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<span>Marriages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maratha-Kunbi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maratha-Kunbi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Maratha-Kunbi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maratha-Kunbi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kunbi_communities_from_Vidarbha_region_of_Maharashtra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kunbi_communities_from_Vidarbha_region_of_Maharashtra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kunbi communities from Vidarbha region of Maharashtra</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kunbi_communities_from_Vidarbha_region_of_Maharashtra-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Kunbi communities from Vidarbha region of Maharashtra subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kunbi_communities_from_Vidarbha_region_of_Maharashtra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ghatole" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghatole"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ghatole</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghatole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leva_or_Leva_Patil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leva_or_Leva_Patil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Leva or Leva Patil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leva_or_Leva_Patil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tirole_or_Tirale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tirole_or_Tirale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Tirole or Tirale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tirole_or_Tirale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kunbi_communities_in_other_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kunbi_communities_in_other_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Kunbi communities in other states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kunbi_communities_in_other_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_politics_of_Maharashtra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_politics_of_Maharashtra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Role in politics of Maharashtra</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role_in_politics_of_Maharashtra-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Role in politics of Maharashtra subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Role_in_politics_of_Maharashtra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vidarbha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vidarbha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Vidarbha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vidarbha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OBC_vote_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OBC_vote_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>OBC vote politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OBC_vote_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forgery_of_caste_certificates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forgery_of_caste_certificates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Forgery of caste certificates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forgery_of_caste_certificates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inter-caste_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-caste_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Inter-caste issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Inter-caste_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Inter-caste issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Inter-caste_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marathas_and_Kunbi_affiliation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marathas_and_Kunbi_affiliation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Marathas and Kunbi affiliation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marathas_and_Kunbi_affiliation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Farmer castes in Western India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Kunbi community in and around Maharashtra. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kunbi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kunbi (disambiguation)">Kunbi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GroupOfKunbis1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/GroupOfKunbis1916.jpg/250px-GroupOfKunbis1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/GroupOfKunbis1916.jpg/330px-GroupOfKunbis1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/GroupOfKunbis1916.jpg/500px-GroupOfKunbis1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption>A group of Kunbis in Central India, 1916</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kunbi</b> (alternatively <b>Kanbi</b>) (<a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>: <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a>: <i>Kuṇabī</i>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>: <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a>: <i>Kaṇabī</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a generic term applied to several <a href="/wiki/Caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste system">castes</a> of traditional farmers in Western India.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhar20041218_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhar20041218-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2003734_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2003734-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include the Dhonoje, Ghatole, Masaram, Hindre, Jadav, Jhare, Khaire, Lewa (<a href="/wiki/Leva_Patil" class="mw-redirect" title="Leva Patil">Leva Patil</a>), Lonare and Tirole communities of <a href="/wiki/Vidarbha" title="Vidarbha">Vidarbha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhar20041179–1239_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhar20041179–1239-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The communities are largely found in the state of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> but also exist in the states of <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> (now called <a href="/wiki/Patidar" title="Patidar">Patidar</a>), <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>. Kunbis are included among the <a href="/wiki/Other_Backward_Class" title="Other Backward Class">Other Backward Classes</a> (OBC) in Maharashtra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhar20041179–1239_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhar20041179–1239-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the <a href="/wiki/Mavala" title="Mavala">Mavalas</a> serving in the armies of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a> came from this community.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Scindia" class="mw-redirect" title="Scindia">Shinde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaekwad" title="Gaekwad">Gaekwad</a> dynasties of the Maratha Empire are originally of Kunbi origin.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the fourteenth century and later, several Kunbis who had taken up employment as military men in the armies of various rulers underwent a process of <a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation" title="Sanskritisation">Sanskritisation</a> and began to identify themselves as <a href="/wiki/Marathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathas">Marathas</a>. The boundary between the Marathas and the Kunbi became obscure in the early 20th century due to the effects of colonisation, and the two groups came to form one block, the Maratha-Kunbi. </p><p>Tensions along caste lines between the Kunbi and the <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a> communities were seen in the <a href="/wiki/Khairlanji_massacre" title="Khairlanji massacre">Khairlanji killings</a>, and the media have reported sporadic instances of violence against Dalits. Other inter-caste issues include the forgery of caste certificates by politicians, mostly in the grey Kunbi-Maratha caste area, to allow them to run for elections from wards reserved for OBC candidates. In April 2005, the Supreme Court of India ruled that the Marathas are not a sub-caste of Kunbis. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra's</a> Kunbi community shares links with <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern India">Eastern</a> India's <a href="/wiki/Kurmi" title="Kurmi">Kurmi</a>. Both are farming communities. Both communities have deep roots in agriculture, with "Kunbi" itself meaning "farmer" in Marathi. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian government">Indian government</a> in 2006 recognized them as synonymous and NCBC issued notification that the 'Kurmi' caste / community of Maharashtra is akin to the Kunbis of Maharashtra and is socially and educationally backward.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Anthropological_Survey_of_India" title="Anthropological Survey of India">Anthropological Survey of India</a>, the term Kunbi is derived from <i>kun</i> and <i>bi</i> meaning "people" and "seeds", respectively. Conjoined, the two terms mean "those who germinate more seeds from one seed".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2003731_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2003731-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another etymology states that <i>Kunbi</i> is believed to have come from the <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> word <i>kunbawa</i>, or Sanskrit <i>kur</i>, meaning "agricultural tillage".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalfour1885626_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalfour1885626-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet another etymology states that Kunbi derives from <i>kutumba</i> ("family"), or from the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> <i>kul</i>, "husbandman" or "cultivator".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhar20041199_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhar20041199-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus anyone who took up the occupation of a cultivator could be brought under the generic term Kunbi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh20031199_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh20031199-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/G._S._Ghurye" title="G. S. Ghurye">G. S. Ghurye</a> has posited that while the term may "signify the occupation of the group, viz., that of cultivation ... it is not improbable that the name may be of tribal origin."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhurye200831_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhurye200831-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriages">Marriages</h2></div> <p>Like other Maharashtrian communities such as <a href="/wiki/Marathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathas">Marathas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhangar" title="Dhangar">Dhangars</a> <a href="/wiki/Mali_caste" title="Mali caste">Malis</a> etc., the marriage of a man to his maternal uncle's daughter is common in the Kunbi community.<sup id="cite_ref-Agnes2011_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agnes2011-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maratha and Kunbis intermarried in a hypergamous way i.e. a rich Kunbi's daughter could always marry a poor Maratha. Anthropologist Donald Attwood shows giving an example of the Karekars of Ahmednagar that this trend continues even in recent times indicating that the social order between the two is fluid and flexible.<sup id="cite_ref-Agnes2011_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agnes2011-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maratha-Kunbi">Maratha-Kunbi</h2></div> <p>Very little information was recorded prior to the 19th century regarding the significantly large group of Maharashtrian agricultural castes, known as <i>Maratha-Kunbis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200216_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200216-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both individual terms, <i>Kunbi</i> and <i>Maratha</i> are equally complex.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200216_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200216-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the fourteenth century, the term <i><a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a></i> (among other meanings) referred to all speakers of the Marathi language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200216_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200216-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of this is the record of the Moroccan traveler <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> whose use of the term included multiple castes who spoke Marathi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton2005190–191_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2005190–191-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several years later, as the <a href="/wiki/Bahamani" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamani">Bahamani</a> kings started employing the local population in their military, the term Maratha acquired a martial connotation. Those who were not associated with the term <i>Maratha</i> and were not <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">untouchables</a> began to identify themselves as Kunbi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton2005190–191_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2005190–191-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Stewart Gordon, the so-called Marathas now differentiated themselves from the others such as the cultivators (Kunbi), iron-workers and tailors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199315_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199315-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At lower status levels, the term <i>Kunbi</i> was applied to those who tilled the land. It was possible for outsiders to become Kunbi, an example of which was recorded by Enthoven.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200216_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200216-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enthoven observed that it was common for <a href="/wiki/Koli_people" title="Koli people">Kolis</a> (fishermen) to take up agriculture and become Kunbis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200216_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200216-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the eighteenth century, under the <a href="/wiki/Peshwas" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshwas">Peshwas</a>, newer waves of villagers joined the armies of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton2005191_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2005191-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These men began to see themselves as Marathas too, further obscuring the boundary between the Marathas and Kunbi, giving rise to a new category: <i>Maratha-Kunbi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton2005191_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2005191-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this view of the term was common among colonial European observers of the eighteenth century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200216–17_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200216–17-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they were ignorant of the caste connotations of the term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200217_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200217-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dividing line between the Maratha and Kunbi was obscure, but there was evidence of certain families who called themselves <i>Assall Marathas</i> or <i>true</i> Marathas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200217_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200217-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Assal Marathas claimed to be Kshatriyas in the Varna hierarchy and claimed lineage from the Rajput clans of north India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200217_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200217-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rest, the Kunbi, accepted that they came lower in the Varna hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200217_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200217-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karve says that the Maratha caste precipitated from the Kunbi through the <a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation" title="Sanskritisation">Sanskritisation</a> process, the two were later consolidated due to social reforms as well as political and economic development during British rule in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJadhav20062_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJadhav20062-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British installed Chatrapati <a href="/wiki/Bhonsle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhonsle">Pratapsinh Bhonsle</a>, a descendant of Shivaji, noted in his diary in the 1820s–1830s that the <a href="/wiki/Gaekwad" title="Gaekwad">Gaekwads</a> (another powerful Maratha dynasty) had Kunbi origins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200238_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200238-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He notes further "These days, when the Kunbis and others grow wealthy, they try to pollute our caste. If this goes on, <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> itself will not remain. Each man should stick to his own caste, but in spite of this these men are trying to spread money around in our caste. But make no mistake, all Kshatriyas will look to protect their caste in this matter."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200238_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200238-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in September 1965, the <i>Marathi Dnyan Prasarak</i> newspaper published a piece which addressed the changing meaning of the term <i>Maratha</i>, the social mobility of the day, the origins of the Maratha-Kunbi castes, the eating habits and the living conditions of the people of Maharashtra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200242_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200242-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author of the piece claims that only a very small circle of families, like those of Shivaji Bhonsale, can claim the Kshatriya status.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200242_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200242-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also states that these Kshatriya families have not been able to stop the inroads made by the wealthy and powerful Kunbis, who had bought their way into Kshatriya status through wealth and inter-marriages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200242_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200242-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the most powerful Maratha dynasties, the <a href="/wiki/Scindia" class="mw-redirect" title="Scindia">Shindes</a> (later anglicised to Scindia) were of Kunbi origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200221_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200221-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "Marathaisation" of the Kunbis was seen between the censuses of 1901 and 1931, which shows a gradually declining number of Kunbis resulting from more of them identifying themselves as Marathas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2004xl_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2004xl-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lele notes in 1990 that a subset of the Maratha-Kunbi group of castes became the political elite in the state of Maharashtra in the 1960s and 1970s and have remained so to the present day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2012)">as of?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJadhav20061_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJadhav20061-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elite Maratha-Kunbis have institutionalised their ideology of agrarian development through their control of the Congress party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJadhav20061_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJadhav20061-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state Government of Maharashtra does not recognise a group called Maratha-Kunbi.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Irawati_Karve" title="Irawati Karve">Irawati Karve</a>, the Marata-Kunbi form over 40% of the population of Western Maharashtra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhurye2008200_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhurye2008200-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in 1990, Lele records that the Maratha-Kunbi group of castes account for 31% of the population, distributed over the whole of Maharashtra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJadhav20062_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJadhav20062-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kunbi_communities_from_Vidarbha_region_of_Maharashtra">Kunbi communities from Vidarbha region of Maharashtra</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KunbiCarryingOutTheDead1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d9/KunbiCarryingOutTheDead1916.jpg/220px-KunbiCarryingOutTheDead1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d9/KunbiCarryingOutTheDead1916.jpg/330px-KunbiCarryingOutTheDead1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d9/KunbiCarryingOutTheDead1916.jpg/440px-KunbiCarryingOutTheDead1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption>Kunbis carrying out the dead, 1916.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portret_van_een_onbekende_Kunbi_man_met_ceremoni%C3%ABle_kleding_Kunbi_Dasare._Hindoo._Mysore_(cropped),_RP-F-2001-7-1122H-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Portret_van_een_onbekende_Kunbi_man_met_ceremoni%C3%ABle_kleding_Kunbi_Dasare._Hindoo._Mysore_%28cropped%29%2C_RP-F-2001-7-1122H-12.jpg/250px-Portret_van_een_onbekende_Kunbi_man_met_ceremoni%C3%ABle_kleding_Kunbi_Dasare._Hindoo._Mysore_%28cropped%29%2C_RP-F-2001-7-1122H-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Portret_van_een_onbekende_Kunbi_man_met_ceremoni%C3%ABle_kleding_Kunbi_Dasare._Hindoo._Mysore_%28cropped%29%2C_RP-F-2001-7-1122H-12.jpg/330px-Portret_van_een_onbekende_Kunbi_man_met_ceremoni%C3%ABle_kleding_Kunbi_Dasare._Hindoo._Mysore_%28cropped%29%2C_RP-F-2001-7-1122H-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Portret_van_een_onbekende_Kunbi_man_met_ceremoni%C3%ABle_kleding_Kunbi_Dasare._Hindoo._Mysore_%28cropped%29%2C_RP-F-2001-7-1122H-12.jpg/500px-Portret_van_een_onbekende_Kunbi_man_met_ceremoni%C3%ABle_kleding_Kunbi_Dasare._Hindoo._Mysore_%28cropped%29%2C_RP-F-2001-7-1122H-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="3328" /></a><figcaption>A Kunbi in ceremonial attire, c. 1865-187</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghatole">Ghatole</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KunbiFiguresAnimalsPolaFestival1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/25/KunbiFiguresAnimalsPolaFestival1916.jpg/250px-KunbiFiguresAnimalsPolaFestival1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/25/KunbiFiguresAnimalsPolaFestival1916.jpg/330px-KunbiFiguresAnimalsPolaFestival1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/25/KunbiFiguresAnimalsPolaFestival1916.jpg/500px-KunbiFiguresAnimalsPolaFestival1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption>Photograph (1916) of boys with their toy animals crafted for the Pola festival celebrated by the Dhanoje Kunbis.</figcaption></figure><p> According to a report in 2009, the Ghatole Kunbi community in the Akola and Washim areas of Vidarbha prefer the <a href="/wiki/Shiv_Sena_(1966%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiv Sena (1966–2022)">Shivsena</a> political party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaikwad2009b_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaikwad2009b-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KunbiHinduBoysStilts1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/KunbiHinduBoysStilts1916.jpg/220px-KunbiHinduBoysStilts1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/KunbiHinduBoysStilts1916.jpg/330px-KunbiHinduBoysStilts1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/KunbiHinduBoysStilts1916.jpg/440px-KunbiHinduBoysStilts1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>Kunbi Hindu boys on stilts during the Pola festival from early 20th century.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leva_or_Leva_Patil">Leva or Leva Patil</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Leva_Patil" class="mw-redirect" title="Leva Patil">Leva Patil</a></div> <p>Dowry is not practiced in the Leva community today.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tirole_or_Tirale">Tirole or Tirale</h3></div> <p>Based on evidence from an old Marathi document, Karve concludes that the Tirole Kunbi differ significantly from the Kubis west of Nagpur, and that they did not formerly claim to be Kshatriyas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhurye2008202_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhurye2008202-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> G. S Ghurye states that Karve's statement is either esoteric or wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhurye2008202–203_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhurye2008202–203-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kunbi_communities_in_other_states">Kunbi communities in other states</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GoaKunbiDance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/GoaKunbiDance.jpg/250px-GoaKunbiDance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/GoaKunbiDance.jpg/330px-GoaKunbiDance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/GoaKunbiDance.jpg/500px-GoaKunbiDance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>Goan Kunbi dancers.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, Kunbi communities are found in the <a href="/wiki/Dang_District,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Dang District, India">Dangs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valsad" title="Valsad">Valsad</a> districts. In 2003, Singh and Lal described the Kunbi of Gujarat as being non-vegetarian and consumers of alcoholic drinks such as <a href="/wiki/Tharra" title="Tharra">mohua</a>. That particular community believes itself to be of a higher status than some other local groups due to the type of meat which they consume (for example, they believe that the <a href="/wiki/Warli" title="Warli">Warlis</a> eat rats, and other groups eat beef). The community practices <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamous</a> <a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">endogamy</a>; marriage of cross cousins is acceptable, as is remarriage by widows. Divorce is permitted and the practice of marriage around the age of 10–12 years has been abandoned. The dead are cremated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2003731–733_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2003731–733-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Charotar (<a href="/wiki/Anand_district" title="Anand district">Anand</a>) region, tilled by the Lewa Kunbis, had been well-known since the 15th century for high productivity levels which produced potentially high-revenue crops like <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> and food grains. The Lewa community of the region were regarded among the most industrious by colonial officials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaturvedi200735_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaturvedi200735-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 18th century, Gujarati Kunbis distinguished themselves by two sub-categories: those who continued their traditional occupation as agriculturists, and those who had taken up revenue collection. The former were known as <i>Kunbis</i> and the latter as <i><a href="/wiki/Patidars" class="mw-redirect" title="Patidars">Patidars</a></i>. While these two sub-communities resided in the same villages, they did not inter-dine or inter-marry. There was some confusion in the nomenclature of the community during the second half of the 19th century when colonial officials referred to elites simply as <i>Kunbis</i>. On other occasions the two sub-communities were collectively referred to as the <i>Patidars</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaturvedi200734–35_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaturvedi200734–35-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The changes implemented to land tenure policy during the colonial era led to the ascendency of the Kunbis in central Gujarat. The Kunbis and the fishermen Kolis were not too different in their socio-economic position until the end of the 19th century. With the aid of favourable policies, the Kunbis were able to transform themselves into a prosperous caste by the time of the 1931 census, in which they had renamed themselves <i>Patidars</i>. The etymology of term <i>Patidar</i>, which implied a higher economic status due to land-ownership, comes from one who holds pieces of land called <i>patis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasu200951–55_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasu200951–55-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A population of Kunbi (locally called <b>Kurumbi</b>) is also found in Goa, where they are believed to be descendants of the area's aboriginal inhabitants. They are largely poor agriculturalists,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> though some of the oldest known landowners in Goa were of this class, and claimed for themselves the <a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a> (merchant) varna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhar20041396_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhar20041396-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the leaders of the <i>Uttara Kannada district Kunabi Samaj Seva Sangh</i>, the population of their community in the region is 75,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Hindu20111_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Hindu20111-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_politics_of_Maharashtra">Role in politics of Maharashtra</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vidarbha">Vidarbha</h3></div> <p>The Kunbis, along with the <a href="/wiki/Teli" title="Teli">Teli</a> and the Mali, play a major role in the politics of the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. The three groups compose 50% of the electorate and are known to influence election outcomes. The Kunbis, being landlords, hold the upper-hand in the politics of the region and can decide the outcome of at least 22 seats, since they are dominant in every village of the region. The Kunbis, who are known to have a more tolerant attitude and are more secular than the Telis, prefer the Congress Party.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Your explanation here (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As a result, the Party has held a dominant position in the region for several decades.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="Clarify the applicable timeframe so that it is unambiguous when read at a later date. (January 2012)">timeframe?</span></a></i>]</sup> However, in the last decade or so,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="Clarify the applicable timeframe so that it is unambiguous when read at a later date. (January 2012)">timeframe?</span></a></i>]</sup> Congress has ignored the Kunbis and other parties like the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>; <a href="/wiki/Shiv_Sena_(1966%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiv Sena (1966–2022)">Shiv Sena</a> responded by giving more opportunities to Kunbi candidates in elections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhagwat20091_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhagwat20091-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2009 elections, resentment by the Kunbis towards the Congress candidate Wamanrao Kasawar was said to benefit <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Derkar" title="Sanjay Derkar">Sanjay Derkar</a>, the independent NCP rebel candidate, in a triangular contest which also included Shiv Sena's Vishvas Nandekar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbraham20091_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbraham20091-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2004 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)">MLA</a> elections in <a href="/wiki/Murbad" title="Murbad">Murbad</a>, the Kunbi vote was said to be the deciding vote in favour of Digambar Vishe, a BJP candidate belonging to the Kunbi community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallal2004_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallal2004-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i>Indian Express</i>, soon after its inception in May 1999 the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party" title="Nationalist Congress Party">Nationalist Congress Party</a> (NCP) worked hard to get rid of its "Kunbi Only" image. <a href="/wiki/Sharad_Pawar" title="Sharad Pawar">Sharad Pawar</a> found, after breaking away from the Congress, that it was not possible to win elections with just the Kunbi vote. In order to attract the non-Kunbi <a href="/wiki/Other_Backward_Class" title="Other Backward Class">OBC</a> vote, estimated to form 40% of the electorate, Pawar recruited <a href="/wiki/Chhagan_Bhujbal" title="Chhagan Bhujbal">Chhagan Bhujbal</a> (a Mali), and Pandurang Hajare (a Teli). Even though Pawar recruited other Telis like Pandurang Dhole, the <i>Indian Express</i> wondered if it would be enough to counter the age-old and keen Kunbi versus Teli rivalry. A closer look at local and regional leaders in the NCP revealed that almost all of them belonged to the Kunbi community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaque1999_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaque1999-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the NCP president Sharad Pawar chose <a href="/wiki/Anil_Deshmukh" title="Anil Deshmukh">Anil Deshmukh</a> over Rajendra Shingane as party candidate from the Vidarbha region because he represented the huge Kunbi-Marathi community there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarpakwar20091_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarpakwar20091-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OBC_vote_politics">OBC vote politics</h3></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Blom_Hansen" title="Thomas Blom Hansen">Thomas Blom Hansen</a>, a commentator on religious and political violence in India, the failure of political parties to consolidate OBC votes in Maharashtra, despite calls for "Kunbi-zation" of the Maratha caste, was because Maharashtra had, as early as 1967, identified 183 communities as "educationally backward classes". By 1978 there were 199 communities in this category, and the government implemented a policy of reserving 10% of educational seats and government jobs for them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200181_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200181-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official data used by the government for the definition of the Maratha-Kunbi castes puts them between 30% and 40%, depending on whether a narrow or an inclusive definition of the caste is used. This causes the percentage of OBCs to vary between 29% and 38% of the population. According to Hansen, it is critically important for the politicians of the state to ensure a narrow definition of OBC and maximise the Maratha representation. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maratha_Mahasangha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maratha Mahasangha (page does not exist)">Maratha Mahasangha</a> (All-Maratha Federation), fearing that the <a href="/wiki/Mandal_Commission" title="Mandal Commission">Mandal Commission</a> would divide the Maratha-Kunbis into Kunbis and high Marathas, took an anti-Mandal stance and tried to attract marginalised Maratha-Kunbis by propagating martial and chauvinistic myths, which in turn stigmatized Muslims and Dalits. While the organization never received success outside of Mumbai, it showed that political leaders were willing to counter the rising OBC assertiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200182_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200182-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Forgery_of_caste_certificates">Forgery of caste certificates</h4></div> <p>There are several communities in Maharashtra that have been trying to pass themselves off as depressed in order to reap the benefits of the <a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">reservation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2004xliii_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2004xliii-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An issue of candidates of the Maratha caste (a non-backward caste) running for elections in wards reserved for OBC candidates got centre-stage attention in the 2007 civic polls after the Maharashtra state government amended the OBC list on 1 June 2004 to retain the Kunbis and include Kunbi-Marathas. In 2010, the independent corporator, Malan Bhintade, who claimed to be Kunbi-Maratha but was later found to be of Maratha caste, lost her membership of the <a href="/wiki/Pune_Municipal_Corporation" title="Pune Municipal Corporation">Pune Municipal Corporation</a> after it was established that she had submitted a false caste certificate, claiming to be Kunbi-Maratha in order to run for elections in wards reserved for OBC candidates. Subsequently, all candidates who lost to Kunbi-Maratha candidates registered complaints against their opponents by claiming falsification of certificates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETNN2010_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETNN2010-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar case of forgery was reported in 2003 when the former Shiv Sena corporator, Geeta Gore, was sent to jail for falsely claiming to be a Kunbi-Maratha. Gore won in elections from ward 18 of <a href="/wiki/Andheri" title="Andheri">Andheri</a> (west) by claiming to be a member of the Kunbi-Maratha caste.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETNN2003_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETNN2003-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inter-caste_issues">Inter-caste issues</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence">Violence</h3></div> <p>In 2006, four members of a <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a> family were tortured and <a href="/wiki/Khairlanji_massacre" title="Khairlanji massacre">murdered</a> by members of the Kunbi caste from the Khairlanji village in the Bhandara district. Two female members of the same family were paraded naked in the village and then raped.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalakrishnan20101_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalakrishnan20101-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eight villagers were sentenced to life imprisonment, with the court declaring the killings motivated by revenge and not racism or casteism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattangadi20101_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattangadi20101-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An appeal against the High Court judgement to have the crime declared as casteism is still pending in the Supreme Court of India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETNN2011j_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETNN2011j-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Times of India</i> reported in February 2011 that an <a href="/wiki/Honour_killing" class="mw-redirect" title="Honour killing">honour killing</a> of a Dalit man and Kunbi woman was suspected in Murbad of the <a href="/wiki/Thane" title="Thane">Thane</a> district.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta2011_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta2011-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September of the same year, a 20-year-old Dalit woman alleged that she was raped by a Someshwar Baburao Kuthe of the Kunbi caste in the Sarandi (Bujaruk) village of Lakhandur taluka. The local police registered an offense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETNN2011s_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETNN2011s-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marathas_and_Kunbi_affiliation">Marathas and Kunbi affiliation</h3></div> <p>Modern research has revealed that the <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Marathas</a> and Kunbi have the same origin - although the two are treated as two different communities currently on a social level. Most recently, the Kunbi origin of the Maratha has been explained in detail by Professor Richard Eaton from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a> and Professor <a href="/wiki/Stewart_N._Gordon" title="Stewart N. Gordon">Stewart Gordon</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. Marathas ("Assal" or true i.e. belonging to 96 clans), who were distinguished from the Kunbi, in the past claimed genealogical connections with Rajputs of Northern India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200217_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200217-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, modern researchers demonstrate, giving examples, that these claims are not factual. Modern scholars agree that Marathas and Kunbi are the same. Anthropologist J.V.Ferreira, from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mumbai" title="University of Mumbai">University of Mumbai</a> states: "The Maratha claim to belong to the ancient 96 Kshatriya families has no foundation in fact and may have been adopted after the Marathas became with Shivaji a power to be reckoned with".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eaton shows how the Maratha caste was generated from the Kunbis who served the Muslim rulers, prospered, and over time adopted different customs like different dressing styles, employed genealogists, started identifying as Maratha, and caste boundaries solidified between them. In the nineteenth century, economic prosperity rather than marital service to the Muslims replaced the mobility into Maratha identity. Eaton gives an example of the Holkar family that originally belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Dhangar" title="Dhangar">Dhangar</a>(Shepherd) caste but was given a Maratha or even an "arch-Maratha" identity.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other example, given by Professor <a href="/wiki/Susan_Bayly" title="Susan Bayly">Susan Bayly</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a>, is of the <a href="/wiki/Bhonsle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhonsle">Bhonsles</a> who originated among the populations of the Deccani tiller-plainsmen who were known by the names Kunbi and Maratha.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor Dhanmanjiri Sathe from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pune" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pune">University of Pune</a> states that "The line between Marathas and Kunbis is thin and sometimes difficult to ascertain".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iravati_Karve" class="mw-redirect" title="Iravati Karve">Iravati Karve</a>, Anthropologist, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pune" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pune">University of Pune</a>, showed how the Maratha caste was generated from Kunbis who simply started calling themselves "Maratha". She states that Maratha, Kunbi and <a href="/wiki/Mali_caste" title="Mali caste">Mali</a> are the three main farming communities of Maharashtra - the difference being that the marathas and Kunbis were "dry farmers" whereas the Mali farmed throughout the year.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor Cynthia Talbot from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas">University of Texas</a> quotes a saying in Maharashtra, "when a Kunbi prospers he becomes Maratha".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kunbi origin has been one of the factors on the basis of which the head of Maharashtra State Backward Class Commission (MSBCC), a Judge, M.G. Gaikwad, and some others in 2018, stated that Maratha associations have submitted historical proofs and petitions to be included in the <a href="/wiki/Other_Backward_Class" title="Other Backward Class">Other Backward Class</a>. The decision for giving reservation in jobs and education for Marathas based on the petitions that Marathas and Kunbis are one and the same caste was upheld by the Mumbai court in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETNN2018_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETNN2018-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kunbi_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kunbi people">Kunbi people</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kunbi_people" title="List of Kunbi people">List of Kunbi people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunabi_Sena" title="Kunabi Sena">Kunabi Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudumbi" title="Kudumbi">Kudumbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat people">Jat people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patidar" title="Patidar">Patidar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> In Hinduism, communities are divided into four main social classes, also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a></i> in Sanskrit. Each class is further sub-divided into a multitude of castes. The term 'Caste Hindu' is used to refer to these four main classes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb20027_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb20027-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dalits" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalits">Dalits</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Mahars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harijans" class="mw-redirect" title="Harijans">Harijans</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb20027_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb20027-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were traditionally outside of caste system and can now be said to form a fifth group of castes. The first three Varnas in the hierarchy are said to be <i><a href="/wiki/Dvija" title="Dvija">dvija</a></i> (twice-born). They are called twice born on account of their education and these three castes are allowed to wear the sacred thread. These three castes are called the <a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">Brahmins</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kshatriyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kshatriyas">Kshatriyas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vaishyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishyas">Vaishyas</a>. The traditional caste-based occupations are priesthood for the Brahmins, ruler or warrior for the Kshatriyas and businessman or farmer for the Vaishyas. The fourth caste is called the <a href="/wiki/Shudras" class="mw-redirect" title="Shudras">Shudras</a> and their traditional occupation is that of a labourer or a servant. While this is the general scheme all over India, it is difficult to fit all modern facts into it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarquhar2008162–164_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarquhar2008162–164-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These traditional social and religious divisions in the caste system have lost their significance for many contemporary Indians except for marriage alliances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb20027_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb20027-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional pre-British, and pre-modern, Indian society, while stationary, afforded very limited caste mobility to those from non-elite castes who could successfully wage warfare against (and seize power from) a weak ruler, or bring wooded areas under the plough to establish independent kingdoms. According to <a href="/wiki/M._N._Srinivas" title="M. N. Srinivas">M. N. Srinivas</a>, "Political fluidity in pre-British India was in the last analysis the product of a pre-modern technology and institutional system. Large kingdoms could not be ruled effectively in the absence railways, post and telegraph, paper and printing, good roads, and modern arms and techniques of warfare.".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESrinivas2007189–193_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESrinivas2007189–193-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Constitution">Indian Constitution</a> of 26 January 1950 outlawed <a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">untouchability</a> and caste discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopal2007_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopal2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitution gives generous privileges to the backward castes in an effort to redress injustice over the ages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDatta-Ray2005_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDatta-Ray2005-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> This self-identified group claimed to comprise 96 clans. They attempted to link themselves to the four <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> lineages: Solar, Lunar, Brahma and Shesh via the Rajputs of north India. However, the list of 96 clans is highly controversial and there seems to be no consensus concerning who is included or excluded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200217_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200217-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The current heir in the line of the Shindes is <a href="/wiki/Jyotiraditya_Scindia" title="Jyotiraditya Scindia">Jyotiraditya Scindia</a>, a member of the Indian parliament. </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTulpuleFeldhaus1999" class="citation book cs1">Tulpule, Shankar Gopal; Feldhaus (1999). <i>A Dictionary of Old Marathi</i>. Popular Prakashan. p. 163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Old+Marathi&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Tulpule&rft.aufirst=Shankar+Gopal&rft.au=Feldhaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurner1962–1966" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Ralph Lilley (1962–1966). <i>A Comparative Dictionary of Indo-Aryan Languages</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 166.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Dictionary+of+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1962%2F1966&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Lilley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShastri1976–1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Shastri, Keshavram K. (1976–1981). <bdi lang="gu">બૃહદ્ ગુજરાતી કોશ</bdi> [<i>Comprehensive Gujarati Dictionary</i>]. Vol. 1. Yunivarsiṭī Graṁthanirmāṇa Borḍa. p. 406.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%83%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D+%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%80+%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B6&rft.pages=406&rft.pub=Yunivarsi%E1%B9%AD%C4%AB+Gra%E1%B9%81thanirm%C4%81%E1%B9%87a+Bor%E1%B8%8Da&rft.date=1976%2F1981&rft.aulast=Shastri&rft.aufirst=Keshavram+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLele1981">Lele 1981</a>, p. 56 Quote: "Village studies often mention the dominance of the elite Marathas and their refusal to accept non-elite Marathas such as the Kunbis into their kinship structure (Ghurye, 1960; Karve and Damle, 1963)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhar20041218-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhar20041218_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhar2004">Dhar 2004</a>, p. 1218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2003734-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2003734_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2003">Singh 2003</a>, p. 734.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhar20041179–1239-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhar20041179–1239_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhar20041179–1239_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhar2004">Dhar 2004</a>, pp. 1179–1239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb20027-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb20027_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb20027_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb20027_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamb2002">Lamb 2002</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarquhar2008162–164-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarquhar2008162–164_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarquhar2008">Farquhar 2008</a>, pp. 162–164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESrinivas2007189–193-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESrinivas2007189–193_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSrinivas2007">Srinivas 2007</a>, pp. 189–193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopal2007-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajagopal2007_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajagopal2007">Rajagopal 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDatta-Ray2005-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDatta-Ray2005_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDatta-Ray2005">Datta-Ray 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._S._Grewal2005" class="citation book cs1">J. S. Grewal, ed. (2005). <i>The State and Society in Medieval India</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 226. <q>He [Shivaji] drew his military strength mainly from the mawales, the kunbis of the Mawal region. In the north, particularly in the eighteenth century, the term 'Maratha' was used with reference to all the people of Maharashtra, irrespective of their caste...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+and+Society+in+Medieval+India&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamusack2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ramusack" title="Barbara Ramusack">Ramusack, Barbara N.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA35"><i>The Indian Princes and their States</i></a>. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">35–</span>36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139449083" title="Special:BookSources/9781139449083"><bdi>9781139449083</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Princes+and+their+States&rft.series=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781139449083&rft.aulast=Ramusack&rft.aufirst=Barbara+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKz1-mtazYqEC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_India2006" class="citation web cs1">Government of India, NCBC (4 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/addmh21.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Kurmi" as a synonym of "Kunbi" be added at entry No.70 in the Central List of OBCs for the State of Maharashtra"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Kurmi%22+as+a+synonym+of+%22Kunbi%22+be+added+at+entry+No.70+in+the+Central+List+of+OBCs+for+the+State+of+Maharashtra&rft.date=2006-10-04&rft.aulast=Government+of+India&rft.aufirst=NCBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncbc.nic.in%2FWritereaddata%2Faddmh21.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/addmh23.pdf">"Order Copy By "NCBC"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Order+Copy+By+%22NCBC%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncbc.nic.in%2FWritereaddata%2Faddmh23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2003731-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2003731_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2003">Singh 2003</a>, p. 731.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalfour1885626-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalfour1885626_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBalfour1885">Balfour 1885</a>, p. 626.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhar20041199-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhar20041199_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhar2004">Dhar 2004</a>, p. 1199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh20031199-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh20031199_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2003">Singh 2003</a>, p. 1199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhurye200831-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhurye200831_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGhurye2008">Ghurye 2008</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agnes2011-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Agnes2011_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agnes2011_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlavia_Agnes2011" class="citation book cs1">Flavia Agnes (5 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1PQtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT150"><i>Family Law: Volume 1: Family Laws and Constitutional Claims</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 150–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908826-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908826-3"><bdi>978-0-19-908826-3</bdi></a>. <q>Among Maharashtrian communities such as Marathas, Kunbis, Malis, Mahars, etc., the marriage of a brother's daughter with a sister's son is common</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Family+Law%3A+Volume+1%3A+Family+Laws+and+Constitutional+Claims&rft.pages=150-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-01-05&rft.isbn=978-0-19-908826-3&rft.au=Flavia+Agnes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1PQtDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDonald_W._AttwoodMilton_IsraelNarendra_K._Wagle1988" class="citation book cs1">Donald W. Attwood; Milton Israel; Narendra K. Wagle (October 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mm5uAAAAMAAJ"><i>City, countryside and society in Maharashtra</i></a>. University of Toronto, Centre for South Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9692907-2-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9692907-2-8"><bdi>978-0-9692907-2-8</bdi></a>. <q>Consequently, I doubt if the terms Maratha and Kunbi ever had very distinct referents, and I take this as another indication of a fluid and flexible social order. Even today, for example, there is a small, local caste of farmers known as Karekars in Ahmednagar district, who are not normally considered true Marathas; yet some of the more successful Karekar families have intermarried with Marathas (Baviskar 1980; n.d.). I believe this process has occurred continuously in the "maratha country"...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City%2C+countryside+and+society+in+Maharashtra&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto%2C+Centre+for+South+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1988-10&rft.isbn=978-0-9692907-2-8&rft.au=Donald+W.+Attwood&rft.au=Milton+Israel&rft.au=Narendra+K.+Wagle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMm5uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200216-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200216_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200216_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200216_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200216_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200216_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Hanlon2002">O'Hanlon 2002</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2005190–191-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton2005190–191_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton2005190–191_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaton2005">Eaton 2005</a>, pp. 190–191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199315-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199315_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon1993">Gordon 1993</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2005191-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton2005191_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton2005191_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaton2005">Eaton 2005</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200216–17-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200216–17_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Hanlon2002">O'Hanlon 2002</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200217-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200217_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200217_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200217_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200217_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200217_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200217_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Hanlon2002">O'Hanlon 2002</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJadhav20062-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJadhav20062_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJadhav20062_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJadhav2006">Jadhav 2006</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200238-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200238_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200238_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Hanlon2002">O'Hanlon 2002</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200242-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200242_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200242_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200242_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Hanlon2002">O'Hanlon 2002</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200221-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200221_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Hanlon2002">O'Hanlon 2002</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2004xl-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2004xl_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2004">Singh 2004</a>, p. xl.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJadhav20061-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJadhav20061_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJadhav20061_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJadhav2006">Jadhav 2006</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB._Marlapalle2002" class="citation web cs1">B. Marlapalle (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1946655/">"Suhas S/O Anantrao Dashrathe And ... vs State Of Maharashtra, Through The ... on 5 October 2001"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2011</span> – via Indiankanoon.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suhas+S%2FO+Anantrao+Dashrathe+And+...+vs+State+Of+Maharashtra%2C+Through+The+...+on+5+October+2001&rft.date=2002&rft.au=B.+Marlapalle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiankanoon.org%2Fdoc%2F1946655%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhurye2008200-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhurye2008200_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGhurye2008">Ghurye 2008</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaikwad2009b-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaikwad2009b_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaikwad2009b">Gaikwad 2009b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wcd.nic.in/act/dowry-prohibition-act-1961">"Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961"</a>. Ministry of Women and Child Development, GOI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dowry+Prohibition+Act%2C+1961&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Women+and+Child+Development%2C+GOI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwcd.nic.in%2Fact%2Fdowry-prohibition-act-1961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhurye2008202-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhurye2008202_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGhurye2008">Ghurye 2008</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhurye2008202–203-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhurye2008202–203_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGhurye2008">Ghurye 2008</a>, pp. 202–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2003731–733-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2003731–733_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2003">Singh 2003</a>, pp. 731–733.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaturvedi200735-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaturvedi200735_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChaturvedi2007">Chaturvedi 2007</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaturvedi200734–35-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaturvedi200734–35_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChaturvedi2007">Chaturvedi 2007</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasu200951–55-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasu200951–55_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBasu2009">Basu 2009</a>, pp. 51–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhar20041396-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhar20041396_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhar2004">Dhar 2004</a>, p. 1396.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Hindu20111-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Hindu20111_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Hindu2011">The Hindu 2011</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhagwat20091-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhagwat20091_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhagwat2009">Bhagwat 2009</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbraham20091-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbraham20091_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbraham2009">Abraham 2009</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallal2004-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallal2004_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBallal2004">Ballal 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaque1999-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaque1999_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaque1999">Haque 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarpakwar20091-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarpakwar20091_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarpakwar2009">Marpakwar 2009</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200181-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200181_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHansen2001">Hansen2001</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200182-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen200182_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHansen2001">Hansen 2001</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2004xliii-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2004xliii_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2004">Singh 2004</a>, p. xliii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETNN2010-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETNN2010_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTNN2010">TNN 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETNN2003-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETNN2003_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTNN2003">TNN 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalakrishnan20101-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalakrishnan20101_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBalakrishnan2010">Balakrishnan 2010</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattangadi20101-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattangadi20101_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHattangadi2010">Hattangadi 2010</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETNN2011j-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETNN2011j_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTNN2011j">TNN 2011j</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta2011-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta2011_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGupta2011">Gupta 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETNN2011s-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETNN2011s_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTNN2011s">TNN 2011s</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Vincent_Ferreira1965" class="citation book cs1">John Vincent Ferreira (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4XGwAAAAIAAJ"><i>Totemism in India</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 191. <q>Together with the Marathas, the Maratha Kunbi belonged originally, says Enthoven, to the same caste; and both their exogamous kuls and exogamous devaks are identical with those of the Marathas. Enthoven opines that the totemic nature of their devak system suggests that they are largely of a non-Aryan origin. page202:The Kunbi cultivators are also Marathas but of a somewhat inferior social standing. The Maratha claim to belong to the ancient 96 Kshatriya families has no foundation in fact and may have been adopted after the Marathas became with Shivaji a power to be reckoned with.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Totemism+in+India&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.au=John+Vincent+Ferreira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4XGwAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_M._Eaton2005" class="citation book cs1">Richard M. Eaton (17 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&pg=PA200"><i>A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, Volume 1</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 191, 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521254847" title="Special:BookSources/9780521254847"><bdi>9780521254847</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+the+Deccan%2C+1300-1761%3A+Eight+Indian+Lives%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=191%2C+200&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-11-17&rft.isbn=9780521254847&rft.au=Richard+M.+Eaton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcGd2huLXEVYC%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStewart_Gordon2007" class="citation book cs1">Stewart Gordon (February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA16"><i>The Marathas 1600-1818</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15, 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521033169" title="Special:BookSources/9780521033169"><bdi>9780521033169</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marathas+1600-1818&rft.pages=15%2C+16&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007-02&rft.isbn=9780521033169&rft.au=Stewart+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHK-BhVXOU4C%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBayly2001" class="citation book cs1">Bayly, Susan (22 February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA57"><i>Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521798426" title="Special:BookSources/9780521798426"><bdi>9780521798426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caste%2C+Society+and+Politics+in+India+from+the+Eighteenth+Century+to+the+Modern+Age&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001-02-22&rft.isbn=9780521798426&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHbAjKR_iHogC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDhanmanjiri_Sathe2017" class="citation book cs1">Dhanmanjiri Sathe (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OM44DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA45"><i>The Political Economy of Land Acquisition in India: How a Village Stops Being One</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789811053269" title="Special:BookSources/9789811053269"><bdi>9789811053269</bdi></a>. <q>For Maharashtra, Karve(1968) has reported that the line between Marathas and Kunbis is thin and sometimes difficult to ascertain</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Economy+of+Land+Acquisition+in+India%3A+How+a+Village+Stops+Being+One&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789811053269&rft.au=Dhanmanjiri+Sathe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOM44DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIrawati_Karmarkar_Karve1948" class="citation book cs1">Irawati Karmarkar Karve (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.215170"><i>Anthropometric measurements of the Marathas</i></a>. Deccan College Postgraduate Research Institute. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.215170/page/n17">14</a>. <q>page 14: These figures as they stand are obviously wrong. The Marathas had not doubled their numbers between 1901 and 1911 nor were the Kunbis reduced by almost three- fourths. Either the recorders had made wrong entries or what is more probable, "Kunbi" as a caste-category was no longer acceptable to cultivators who must have given up their old appellation, Kunbi, and taken up the caste name, Maratha. In 1921 under the common heading Maratha and Kunbi, the figure 48,86,484 is given and a note added that this head includes Marathas, Cabit, Kunbi and Khandesh Kunbis. (Vol. VIII, Bombay, Part I, pages 185-189.) ...page 13: The agricultural community of the Maratha country is made up of Kunbis, Marathas and Malis. The first two are dry farmers depending solely on the monsoon rains for their crop, while the Malis work on irrigated lands working their fields all the year round on well-water or canals and growing fruit, vegetables, sugarcane and some varieties of cereals</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropometric+measurements+of+the+Marathas&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Deccan+College+Postgraduate+Research+Institute&rft.date=1948&rft.au=Irawati+Karmarkar+Karve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.215170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCynthia_Talbot2001" class="citation book cs1">Cynthia Talbot (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PA67"><i>Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198031239" title="Special:BookSources/9780198031239"><bdi>9780198031239</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Precolonial+India+in+Practice%3A+Society%2C+Region%2C+and+Identity+in+Medieval+Andhra&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780198031239&rft.au=Cynthia+Talbot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpfAKljlCJq0C%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETNN2018-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETNN2018_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTNN2018">TNN 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/hc-upholds-maratha-quota/articleshow/69980525.cms">"HC upholds Maratha quota"</a>. <i>Pune Mirror</i>. 28 June 2019. <q>The petitioners also argued that as per the MSBCC report, Marathas and Kunbis were one and the same caste</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pune+Mirror&rft.atitle=HC+upholds+Maratha+quota&rft.date=2019-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpunemirror.indiatimes.com%2Fpune%2Fcivic%2Fhc-upholds-maratha-quota%2Farticleshow%2F69980525.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbraham2009" class="citation cs2">Abraham, T. 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(22 October 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/PDATOI/articleshow/5145855.cms">"Yavatmal administration geared up for vote count"</a>, <i>The Times of India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Yavatmal+administration+geared+up+for+vote+count&rft.date=2009-10-22&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=T.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2FPDATOI%2Farticleshow%2F5145855.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBalakrishnan2010" class="citation cs2">Balakrishnan, S (29 July 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Khairlanji-survivor-to-move-apex-court-over-HC-verdict/articleshow/6230554.cms">"Khairlanji survivor to move apex court over HC verdict"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130103123342/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-29/mumbai/28288134_1_khairlanji-massacre-appeal-move-apex-court">archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Khairlanji+survivor+to+move+apex+court+over+HC+verdict&rft.date=2010-07-29&rft.aulast=Balakrishnan&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fmumbai%2FKhairlanji-survivor-to-move-apex-court-over-HC-verdict%2Farticleshow%2F6230554.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBalfour1885" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balfour" title="Edward Balfour">Balfour, Edward</a> (1885), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3U0OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA626"><i>The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial Industrial, and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures</i></a>, Bernard Quaritch</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+India+and+of+Eastern+and+Southern+Asia%2C+Commercial+Industrial%2C+and+Scientific%3A+Products+of+the+Mineral%2C+Vegetable%2C+and+Animal+Kingdoms%2C+Useful+Arts+and+Manufactures&rft.pub=Bernard+Quaritch&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Balfour&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3U0OAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBallal2004" class="citation cs2">Ballal, Milind (8 October 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/PDATOI/articleshow/877580.cms">"What do Sena, Cong share in Thane?"</a>, <i>The Times of India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=What+do+Sena%2C+Cong+share+in+Thane%3F&rft.date=2004-10-08&rft.aulast=Ballal&rft.aufirst=Milind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2FPDATOI%2Farticleshow%2F877580.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarendse2009" class="citation cs2">Barendse, R. 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406015128/http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=7&edlabel=TOIM&mydateHid=24-02-2011&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar00708&format=&publabel=TOI">"Tension grips Murbad over honour killing"</a>, <i>The Times of India</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=7&edlabel=TOIM&mydateHid=24-02-2011&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar00708&format=&publabel=TOI">the original</a> on 6 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Tension+grips+Murbad+over+honour+killing&rft.date=2011-02-24&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Pradeep&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flite.epaper.timesofindia.com%2Fmobile.aspx%3Farticle%3Dyes%26pageid%3D7%26edlabel%3DTOIM%26mydateHid%3D24-02-2011%26pubname%3D%26edname%3D%26articleid%3DAr00708%26format%3D%26publabel%3DTOI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHansen2001" class="citation cs2">Hansen, Thomas Blom (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-y3iNt0djbQC"><i>Wages of violence: naming and identity in postcolonial Bombay</i></a>, Ethnographic Explorations of the Postcolonial State, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Central+nod+for+OBC+list+modification&rft.date=2006-01-07&rft.au=The+Hindu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2006%2F01%2F07%2Fstories%2F2006010706381200.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Hindu2011" class="citation cs2">The Hindu (6 May 2011), <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article1995942.ece">"Meeting of 'Kunabis' today"</a></span>, <i>The Hindu</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140605052823/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article1995942.ece">archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Meeting+of+%27Kunabis%27+today&rft.date=2011-05-06&rft.au=The+Hindu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2Ftp-karnataka%2Farticle1995942.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTNN2003" class="citation cs2">TNN (15 May 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/ex-corporator-remanded-to-police-custody/articleshow/46406108.cms">"Ex-corporator remanded to police custody"</a>, <i>The Times of India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Ex-corporator+remanded+to+police+custody&rft.date=2003-05-15&rft.au=TNN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fmumbai%2Fex-corporator-remanded-to-police-custody%2Farticleshow%2F46406108.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTNN2010" class="citation cs2">TNN (10 June 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406015137/http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=3&edlabel=TOIPU&mydateHid=10-06-2010&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar00303&format=&publabel=TOI">"PMC corporator loses membership"</a>, <i>The Times of India</i>, archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=3&edlabel=TOIPU&mydateHid=10-06-2010&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar00303&format=&publabel=TOI">the original</a></span> on 6 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=PMC+corporator+loses+membership&rft.date=2010-06-10&rft.au=TNN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flite.epaper.timesofindia.com%2Fmobile.aspx%3Farticle%3Dyes%26pageid%3D3%26edlabel%3DTOIPU%26mydateHid%3D10-06-2010%26pubname%3D%26edname%3D%26articleid%3DAr00303%26format%3D%26publabel%3DTOI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTNN2011j" class="citation cs2">TNN (26 July 2011j), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Khairlanji-massacre-survivor-Bhotmange-denies-remarriage/articleshow/9364811.cms">"Khairlanji massacre survivor Bhotmange denies remarriage"</a>, <i>The Times of India</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130103115501/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-26/nagpur/29816089_1_khairlanji-massacre-bhaiyyalal-bhotmange-bhandara-district">archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Khairlanji+massacre+survivor+Bhotmange+denies+remarriage&rft.date=2011-07-26&rft.au=TNN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fnagpur%2FKhairlanji-massacre-survivor-Bhotmange-denies-remarriage%2Farticleshow%2F9364811.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTNN2011s" class="citation cs2">TNN (20 September 2011s), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/PDATOI/articleshow/10046681.cms">"20-year-old woman raped"</a>, <i>The Times of India</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240424014144/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/PDATOI/articleshow/10046681.cms">archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=20-year-old+woman+raped&rft.date=2011-09-20&rft.au=TNN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2FPDATOI%2Farticleshow%2F10046681.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTNN2018" class="citation cs2">TNN (21 May 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/commission-gets-over-1l-petitions-proof-for-maratha-reservation/articleshow/64263505.cms">"Commission gets over 1L petitions, proof for Maratha reservation"</a>, <i>Times of India</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Commission+gets+over+1L+petitions%2C+proof+for+Maratha+reservation&rft.date=2018-05-21&rft.au=TNN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkolhapur%2Fcommission-gets-over-1l-petitions-proof-for-maratha-reservation%2Farticleshow%2F64263505.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunbi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div><div class="navbox-styles"><style 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title="Maharashtra people">Marathi people</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General Communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandraseniya_Kayastha_Prabhu" title="Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu">Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_(caste)" title="Maratha (caste)">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Brahmin" title="Marathi Brahmin">Marathi Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathare_Prabhu" title="Pathare Prabhu">Pathare Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agricultural communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agri_(caste)" title="Agri (caste)">Agri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahir" title="Ahir">Ahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bari_(caste)" title="Bari (caste)">Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhandari_(caste)" title="Bhandari (caste)">Bhandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhangar" title="Dhangar">Dhangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabit" title="Gabit">Gabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharvi" title="Kharvi">Kharvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koli_people" title="Koli people">Koli people</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kunbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leva_Patel" title="Leva Patel">Leva Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_caste" title="Mali caste">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchkalshi" title="Panchkalshi">Panchkalshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahyavanshi" title="Mahyavanshi">Mahyavanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangela_Kolis" title="Mangela Kolis">Mangela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powari_language" title="Powari language">Powar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mercantile communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daivadnya" title="Daivadnya">Daivadnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattegar" title="Pattegar">Khatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komati_(caste)" title="Komati (caste)">Komati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimpi" title="Shimpi">Shimpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunar" title="Sunar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya_Vani" title="Vaishya Vani">Vaishya Vani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artisan communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beldar" title="Beldar">Beldar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoi" title="Bhoi">Bhoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burud_(caste)" title="Burud (caste)">Burud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaukalshi" title="Chaukalshi">Chaukalshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamar" title="Chamar">Chambhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaparband" title="Chhaparband">Chhaparband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhobi" title="Dhobi">Dhobi (Parit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhor" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhor">Dhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavli" title="Gavli">Gavli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holar_caste" title="Holar caste">Holar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holeya" title="Holeya">Holeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjar" title="Kanjar">Kanjarbhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalwar_(caste)" title="Kalwar (caste)">Kalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatik" title="Khatik">Khatik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolhati" title="Kolhati">Kolhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshta" title="Koshta">Koshti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumhar" title="Kumhar">Kumbhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonaria" title="Lonaria">Lonari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohar_(caste)" title="Lohar (caste)">Lohar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mang_(caste)" title="Mang (caste)">Mang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nai_(caste)" title="Nai (caste)">Nhavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasali_(caste)" title="Padmasali (caste)">Padmasali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliya" title="Saliya">Sali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutar" title="Sutar">Sutar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teli" title="Teli">Teli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twashta_Kasar" title="Twashta Kasar">Twashta Kasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaddera" title="Vaddera">Vadar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Priest communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chitpavan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitpavan">Chitpavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deshastha_Brahmin" title="Deshastha Brahmin">Deshastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devrukhe" class="mw-redirect" title="Devrukhe">Devrukhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomantak_Maratha_Samaj" title="Gomantak Maratha Samaj">Gomantak Maratha Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosains" title="Gosains">Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurav" title="Gurav">Gurav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangam" title="Jangam">Jangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karhade_Brahmin" title="Karhade Brahmin">Karhade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudaldeshkar_Gaud_Brahmin" title="Kudaldeshkar Gaud Brahmin">Kudaldeshkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palshi" title="Palshi">Palshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaud_Saraswat_Brahmin" title="Gaud Saraswat Brahmin">Saraswat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamedi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamedi">Shamedi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribal communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andh" title="Andh">Andh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barda_(tribe)" title="Barda (tribe)">Barda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhil people">Bhil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binjhal" title="Binjhal">Binjhwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanka" title="Dhanka">Dhanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhodia" title="Dhodia">Dhodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhil_Mavchi" title="Bhil Mavchi">Gavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_people" title="Gondi people">Gond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowari" title="Gowari">Gowari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halba_(tribe)" title="Halba (tribe)">Halba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halpati" title="Halpati">Halpati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanwar_(tribe)" title="Kanwar (tribe)">Kanwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katkari_people" title="Katkari people">Katkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokna" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokna">Kokna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korku_people" title="Korku people">Korku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakar_(tribe)" title="Thakar (tribe)">Thakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasava" title="Vasava">Vasava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warli" title="Warli">Warli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nomadic communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjara" title="Banjara">Banjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charan" title="Charan">Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimar" title="Dhimar">Dhiwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gav-Paradhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gav-Paradhi">Gav-Paradhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogi_(caste)" title="Jogi (caste)">Nath Jogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahar" title="Kahar">Kahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaikadi_people" title="Kaikadi people">Kaikadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_Pardhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase Pardhi">Phase Pardhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoshi" title="Ramoshi">Ramoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagri" title="Vagri">Waghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jain communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Maharashtra" title="Jainism in Maharashtra">Marathi Jains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagherwal" title="Bagherwal">Bagherwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaturtha" title="Chaturtha">Chaturtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhakad" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhakad">Dhakad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamboj" title="Kamboj">Kamboja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Maharashtra" title="Jainism in Maharashtra">Panchama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saitwal" title="Saitwal">Saitwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upajjhaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Upajjhaya">Upajjhaya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Immigrant_Jain_communities26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant Jain communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrawal" title="Agrawal">Agrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humad" title="Humad">Humad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaiswal_Jain" title="Jaiswal Jain">Jaiswal Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswal" title="Oswal">Oswal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paliwal" title="Paliwal">Paliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porwad" class="mw-redirect" title="Porwad">Porwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawagi" title="Sarawagi">Sarawagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimali" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimali">Shrimali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Muslim communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_Muslims" title="Konkani Muslims">Konkani Muslims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nawayath" title="Nawayath">Nawayath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Muslims" title="Marathi Muslims">Maharashtrian Muslims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attar_(caste)" title="Attar (caste)">Attar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghban" title="Baghban">Baghban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishti" title="Bhishti">Bhishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaush_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaush (India)">Chaush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccanis" title="Deccanis">Deccani Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqir_(clan)" title="Faqir (clan)">Fakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garodi" title="Garodi">Garodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_(caste)" title="Multani (caste)">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaparband_(Muslim)" title="Chhaparband (Muslim)">Muslim Chhaparband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Raj_Gond" title="Muslim Raj Gond">Muslim Raj Gond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachar" title="Kachar">Kachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadia_(Muslim)" title="Kadia (Muslim)">Kadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinjara" title="Pinjara">Pinjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qassab" title="Qassab">Qassab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saiqalgar" title="Saiqalgar">Saiqalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadvi_Bhil" title="Tadvi Bhil">Tadvi Bhil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Buddhists" title="Marathi Buddhists">Marathi Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahar" title="Mahar">Mahar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Christians" title="Marathi Christians">Marathi Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_East_Indians" title="Bombay East Indians">Bombay East Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koli_Christians" title="Koli Christians">Koli Christians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-rs2hx","wgBackendResponseTime":154,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.119","walltime":"1.274","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9019,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":198444,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11082,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":235975,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1116.607 1 -total"," 25.82% 288.362 56 Template:Citation"," 19.10% 213.228 70 Template:Sfn"," 18.85% 210.465 2 Template:Reflist"," 12.24% 136.619 14 Template:Cite_book"," 7.39% 82.551 3 Template:Navbox"," 7.23% 80.707 1 Template:Social_groups_of_Maharashtra"," 6.89% 76.985 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.63% 62.902 5 Template:Fix"," 3.89% 43.412 1 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[\"CITEREFDonald_W._AttwoodMilton_IsraelNarendra_K._Wagle1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEaton2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarquhar2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlavia_Agnes2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGadgilGuha1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaikwad2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaikwad2009b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhurye2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGidwani2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_India2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuha1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaque1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHattangadi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrawati_Karmarkar_Karve1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._S._Grewal2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJadhav2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaffrelot2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaffrelot2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Vincent_Ferreira1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrishan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamb2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLele1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarpakwar2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenon2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaik2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Hanlon2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinch1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajagopal2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamusack2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRege2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_M._Eaton2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShastri1976–1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrinivas2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart_Gordon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSumit_Guha2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTNN2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTNN2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTNN2011j\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTNN2011s\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTNN2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Hindu2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Hindu2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTulpuleFeldhaus1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner1962–1966\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of?\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 56,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 4,\n [\"Clarify timeframe\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Protection padlock\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 70,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Social groups of Maharashtra\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-n8px7","timestamp":"20250331033306","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kunbi","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kunbi","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6444206","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6444206","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-06-14T11:10:29Z","dateModified":"2024-12-27T15:50:12Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/3\/39\/GroupOfKunbis1916.jpg","headline":"caste or community in Maharashtra, India"}</script> </body> </html>