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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_racing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Road racing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_racing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stock_car_racing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stock_car_racing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Stock car racing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stock_car_racing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bump_drafting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bump_drafting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Bump drafting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bump_drafting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tailgating_and_hypermiling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tailgating_and_hypermiling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tailgating and hypermiling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tailgating_and_hypermiling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_simulation_of_drafting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_simulation_of_drafting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Computer simulation of drafting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_simulation_of_drafting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drafting_in_nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drafting_in_nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Drafting in nature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drafting_in_nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vortex_surfing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vortex_surfing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vortex surfing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vortex_surfing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vortex_surfing_in_nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vortex_surfing_in_nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vortex surfing in nature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vortex_surfing_in_nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Aerodynamic technique</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Slipstream_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Slipstream (disambiguation)">Slipstream (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_de_france_2005_15th_stage_mt_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tour_de_france_2005_15th_stage_mt_01.jpg/220px-Tour_de_france_2005_15th_stage_mt_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tour_de_france_2005_15th_stage_mt_01.jpg/330px-Tour_de_france_2005_15th_stage_mt_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tour_de_france_2005_15th_stage_mt_01.jpg/440px-Tour_de_france_2005_15th_stage_mt_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing#Tactics" title="Road bicycle racing">paceline</a> of drafting cyclists</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Drafting</b> or <b>slipstreaming</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">aerodynamic</a> technique where two moving objects are aligning in a close group to exploit the lead object's <a href="/wiki/Slipstream" title="Slipstream">slipstream</a> and thus reduce the overall effect of <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a>. Especially when high speeds are involved, as in motor racing and cycling, drafting can significantly reduce the <a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing#Tactics" title="Road bicycle racing">paceline</a>'s average energy expenditure and can even slightly reduce the energy expenditure of the lead vehicle. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drafting_in_sport">Drafting in sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drafting_(aerodynamics)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Drafting in sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drafting is used to reduce <a href="/wiki/Wind_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind resistance">wind resistance</a> and is seen most commonly in <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicycle racing">bicycle racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_racing" title="Motorcycle racing">motorcycle racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Car_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Car racing">car racing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Speedskating" class="mw-redirect" title="Speedskating">speedskating</a>, though drafting is occasionally used even in <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing" title="Cross-country skiing">cross-country skiing</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Downhill_skateboarding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Downhill skateboarding (page does not exist)">downhill skateboarding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">running</a>. Some forms of <a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">triathlon</a> allow drafting. Drafting occurs in <a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">swimming</a> as well: both in open-water races (occurring in natural bodies of water) and in traditional races in <a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool#Competition_pools" title="Swimming pool">competition pools</a>. In a competition pool a swimmer may hug the lane line that separates them from the swimmer they are <a href="/wiki/Abaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Abaft">abaft</a> of thereby taking advantage of the liquid slipstream in the other swimmer's wake. Drafting also occurs in competitive <a href="/wiki/Longboarding" title="Longboarding">longboarding</a>. </p><p>It is believed, but not yet conclusively proven, that <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred">thoroughbred</a> racing horses draft each other, especially in longer races.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BelgischerKreisel.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/BelgischerKreisel.gif/100px-BelgischerKreisel.gif" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/BelgischerKreisel.gif/150px-BelgischerKreisel.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/BelgischerKreisel.gif 2x" data-file-width="166" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption>Belgian tourniquet (<i>Belgischer kreisel</i>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling"><span class="anchor" id="Belgian_tourniquet"></span>Cycling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drafting_(aerodynamics)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cycling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peloton" title="Peloton">Peloton</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">cycling</a>, any time one bicyclist is riding behind another, energy is conserved, especially at higher speeds. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing" title="Road bicycle racing">road bicycle racing</a>, the main (largest) group of tightly packed cyclists in a race is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Peloton" title="Peloton">peloton</a></i> where cyclists ride in a long formation with each (but not the first rider) drafting behind the others before them. </p><p>When cyclists ride fast they form a <i><a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing" title="Road bicycle racing">paceline</a></i>. Each cyclist, except the first, is drafting behind another one. In order to ride very fast, a team of some skilled cyclists may form the "Belgian tourniquet". Successively, each cyclist leads the group. Drafting can be <i>cooperative</i>: several competitors take turns in the lead position (which requires the most effort and energy consumption). It can also be <i>competitive</i> or <i>tactical</i>: one competitor will try to stay closely behind another, leaving the follower with more energy for a break-away push to the finish line. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Running">Running</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drafting_(aerodynamics)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Running"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drafting behind another runner can conserve energy when facing a <a href="/wiki/Headwind" class="mw-redirect" title="Headwind">headwind</a>. Generally the effect is much less pronounced than in cycling due to lower speeds. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nike,_Inc." title="Nike, Inc.">Nike</a> worked with the aerodynamics expert <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robby_Ketchell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robby Ketchell (page does not exist)">Robby Ketchell</a> at the University of New Hampshire to experiment with and select a formation of <a href="/wiki/Pacemaker_(running)" title="Pacemaker (running)">pacemakers</a> that would best minimize drag on the professionals it sponsored in the project it termed <a href="/wiki/Breaking2" title="Breaking2">Breaking2</a>. A <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i> magazine report that interviewed various experts affiliated and unaffiliated with Nike found they universally expected more coordinated pacing efforts to occur in running after Breaking2, with two of the quoted experts predicting that behavior like "cooperative drafting", or races that incentivize cycling-peloton-like behavior could improve running times.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motorsport">Motorsport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drafting_(aerodynamics)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Motorsport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Road_racing">Road racing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drafting_(aerodynamics)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Road racing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In single seater, <a href="/wiki/Open_wheel_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Open wheel racing">open wheel racing</a> series such as <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> and the <a href="/wiki/IndyCar_Series" title="IndyCar Series">IndyCar Series</a>, as well as to a lesser extent in <a href="/wiki/Sports_car_racing" title="Sports car racing">sports car racing</a>, a technique known as <i>slipstreaming</i> is used. Along a long straight a car following close behind another uses the slipstream created by the lead car to close the gap between them, hoping to be able to overtake the leader under braking for the next corner, or if they have a straightline speed advantage, to pass on the straight. However it is very difficult for cars to follow each other close together in fast corners as the "dirty" (<a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulent</a>) air that comes off the lead car unbalances the trailing car as its aerodynamic devices provide less grip. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stock_car_racing">Stock car racing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drafting_(aerodynamics)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stock car racing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kyle_leads_the_pack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kyle_leads_the_pack.jpg/220px-Kyle_leads_the_pack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kyle_leads_the_pack.jpg/330px-Kyle_leads_the_pack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kyle_leads_the_pack.jpg/440px-Kyle_leads_the_pack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2120" data-file-height="1727" /></a><figcaption>A line of cars at <a href="/wiki/Talladega_Superspeedway" title="Talladega Superspeedway">Talladega Superspeedway</a> utilizing the slipstream of leader <a href="/wiki/Kyle_Busch" title="Kyle Busch">Kyle Busch</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On the faster speedways and superspeedways used by <a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automobile_Racing_Club_of_America" title="Automobile Racing Club of America">ARCA</a>, two or more vehicles can race faster when lined up front-to-rear than a single car can race alone. The low-pressure wake behind a group's leading car reduces the aerodynamic resistance on the front of the trailing car, allowing the second car to pull closer. As the second car nears the first, it pushes high-pressure air forward so less fast-moving air hits the lead car's spoiler. The result is less drag for both cars, allowing faster speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemasters_SCR_Jan01_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemasters_SCR_Jan01-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Handling in corners is affected by balance changes caused by the draft: the leading car has normal front downforce but less rear downforce. The trailing car has less front downforce but normal rear downforce. A car with drafting partners both ahead and behind will lose downforce at both ends.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemasters_SCR_Jan01_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemasters_SCR_Jan01-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar to the "Belgian tourniquet" in cycling, the "slingshot pass" is the most dramatic and widely noted maneuver associated with drafting. A trailing car (perhaps pushed by a line of drafting cars) uses the lead car's wake to pull up with maximum momentum at the end of a straightaway, enters a turn high, and turns down across the lead car's wake. The combination of running downhill and running across the zone of lowest aerodynamic drag allows the trailing car to carry extra speed and pass on the inside of the leader.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemasters_SCR_Jan01_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemasters_SCR_Jan01-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drafting was discovered by stock car racers in the <a href="/wiki/1960_Daytona_500" title="1960 Daytona 500">1960 Daytona 500</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Junior_Johnson" title="Junior Johnson">Junior Johnson</a> found that he could use drafting as a strategy that helped him overcome the fact that his Chevrolet could not keep up with other cars, allowing him to win the race.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Johnson, other drivers found they picked up speed running closely behind other cars, and as they experimented, they found that a line of cars could sustain higher speeds and/or use less fuel (resulting in fewer pit-stops) than a single car running by itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemasters_SCR_Jan01_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemasters_SCR_Jan01-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, as aerodynamics have become increasingly critical to the performance of stock cars on "intermediate" oval tracks (between 1.33 and 2 mi) and superspeedways not requiring restrictor plates (such as the <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway" title="Indianapolis Motor Speedway">Indianapolis Motor Speedway</a>), the effect of turbulent, or "dirty", air when following closely behind another car has become much more akin to that described above in open-wheel racing (a situation described in NASCAR circles as <i>aero push</i>), and is often cited as a main reason for a decrease in the amount of overtakes.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bump_drafting">Bump drafting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drafting_(aerodynamics)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bump drafting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drafting is most important at NASCAR's <a href="/wiki/Restrictor_plate" title="Restrictor plate">restrictor plate</a> tracks, <a href="/wiki/Talladega_Superspeedway" title="Talladega Superspeedway">Talladega Superspeedway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daytona_International_Speedway" title="Daytona International Speedway">Daytona International Speedway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Motor_Speedway" title="Atlanta Motor Speedway">Atlanta Motor Speedway</a> where the plates mean that much less power is available to push the large bodies through the air. Race cars reach their highest speeds on these superspeedways, so the aerodynamic forces are highest and the effects of drafting are strongest. Since restrictor plates were first used as a safety device, their effect has changed the nature of drafting. Vehicles no longer have sufficient horsepower or throttle response to maintain their drafting speeds upon exiting the draft; they can pull out and squeeze ahead but lack the response to clear the car being passed. This negates the slingshot maneuver. As a result, passing is often the result of cooperation between two or more drivers or is achieved by sucking air off the side of the car being passed, a technique called side-drafting.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bump drafting is a tactic used at Talladega and Daytona. The technique was initially popularized by the Archer Brothers in the <a href="/wiki/SCCA" class="mw-redirect" title="SCCA">SCCA</a> Sportruck series during the late 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-LAT_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAT-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It begins as normal drafting, but the following car pulls up behind the lead car and bumps into the rear of it, pushing the lead car ahead, to maintain <a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">momentum</a>. </p><p>If done roughly or in the wrong position (e.g. close to the entry of the turn), this tactic can destabilize the handling of the lead car, sometimes causing a crash. Use of the tactic in this manner is known as <i>slam drafting</i>. Due to the danger, NASCAR has attempted to limit the bracing on bumpers on cars, disallowed bump drafting in turns, introduced "no bump zones" on certain portions of speedways where this practice is prevalent, and penalized drivers who are too rough in bump drafting. The 2010 NASCAR season allowed drivers more freedom; bump drafting was allowed anywhere, including turns. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Busch" title="Kyle Busch">Kyle Busch</a> is largely responsible for a different type of bump drafting, which is now referred to as "two-car drafting"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and "tandem drafting".<sup id="cite_ref-Tandem_banned_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tandem_banned-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a 2007 test session in Talladega, he asked <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Newman_(racing_driver)" title="Ryan Newman (racing driver)">Ryan Newman</a> to push him from behind, and was stunned to realize he was two seconds faster with Newman's help. At the newly paved <a href="/wiki/Daytona_International_Speedway" title="Daytona International Speedway">Daytona International Speedway</a> in 2011, Busch was the first to realize that the corners were smooth enough to allow a two-car draft for the complete length of the track. During test sessions on the track, when Busch was pushed by his brother <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Busch" title="Kurt Busch">Kurt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Penske_Racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Penske Racing">Penske Racing</a> teammate <a href="/wiki/Brad_Keselowski" title="Brad Keselowski">Brad Keselowski</a>, they ran 15 mph faster than single cars. Other drivers quickly picked up on Busch's strategy, and the two-car draft dominated the <a href="/wiki/2011_Daytona_500" title="2011 Daytona 500">2011 Daytona 500</a> and <a href="/wiki/2011_Budweiser_Shootout" title="2011 Budweiser Shootout">Budweiser Shootout</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This strategy had also been very prominent at Talladega. In 2011, two-car tandem drafting was used for the extent of the <a href="/wiki/2011_Aaron%27s_499" title="2011 Aaron's 499">Aaron's 499</a>, with many drivers drafting their own teammates (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Johnson" title="Jimmie Johnson">Jimmie Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt_Jr." title="Dale Earnhardt Jr.">Dale Earnhardt Jr.</a> drafted together, as did <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Gordon" title="Jeff Gordon">Jeff Gordon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Martin" title="Mark Martin">Mark Martin</a>). For the 2012 season, the Sprint Cup series cars were modified in a way that made the tandem impossible, in order to return to pack racing. In 2014, bump drafting was banned by NASCAR in the <a href="/wiki/Nationwide_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationwide Series">Nationwide Series</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camping_World_Truck_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Camping World Truck Series">Camping World Truck Series</a>. Tandem drafting made a return when NASCAR removed the restrictor plate and replaced them with tapered spacers, and with the flat noses and bumpers of the modern Gen 6 cars, drivers could more easily tandem and gain speed, much like the early 2010s. After Ryan Newman's scary crash in the <a href="/wiki/2020_Daytona_500" title="2020 Daytona 500">2020 Daytona 500</a>, NASCAR made efforts to change drafting at superspeedways, where less horsepower was used: the removal of aero ducts to eliminate tandem drafting and decrease closing rates, and a smaller throttle body to lower the amount of air into a racecar.<sup id="cite_ref-Tandem_banned_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tandem_banned-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tailgating_and_hypermiling">Tailgating and hypermiling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drafting_(aerodynamics)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tailgating and hypermiling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some drivers have been known to draft behind other vehicles, particularly <a href="/wiki/Tailgating" title="Tailgating">tailgating</a> larger vehicles, to save fuel. For example, <a href="/wiki/Hypermilers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypermilers">hypermilers</a> using this technique can achieve 75 <a href="/wiki/Miles_per_gallon" class="mw-redirect" title="Miles per gallon">mpg</a> or more (a 10% increase in efficiency of certain hybrid vehicles).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources say that the most common tailgating does not save gasoline even at freeway speeds because one is likely to accelerate and brake so frequently that any aerodynamic savings are lost through the brakes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the show <i><a href="/wiki/MythBusters" title="MythBusters">MythBusters</a></i>, drafting behind an 18-wheeler truck was tested and results showed that traveling 100 feet (30 m) behind the truck increased overall mpg efficiency by 11%.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traveling 10 feet (3.0 m) behind the truck produced a 39% gain in efficiency. Additionally, on the same episode, <i>MythBusters</i> demonstrated that it can be very dangerous for the following car if one of the truck's tires (or their <a href="/wiki/Retread" title="Retread">recaps</a>) <a href="/wiki/Delamination" title="Delamination">delaminate</a>, as the chunks of ejected rubber can be large enough to cause serious harm, even death, to a driver following too closely.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drafters also face the danger that, if the vehicle in front stops suddenly, there is little time to react. <a href="/wiki/Platoon_(automobile)" title="Platoon (automobile)">Platooning</a> is under study as a means to get the benefit while also increasing safety. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_simulation_of_drafting">Computer simulation of drafting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drafting_(aerodynamics)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Computer simulation of drafting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Computer simulation (<a href="/wiki/Computational_fluid_dynamics" title="Computational fluid dynamics">computational fluid dynamics</a> or CFD) is increasingly being used to analyse drafting. It is important to understand the aerodynamic behaviour of a motor vehicle when drafting, for example if the rear car is too close to the front car, the air supply to its radiator will be reduced and there is a possibility of the engine overheating. Most motor sport aerodynamic analysis is performed using wind tunnel testing. This becomes difficult for drafting cases, if only because a very large wind tunnel is needed. CFD, a kind of virtual wind tunnel, is used by race teams to understand the car's performance while drafting. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Racing_game" title="Racing game">Racing games</a>, such as most in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mario_Kart" title="Mario Kart">Mario Kart</a></i> series, simulate drafting by giving the player a speed boost. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drafting_in_nature">Drafting in nature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drafting_(aerodynamics)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Drafting in nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Animals have been observed to use true drafting behavior reminiscent of auto racing or cycling. <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_spiny_lobster" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean spiny lobster">Caribbean spiny lobsters</a> for example are known to migrate in close single-file formation "lobster trains".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vortex_surfing">Vortex surfing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drafting_(aerodynamics)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vortex surfing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vortex" title="Vortex">Vortex</a> surfing is a related phenomenon that is currently being investigated by the <a href="/wiki/US_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="US Air Force">US Air Force</a> to save fuel on long-distance flights. The idea is to fly aircraft in the upward part of the <a href="/wiki/Wingtip_vortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Wingtip vortex">wingtip vortex</a> of a leading aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-c17vs_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c17vs-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, NASA said one of its F/A-18 test aircraft had a 29% fuel savings by flying in the wingtip vortex of a <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-8" title="Douglas DC-8">DC-8</a>. The DC-8/F-18 flight was an exploratory investigation of large aircraft vortex-induced performance benefits on a fighter-type aircraft. The aircraft flew at 25,000 feet with a separation of about 200 feet nose-to-tail. The F/A-18 slowly moved in laterally to explore the vortex effects, NASA said at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Air Force has also tested vortex surfing with <a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster_III" title="Boeing C-17 Globemaster III">C-17s</a> using <a href="/wiki/Auto_pilot" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto pilot">auto pilot</a> in 2012, and indicated a 10% fuel saving.<sup id="cite_ref-c17vs_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c17vs-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tests in 2013 produced even greater fuel savings.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vortex_surfing_in_nature">Vortex surfing in nature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drafting_(aerodynamics)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vortex surfing in nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CanadianGeeseFlyingInVFormation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/CanadianGeeseFlyingInVFormation.jpg/220px-CanadianGeeseFlyingInVFormation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/CanadianGeeseFlyingInVFormation.jpg/330px-CanadianGeeseFlyingInVFormation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/CanadianGeeseFlyingInVFormation.jpg/440px-CanadianGeeseFlyingInVFormation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2894" data-file-height="1930" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Canada_goose" title="Canada goose">Canada geese</a> flying in a <a href="/wiki/V_formation" title="V formation">V formation</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Cooperative <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">fluid dynamics</a> techniques like drafting are also found in nature. Flocks of <a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">geese</a> and some other birds fly in a <a href="/wiki/V_formation" title="V formation">V formation</a> because the <a href="/wiki/Wingtip_vortices" title="Wingtip vortices">wingtip vortices</a> generated by the front bird will create up-wash circulations. The birds flying behind will receive lift force from these up-wash vortices. Thus other birds in the flock do not need to work as hard to achieve lift. Studies show that birds in a V formation place themselves roughly at the optimum distance predicted by simple aerodynamic theory.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drafting_(aerodynamics)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSpenceThurmanMaherWilson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Spence, Andrew J.; Thurman, Andrew; Maher, Michael; Wilson, Alan M. 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Retrieved on March 28, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2013/08/19/USAF-touts-flying-technique-for-fuel-savings/UPI-49021376934304/">"USAF touts flying technique for fuel savings"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030043720/http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2013/08/19/USAF-touts-flying-technique-for-fuel-savings/UPI-49021376934304/">Archived</a> October 30, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA401264">"Drag Reduction from Formation Flight. Flying Aircraft in Bird-Like Formations Could Significantly Increase Range"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20090521201002/http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA401264">Archived</a> May 21, 2009, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>; Defense Technical Information Center; April 2002; Retrieved February 27, 2008</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drafting_(aerodynamics)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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