">9780810849358</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Haan192244–5-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Haan192244–5_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Haan1922">de Haan 1922</a>, pp. 44–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VOC-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VOC_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VOC_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VOC_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vocsite.nl/geschiedenis/handelsposten/batavia.html">"Batavia"</a>. <i>De VOCsite</i> (in Dutch). 2002–2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=De+VOCsite&rft.atitle=Batavia&rft.date=2002%2F2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vocsite.nl%2Fgeschiedenis%2Fhandelsposten%2Fbatavia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatavia%2C+Dutch+East+Indies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historiek.net/jan-pieterszoon-coen-1587-1629/5545/">"Jan Pieterszoon Coen (1587–1629) – Stichter van Batavia"</a>. <i>Historiek</i>. 21 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historiek&rft.atitle=Jan+Pieterszoon+Coen+%281587%E2%80%931629%29+%E2%80%93+Stichter+van+Batavia&rft.date=2015-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoriek.net%2Fjan-pieterszoon-coen-1587-1629%2F5545%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatavia%2C+Dutch+East+Indies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kanumoyoso-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kanumoyoso_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanumoyoso_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanumoyoso_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanumoyoso_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanumoyoso_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanumoyoso_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanumoyoso_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanumoyoso_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanumoyoso_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanumoyoso_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanumoyoso_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanumoyoso_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kanumoyoso, B. <i>Beyond the city wall: society and economic development in the Ommelanden of Batavia, 1684–1740</i> Doctoral thesis, Leiden University 2011 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/17679">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robson-McKillop-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robson-McKillop_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robson-McKillop R. (translator) <i>The Central Administration of the VOC Government and the Local Institutions of Batavia (1619–1811) – an Introduction</i>. Hendrik E. Niemeijer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sejarah-nusantara.anri.go.id/media/userdefined/pdf/brillvocinventaris_niemeijeren.pdf">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lucassen-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lucassen_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucassen J, Lucassen L. <i>Globalising Migration History: The Eurasian Experience (16th–21st Centuries)</i>. Brill, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004271364" title="Special:BookSources/9789004271364">9789004271364</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Haan192246–7-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Haan192246–7_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Haan192246–7_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Haan192246–7_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Haan192246–7_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Haan192246–7_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Haan192246–7_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Haan1922">de Haan 1922</a>, pp. 46–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBollee,_Kaart_van_Batavia_1667-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBollee,_Kaart_van_Batavia_1667_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBollee,_Kaart_van_Batavia_1667_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBollee,_Kaart_van_Batavia_1667">Bollee, Kaart van Batavia 1667</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunawan_Tjahjono_1998113-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunawan_Tjahjono_1998113_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGunawan_Tjahjono_1998">Gunawan Tjahjono 1998</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drakeley-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drakeley_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drakeley_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Drakeley S. <i>The History of Indonesia</i>. Greenwood, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313331145" title="Special:BookSources/9780313331145">9780313331145</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blussé, L. <i>Strange Company. Chinese settlers, mestizo women and the Dutch in VOC Batavia</i>. Dordrecht: Floris Publication, 1986.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulyawan_Karim200991–2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulyawan_Karim200991–2_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMulyawan_Karim2009">Mulyawan Karim 2009</a>, pp. 91–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Haan1922469-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Haan1922469_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Haan1922">de Haan 1922</a>, p. 469.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knight GR. <i>Sugar, Steam and Steel: The Industrial Project in Colonial Java, 1830–1885</i> University of Adelaide Press, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781922064998" title="Special:BookSources/9781922064998">9781922064998</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward2009-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ward2009_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward2009_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ward K. <i>Networks of Empire: Forced Migration in the Dutch East India Company</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521885867" title="Special:BookSources/9780521885867">9780521885867</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-witton101-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-witton101_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Indonesia</i>. Lonely Planet. 2007. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781741798456" title="Special:BookSources/9781741798456"><bdi>9781741798456</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781741798456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatavia%2C+Dutch+East+Indies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cary, Thomas Greaves. <i>Memoir of Thomas Handasyd Perkins.</i> Boston, Little, Brown and company, 1856. p. 17. Pdf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/item/12016490/">Library of Congress website</a> Retrieved 18 January 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunawan_Tjahjono_1998109-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunawan_Tjahjono_1998109_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunawan_Tjahjono_1998109_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunawan_Tjahjono_1998109_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunawan_Tjahjono_1998109_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGunawan_Tjahjono_1998">Gunawan Tjahjono 1998</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hannigan2015-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hannigan2015_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hannigan T. <i>A Brief History of Indonesia: Sultans, Spices, and Tsunamis: The Incredible Story of Southeast Asia's Largest Nation.</i> Tuttle Publishing, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804844765" title="Special:BookSources/9780804844765">9780804844765</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hannigan2013-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hannigan2013_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hannigan T. <i>Raffles and the British Invasion of Java</i>. Monsoon Books, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814358859" title="Special:BookSources/9789814358859">9789814358859</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIA2004-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NIA2004_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Information Agency. <i>Indonesia 2004; an official handbook</i>. Republic of Indonesia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-astro-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-astro_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-astro_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-astro_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-astro_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726150336/https://astro.uni-bonn.de/~deboer/genea/hn/hn31m-Batavia19th.html">"Batavia in the 19th century"</a>. <i>Argelander-Institut für Astronomie</i>. Universität Bonn. 23 June 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astro.uni-bonn.de/~deboer/genea/hn/hn31m-Batavia19th.html">the original</a> on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Argelander-Institut+f%C3%BCr+Astronomie&rft.atitle=Batavia+in+the+19th+century&rft.date=2014-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fastro.uni-bonn.de%2F~deboer%2Fgenea%2Fhn%2Fhn31m-Batavia19th.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatavia%2C+Dutch+East+Indies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Jong1998257-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Jong1998257_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Jong1998">de Jong 1998</a>, p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrillees200114-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerrillees200114_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerrillees200114_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerrillees200114_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerrillees200114_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerrillees2001">Merrillees 2001</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunawan_Tjahjono_1998116-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunawan_Tjahjono_1998116_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGunawan_Tjahjono_1998">Gunawan Tjahjono 1998</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stages-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stages_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeeuwen2007" class="citation book cs1">Teeuwen, Dirk (2007). <i>Landing stages of Jakarta/Batavia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landing+stages+of+Jakarta%2FBatavia&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Teeuwen&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatavia%2C+Dutch+East+Indies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-totok-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-totok_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordholtM_Imam_Aziz2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nordholt, Henk Schulte; M Imam Aziz (2005). <i>Outward appearances: trend, identitas, kepentingan</i> (in Indonesian). PT LKiS Pelangi Aksara. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789799492951" title="Special:BookSources/9789799492951"><bdi>9789799492951</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outward+appearances%3A+trend%2C+identitas%2C+kepentingan&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=PT+LKiS+Pelangi+Aksara&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789799492951&rft.aulast=Nordholt&rft.aufirst=Henk+Schulte&rft.au=M+Imam+Aziz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatavia%2C+Dutch+East+Indies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rendez-vous-batavia.nl-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rendez-vous-batavia.nl_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rendez-vous-batavia.nl/photogallery/sunda-k/sunda-kelapa.pdf">Teeuwen, Dirk <i>Rendez Vous Batavia</i> (Rotterdam, 2007)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724163711/http://www.rendez-vous-batavia.nl/photogallery/sunda-k/sunda-kelapa.pdf">Archived</a> July 24, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oosthoek-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oosthoek_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oosthoek's Geïllustreerde Encyclopaedie (1917)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-id-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-id_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-id_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-id_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-id_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-id_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-id_35-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-id_35-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.san.beck.org/20-11-Indonesia1800-1950.html">Beck S. <i>South Asia 1800–1950: Indonesia and the Dutch 1800–1950</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waworoentoe2013-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Waworoentoe2013_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waworoentoe2013_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Waworoentoe WJ. <i>Jakarta</i> Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc; accession date August 30, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Jakarta">[4]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brug1997-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brug1997_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van der Brug PH. <i>Malaria in Batavia in the 18th century</i>. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 1997; volume 2, issue 9, pages 892–902. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9315048">9315048</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pols H. <i>Notes from Batavia, the Europeans' graveyard: the nineteenth-century debate on acclimatization in the Dutch East Indies</i> J Hist Med Allied Sci 2012; volume 67, issue 1, pages 120–148. DOI 10.1093/jhmas/jrr004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21317422">21317422</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_EmdenW._S._B._Klooster1964" class="citation book cs1">van Emden, F. J. G.; W. S. B. Klooster (1964). Willem Brandt (ed.). <i>Kleurig memoriaal van de Hollanders op Oud-Java</i>. A. J. G. Strengholt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kleurig+memoriaal+van+de+Hollanders+op+Oud-Java&rft.pub=A.+J.+G.+Strengholt&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=van+Emden&rft.aufirst=F.+J.+G.&rft.au=W.+S.+B.+Klooster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatavia%2C+Dutch+East+Indies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiroyoshi Kano, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w1lRf5kNH4QC&pg=PA5">Growing Metropolitan Suburbia: A Comparative Sociological Study on Tokyo and</a>, Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2004, pp. 5–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Jong1998258-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Jong1998258_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Jong1998">de Jong 1998</a>, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Jong1998259-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Jong1998259_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Jong1998">de Jong 1998</a>, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2004" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Jean Gelman (December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=geKdIDLcUvUC"><i>The Social World of Batavia: European and Eurasian in Dutch Asia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-09474-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-09474-4"><bdi>978-0-299-09474-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+World+of+Batavia%3A+European+and+Eurasian+in+Dutch+Asia&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2004-12&rft.isbn=978-0-299-09474-4&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jean+Gelman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgeKdIDLcUvUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatavia%2C+Dutch+East+Indies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Haan1922" class="citation book cs1">de Haan, F. (1922). <i>Oud Batavia</i>. Vol. 1. Batavia: G. Kolff & Co, Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oud+Batavia&rft.place=Batavia&rft.pub=G.+Kolff+%26+Co%2C+Koninklijk+Bataviaasch+Genootschap+van+Kunsten+en+Wetenschappen&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=de+Haan&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatavia%2C+Dutch+East+Indies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Jong1998" class="citation book cs1">de Jong, J.J.P. (1998). <i>De waaier van het fortuin: van handelscompagnie tot koloniaal imperium : de Nederlanders in Azië en de Indonesische archipel</i>. Sdu. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789012086431" title="Special:BookSources/9789012086431"><bdi>9789012086431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+waaier+van+het+fortuin%3A+van+handelscompagnie+tot+koloniaal+imperium+%3A+de+Nederlanders+in+Azi%C3%AB+en+de+Indonesische+archipel&rft.pub=Sdu&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9789012086431&rft.aulast=de+Jong&rft.aufirst=J.J.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatavia%2C+Dutch+East+Indies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunawan_Tjahjono_1998" class="citation book cs1">Gunawan Tjahjono, ed. (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/architecture00indo"><i>Architecture</i></a></span>. Indonesian Heritage. Vol. 6. Singapore: Archipelago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-3018-30-5" title="Special:BookSources/981-3018-30-5"><bdi>981-3018-30-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture&rft.place=Singapore&rft.series=Indonesian+Heritage&rft.pub=Archipelago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=981-3018-30-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farchitecture00indo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatavia%2C+Dutch+East+Indies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBollee,_Kaart_van_Batavia_1667" class="citation map cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Kaart van het Kasteel en de Stad Batavia in het Jaar 1667</i> [<i>Map of the Castle and the City Batavia in year 1667</i>] (Map) (Den Haag ed.). 50 rhijnlandsche roeden (in Dutch). Cartography by J.J. Bollee. G.B. Hooyer and J.W. Yzerman. 1919.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kaart+van+het+Kasteel+en+de+Stad+Batavia+in+het+Jaar+1667&rft.edition=Den+Haag&rft.pub=G.B.+Hooyer+and+J.W.+Yzerman&rft.date=1919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatavia%2C+Dutch+East+Indies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrillees2001" class="citation book cs1">Merrillees, Scott (2001). <i>Batavia in Nineteenth Century Photographs</i>. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789813018778" title="Special:BookSources/9789813018778"><bdi>9789813018778</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Batavia+in+Nineteenth+Century+Photographs&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Editions+Didier+Millet&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789813018778&rft.aulast=Merrillees&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatavia%2C+Dutch+East+Indies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulyawan_Karim2009" class="citation book cs1">Mulyawan Karim, ed. (2009). <i>Ekspedisi Ciliwung, Laporan Jurnalistik Kompas, Mata Air – Air Mata</i>. Jakarta: PT. Kompas Media Nusantara. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9797094256" title="Special:BookSources/978-9797094256"><bdi>978-9797094256</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ekspedisi+Ciliwung%2C+Laporan+Jurnalistik+Kompas%2C+Mata+Air+%E2%80%93+Air+Mata&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=PT.+Kompas+Media+Nusantara&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9797094256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatavia%2C+Dutch+East+Indies" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Jayakarta<br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Banten_Sultanate" title="Banten Sultanate">Banten Sultanate</a></i>)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jakarta" title="History of Jakarta">History of Jakarta</a> </b><br />30 May 1619 – 27 December 1949 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a><br />(<i>Republic of Indonesia</i>)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Ambon" title="Governorate of Ambon">Amboina</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Capital of the <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Company rule in the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East India Company</a> </b><br />30 May 1619 – 1 January 1800 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Itself</div><i><b>as Capital of the Dutch East Indies </b></i> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Itself</div><i><b>as Capital of the Dutch East India Company </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Capital of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> </b><br />1 January 1800 – 27 December 1949 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></div><i><b>as Capital of Indonesia </b></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jakarta_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jakarta_topics" title="Template:Jakarta topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jakarta_topics" title="Template talk:Jakarta topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jakarta_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jakarta topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jakarta_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Jakarta" title="Central Jakarta">Central Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Jakarta" title="North Jakarta">North Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Jakarta" title="South Jakarta">South Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jakarta" title="East Jakarta">East Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jakarta" title="West Jakarta">West Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Islands_(Indonesia)" title="Thousand Islands (Indonesia)">Thousand Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%2BJakarta_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wordmark of Jakarta"><img alt="Wordmark of Jakarta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%2BJakarta_Logo.svg/60px-%2BJakarta_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%2BJakarta_Logo.svg/90px-%2BJakarta_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%2BJakarta_Logo.svg/120px-%2BJakarta_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jakarta" title="History of Jakarta">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jakarta" title="Timeline of Jakarta">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kelapa" title="Sunda Kelapa">Sunda Kelapa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Batavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_buildings_and_structures_in_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial buildings and structures in Jakarta">List of colonial buildings and structures in Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ci_Liwung" class="mw-redirect" title="Ci Liwung">Ciliwung river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooding_in_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Flooding in Jakarta">Flooding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Jakarta_flood" title="2007 Jakarta flood">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Jakarta_flood" title="2013 Jakarta flood">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Jakarta_floods" title="2020 Jakarta floods">2020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_of_Jakarta" title="Golden Triangle of Jakarta">Golden Triangle of Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_metropolitan_area" title="Jakarta metropolitan area">Jakarta metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Tua_Jakarta" title="Kota Tua Jakarta">Kota Tua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semanggi_Interchange" title="Semanggi Interchange">Semanggi Interchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudirman_Central_Business_District" title="Sudirman Central Business District">SCBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merdeka_Square,_Jakarta" title="Merdeka Square, Jakarta">Merdeka Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragunan_Zoo" title="Ragunan Zoo">Ragunan Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebet_Eco_Park" title="Tebet Eco Park">Tebet Eco Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapangan_Banteng" title="Lapangan Banteng">Lapangan Banteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBK_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="GBK Park">GBK Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UI_Forest" title="UI Forest">UI Forest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Stock_Exchange" title="Indonesia Stock Exchange">Indonesia Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Indonesia" title="Bank Indonesia">Bank Indonesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Jakarta" title="Governor of Jakarta">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_City_Hall" title="Jakarta City Hall">Jakarta City government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Regional_People%27s_Representative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta Regional People's Representative Council">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istana_Negara,_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Istana Negara, Jakarta">Istana Negara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istana_Merdeka" class="mw-redirect" title="Istana Merdeka">Istana Merdeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DPR/MPR_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="DPR/MPR Building">DPR/MPR Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmigration_program" title="Transmigration program">Transmigration program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">ASEAN Headquarters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Indonesia" title="University of Indonesia">University of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universitas_Terbuka" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitas Terbuka">Universitas Terbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Islamic_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta Islamic State University">Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_University_of_Jakarta" title="State University of Jakarta">State University of Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_State_Polytechnic" title="Jakarta State Polytechnic">Jakarta State Polytechnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atma_Jaya_Catholic_University_of_Indonesia" title="Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia">Atma Jaya University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisakti_University" title="Trisakti University">Trisakti University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bina_Nusantara_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Bina Nusantara University">Bina Nusantara University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara_University" title="Tarumanagara University">Tarumanagara University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universitas_Kristen_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitas Kristen Indonesia">Universitas Kristen Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YARSI_University" title="YARSI University">YARSI University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Monument_(Indonesia)" title="National Monument (Indonesia)">National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Indonesia" title="National Museum of Indonesia">National Museum of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_History_Museum" title="Jakarta History Museum">Jakarta History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelora_Bung_Karno_Stadium" title="Gelora Bung Karno Stadium">Gelora Bung Karno Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelora_Bung_Karno_Sports_Complex" title="Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex">Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Indonesia" title="Hotel Indonesia">Hotel Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selamat_Datang_Monument" title="Selamat Datang Monument">Selamat Datang Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Sanathana_Dharma_Aalayam" title="Shri Sanathana Dharma Aalayam">Shri Sanathana Dharma Aalayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istiqlal_Mosque,_Jakarta" title="Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta">Istiqlal Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Cathedral" title="Jakarta Cathedral">Jakarta Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayang_Museum" title="Wayang Museum">Wayang Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taman_Ismail_Marzuki" class="mw-redirect" title="Taman Ismail Marzuki">Taman Ismail Marzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taman_Mini_Indonesia_Indah" title="Taman Mini Indonesia Indah">Taman Mini Indonesia Indah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Jakarta" title="Transport in Jakarta">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jak_Lingko" title="Jak Lingko">Jak Lingko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Jakarta_Integrated_Mass_Transit_System" title="Greater Jakarta Integrated Mass Transit System">Greater Jakarta Integrated Mass Transit System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransJakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="TransJakarta">TransJakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrotrans" title="Metrotrans">Metrotrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minitrans" title="Minitrans">Minitrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRL_Commuterline" title="KRL Commuterline">KRL Commuterline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_MRT" title="Jakarta MRT">Jakarta MRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_LRT" title="Jakarta LRT">Jakarta LRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabodebek_LRT" title="Jabodebek LRT">Jabodebek LRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soekarno%E2%80%93Hatta_Airport_Rail_Link" title="Soekarno–Hatta Airport Rail Link">Soekarno–Hatta Airport Rail Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soekarno%E2%80%93Hatta_International_Airport" title="Soekarno–Hatta International Airport">Soekarno–Hatta International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halim_Perdanakusuma_International_Airport" title="Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport">Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tanjung_Priok" title="Port of Tanjung Priok">Port of Tanjung Priok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hospitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Cipto_Mangunkusumo_Hospital" title="Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital">Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatot_Soebroto_Army_Hospital" title="Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital">Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_cuisine" title="Betawi cuisine">Betawi cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_privatisation_in_Jakarta" title="Water privatisation in Jakarta">Water privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jakarta" title="Outline of Jakarta">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Jakarta" title="Category:Jakarta">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jakarta" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jakarta">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jakarta" title="Portal:Jakarta">Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dutch_colonial_empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dutch_colonies" title="Template:Dutch colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dutch_colonies" title="Template talk:Dutch colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dutch_colonial_empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch colonial empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Colonies_and_trading_posts_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company_(1602–1798)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonies and trading posts of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (1602–1798)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governorate General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Batavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Ambon" title="Governorate of Ambon">Ambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_Banda_Islands" title="Governorate of the Banda Islands">Banda Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Celebes" title="Dutch Celebes">Celebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Coromandel" title="Dutch Coromandel">Coromandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Formosa" title="Dutch Formosa">Formosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands#Dutch" title="Maluku Islands">Moluccas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semarang#History" title="Semarang">Northeast coast of Java</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Directorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Suratte" title="Dutch Suratte">Suratte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commandments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banten_(town)" title="Banten (town)">Bantam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malabar" title="Dutch Malabar">Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">West coast of Sumatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Residency_(administrative_division)" title="Residency (administrative division)">Residencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banten_(town)" title="Banten (town)">Bantam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarmasin" title="Banjarmasin">Banjarmasin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Batavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cheribon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Malang" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Malang">Malang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parahyangan" title="Parahyangan">Preanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontianak, Indonesia">Pontianak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opperhoofd" title="Opperhoofd">Opperhoofd</a> settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Mauritius" title="Dutch Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom#Contacts_with_the_West" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Timor" title="West Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh%E2%80%93Nguy%E1%BB%85n_War" title="Trịnh–Nguyễn War">Vietnam (1637–1643)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Colonies_and_trading_posts_of_the_Dutch_West_India_Company_(1621–1792)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonies and trading posts of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> (1621–1792)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonies in the Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice">Berbice</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne_(Dutch_colony)" title="Cayenne (Dutch colony)">Cayenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_and_Dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Curaçao and Dependencies">Curaçao and Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara" title="Demerara">Demerara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essequibo_(colony)" title="Essequibo (colony)">Essequibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeroon_(colony)" title="Pomeroon (colony)">Pomeroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSS_islands" title="SSS islands">Sint Eustatius and Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Surinam</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Virgin_Islands" title="Dutch Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trading posts in Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast" title="Dutch Gold Coast">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Loango-Angola" title="Dutch Loango-Angola">Loango-Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegambia_(Dutch_West_India_Company)" title="Senegambia (Dutch West India Company)">Senegambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Slave Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Berbice" title="Society of Berbice">Society of Berbice</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Suriname" title="Society of Suriname">Society of Suriname</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Settlements_of_the_Noordsche_Compagnie_(1614–1642)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Settlements of the <a href="/wiki/Noordsche_Compagnie" title="Noordsche Compagnie">Noordsche Compagnie</a> (1614–1642)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Settlements" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smeerenburg" title="Smeerenburg">Smeerenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Colonies_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands_(1815–1975)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonies of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> (1815–1975)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1825</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Coromandel" title="Dutch Coromandel">Coromandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Suratte" title="Dutch Suratte">Suratte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1853</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1872</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast" title="Dutch Gold Coast">Gold Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1954</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_and_Dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Curaçao and Dependencies">Curaçao and Dependencies</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Surinam</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1962</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_New_Guinea" title="Dutch New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>3</small></sup> <span class="wrap">Became <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands#Constituent_countries" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">constituent countries</a> of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; <a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a> gained <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">full independence</a> in 1975, Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a>, which was eventually dissolved in 2010.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&oldid=1255309535">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&oldid=1255309535</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Category:Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia, Dutch East Indies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Jakarta" title="Category:History of Jakarta">History of Jakarta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_settlements_and_colonies_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Category:Former settlements and colonies of the Dutch East India Company">Former settlements and colonies of the Dutch East India Company</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_by_the_Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Category:Populated places established by the Dutch East India Company">Populated places established by the Dutch East India Company</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Indonesian-language_sources_(id)" title="Category:CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)">CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2019">Use dmy dates from June 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dutch-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Dutch-language text">Articles containing Dutch-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_settlement_with_possible_motto_list" title="Category:Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list">Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_settlement_with_no_coordinates" title="Category:Pages using infobox settlement with no coordinates">Pages using infobox settlement with no coordinates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 November 2024, at 07:15<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-n4k26","wgBackendResponseTime":156,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.385","walltime":"1.671","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18740,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":158203,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":22844,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":122053,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1470.921 1 -total"," 25.21% 370.881 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 21.64% 318.278 1 Template:Infobox"," 16.08% 236.575 2 Template:Reflist"," 11.77% 173.131 31 Template:Rp"," 11.08% 162.967 1 Template:Jakarta_topics"," 10.97% 161.417 31 Template:R/superscript"," 9.71% 142.770 1 Template:Navbox"," 7.76% 114.075 4 Template:Lang"," 7.73% 113.762 1 Template:Nobold"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.706","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17873925,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Abolition_of_cultivation_system\"] = 1,\n [\"British_interregnum\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBollee,_Kaart_van_Batavia_1667\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunawan_Tjahjono_1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerrillees2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulyawan_Karim2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNordholtM_Imam_Aziz2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeeuwen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Haan1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Jong1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_EmdenW._S._B._Klooster1964\"] = 1,\n [\"Establishment\"] = 1,\n [\"Hinterland\"] = 1,\n [\"Massacre_of_Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"People_associated_with_Batavia\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 6,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite map\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div end\"] = 1,\n [\"Dutch colonies\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 2,\n [\"Font\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 9,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Jakarta topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Native phrase\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"PMID\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 31,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 3,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 3,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 24,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Succession links\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rqr4k","timestamp":"20241122140925","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Batavia, Dutch East Indies","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1199713","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1199713","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-10-31T23:27:56Z","dateModified":"2024-11-04T07:15:06Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e8\/Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_TM-60036462%2C_Foto%2C_%27De_Kali_Besar_Zuid_in_de_Chinese_wijk_van_Batavia%27%2C_fotograaf_onbekend%2C_1925-1938.jpg","headline":"capital of the Dutch East Indies (1619\u20131949), now the city of Jakarta"}</script> </body> </html>