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</button> <ul id="toc-Describing_tacticity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Diads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Triads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Triads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Triads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Triads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tetrads,_pentads,_etc." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tetrads,_pentads,_etc."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Tetrads, pentads, etc.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tetrads,_pentads,_etc.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_conventions_for_quantifying_tacticity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_conventions_for_quantifying_tacticity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Other conventions for quantifying tacticity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_conventions_for_quantifying_tacticity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polymers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polymers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Polymers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Polymers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Polymers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Polymers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Isotactic_polymers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotactic_polymers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Isotactic polymers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotactic_polymers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syndiotactic_polymers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syndiotactic_polymers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Syndiotactic polymers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syndiotactic_polymers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atactic_polymers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atactic_polymers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Atactic polymers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atactic_polymers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eutactic_polymers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eutactic_polymers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Eutactic polymers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eutactic_polymers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Head/tail_configuration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head/tail_configuration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Head/tail configuration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head/tail_configuration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques_for_measuring_tacticity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques_for_measuring_tacticity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Techniques for measuring tacticity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Techniques_for_measuring_tacticity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ترتيبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ترتيبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="ট্যাক্টিসিটি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ট্যাক্টিসিটি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takticita" title="Takticita – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Takticita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taktizit%C3%A4t" title="Taktizität – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Taktizität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacticidad" title="Tacticidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tacticidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taktikotasun" title="Taktikotasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Taktikotasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%87" title="تاکتیسیته – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاکتیسیته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacticit%C3%A9" title="Tacticité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tacticité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatticit%C3%A0" title="Tatticità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tatticità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacticiteit" title="Tacticiteit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tacticiteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E8%A6%8F%E5%89%87%E6%80%A7" title="立体規則性 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="立体規則性" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taktyczno%C5%9B%C4%87_polimer%C3%B3w" title="Taktyczność polimerów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Taktyczność polimerów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BD_-_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%80_Tacticity" title="අණුවල - ක්‍රමාණුකූලබව Tacticity – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අණුවල - ක්‍රමාණුකූලබව Tacticity" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taktisuus" title="Taktisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taktisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataktik" title="Ataktik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ataktik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Тактичні полімери – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тактичні полімери" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%9E%84%E8%A7%84%E6%95%B4%E6%80%A7" title="立构规整性 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="立构规整性" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q372660#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Polymer science</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polyacetylene-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Polyacetylene" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Polyacetylene-3D-balls.png/200px-Polyacetylene-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Polyacetylene-3D-balls.png/300px-Polyacetylene-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Polyacetylene-3D-balls.png/400px-Polyacetylene-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="2812" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Properties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_architecture" title="Polymer architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tacticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer#Polymer_morphology" title="Polymer">Morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_degradation" title="Polymer degradation">Degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer#Phase_behavior" title="Polymer">Phase behavior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark%E2%80%93Houwink_equation" title="Mark–Houwink equation">Mark–Houwink theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_critical_solution_temperature" title="Upper critical solution temperature">UCST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_critical_solution_temperature" title="Lower critical solution temperature">LCST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flory%E2%80%93Huggins_solution_theory" title="Flory–Huggins solution theory">Flory–Huggins solution theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coil%E2%80%93globule_transition" title="Coil–globule transition">Coil–globule transition</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Polymerization" title="Polymerization">Synthesis</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chain_polymerization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chain polymerization (page does not exist)">Chain polymerization</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Radical_polymerization" title="Radical polymerization">Radical polymerization</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Reversible_deactivation_radical_polymerization" class="mw-redirect" title="Reversible deactivation radical polymerization">RDRP</a>] <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/ATRP_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="ATRP (chemistry)">ATRP</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RAFT" class="mw-redirect" title="RAFT">RAFT</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nitroxide-mediated_radical_polymerization" title="Nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization">Nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Step_polymerization" class="mw-redirect" title="Step polymerization">Step polymerization</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Condensation_polymer" title="Condensation polymer">Condensation polymerization</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Addition_polymerization" class="mw-redirect" title="Addition polymerization">Addition polymerization</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Polymer_classes_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Polymer classes (disambiguation)">Classification</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Functional type</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Polyolefin" title="Polyolefin">Polyolefin</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">Polypropylene</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Polyisobutylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyisobutylene">Polyisobutylene</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">Polyurethane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_polymer" title="Vinyl polymer">Vinyl polymers</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_alcohol" title="Polyvinyl alcohol">PVA</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_acetate" title="Polyvinyl acetate">PVAc</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">Polystyrene</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Structure</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Homopolymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Homopolymer">Homopolymer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Copolymer" title="Copolymer">Copolymer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gels">Gels</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hydrogels" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogels">Hydrogels</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Self-healing_hydrogels" title="Self-healing hydrogels">Self-healing hydrogels</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Polymer_characterization" title="Polymer characterization">Characterization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gel_permeation_chromatography" title="Gel permeation chromatography">GPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">FTIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_scanning_calorimetry" title="Differential scanning calorimetry">DSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMR_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="NMR spectroscopy">NMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermogravimetric_analysis" title="Thermogravimetric analysis">TGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_mechanical_analysis" title="Dynamic mechanical analysis">DMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheology" title="Rheology">Rheology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rheometer" title="Rheometer">Rheometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viscometer" title="Viscometer">Viscometry</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Flory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Heeger" title="Alan J. Heeger">Heeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_MacDiarmid" title="Alan MacDiarmid">MacDiarmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Shirakawa" title="Hideki Shirakawa">Shirakawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Natta" title="Giulio Natta">Natta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Edwards_(physicist)" title="Sam Edwards (physicist)"> Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler">Ziegler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Staudinger" title="Hermann Staudinger">Staudinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Goodyear" title="Charles Goodyear">Goodyear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baekeland" title="Leo Baekeland">Baekeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hayward" title="Nathaniel Hayward">Hayward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Braconnot" title="Henri Braconnot">Braconnot</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tacticity%22">"Tacticity"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tacticity%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tacticity%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tacticity%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tacticity%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tacticity%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 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href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tacticity%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tacticity%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tacticity%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tacticity%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tacticity%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is written like a sixth form student essay, neither WP:VERIFY-compliant nor encyclopedic</b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tacticity&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tacticity</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">τακτικός</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">taktikos</i></span>, "relating to arrangement or order") is the relative <a href="/wiki/Stereochemistry" title="Stereochemistry">stereochemistry</a> of adjacent <a href="/wiki/Chirality_(chemistry)" title="Chirality (chemistry)">chiral</a> centers within a <a href="/wiki/Macromolecule" title="Macromolecule">macromolecule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The practical significance of tacticity rests on the effects on the physical properties of the <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources in the body of the article. (December 2024)">not verified in body</span></a></i>]</sup> The regularity of the macromolecular structure influences the degree to which it has rigid, <a href="/wiki/Crystallinity" title="Crystallinity">crystalline</a> long range order or flexible, <a href="/wiki/Amorphous" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorphous">amorphous</a> long range disorder.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources in the body of the article. (December 2024)">not verified in body</span></a></i>]</sup> Precise knowledge of tacticity of a polymer also helps understanding at what temperature a polymer <a href="/wiki/Melting" title="Melting">melts</a>, how <a href="/wiki/Soluble" class="mw-redirect" title="Soluble">soluble</a> it is in a <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources in the body of the article. (December 2024)">not verified in body</span></a></i>]</sup> as well as its mechanical properties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources in the body of the article. (December 2024)">not verified in body</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A <b>tactic macromolecule</b> in the <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> definition is a macromolecule in which essentially all the configurational (repeating) units are identical. In a hydrocarbon macromolecule with all carbon atoms making up the backbone in a <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry" title="Tetrahedral molecular geometry">tetrahedral molecular geometry</a>, the zigzag backbone is in the paper plane with the substituents either sticking out of the paper or retreating into the paper;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Opinion" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TERSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TERSE"><span title="Statements that may be excessive (December 2024)">excessive detail?</span></a></i>]</sup>, this projection is called the <a href="/wiki/Natta_projection" title="Natta projection">Natta projection after Giulio</a> <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Natta" title="Giulio Natta">Natta</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources in the body of the article. (December 2024)">not verified in body</span></a></i>]</sup> Tacticity is particularly significant in <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_polymer" title="Vinyl polymer">vinyl polymers</a> of the type -<span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>C-CH(R)-</span> where each <a href="/wiki/Repeating_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Repeating unit">repeating unit</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Substituent" title="Substituent">substituent</a> R on one side of the polymer <a href="/wiki/Backbone_chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Backbone chain">backbone</a> is followed by the next repeating unit with the substituent on the same side as the previous one, the other side as the previous one or positioned randomly with respect to the previous one.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting"><span title="The text preceding this tag may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. (December 2024)">needs copy edit</span></a></i>]</sup>, <b>Monotactic</b> macromolecules have one <a href="/wiki/Stereoisomerism" title="Stereoisomerism">stereoisomeric</a> atom per repeat unit,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources in the body of the article. (December 2024)">not verified in body</span></a></i>]</sup> <b>ditactic</b> to <b>n-tactic</b> macromolecules have more than one stereoisomeric atom per unit.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources in the body of the article. (December 2024)">not verified in body</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <div class="quotebox-title" style=""><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> definition</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The orderliness of the succession of configurational repeating units in<br />the main chain of a regular <a href="/wiki/Macromolecule" title="Macromolecule">macromolecule</a>, a regular oligomer molecule,<br />a regular block, or a regular chain.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Describing_tacticity">Describing tacticity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacticity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Describing tacticity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meso_diad.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Meso_diad.PNG/200px-Meso_diad.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Meso_diad.PNG/300px-Meso_diad.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Meso_diad.PNG/400px-Meso_diad.PNG 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="144" /></a><figcaption>An example of <i><span class="nowrap">m diads</span></i> in a polypropylene molecule.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Racemo_diad.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Racemo_diad.PNG/200px-Racemo_diad.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Racemo_diad.PNG/300px-Racemo_diad.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Racemo_diad.PNG/400px-Racemo_diad.PNG 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="144" /></a><figcaption>An example of <i><span class="nowrap">r diads</span></i> diads in a polypropylene molecule.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mm_triad.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mm_triad.png/200px-Mm_triad.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mm_triad.png/300px-Mm_triad.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Mm_triad.png 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="144" /></a><figcaption>An isotactic (<i>mm</i>) triad in a polypropylene molecule.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rr_triad.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Rr_triad.PNG/200px-Rr_triad.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Rr_triad.PNG/300px-Rr_triad.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Rr_triad.PNG 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="144" /></a><figcaption>A syndiotactic (<i>rr</i>) triad in a polypropylene molecule.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm_triad.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Rm_triad.PNG/200px-Rm_triad.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Rm_triad.PNG/300px-Rm_triad.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Rm_triad.PNG 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="144" /></a><figcaption>A heterotactic (<i>rm</i>) triad in a polypropylene molecule.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diads">Diads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacticity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Diads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two adjacent structural units in a polymer molecule constitute a <b>diad</b>. Diads overlap: each structural unit is considered part of two diads, one diad with each neighbor. If a diad consists of two identically oriented units, the diad is called an <b><span class="nowrap">m diad</span></b> (formerly <i>meso diad</i>, as in a <a href="/wiki/Meso_compound" title="Meso compound">meso compound</a>, now proscribed<sup id="cite_ref-danrotp_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danrotp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). If a diad consists of units oriented in opposition, the diad is called an <b><span class="nowrap">r diad</span></b> (formerly <i>racemo diad</i>, as in a racemic compound, now proscribed<sup id="cite_ref-danrotp_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danrotp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). In the case of vinyl polymer molecules, an <span class="nowrap">m diad</span> is one in which the substituents are oriented on the same side of the polymer backbone; in the Natta projection, they both point into the plane or both point out of the plane. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Triads">Triads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacticity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Triads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The stereochemistry of macromolecules can be defined even more precisely with the introduction of triads. An <b>isotactic triad</b> (<i>mm</i>) is made up of two adjacent m diads, a <b>syndiotactic triad</b> (also spelled <b>syndyotactic</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) (<i>rr</i>) consists of two adjacent <span class="nowrap">r diads</span>, and a <b>heterotactic triad</b> (<i>rm</i>) is composed of an <span class="nowrap">r diad</span> adjacent to an <span class="nowrap">m diad</span>. The mass fraction of isotactic (<i>mm</i>) triads is a common quantitative measure of tacticity. </p><p>When the stereochemistry of a macromolecule is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Bernoulli_process" title="Bernoulli process">Bernoulli process</a>, the triad composition can be calculated from the probability <i>P</i><sub>m</sub> of a diad being <span class="nowrap">m type</span>. For example, when this probability is 0.25 then the probability of finding: </p> <ul><li>an isotactic triad is <i>P</i><sub>m</sub><sup>2</sup>, or 0.0625</li> <li>an heterotactic triad is 2<i>P</i><sub>m</sub>(1–<i>P</i><sub>m</sub>), or 0.375</li> <li>a syndiotactic triad is (1–<i>P</i><sub>m</sub>)<sup>2</sup>, or 0.5625</li></ul> <p>with a total probability of 1. Similar relationships with diads exist for tetrads.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 357">: 357 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tetrads,_pentads,_etc."><span id="Tetrads.2C_pentads.2C_etc."></span>Tetrads, pentads, etc.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacticity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tetrads, pentads, etc."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The definition of tetrads and pentads introduce further sophistication and precision to defining tacticity, especially when information on long-range ordering is desirable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Tacticity measurements obtained by <a href="/wiki/Carbon-13_NMR" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon-13 NMR">carbon-13 NMR</a> are typically expressed in terms of the relative abundance of various pentads within the polymer molecule, e.g. <i>mmmm</i>, <i>mrrm</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (December 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_conventions_for_quantifying_tacticity">Other conventions for quantifying tacticity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacticity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other conventions for quantifying tacticity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary convention for expressing tacticity is in terms of the relative weight fraction of triad or higher-order components, as described above. An alternative expression for tacticity is the average length of <i>m</i> and <i>r</i> sequences within the polymer molecule. The average m-sequence length may be approximated from the relative abundance of pentads as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle MSL={\frac {mmmm+{\tfrac {3}{2}}mrrr+2rmmr+{\tfrac {1}{2}}rmrm+{\tfrac {1}{2}}rmrr}{{\tfrac {1}{2}}mmmr+rmmr+{\tfrac {1}{2}}rmrm+{\tfrac {1}{2}}rmrr}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> <mi>S</mi> <mi>L</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>3</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>r</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mi>r</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mi>r</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mi>r</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mi>r</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle MSL={\frac {mmmm+{\tfrac {3}{2}}mrrr+2rmmr+{\tfrac {1}{2}}rmrm+{\tfrac {1}{2}}rmrr}{{\tfrac {1}{2}}mmmr+rmmr+{\tfrac {1}{2}}rmrm+{\tfrac {1}{2}}rmrr}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/558dd4b3fbbebd1b4fad0a7288dab92fc33539c2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:57.848ex; height:8.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle MSL={\frac {mmmm+{\tfrac {3}{2}}mrrr+2rmmr+{\tfrac {1}{2}}rmrm+{\tfrac {1}{2}}rmrr}{{\tfrac {1}{2}}mmmr+rmmr+{\tfrac {1}{2}}rmrm+{\tfrac {1}{2}}rmrr}}}" /></span> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polymers">Polymers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacticity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Polymers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06242" rel="nofollow"><img resource="/wiki/File:IUPAC_definition_for_a_tactic_block_in_a_polymer.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/IUPAC_definition_for_a_tactic_block_in_a_polymer.png/550px-IUPAC_definition_for_a_tactic_block_in_a_polymer.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/IUPAC_definition_for_a_tactic_block_in_a_polymer.png/825px-IUPAC_definition_for_a_tactic_block_in_a_polymer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/IUPAC_definition_for_a_tactic_block_in_a_polymer.png 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>IUPAC definition for a tactic block in a polymer</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotactic_polymers">Isotactic polymers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacticity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Isotactic polymers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Isotactic polymers are composed of isotactic macromolecules (IUPAC definition).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In isotactic macromolecules, all the substituents are located on the same side of the macromolecular backbone. An isotactic macromolecule consists of 100% <span class="nowrap">m diads</span>, though IUPAC also allows the term for macromolecules with at least 95% <span class="nowrap">m diads</span> if that looser usage is explained.<sup id="cite_ref-danrotp_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danrotp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">Polypropylene</a> formed by <a href="/wiki/Ziegler%E2%80%93Natta_catalyst" title="Ziegler–Natta catalyst">Ziegler–Natta catalysis</a> is an example of an isotactic polymer.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isotactic polymers are usually <a href="/wiki/Semicrystalline" class="mw-redirect" title="Semicrystalline">semicrystalline</a> and often form a helix configuration.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Isotactic-A-2D-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="isotactic polymers"><img alt="isotactic polymers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Isotactic-A-2D-skeletal.png/500px-Isotactic-A-2D-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Isotactic-A-2D-skeletal.png/960px-Isotactic-A-2D-skeletal.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="326" /></a></span></dd> <dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Isotactic-polypropylene-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="isotactic polypropylene"><img alt="isotactic polypropylene" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Isotactic-polypropylene-3D-balls.png/500px-Isotactic-polypropylene-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Isotactic-polypropylene-3D-balls.png/960px-Isotactic-polypropylene-3D-balls.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="353" /></a></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syndiotactic_polymers">Syndiotactic polymers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacticity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Syndiotactic polymers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In syndiotactic or <b>syntactic</b> macromolecules the substituents have alternate positions along the chain. The macromolecule comprises 100% <span class="nowrap">r diads</span>, though IUPAC also allows the term for macromolecules with at least 95% <span class="nowrap">r diads</span> if that looser usage is explained. Syndiotactic <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a>, made by <a href="/wiki/Metallocene_catalysis_polymerization" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallocene catalysis polymerization">metallocene catalysis polymerization</a>, is crystalline with aa <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> of 161 °C. <a href="/wiki/Gutta_percha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutta percha">Gutta percha</a> is also an example syndiotactic polymer.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syndiotactic-2D-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="syndiotactic polymers"><img alt="syndiotactic polymers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Syndiotactic-2D-skeletal.png/400px-Syndiotactic-2D-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Syndiotactic-2D-skeletal.png/600px-Syndiotactic-2D-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Syndiotactic-2D-skeletal.png/800px-Syndiotactic-2D-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="281" /></a></span></dd> <dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syndiotactic-polypropylene-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="syndiotactic polypropylene"><img alt="syndiotactic polypropylene" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Syndiotactic-polypropylene-3D-balls.png/500px-Syndiotactic-polypropylene-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Syndiotactic-polypropylene-3D-balls.png/960px-Syndiotactic-polypropylene-3D-balls.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="347" /></a></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atactic_polymers">Atactic polymers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacticity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Atactic polymers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tacticity" title="Special:EditPage/Tacticity">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In atactic macromolecules the substituents are placed randomly along the chain. The percentage of <span class="nowrap">m diads</span> is understood to be between 45 and 55% unless otherwise specified, but it could be any value other than 0 or 100% if that usage is clarified.<sup id="cite_ref-danrotp_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danrotp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the aid of spectroscopic techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">NMR</a>, it is possible to pinpoint the composition of a polymer in terms of the percentages for each triad.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atactic-2D-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="atactic polymers"><img alt="atactic polymers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Atactic-2D-skeletal.png/400px-Atactic-2D-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Atactic-2D-skeletal.png/600px-Atactic-2D-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Atactic-2D-skeletal.png/800px-Atactic-2D-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="326" /></a></span></dd></dl> <p>Polymers that are formed by <a href="/wiki/Free-radical_polymerization" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-radical polymerization">free-radical mechanisms, such</a> as <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a> are usually atactic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Due to their random nature atactic polymers are usually <a href="/wiki/Amorphous" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorphous">amorphous</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In <i>hemi-isotactic macromolecules</i> every other repeat unit has a random substituent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Atactic polymers such as <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">PS</a>) are technologically very important.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is possible to obtain syndiotactic polystyrene using a <a href="/wiki/Kaminsky_catalyst" title="Kaminsky catalyst">Kaminsky catalyst</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but most industrial polystyrene produced is atactic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The two materials have very different properties because the irregular structure of the atactic version makes it impossible for the polymer chains to stack in a regular fashion: whereas syndiotactic PS is a semicrystalline material, the more common atactic version cannot crystallize and forms a <i>glass</i> instead.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This example is quite general in that many polymers of economic importance are atactic glass formers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eutactic_polymers">Eutactic polymers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacticity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Eutactic polymers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In eutactic macromolecules, substituents may occupy any specific (but potentially complex) sequence of positions along the chain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Isotactic and syndiotactic polymers are instances of the more general class of eutactic polymers, which also includes heterogeneous macromolecules in which the sequence consists of substituents of different kinds (for example, the side-chains in proteins and the bases in nucleic acids).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Head/tail_configuration"><span id="Head.2Ftail_configuration"></span>Head/tail configuration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacticity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Head/tail configuration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tacticity" title="Special:EditPage/Tacticity">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tail_head_isomerism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tail_head_isomerism.svg/432px-Tail_head_isomerism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="432" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tail_head_isomerism.svg/648px-Tail_head_isomerism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tail_head_isomerism.svg/864px-Tail_head_isomerism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="169" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_polymer" title="Vinyl polymer">vinyl polymers</a>, the complete configuration can be further described by defining polymer head/tail configuration. In a regular macromolecule, monomer units are normally linked in a head to tail configuration such that β-substituents are located on alternating carbon atoms. However, it is possible for defects to form where substituents are placed on adjacent carbon atoms, producing a head/head tail/tail configuration, such as by recombination of two growing <a href="/wiki/Free_radical_polymerization" class="mw-redirect" title="Free radical polymerization">radical chains</a>, or by direct head-head addition if <a href="/wiki/Steric" class="mw-redirect" title="Steric">steric</a> effects are weak enough, such as in <a href="/wiki/Polyvinylidene_fluoride" title="Polyvinylidene fluoride">polyvinylidene fluoride</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques_for_measuring_tacticity">Techniques for measuring tacticity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacticity&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Techniques for measuring tacticity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tacticity may be measured directly using <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carbon-13" title="Carbon-13">carbon-13</a> <a href="/wiki/NMR" class="mw-redirect" title="NMR">NMR</a>. This technique enables quantification of the tacticity distribution by comparison of peak areas or integral ranges corresponding to known diads (r, m), triads (mm, rm+mr, rr) and/or higher order <i>n</i>-ads, depending on spectral resolution. In cases of limited resolution, stochastic methods such as <a href="/wiki/Bernoulli_process" title="Bernoulli process">Bernoullian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Markov_chain" title="Markov chain">Markovian analysis</a> may also be used to fit the distribution and predict higher <i>n</i>-ads and calculate the isotacticity of the polymer to the desired level.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other techniques sensitive to tacticity include <a href="/wiki/X-ray_powder_diffraction" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray powder diffraction">x-ray powder diffraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secondary_ion_mass_spectrometry" title="Secondary ion mass spectrometry">secondary ion mass spectrometry</a> (SIMS),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vibrational spectroscopy (FTIR)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and especially two-dimensional techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tacticity may also be inferred by measuring another physical property, such as melting temperature, when the relationship between tacticity and that property is well-established.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacticity&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Introduction to polymers</i> R.J. Young <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-412-22170-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-412-22170-5">0-412-22170-5</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJenkinsKratochvílSteptoSuter1996" class="citation journal cs1">Jenkins, A. D.; Kratochvíl, P.; Stepto, R. F. T.; Suter, U. W. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041907/http://pac.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/1996/pdf/6812x2287.pdf">"Glossary of basic terms in polymer science (IUPAC Recommendations 1996)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="Pure and Applied Chemistry">Pure and Applied Chemistry</a></i>. <b>68</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">2287–</span>2311. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac199668122287">10.1351/pac199668122287</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:98774337">98774337</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pac.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/1996/pdf/6812x2287.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Glossary+of+basic+terms+in+polymer+science+%28IUPAC+Recommendations+1996%29&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2287-%3C%2Fspan%3E2311&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2Fpac199668122287&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A98774337%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=A.+D.&rft.au=Kratochv%C3%ADl%2C+P.&rft.au=Stepto%2C+R.+F.+T.&rft.au=Suter%2C+U.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpac.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fpac%2Fpdf%2F1996%2Fpdf%2F6812x2287.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacticity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-danrotp-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-danrotp_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-danrotp_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-danrotp_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-danrotp_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFellowsHellwichMeilleMoad2020" class="citation journal cs1">Fellows, Christopher M.; Hellwich, Karl-Heinz; Meille, Stefano V.; Moad, Graeme; Nakano, Tamaki; Vert, Michel (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0409/html">"Definitions and notations relating to tactic polymers (IUPAC Recommendations 2020)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="Pure and Applied Chemistry">Pure and Applied Chemistry</a></i>. <b>92</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">1769–</span>1779. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0409">10.1515/pac-2019-0409</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11311%2F1163218">11311/1163218</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Definitions+and+notations+relating+to+tactic+polymers+%28IUPAC+Recommendations+2020%29&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1769-%3C%2Fspan%3E1779&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11311%2F1163218&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0409&rft.aulast=Fellows&rft.aufirst=Christopher+M.&rft.au=Hellwich%2C+Karl-Heinz&rft.au=Meille%2C+Stefano+V.&rft.au=Moad%2C+Graeme&rft.au=Nakano%2C+Tamaki&rft.au=Vert%2C+Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0409%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacticity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged; Oxford English Dictionary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBovey1967" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Alden_Bovey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Alden Bovey (page does not exist)">Bovey, F. 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Lausanne, Switzerland: Laboratory of Polymers and Biomaterials, Dept. of Chemistry, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scgc.epfl.ch:80/load/cours_chim/cwandrey_part-2-1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2004-04-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EPFL.ch&rft.atitle=Molecular+Basis+of+the+Structure+and+Behavior+of+Polymers%2C+Part+II%3A+Chemistry+and+Structure+of+Macromolecules%E2%80%94Design+of+Polymer+Chains&rft.date=2004-04-19&rft.au=Wandrey%2C+Christine+%5BProf.%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscgc.epfl.ch%3A80%2Fload%2Fcours_chim%2Fcwandrey_part-2-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacticity" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacticity&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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