Migrating from Maven to Bazel

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class="devsite-page-title" tabindex="-1"> Migrating from Maven to Bazel </h1> <devsite-feature-tooltip ack-key="AckCollectionsBookmarkTooltipDismiss" analytics-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" analytics-action-show="Callout Profile displayed" analytics-action-close="Callout Profile dismissed" analytics-label="Create Collection Callout" class="devsite-page-bookmark-tooltip nocontent" dismiss-button="true" id="devsite-collections-dropdown" dismiss-button-text="Dismiss" close-button-text="Got it"> <devsite-bookmark></devsite-bookmark> <span slot="popout-heading"> Stay organized with collections </span> <span slot="popout-contents"> Save and categorize content based on your preferences. </span> </devsite-feature-tooltip> <div class="devsite-page-title-meta"><devsite-view-release-notes></devsite-view-release-notes></div> <devsite-toc class="devsite-nav" depth="2" devsite-toc-embedded > </devsite-toc> <div class="devsite-article-body clearfix "> <a class="button button-with-icon" href="https://github.com/bazelbuild/bazel/issues/new?title=%5Bbazel.build%5D+Problem+with+/versions/6.5.0/migrate/maven&template=doc_issue.yml&link=https%3A%2F%2Fbazel.build/versions/6.5.0/migrate/maven" target="_blank"> Report an issue<span class="material-icons icon-after" aria-hidden="true" translate="no">open_in_new</span> </a> <a class="button button-with-icon" href="https://github.com/bazelbuild/bazel/tree/master/site/en/versions/6.5.0/migrate/maven.md" target="_blank"> View source<span class="material-icons icon-after" aria-hidden="true" translate="no">open_in_new</span> </a> <span style="float: right; line-height: 36px"> <a href="/migrate/maven">Nightly</a>   · <a href="/versions/7.4.0/migrate/maven">7.4</a> . <a href="/versions/7.3.0/migrate/maven">7.3</a> · <a href="/versions/7.2.0/migrate/maven">7.2</a> · <a href="/versions/7.1.0/migrate/maven">7.1</a> · <a href="/versions/7.0.0/migrate/maven">7.0</a> · <strong>6.5</strong>  </span> <p/> <p>This page describes how to migrate from Maven to Bazel, including the prerequisites and installation steps. It describes the differences between Maven and Bazel, and provides a migration example using the Guava project.</p> <p>When migrating from any build tool to Bazel, it's best to have both build tools running in parallel until you have fully migrated your development team, CI system, and any other relevant systems. You can run Maven and Bazel in the same repository.</p> <aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> While Bazel supports downloading and publishing Maven artifacts with <a href="https://github.com/bazelbuild/rules_jvm_external" class="external">rules_jvm_external</a>, it does not directly support Maven-based plugins. Maven plugins can't be directly run by Bazel since there's no Maven compatibility layer.</span></aside> <h2 id="before-you-begin" data-text="Before you begin" tabindex="-1">Before you begin</h2> <ul> <li><a href="/versions/6.5.0/install">Install Bazel</a> if it's not yet installed.</li> <li>If you're new to Bazel, go through the tutorial <a href="/versions/6.5.0/tutorials/java">Introduction to Bazel: Build Java</a> before you start migrating. The tutorial explains Bazel's concepts, structure, and label syntax.</li> </ul> <h2 id="dif-maven-bazel" data-text="Differences between Maven and Bazel" tabindex="-1">Differences between Maven and Bazel</h2> <ul> <li>Maven uses top-level <code translate="no" dir="ltr">pom.xml</code> file(s). Bazel supports multiple build files and multiple targets per <code translate="no" dir="ltr">BUILD</code> file, allowing for builds that are more incremental than Maven's.</li> <li>Maven takes charge of steps for the deployment process. Bazel does not automate deployment.</li> <li>Bazel enables you to express dependencies between languages.</li> <li>As you add new sections to the project, with Bazel you may need to add new <code translate="no" dir="ltr">BUILD</code> files. Best practice is to add a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">BUILD</code> file to each new Java package.</li> </ul> <h2 id="migrate-maven-bazel" data-text="Migrate from Maven to Bazel" tabindex="-1">Migrate from Maven to Bazel</h2> <p>The steps below describe how to migrate your project to Bazel:</p> <ol> <li><a href="#1-build">Create the WORKSPACE file</a></li> <li><a href="#2-build">Create one BUILD file</a></li> <li><a href="#3-build">Create more BUILD files</a></li> <li><a href="#4-build">Build using Bazel</a></li> </ol> <p>Examples below come from a migration of the <a href="https://github.com/google/guava" class="external">Guava project</a> from Maven to Bazel. The Guava project used is release <code translate="no" dir="ltr">v31.1</code>. The examples using Guava do not walk through each step in the migration, but they do show the files and contents that are generated or added manually for the migration.</p> <pre class="prettyprint" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">$ git clone https://github.com/google/guava.git && cd guava $ git checkout v31.1 </code></pre> <h3 id="1-build" data-text="1. Create the WORKSPACE file" tabindex="-1">1. Create the WORKSPACE file</h3> <p>Create a file named <code translate="no" dir="ltr">WORKSPACE</code> at the root of your project. If your project has no external dependencies, the workspace file can be empty.</p> <p>If your project depends on files or packages that are not in one of the project's directories, specify these external dependencies in the workspace file. To automate the listing of external dependencies for the workspace file, use <code translate="no" dir="ltr">rules_jvm_external</code>. For instructions about using this ruleset, see <a href="https://github.com/bazelbuild/rules_jvm_external/#rules_jvm_external" class="external">the README</a>.</p> <aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> The previously recommended tool, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">generate_workspace</code>, is no longer maintained by the Bazel team.</span></aside> <h4 id="guava-1" data-text="Guava project example: external dependencies" tabindex="-1">Guava project example: external dependencies</h4> <p>You can list the external dependencies of the <a href="https://github.com/google/guava" class="external">Guava project</a> with the <a href="https://github.com/bazelbuild/rules_jvm_external" class="external"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">rules_jvm_external</code></a> ruleset.</p> <p>Add the following snippet to the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">WORKSPACE</code> file:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-python" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">load("@bazel_tools//tools/build_defs/repo:http.bzl", "http_archive") RULES_JVM_EXTERNAL_TAG = "4.3" RULES_JVM_EXTERNAL_SHA = "6274687f6fc5783b589f56a2f1ed60de3ce1f99bc4e8f9edef3de43bdf7c6e74" http_archive( name = "rules_jvm_external", sha256 = RULES_JVM_EXTERNAL_SHA, strip_prefix = "rules_jvm_external-%s" % RULES_JVM_EXTERNAL_TAG, url = "https://github.com/bazelbuild/rules_jvm_external/archive/%s.zip" % RULES_JVM_EXTERNAL_TAG, ) load("@rules_jvm_external//:defs.bzl", "maven_install") maven_install( artifacts = [ "com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2", "com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.11.0", "com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3", "org.codehaus.mojo:animal-sniffer-annotations:1.20", "org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.12.0", ], repositories = [ "https://repo1.maven.org/maven2", ], ) </code></pre> <h3 id="2-build" data-text="2. Create one BUILD file" tabindex="-1">2. Create one BUILD file</h3> <p>Now that you have your workspace defined and external dependencies (if applicable) listed, you need to create <code translate="no" dir="ltr">BUILD</code> files to describe how your project should be built. Unlike Maven with its one <code translate="no" dir="ltr">pom.xml</code> file, Bazel can use many <code translate="no" dir="ltr">BUILD</code> files to build a project. These files specify multiple build targets, which allow Bazel to produce incremental builds.</p> <p>Add <code translate="no" dir="ltr">BUILD</code> files in stages. Start with adding one <code translate="no" dir="ltr">BUILD</code> file at the root of your project and using it to do an initial build using Bazel. Then, you refine your build by adding more <code translate="no" dir="ltr">BUILD</code> files with more granular targets.</p> <ol> <li><p>In the same directory as your <code translate="no" dir="ltr">WORKSPACE</code> file, create a text file and name it <code translate="no" dir="ltr">BUILD</code>.</p></li> <li><p>In this <code translate="no" dir="ltr">BUILD</code> file, use the appropriate rule to create one target to build your project. Here are some tips:</p> <ul> <li><p>Use the appropriate rule:</p> <ul> <li><p>To build projects with a single Maven module, use the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">java_library</code> rule as follows:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-python" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">java_library( name = "everything", srcs = glob(["src/main/java/**/*.java"]), resources = glob(["src/main/resources/**"]), deps = ["//:all-external-targets"], ) </code></pre></li> <li><p>To build projects with multiple Maven modules, use the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">java_library</code> rule as follows:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-python" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">java_library( name = "everything", srcs = glob([ "Module1/src/main/java/**/*.java", "Module2/src/main/java/**/*.java", ... ]), resources = glob([ "Module1/src/main/resources/**", "Module2/src/main/resources/**", ... ]), deps = ["//:all-external-targets"], ) </code></pre></li> <li><p>To build binaries, use the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">java_binary</code> rule:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-python" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">java_binary( name = "everything", srcs = glob(["src/main/java/**/*.java"]), resources = glob(["src/main/resources/**"]), deps = ["//:all-external-targets"], main_class = "com.example.Main" ) </code></pre></li> </ul></li> <li><p>Specify the attributes:</p> <ul> <li><code translate="no" dir="ltr">name</code>: Give the target a meaningful name. In the examples above, the target is called "everything."</li> <li><code translate="no" dir="ltr">srcs</code>: Use globbing to list all .java files in your project.</li> <li><code translate="no" dir="ltr">resources</code>: Use globbing to list all resources in your project.</li> <li><code translate="no" dir="ltr">deps</code>: You need to determine which external dependencies your project needs. For example, if you generated a list of external dependencies using the tool <code translate="no" dir="ltr">generate_workspace</code>, the dependencies for <code translate="no" dir="ltr">java_library</code> are the libraries listed in the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">generated_java_libraries</code> macro.</li> </ul></li> <li><p>Take a look at the <a href="#guava-2">example below of this top-level BUILD file</a> from the migration of the Guava project.</p></li> </ul></li> <li><p>Now that you have a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">BUILD</code> file at the root of your project, build your project to ensure that it works. On the command line, from your workspace directory, use <code translate="no" dir="ltr">bazel build //:everything</code> to build your project with Bazel.</p> <p>The project has now been successfully built with Bazel. You will need to add more <code translate="no" dir="ltr">BUILD</code> files to allow incremental builds of the project.</p></li> </ol> <h4 id="guava-2" data-text="Guava project example: start with one BUILD file" tabindex="-1">Guava project example: start with one BUILD file</h4> <p>When migrating the Guava project to Bazel, initially one <code translate="no" dir="ltr">BUILD</code> file is used to build the entire project. Here are the contents of this initial <code translate="no" dir="ltr">BUILD</code> file in the workspace directory:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-python" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">java_library( name = "everything", srcs = glob([ "guava/src/**/*.java", "futures/failureaccess/src/**/*.java", ]), deps = [ "@maven//:com_google_code_findbugs_jsr305", "@maven//:com_google_errorprone_error_prone_annotations", "@maven//:com_google_j2objc_j2objc_annotations", "@maven//:org_checkerframework_checker_qual", "@maven//:org_codehaus_mojo_animal_sniffer_annotations", ], ) </code></pre> <h3 id="3-build" data-text="3. Create more BUILD files (optional)" tabindex="-1">3. Create more BUILD files (optional)</h3> <p>Bazel does work with just one <code translate="no" dir="ltr">BUILD file</code>, as you saw after completing your first build. You should still consider breaking the build into smaller chunks by adding more <code translate="no" dir="ltr">BUILD</code> files with granular targets.</p> <p>Multiple <code translate="no" dir="ltr">BUILD</code> files with multiple targets will give the build increased granularity, allowing:</p> <ul> <li>increased incremental builds of the project,</li> <li>increased parallel execution of the build,</li> <li>better maintainability of the build for future users, and</li> <li>control over visibility of targets between packages, which can prevent issues such as libraries containing implementation details leaking into public APIs.</li> </ul> <p>Tips for adding more <code translate="no" dir="ltr">BUILD</code> files:</p> <ul> <li>You can start by adding a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">BUILD</code> file to each Java package. Start with Java packages that have the fewest dependencies and work you way up to packages with the most dependencies.</li> <li>As you add <code translate="no" dir="ltr">BUILD</code> files and specify targets, add these new targets to the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">deps</code> sections of targets that depend on them. Note that the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">glob()</code> function does not cross package boundaries, so as the number of packages grows the files matched by <code translate="no" dir="ltr">glob()</code> will shrink.</li> <li>Any time you add a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">BUILD</code> file to a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">main</code> directory, ensure that you add a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">BUILD</code> file to the corresponding <code translate="no" dir="ltr">test</code> directory.</li> <li>Take care to limit visibility properly between packages.</li> <li>To simplify troubleshooting errors in your setup of <code translate="no" dir="ltr">BUILD</code> files, ensure that the project continues to build with Bazel as you add each build file. Run <code translate="no" dir="ltr">bazel build //...</code> to ensure all of your targets still build.</li> </ul> <h3 id="4-build" data-text="4. Build using Bazel" tabindex="-1">4. 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