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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Début</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Langues_chinoises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Langues_chinoises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Langues chinoises</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Langues_chinoises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Écritures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Écritures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Écritures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Écritures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Écritures</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Écritures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transcriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transcriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Transcriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transcriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traits_grammaticaux_communs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traits_grammaticaux_communs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Traits grammaticaux communs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traits_grammaticaux_communs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_dans_le_monde_asiatique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_dans_le_monde_asiatique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Influence dans le monde asiatique</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_dans_le_monde_asiatique-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Influence dans le monde asiatique</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_dans_le_monde_asiatique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mandarin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandarin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mandarin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandarin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cantonais" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cantonais"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Cantonais</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cantonais-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Langues chinoises</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 224 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-224" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">224 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Акитаи бызшәа – abkhaze" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Акитаи бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhaze" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsa_Cina" title="Bahsa Cina – aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bahsa Cina" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinees" title="Chinees – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chinees" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinesische_Sprachen" title="Chinesische Sprachen – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Chinesische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%BB%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="ቻይንኛ – amharique" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቻይንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaping_a_sowal" title="Kuwaping a sowal – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Kuwaping a sowal" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_chin%C3%A9s" title="Idioma chinés – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma chinés" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="मानक मंदारिन – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मानक मंदारिन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الصينية – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الصينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%A8%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܨܝܢܝܐ – araméen" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܨܝܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="araméen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الشينوية – arabe marocain" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="الشينوية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabe marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%89" title="لغه صينى – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه صينى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="চীনা ভাষা – assamais" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চীনা ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_chinu" title="Idioma chinu – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma chinu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siniafa_ava" title="Siniafa ava – kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Siniafa ava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_dili" title="Çin dili – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çin dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="چین دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چین دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Ҡытай теле – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡытай теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin%C3%A4sisch" title="Kinäsisch – bavarois" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kinäsisch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%97nu_kalba" title="Kėnu kalba – samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kėnu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hata_Sina" title="Hata Sina – batak toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Hata Sina" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="batak toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Intsik" title="Tataramon na Intsik – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Intsik" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кітайская мова – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кітайская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кітайская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кітайская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tionghoa" title="Basa Tionghoa – betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Basa Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Китайски език – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Китайски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चीनी भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चीनी भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="চীনা ভাষা – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চীনা ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91" title="རྒྱ་སྐད – tibétain" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྒྱ་སྐད" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibétain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_sinaek" title="Yezhoù sinaek – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù sinaek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kineski_jezik" title="Kineski jezik – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kineski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Tionghoa" title="Saro Tionghoa – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Хитад хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хитад хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_sin%C3%ADtiques" title="Llengües sinítiques – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües sinítiques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1ng-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Háng-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Háng-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Цийн мотт – tchétchène" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Цийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tchétchène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inintsik" title="Inintsik – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Inintsik" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B6%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A8_%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%8F%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎦᏬᏂᏏᏍᏗ – cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎦᏬᏂᏏᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hes%C3%B3%27x%C4%97ho%27en%C3%B3tse" title="Hesó'xėho'enótse – cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Hesó'xėho'enótse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زمانی چینی – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی چینی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_tili" title="Çin tili – tatar de Crimée" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çin tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tatar de Crimée" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADn%C5%A1tina" title="Čínština – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čínština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D1%A3%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Срѣдиньскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – slavon d’église" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Срѣдиньскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="slavon d’église" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Китай чĕлхи – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Китай чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsieineeg" title="Tsieineeg – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tsieineeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesisk_(sproggruppe)" title="Kinesisk (sproggruppe) – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kinesisk (sproggruppe)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bon article"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinesische_Sprachen" title="Chinesische Sprachen – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chinesische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87inki" title="Çinki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çinki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Chinšćina – bas-sorabe" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Chinšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="bas-sorabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%A9%DE%82%DE%A9" title="ސީނީ – maldivien" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސީނީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="maldivien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Κινεζική γλώσσα – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κινεζική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chinese language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ina_lingvaro" title="Ĉina lingvaro – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉina lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_chino" title="Idioma chino – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma chino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina_keel" title="Hiina keel – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hiina keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txinera" title="Txinera – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txinera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luenga_china" title="Luenga china – estrémègne" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Luenga china" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estrémègne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان چینی – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان چینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinan_kieli" title="Kiinan kieli – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiinan kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina_kiil" title="Hiina kiil – võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Hiina kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesiskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Kinesiskt mál – féroïen" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kinesiskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="féroïen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sineesk" title="Sineesk – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sineesk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tS%C3%ADnis" title="An tSínis – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSínis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="漢語 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="漢語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanng_chinwaz" title="Lanng chinwaz – créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lanng chinwaz" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AConais" title="Sìonais – gaélique écossais" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sìonais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélique écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_chinesa" title="Lingua chinesa – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua chinesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A4%D9%86" title="چيني زوؤن – gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="چيني زوؤن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Chinañe'ẽ – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Chinañe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tionghoa" title="Bahasa Tionghoa – gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Bahasa Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%83_%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃 – gotique" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gotique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%9D_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="ચાઇનીઝ ભાષા – goudjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચાઇનીઝ ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="goudjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengaghyn_Sheenagh" title="Çhengaghyn Sheenagh – mannois" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengaghyn Sheenagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinanci" title="Sinanci – haoussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sinanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haoussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hon-ng%C3%AE" title="Hon-ngî – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hon-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_P%C4%81k%C4%93" title="ʻŌlelo Pākē – hawaïen" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Pākē" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaïen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות סיניות – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות סיניות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चीनी भाषा – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चीनी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_bhasa" title="Chinese bhasa – hindi fidjien" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chinese bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi fidjien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kineski_jezik" title="Kineski jezik – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kineski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Chinšćina – haut-sorabe" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Chinšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="haut-sorabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_chinwa" title="Lang chinwa – créole haïtien" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang chinwa" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="créole haïtien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnai_nyelv" title="Kínai nyelv – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kínai nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Չինարեն – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չինարեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Չինարէն – arménien occidental" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Չինարէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="arménien occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_China" title="Jaku China – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku China" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tionghoa" title="Bahasa Tionghoa – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Insik" title="Pagsasao nga Insik – ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Insik" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiniana_linguo" title="Chiniana linguo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chiniana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnverska" title="Kínverska – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kínverska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_cinese" title="Lingua cinese – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua cinese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%B4%E1%90%83%E1%93%82%E1%93%AF%E1%91%8E%E1%91%90%E1%91%A6" title="ᓴᐃᓂᓯᑎᑐᑦ – inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓴᐃᓂᓯᑎᑐᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E" title="中国語 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中国語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaini_languij" title="Chaini languij – créole jamaïcain" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Chaini languij" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="créole jamaïcain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jugbau" title="jugbau – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jugbau" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Cina" title="Basa Cina – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Cina" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჩინური ენა – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩინური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1tay_tili" title="Qıtay tili – karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qıtay tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Хъутейбзэ – kabarde" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хъутейбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabarde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisinw%C3%A1" title="Kisinwá – kikongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kisinwá" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="kikongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_China" title="Bahasa China – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa China" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Қытай тілі – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қытай тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93" title="ភាសាចិន – khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាចិន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಚೀನಿ ಭಾಷೆ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚೀನಿ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4" title="중국어 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중국어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چیٖنی زبان – cachemiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="چیٖنی زبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cachemiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_%C3%A7%C3%AEn%C3%AE" title="Zimanê çînî – kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê çînî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Китай кыв – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Китай кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinek" title="Chinek – cornique" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Chinek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Кытай тили – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кытай тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Sinicae" title="Linguae Sinicae – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Sinicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Китай маз – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Китай маз" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Китай чӀал – lezghien" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Китай чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_xines" title="Linguas xines – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas xines" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinees" title="Chinees – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Chinees" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_cineise" title="Lengua cineise – ligure" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua cineise" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligure" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_cinesc" title="Lingaz cinesc – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz cinesc" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_cinesa" title="Lengua cinesa – lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua cinesa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisinwa" title="Lisinwa – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lisinwa" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%99" title="ພາສາຈີນ – lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາຈີນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin%C5%B3_kalba" title="Kinų kalba – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kinų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABn%C4%AB%C5%A1u_vol%C5%ABda" title="Ķīnīšu volūda – latgalien" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Ķīnīšu volūda" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="latgalien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABnie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Ķīniešu valoda – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīniešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C3%A2sa_Tiongkok" title="Bhâsa Tiongkok – madurais" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bhâsa Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madurais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चीनी भाषा – maïthili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="चीनी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maïthili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Cina" title="Basa Cina – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Basa Cina" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_sinoa" title="Fiteny sinoa – malgache" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny sinoa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Hainamana" title="Reo Hainamana – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Hainamana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Cino" title="Bahaso Cino – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Cino" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Кинески јазик – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кинески јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ചൈനീസ് ഭാഷ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചൈനീസ് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хятад хэл – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хятад хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯈꯥꯀꯤ ꯂꯣꯟ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯈꯥꯀꯤ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चिनी भाषा – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चिनी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Cina" title="Bahasa Cina – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Cina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwi_%C4%8Aini%C5%BCi" title="Lingwi Ċiniżi – maltais" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwi Ċiniżi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lh%C3%A9ngua_chinesa" title="Lhéngua chinesa – mirandais" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lhéngua chinesa" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="တရုတ်ဘာသာစကား – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တရုတ်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Китаень кель – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Китаень кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="چینی زوونون – mazandérani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چینی زوونون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandérani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chineesche_Spraken" title="Chineesche Spraken – bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Chineesche Spraken" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चिनियाँ भाषा – népalais" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चिनियाँ भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="népalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चिनिया भाषा – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चिनिया भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_talen" title="Chinese talen – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chinese talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesisk" title="Kinesisk – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kinesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesisk" title="Kinesisk – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kinesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinum" title="Chinum – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Chinum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set%C5%A1haena" title="Setšhaena – sotho du Nord" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Setšhaena" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho du Nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin%C3%A9s" title="Chinés – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chinés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitain_kieli" title="Kitain kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kitain kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaayiniffa" title="Chaayiniffa – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Chaayiniffa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Китайаг æвзаг – ossète" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Китайаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossète" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਚੀਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੀਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chino%C3%A9s" title="Chinoés – picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Chinoés" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiinese" title="Shiinese – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Shiinese" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_chi%C5%84ski" title="Język chiński – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język chiński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="چینی بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چینی بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="چينايي ژبه – pachto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چينايي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pachto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_chinesa" title="Língua chinesa – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua chinesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunwa_simi" title="Chunwa simi – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chunwa simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_chinez%C4%83" title="Limba chineză – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba chineză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Китайский язык – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Китайский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Кітайскый язык – ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кітайскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gishinwa" title="Gishinwa – kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Gishinwa" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चीनीभाषा – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चीनीभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Кытай тыла – iakoute" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кытай тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iakoute" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_cinisa" title="Lingua cinisa – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua cinisa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheenese_leid" title="Cheenese leid – écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cheenese leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="چيني ٻولي – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چيني ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinn%C3%A1giella" title="Kiinnágiella – same du Nord" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kiinnágiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="same du Nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinu%C3%A4a" title="Shinuäa – sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Shinuäa" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kineski_jezik" title="Kineski jezik – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kineski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%BD%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%82%84%E1%82%87" title="ၽႃႇသႃႇၶႄႇ – shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၽႃႇသႃႇၶႄႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="චීන භාෂාව – cingalais" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චීන භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chinese language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADn%C5%A1tina" title="Čínština – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čínština" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چینی زبان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="چینی زبان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitaj%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Kitajščina – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kitajščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Saina" title="Faʻa Saina – samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Saina" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichayina" title="Chichayina – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chichayina" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_kineze" title="Gjuha kineze – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha kineze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Кинески језик – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кинески језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-china" title="Se-china – sotho du Sud" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Se-china" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="sotho du Sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han-Chinesiske_Sproaken" title="Han-Chinesiske Sproaken – saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Han-Chinesiske Sproaken" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tionghoa" title="Basa Tionghoa – soundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="soundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesiska" title="Kinesiska – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kinesiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kichina" title="Kichina – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kichina" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C5%84sk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Chińskŏ gŏdka – silésien" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Chińskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="சீன மொழி – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீன மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="చైనీస్ భాష – télougou" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చైనీస్ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="télougou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Забони чинӣ – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони чинӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="กลุ่มภาษาจีน – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาจีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyta%C3%BD_dili" title="Hytaý dili – turkmène" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Hytaý dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Tsino" title="Wikang Tsino – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Tsino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cini_zyvon" title="Cini zyvon – talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Cini zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Saina" title="Tok Saina – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Saina" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ince" title="Çince – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çince" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_Tlu" title="Kari Tlu – taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Kari Tlu" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Кытай теле – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кытай теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Tinit%C5%8D" title="Reo Tinitō – tahitien" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Reo Tinitō" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="tahitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Кыдат дыл – touvain" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Кыдат дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="touvain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Китай кыл – oudmourte" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Китай кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="oudmourte" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%87%DA%86%DB%95" title="خەنزۇچە – ouïghour" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="خەنزۇچە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ouïghour" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Китайська мова – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Китайська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چینی زبان – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چینی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitoy_tili" title="Xitoy tili – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xitoy tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_cineze" title="Łéngua cineze – vénitien" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua cineze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vénitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitajan_kel%27" title="Kitajan kel' – vepse" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kitajan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Tiếng Trung Quốc – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Trung Quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyin" title="Tsyin – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tsyin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinw%C3%A8s_(lingaedje)" title="Chinwès (lingaedje) – wallon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Chinwès (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="wallon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsino_(yinaknan)" title="Tsino (yinaknan) – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tsino (yinaknan)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="汉语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჩინური ნინა – mingrélien" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩინური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrélien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A9" title="כינעזיש – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="כינעזיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_%E1%B9%A2%C3%A1%C3%ADn%C3%A0" title="Èdè Ṣáínà – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Ṣáínà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahgun" title="Vahgun – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vahgun" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%9B%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ – amazighe standard marocain" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="amazighe standard marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="汉语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="漢語 – chinois littéraire" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="漢語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="chinois littéraire" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0n-g%C3%AD" title="Hàn-gí – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hàn-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87" title="中文 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiShayina" title="IsiShayina – zoulou" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiShayina" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" 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title="Aide:Redirection"><img alt="Page d’aide sur les redirections" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arrows-move.svg/20px-Arrows-move.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arrows-move.svg/30px-Arrows-move.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arrows-move.svg/40px-Arrows-move.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="88" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>«  Chinois (langue) » redirige ici. Pour les autres significations, voir <a href="/wiki/Chinois" class="mw-disambig" title="Chinois">Chinois</a>. </p> </div></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox_v2 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="entete bd" style="background-color:#FF6347;color:black;">Chinois<br /><small><span style="font-style:normal;"><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">汉语</span> ou <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">漢語</span></span> [<span class="lang-zh-latn" lang="zh-latn">Hànyǔ</span>] ; <span style="font-style:normal;"><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">中文</span></span> [<span class="lang-zh-latn" lang="zh-latn">zhōngwén</span>]</small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r160408458">.mw-parser-output .entete.bd{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Picto_infobox_comicballoon.png")}</style> </td></tr> <tr><th scope="row">Pays </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">Chine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%AFwan" title="Taïwan">Taïwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaisie" title="Malaisie">Malaisie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapour" title="Singapour">Singapour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indon%C3%A9sie" title="Indonésie">Indonésie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> et <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_chinoise" title="Diaspora chinoise">autres pays comptant des communautés chinoises</a>. </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nombre de locuteurs </th> <td>Plus de 1,3 milliard </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nom des locuteurs </th> <td>Sinophones </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Typologie_linguistique" title="Typologie linguistique">Typologie</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Langue_SVO" title="Langue SVO">SVO</a> + <small><a href="/wiki/Langue_SOV" title="Langue SOV">SOV</a></small>, <a href="/wiki/Langue_isolante" title="Langue isolante">isolante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langue_%C3%A0_tons" title="Langue à tons">à tons</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FF6347; color:#000000">Classification par famille</th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Langues_sino-tib%C3%A9taines" title="Langues sino-tibétaines">langues sino-tibétaines</a><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">langues chinoises</a><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(langue)" title="Mandarin (langue)">chinois mandarin</a></li><li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Jinyu" title="Jinyu">chinois jin</a></li><li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Hui_(langue)" title="Hui (langue)">chinois huizhou</a></li><li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Wu_(langue)" title="Wu (langue)">chinois wu</a></li><li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Gan_(langue)" title="Gan (langue)">chinois gan</a></li><li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Hakka_(langue)" title="Hakka (langue)">chinois hakka</a></li><li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Cantonais" title="Cantonais">chinois yue</a></li><li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">chinois pinghua</a></li><li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Min_(langue)" title="Min (langue)">chinois min</a></li><li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> langues chinoises non-classées</li><li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Bashu" title="Bashu">chinois ba-shu</a> (éteint)</li><li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> vieux wu (éteint)</li></ul> </li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FF6347; color:#000000">Statut officiel</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Langue_officielle" title="Langue officielle">Langue officielle</a> </th> <td><b>Mandarin :</b><br /><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Chine"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la République populaire de Chine"><img alt="Drapeau de la République populaire de Chine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">République populaire de Chine</a></span><br /><span data-sort-value="Taiwan"><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Taïwan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de Taïwan"><img alt="Drapeau de Taïwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%AFwan" title="Taïwan">Taïwan</a></span></span><br /><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Singapour"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Singapore.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de Singapour"><img alt="Drapeau de Singapour" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/20px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/30px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/40px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapour" title="Singapour">Singapour</a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_Wa" title="État Wa">État Wa</a><br /><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Organisation des Nations unies"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des Nations unies"><img alt="Drapeau des Nations unies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Organisation_des_Nations_unies" title="Organisation des Nations unies">Nations unies</a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Organisation_de_coop%C3%A9ration_de_Shanghai" title="Organisation de coopération de Shanghai">Organisation de coopération de Shanghai</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Association_des_nations_de_l%27Asie_du_Sud-Est" title="Association des nations de l'Asie du Sud-Est">Association des nations de l'Asie du Sud-Est</a><br /><b>Cantonais :</b><br /><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Hong Kong"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de Hong Kong"><img alt="Drapeau de Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span><br /><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Macao"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Macau.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de Macao"><img alt="Drapeau de Macao" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/20px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/30px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/40px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Macao" title="Macao">Macao</a></span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FF6347; color:#000000">Codes de langue</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tiquette_d%27identification_de_langues_IETF" title="Étiquette d'identification de langues IETF">IETF</a> </th> <td><code>zh</code> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span> </th> <td><code>zh</code> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span> </th> <td><code>chi, zho</code> </td> </tr> <tr><th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span> </th> <td><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=zho">zho</a></code> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3#Étendue" title="ISO 639-3">Étendue</a> </th> <td>groupe </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3#Type" title="ISO 639-3">Type</a> </th> <td>langue vivante </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">ISO 639-5</a></span> </th> <td><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=zhx">zhx</a></code> </td> </tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Observatoire_linguistique" title="Observatoire linguistique"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Linguasphere</span></i></a> </th> <td><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=79-AAA">79-AAA</a></code> </td> </tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a> </th> <td><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sini1245">sini1245</a></code> </td> </tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FF6347; color:#000000">Échantillon</th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/zh/documents/udhr/index.shtml#a1">Article premier de la Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/fr/universal-declaration-human-rights/index.html">texte en français</a>) <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Sinogrammes_traditionnels" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinogrammes traditionnels">sinogrammes traditionnels</a>) <b>第一條</b><br /><span class="lang-zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">人人生而自由,在尊嚴和權利上一律平等。他們賦有理性和良心,並應以兄弟關係的精神相對待</span></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Sinogrammes_simplifi%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinogrammes simplifiés">sinogrammes simplifiés</a>) <b>第一条</b><br /><span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">人人生而自由, 在尊严和权利上一律平等。他们赋有理性和良心,并应以兄弟关系的精神相对待。</span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FF6347; color:#000000">Carte</th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Lenguas_Sin%C3%ADticas.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image illustrative de l’article Langues chinoises" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Lenguas_Sin%C3%ADticas.PNG/280px-Lenguas_Sin%C3%ADticas.PNG" decoding="async" width="280" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Lenguas_Sin%C3%ADticas.PNG/420px-Lenguas_Sin%C3%ADticas.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Lenguas_Sin%C3%ADticas.PNG 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="528" /></a></span> <br />Répartition des différentes branches de la famille linguistique sinitique <div style="column-count:2;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <div class="legende-bloc legende-bloc-vertical"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r160408543">.mw-parser-output .legende-bloc-centre{display:table;margin:0 auto;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .legende-bloc ul li{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .legende-bloc-vertical ul li{list-style:none;margin:1px 0 0 -1.5em}.mw-parser-output .legende-bloc-vertical ul li li{list-style:none;margin:1px 0 0 -1.0em}</style><ul><li><span class="legende" style="margin-right:.3em;display:inline-block;width:1.3em;height:1.3em;webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;background:#bb8040;border:1px solid gray;vertical-align:middle"></span>Min</li> <li><span class="legende" style="margin-right:.3em;display:inline-block;width:1.3em;height:1.3em;webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;background:#4040ff;border:1px solid gray;vertical-align:middle"></span>Mandarin ou guan</li> <li><span class="legende" style="margin-right:.3em;display:inline-block;width:1.3em;height:1.3em;webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;background:#800000;border:1px solid gray;vertical-align:middle"></span>Jin</li> <li><span class="legende" style="margin-right:.3em;display:inline-block;width:1.3em;height:1.3em;webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;background:#8fdf00;border:1px solid gray;vertical-align:middle"></span>Wu</li> <li><span class="legende" style="margin-right:.3em;display:inline-block;width:1.3em;height:1.3em;webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;background:#990099;border:1px solid gray;vertical-align:middle"></span>Hui</li> <li><span class="legende" style="margin-right:.3em;display:inline-block;width:1.3em;height:1.3em;webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;background:#aaaabb;border:1px solid gray;vertical-align:middle"></span>Gan</li> <li><span class="legende" style="margin-right:.3em;display:inline-block;width:1.3em;height:1.3em;webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;background:#009900;border:1px solid gray;vertical-align:middle"></span>Hakka</li> <li><span class="legende" style="margin-right:.3em;display:inline-block;width:1.3em;height:1.3em;webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;background:#ffff00;border:1px solid gray;vertical-align:middle"></span>Xiang</li> <li><span class="legende" style="margin-right:.3em;display:inline-block;width:1.3em;height:1.3em;webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;background:#ff0000;border:1px solid gray;vertical-align:middle"></span>Cantonais ou yue</li> <li><span class="legende" style="margin-right:.3em;display:inline-block;width:1.3em;height:1.3em;webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;background:#ff9900;border:1px solid gray;vertical-align:middle"></span>Ping</li> </ul></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #FF6347 solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Langues_chinoises&action=edit&section=0"><span class="infodoc">modifier</span></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Langue" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>Les <b>langues chinoises</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sinogramme_simplifi%C3%A9" title="Sinogramme simplifié">chinois simplifié</a> : <span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans"><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:中">中</a><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:国">国</a><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AF%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:语">语</a><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%87" class="extiw" title="wikt:文">文</a></span> ; <a href="/wiki/Sinogramme_traditionnel" title="Sinogramme traditionnel">chinois traditionnel</a> : <span class="lang-zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中國語文</span> ; <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin">pinyin</a> : <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">zhōngguó yǔwén</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>) ou <b>langues sinitiques</b>, souvent désignées dans leur ensemble sous le nom de « <b>chinois</b> » (<span class="lang-zh" lang="zh"><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:中">中</a><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%87" class="extiw" title="wikt:文">文</a></span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">zhōngwén</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>), appartiennent à la <a href="/wiki/Famille_de_langues" title="Famille de langues">famille</a> des <a href="/wiki/Langues_sino-tib%C3%A9taines" title="Langues sino-tibétaines">langues sino-tibétaines</a>. </p><p>On considère la <i>langue écrite</i> (<a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%87" class="extiw" title="wikt:文">文</a>, wén<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>) comme la plus universelle, qui transcende la prononciation des divers parlers. La langue parlée dans son caractère le plus général est le plus souvent appelée <i>hanyu</i> (<a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:汉">汉</a><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AF%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:语">语</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>), soit « langue des <a href="/wiki/Han_(ethnie)" title="Han (ethnie)">Han</a> », même si d'autres groupes ethniques ont progressivement adopté cette langue. Les différents parlers peuvent être considérés comme <i>langue</i> (<a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AF%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:语">语</a>, yǔ<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>) ou comme <i>dialecte</i> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">chinois</a> : <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">方言</span> ; <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin">pinyin</a> : <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">fāngyán</span></span>). Le statut d'un parler comme langue ou dialecte est souvent sujet à controverses en l'absence de références écrites à la prononciation<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Articles détaillés : <a href="/wiki/Chinois_%C3%A9crit" title="Chinois écrit">chinois écrit</a> et <a href="/wiki/Chinois_parl%C3%A9" title="Chinois parlé">chinois parlé</a>.</div></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Langues_chinoises">Langues chinoises</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_chinoises&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Langues chinoises" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_chinoises&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Langues chinoises"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On distingue généralement sept grandes langues chinoises parlées modernes : </p> <ol><li>Le <b><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(langue)" title="Mandarin (langue)">mandarin</a></b> (<span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">官话</span> / <span class="lang-zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">官話</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">guānhuà</span></span>, « langue des officiels » ou <span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">北方话</span> / <span class="lang-zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">北方話</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">běifāng huà</span></span>, « parlers du Nord »), parlé dans le Nord et le Nord-Est de la <a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">Chine</a>. C'est la langue la plus parlée au monde (environ <span class="nowrap">850 millions</span> de locuteurs) : <ul><li>le <b><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_standard" title="Mandarin standard">mandarin standard</a></b> (<span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">汉语</span> / <span class="lang-zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">漢語</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">hànyǔ</span></span> globalement ou <span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">普通话</span> / <span class="lang-zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">普通話</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">pǔtōnghuà</span></span>, « langue commune », en <a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">république populaire de Chine</a>, ou <span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">国语</span> / <span class="lang-zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">國語</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">guóyǔ</span></span>, « langue nationale », en république de Chine (Taïwan)) est la variante standardisée du mandarin et la langue officielle de la république populaire de Chine, de la <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%AFwan" title="Taïwan">république de Chine (Taïwan)</a> et de <a href="/wiki/Singapour" title="Singapour">Singapour</a>. Elle est également appelée <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">中文</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">zhōngwén</span></span>, sous-entendant la langue de la Chine, même si cette forme réfère rigoureusement à la langue écrite. Par abus de langage, on désigne simplement cette langue comme étant le « chinois ».</li></ul></li> <li>Le <b><a href="/wiki/Wu_(langue)" title="Wu (langue)">wu</a></b> (<span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">吴语</span> / <span class="lang-zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">吳語</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">wúyǔ</span></span>), parlé à <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, dans le <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> (environ <span class="nowrap">77 millions</span> de locuteurs) ;</li> <li>Le <b><a href="/wiki/Cantonais" title="Cantonais">cantonais</a></b> (<span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">粤语</span> / <span class="lang-zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">粵語</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">yuèyǔ</span></span>), parlé dans les provinces du <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> et du <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, à <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macao" title="Macao">Macao</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Asie_du_Sud-Est" title="Asie du Sud-Est">Asie du Sud-Est</a> et par certaines communautés de la <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_chinoise" title="Diaspora chinoise">diaspora chinoise</a> (environ <span class="nowrap">71 millions</span> de locuteurs) ;</li> <li>Le <b><a href="/wiki/Min_(langue)" title="Min (langue)">min</a></b> (<span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">闽语</span> / <span class="lang-zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">閩語</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">mǐnyǔ</span></span>), dans les provinces du <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> et à <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%AFwan" title="Taïwan">Taïwan</a> (environ <span class="nowrap">60 millions</span> de locuteurs), dont : <ul><li>le groupe <b><a href="/wiki/Minnan" title="Minnan">minnan</a></b> (ou <i>hokkien</i>) comprend, entre autres, le <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%AFwanais" title="Taïwanais">taïwanais</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Teochew_(dialecte)" title="Teochew (dialecte)">teochew</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Hainanais" title="Hainanais">hainanais</a>,</li> <li>le groupe <b><a href="/wiki/Minbei" title="Minbei">minbei</a></b> ;</li></ul></li> <li>Le <b><a href="/wiki/Xiang_(langue)" title="Xiang (langue)">xiang</a></b> (<span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">湘语</span> / <span class="lang-zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">湘語</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">xiāngyǔ</span></span>), parlé dans la province du <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> (environ <span class="nowrap">36 millions</span> de locuteurs) ;</li> <li>Le <b><a href="/wiki/Hakka_(langue)" title="Hakka (langue)">hakka</a></b> (<span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">客家话</span> / <span class="lang-zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">客家話</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">kèjiāhuà</span></span>), dans la partie nord du <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> et à <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%AFwan" title="Taïwan">Taïwan</a> (environ <span class="nowrap">34 millions</span> de locuteurs) ;</li> <li>Le <b><a href="/wiki/Gan_(langue)" title="Gan (langue)">gan</a></b> (<span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">赣语</span> / <span class="lang-zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">贛語</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">gànyǔ</span></span>), parlé dans la province du <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> (environ <span class="nowrap">31 millions</span> de locuteurs).</li></ol> <p>Certains linguistes distinguent parfois trois autres langues importantes : </p> <ol><li>le <b><a href="/wiki/Jin_(langue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin (langue)">jin</a></b> (<span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">晋语</span> / <span class="lang-zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">晉語</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">jìnyǔ</span></span>), dans la zone Nord, distingué du mandarin ;</li> <li>le <b><a href="/wiki/Hui_(langue)" title="Hui (langue)">hui</a></b> (<span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">徽语</span> / <span class="lang-zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">徽語</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">huīyǔ</span></span>), distingué du wu ;</li> <li>le <b><a href="/wiki/Pinghua_(langue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinghua (langue)">ping</a></b> (<span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">平话</span> / <span class="lang-zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">平話</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">pínghuà</span></span>), distingué du cantonais.</li></ol> <p><small> <i><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_langues_chinoises" title="Liste des langues chinoises">Voir liste des langues chinoises</a></i></small> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Map_of_sinitic_languages-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Map_of_sinitic_languages-fr.svg/340px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="340" height="725" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Map_of_sinitic_languages-fr.svg/510px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Map_of_sinitic_languages-fr.svg/680px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption>Langues chinoises parlées en <a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">Chine</a> et à <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%AFwan" title="Taïwan">Taiwan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Le <a href="/wiki/Chinois_archa%C3%AFque" title="Chinois archaïque">chinois archaïque</a>, dont ces langues sont issues, n'était pas une <a href="/wiki/Langue_%C3%A0_tons" title="Langue à tons">langue à tons</a>, et se distinguait fortement des langues modernes par son <a href="/wiki/Typologie_linguistique" title="Typologie linguistique">type</a> sur le plan <a href="/wiki/Phonologie" title="Phonologie">phonologique</a> comme sur le plan <a href="/wiki/Morphologie_(linguistique)" title="Morphologie (linguistique)">morphologique</a>. Les langues chinoises sont apparentées aux langues <a href="/wiki/Tib%C3%A9to-birman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibéto-birman">tibéto-birmanes</a>. </p><p>Mais il existe aussi d'autres groupes plus réduits et pas encore classés, parmi lesquels : le <a href="/wiki/Danzhouhua" title="Danzhouhua">dialecte danzhou</a>, parlé à <a href="/wiki/Danzhou" title="Danzhou">Danzhou</a>, sur l'île de <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> ; <a href="/wiki/Xianghua" class="mw-redirect" title="Xianghua">Xianghua</a> (<span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">乡话</span>), à ne pas confondre avec xiang (<span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">湘</span>), parlé à l'Ouest du <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> ; et <a href="/wiki/Shaozhou_tuhua" title="Shaozhou tuhua">Shaozhou tuhua</a>, parlé dans le Nord <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>. La <a href="/wiki/Langue_doungane" class="mw-redirect" title="Langue doungane">langue doungane</a>, parlée en <a href="/wiki/Asie" title="Asie">Asie</a> centrale, est très apparentée au mandarin. Cependant, on ne la considère généralement pas toujours comme « chinoise », car écrite en cyrillique et parlée par les <a href="/wiki/Dounganes" title="Dounganes">Dounganes</a> hors de <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_populaire_de_Chine" class="mw-redirect" title="République populaire de Chine">République populaire de Chine</a>. De plus, ils ne sont pas considérés comme faisant partie de la <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_chinoise" title="Diaspora chinoise">diaspora chinoise</a> à quelque niveau que ce soit. Référez-vous à <i><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_langues_chinoises" title="Liste des langues chinoises">liste des langues chinoises</a></i> pour une liste complète de ces langues issues de plus grands groupes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Écritures"><span id=".C3.89critures"></span>Écritures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_chinoises&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Écritures" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_chinoises&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Écritures"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les langues chinoises s'écrivent avec des <b><a href="/wiki/Caract%C3%A8res_chinois" title="Caractères chinois">caractères chinois</a></b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">chinois</a> : <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">汉字</span> ; <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin">pinyin</a> : <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">hànzì</span></span> ; <abbr class="abbr" title="littéralement">litt.</abbr> « caractères des <a href="/wiki/Han_(ethnie)" title="Han (ethnie)">Han</a> », traduit en français par <a href="/wiki/Sinogramme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinogramme">sinogrammes</a>). Depuis leurs créations, ils ont évolué au cours des siècles pour atteindre la forme actuelle, qui se distingue par une écriture traditionnelle et une autre simplifiée. </p><p>Les <a href="/wiki/Sinogramme_traditionnel" title="Sinogramme traditionnel">caractères traditionnels</a> sont conservés à <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%AFwan" title="Taïwan">Taïwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macao" title="Macao">Macao</a> et <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, où ils diffèrent, également dans la <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_chinoise" title="Diaspora chinoise">diaspora chinoise</a> à l'étranger. Macao et Hong Kong parlent majoritairement <a href="/wiki/Cantonais" title="Cantonais">cantonais</a>, alors que Taïwan parle majoritairement <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(langue)" title="Mandarin (langue)">mandarin</a> ainsi qu'un dialecte du <a href="/wiki/Minnan" title="Minnan">minnan</a> appelé localement <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%AFwanais" title="Taïwanais">taïwanais</a> et ayant subi une forte influence du Japon pendant sa colonisation, du fait de la <a href="/wiki/Guerre_sino-japonaise_(1894-1895)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerre sino-japonaise (1894-1895)">guerre sino-japonaise (1894-1895)</a>, puis des <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a> à la fin de la <a href="/wiki/Seconde_Guerre_mondiale" title="Seconde Guerre mondiale">Seconde Guerre mondiale</a>. </p><p>Il exista aussi un code d'écriture chinois exclusivement utilisé par des femmes, le <i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">nüshu</a></i>, utilisé dans une région où, autrefois, les femmes n'avaient pas le droit d'écrire. </p><p>Dans les différentes régions ou districts autonomes, des écritures locales comme le <a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_dongba" title="Écriture dongba">dongba</a> ou le <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89criture_dai_de_Xishuangbanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Écriture dai de Xishuangbanna (page inexistante)">dai</a> sont utilisées. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transcriptions">Transcriptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_chinoises&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Transcriptions" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_chinoises&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Transcriptions"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:China_ethnolinguistic_1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/China_ethnolinguistic_1967.jpg/220px-China_ethnolinguistic_1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/China_ethnolinguistic_1967.jpg/330px-China_ethnolinguistic_1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/China_ethnolinguistic_1967.jpg/440px-China_ethnolinguistic_1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3031" data-file-height="2544" /></a><figcaption>Carte de la répartition des langues en Chine en 1967 (source CIA).</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Articles détaillés : <a href="/wiki/Romanisation_des_langues_chinoises" title="Romanisation des langues chinoises">Romanisation des langues chinoises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_des_langues_chinoises" title="Cyrillisation des langues chinoises">Cyrillisation des langues chinoises</a> et <a href="/wiki/Arabisation_des_langues_chinoises" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabisation des langues chinoises">Arabisation des langues chinoises</a>.</div></div> <p>Plusieurs systèmes de <a href="/wiki/Transcription_et_translitt%C3%A9ration" title="Transcription et translittération">transcription</a> sont utilisés pour le <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(langue)" title="Mandarin (langue)">mandarin</a>, pour le <a href="/wiki/Cantonais" title="Cantonais">cantonais</a> et d'autres langues chinoises : </p> <ul><li>le <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin">hanyu pinyin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanisation_(%C3%A9criture)" title="Romanisation (écriture)">romanisation</a> officielle, utilisée en <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_populaire_de_Chine" class="mw-redirect" title="République populaire de Chine">République populaire de Chine</a> ;</li> <li>le <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a>, alphabet non latin utilisé à <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%AFwan" title="Taïwan">Taïwan</a> (ressemblant stylistiquement aux <a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">kana</a> japonais) ;</li> <li>le système <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_de_romanisation_de_l%27EFEO_pour_le_mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Système de romanisation de l'EFEO pour le mandarin">EFEO</a> (de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_fran%C3%A7aise_d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient" title="École française d'Extrême-Orient">École française d'Extrême-Orient</a>) ;</li> <li>les romanisations <a href="/wiki/Wade-Giles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wade-Giles">Wade-Giles</a> (pour le mandarin) et <a href="/wiki/Romanisation_Yale" title="Romanisation Yale">Yale</a> (pour le cantonais et le mandarin), antérieures au pinyin, utilisées dans les pays anglo-saxons ;</li> <li>le <a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">jyutping</a>, romanisation du cantonais utilisée par la Société linguistique de Hong Kong ;</li> <li>le <a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">gwoyeu romatzyh</a>, romanisation du mandarin fixée en 1925-1926, adoptée par le gouvernement de la République de Chine en 1928 et utilisée à <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%AFwan" title="Taïwan">Taïwan</a> jusqu'en 1986 ;</li> <li>la <a href="/wiki/Romanisation_du_wu" title="Romanisation du wu">romanisation du wu</a> pour le <a href="/wiki/Shangha%C3%AFen" title="Shanghaïen">shanghaïen</a> ;</li> <li>la <a href="/wiki/Romanisation_des_langues_chinoises" title="Romanisation des langues chinoises">romanisation des langues chinoises</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traits_grammaticaux_communs">Traits grammaticaux communs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_chinoises&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Traits grammaticaux communs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_chinoises&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Traits grammaticaux communs"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contrairement à une idée répandue, la grammaire des langues chinoises n'est pas uniforme d'une langue à l'autre. Si ces langues partagent de nombreux points communs, en connaître une ne permet cependant pas de savoir parler les autres (sauf le mandarin, sur lequel la langue écrite normalisée est fondée). Chacune possède sa <a href="/wiki/Phonologie" title="Phonologie">phonologie</a>, sa <a href="/wiki/Syntaxe" title="Syntaxe">syntaxe</a>, sa propre utilisation des <a href="/wiki/Sinogramme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinogramme">caractères</a> (un caractère dans une langue chinoise donnée n'aura pas forcément le même sens dans une autre) voire des caractères qui lui sont propres (pour l'instant, seuls ceux du <a href="/wiki/Cantonais" title="Cantonais">cantonais</a> semblent accessibles dans les jeux de caractères habituels). </p><p>On peut cependant constater les principaux points communs entre ces langues, ce qui permet d'établir une <a href="/wiki/Typologie_linguistique" title="Typologie linguistique">typologie</a> chinoise : </p> <ul><li>elles sont toutes tonales (voir <a href="/wiki/Langue_%C3%A0_tons" title="Langue à tons">langue à tons</a>) ;</li> <li>elles sont à tendance monosyllabique : dans ces langues, l'unité fondamentale de sens et de son (ou <a href="/wiki/Morph%C3%A8me" title="Morphème">morphème</a>) est la <a href="/wiki/Syllabe" title="Syllabe">syllabe</a> (ce qui ne signifie pas que tous les <i>mots</i> soient monosyllabiques, loin de là) ;</li> <li>elles sont <a href="/wiki/Langue_isolante" title="Langue isolante">isolantes</a> : les <a href="/wiki/Morph%C3%A8me" title="Morphème">morphèmes</a> sont invariables et ne connaissent aucun type d'accord (ni <a href="/wiki/Flexion_(linguistique)" title="Flexion (linguistique)">flexion</a> nominale, ni <a href="/wiki/Conjugaison" title="Conjugaison">conjugaison</a>), d'où l'importance de la syntaxe (l'ordre des mots est primordial) ;</li> <li>elles utilisent des particules <a href="/wiki/Aspect_(grammaire)" title="Aspect (grammaire)">aspecto</a>-<a href="/wiki/Temps_(grammaire)" title="Temps (grammaire)">temporelles</a> et <a href="/wiki/Mode_(grammaire)" title="Mode (grammaire)">modales</a> : le verbe est actualisé au moyen de <a href="/wiki/Particule_(grammaire)" title="Particule (grammaire)">particules</a> la plupart du temps post-verbales qui renseignent sur le temps, l'<a href="/wiki/Aspect_(grammaire)" title="Aspect (grammaire)">aspect</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Proc%C3%A8s_(linguistique)" title="Procès (linguistique)">mode de procès</a> et le mode du verbe ;</li> <li>outre ces particules, il existe de très nombreux <a href="/wiki/Affixe" title="Affixe">suffixes</a> post-verbaux renseignant sur la localisation du procès, sa possibilité, son succès, <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr></li> <li>ces langues font usage de « <a href="/wiki/Classificateurs_en_chinois" title="Classificateurs en chinois">classificateurs</a> » nommés <i>spécificatifs</i>, morphèmes se plaçant entre un <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9terminant_(grammaire)" title="Déterminant (grammaire)">déterminant</a> (démonstratif, adjectif numéral) et un nom pour indiquer la <a href="/wiki/Classe_s%C3%A9mantique" title="Classe sémantique">classe sémantique</a> à laquelle appartient un terme (classe des objets longs et plats, classe des animaux, des paires, des divisions d'un ouvrage de poésie, <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>) ;</li> <li>dans la majorité des cas, ce sont des langues <a href="/wiki/Langue_SVO" title="Langue SVO">SVO</a>. On note cependant une tendance importante à la <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9matisation" title="Thématisation">thématisation</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Chinese_language_tree_plain.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chinese_language_tree_plain.png/600px-Chinese_language_tree_plain.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chinese_language_tree_plain.png/900px-Chinese_language_tree_plain.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chinese_language_tree_plain.png/1200px-Chinese_language_tree_plain.png 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>Différenciation de huit des principales langues chinoises depuis la <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_Zhou" title="Dynastie Zhou">dynastie Zhou</a>. <i>Bei</i> renvoie au <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(langue)" title="Mandarin (langue)">mandarin</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_dans_le_monde_asiatique">Influence dans le monde asiatique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_chinoises&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Influence dans le monde asiatique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_chinoises&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Influence dans le monde asiatique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:The_origin_and_spread_of_the_Sino-Tibetan_language_family.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_origin_and_spread_of_the_Sino-Tibetan_language_family.png/220px-The_origin_and_spread_of_the_Sino-Tibetan_language_family.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_origin_and_spread_of_the_Sino-Tibetan_language_family.png/330px-The_origin_and_spread_of_the_Sino-Tibetan_language_family.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_origin_and_spread_of_the_Sino-Tibetan_language_family.png/440px-The_origin_and_spread_of_the_Sino-Tibetan_language_family.png 2x" data-file-width="2851" data-file-height="1910" /></a><figcaption>L'origine et la diffusion des langues sino-tibétaines. L'ovale rouge représente la fin des cultures Cishan et les premières cultures de Yangshao. Les flèches noires représentent les voies présumées de l'expansion non sinitique. Après avoir appliqué la méthode comparative linguistique à la base de données de données linguistiques comparatives développée par <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Sagart" title="Laurent Sagart">Laurent Sagart</a> en 2019 pour identifier des correspondances sonores et établir des apparentés, des méthodes phylogénétiques sont utilisées pour déduire des relations entre ces langues et estimer l'âge de leur origine et de leur patrie<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="Edmund_Yeo_-_voice_-_ch_150127_1828.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fichier:Edmund_Yeo_-_voice_-_ch_150127_1828.wav"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Edmund_Yeo_-_voice_-_ch_150127_1828.wav/Edmund_Yeo_-_voice_-_ch_150127_1828.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Edmund_Yeo_-_voice_-_ch_150127_1828.wav/Edmund_Yeo_-_voice_-_ch_150127_1828.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Edmund_Yeo_-_voice_-_ch_150127_1828.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Un réalisateur parle chinois</figcaption></figure> <p>La carte linguistique de la Chine pourrait être divisée en deux : au nord du <a href="/wiki/Yangzi_Jiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangzi Jiang">Yangzi Jiang</a> trônerait le <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(langue)" title="Mandarin (langue)">mandarin</a>, et au sud les différents dialectes comme le <a href="/wiki/Wu_(langue)" title="Wu (langue)">wu</a> ou le <a href="/wiki/Cantonais" title="Cantonais">cantonais</a> ou bien encore le <a href="/wiki/Hakka_(langue)" title="Hakka (langue)">hakka</a>. Cette diversité peut s'expliquer par la carte géographique, là où les montagnes au sud ont fait barrière naturelle et donc favorisé l'émergence d'une plus grande différence entre ces différentes régions. </p><p>Mais la ligne linguistique chinoise ne s'arrête pas ici, elle est à échelle « mondiale », du moins en Asie. </p><p>Toutes les langues chinoises du nord de la Chine ont été influencées par le mandarin, alors que celles du sud par les langues méridionales. Ceci se remarque notamment dans les nombres : </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mandarin">Mandarin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_chinoises&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Mandarin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_chinoises&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Mandarin"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Chinois_Mandarin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Chinois_Mandarin.png/271px-Chinois_Mandarin.png" decoding="async" width="271" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Chinois_Mandarin.png/407px-Chinois_Mandarin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Chinois_Mandarin.png/542px-Chinois_Mandarin.png 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Carte des variétés du mandarin.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" width="60">Mandarin </th> <th scope="col" width="60"><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> </th> <th scope="col" width="60">Coréen </th> <th scope="col" width="60">Japonais </th> <th scope="col">Signification </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B6" class="extiw" title="wikt:零">零</a> </td> <td>líng </td> <td>ryeong </td> <td>rei </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:一">一</a> </td> <td>yī </td> <td>il </td> <td>ichi </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:二">二</a> </td> <td>èr </td> <td>i </td> <td>ni </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:三">三</a> </td> <td>sān </td> <td>sam </td> <td>san </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B" class="extiw" title="wikt:四">四</a> </td> <td>sì </td> <td>sa </td> <td>shi </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:五">五</a> </td> <td>wǔ </td> <td>o </td> <td>go </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:六">六</a> </td> <td>liù </td> <td>ryuk </td> <td>roku </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%83" class="extiw" title="wikt:七">七</a> </td> <td>qī </td> <td>chil </td> <td>shichi </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:八">八</a> </td> <td>bā </td> <td>ppal </td> <td>hachi </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:九">九</a> </td> <td>jiǔ </td> <td>gu </td> <td>kyu </td> <td>9 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Ce phénomène s'explique par la sinisation de la Corée et du Japon. </p><p>À partir du <abbr class="abbr" title="7ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr>, les <a href="/wiki/Chinois_(nation)" title="Chinois (nation)">Chinois</a> commencent à s'introduire dans la péninsule coréenne apportant avec eux leur culture. La contrée commerce avec le nord de la Chine, plus proche, qui leur vend des objets d'arts, et à partir de -108, les Han soumettent les tribus et établissent quatre commanderies, avec un peuplement exclusif de Chinois du nord. Commence alors une période de lente sinisation jusqu'aux <a href="/wiki/Trois_Royaumes_de_Cor%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Trois Royaumes de Corée">Trois Royaumes de Corée</a> où une culture sino-coréenne se développe. De nos jours, 70 % du vocabulaire coréen est issu du chinois mandarin. </p><p>Au Japon, la sinisation se fait du <abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">III</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr> jusqu'au <abbr class="abbr" title="7ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, début de la <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_de_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Période de Nara">Période de Nara</a>. L'archipel est abordé par la culture chinoise par le Bouddhisme dont les principaux bonzes sont originaires de Corée ou de la Chine septentrionale. Avec eux, les Chinois et les Coréens ont apporté l'écriture et la langue chinoise, cependant les Japonais possédaient déjà une langue. Les lettrés de l'archipel révolutionnèrent alors la langue japonaise : certains mots sont lus en sino-nippon (<i>on'yomi</i>, 音読み) tandis que d'autres sont lus en japonais (<i>kun'yomi</i>, 訓読み). Peu à peu, certains mots ont supplanté les mots originels et à partir du <abbr class="abbr" title="7ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, la civilisation japonaise émerge, s'appuyant sur les modèles chinois, empruntant sans cesse des néologismes au chinois (venus<sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire"><span title="Ce passage nécessite une référence ; voir l'aide.">[réf. nécessaire]</span></a></sup> du sino-coréen ou du chinois du nord). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cantonais">Cantonais</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_chinoises&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Cantonais" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_chinoises&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Cantonais"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" width="60">Cantonais </th> <th scope="col" width="60">Transcription </th> <th scope="col" width="60">Thaï </th> <th scope="col" width="60">Sino-vietnamien </th> <th scope="col">Signification </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B6" class="extiw" title="wikt:零">零</a> </td> <td>lìng </td> <td>ศูนย์ </td> <td>空 linh </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:一">一</a> </td> <td>yāt </td> <td>หนึ่ง neung </td> <td>壹 nhất </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:二">二</a> </td> <td>yi6 </td> <td>สอง saawng </td> <td>貳 nhị </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:三">三</a> </td> <td>saam3 </td> <td>สาม saam </td> <td>叄 tam </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B" class="extiw" title="wikt:四">四</a> </td> <td>sei3 </td> <td>สี่ see </td> <td>肆 tứ </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:五">五</a> </td> <td>ng5 </td> <td>ห้า haâ </td> <td>伍 ngũ </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:六">六</a> </td> <td>luk6 </td> <td>หก hok </td> <td>陸 lục </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%83" class="extiw" title="wikt:七">七</a> </td> <td>chat1 </td> <td>เจ็ด jèet </td> <td>柒 thất </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:八">八</a> </td> <td>baat3 </td> <td>แปด paèt </td> <td>捌 bát </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:九">九</a> </td> <td>gau2 </td> <td>เก้า kao </td> <td>玖 cửu </td> <td> 9 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Les <a href="/wiki/Langues_ta%C3%AF-kada%C3%AF" title="Langues taï-kadaï">langues taï-kadaï</a> sont originaires des bords du Yangzi Jiang. Avec l'expansion chinoise, les différents peuples thaïs ont migré vers le sud, au Yunnan. De là, les contrées peuplées de thaïs étaient tributaires à la Chine impériale, et les représentants chinois venaient des littoraux méridionaux, à cause de la proximité, apportant avec eux un vocabulaire proto-cantonais-hakka-wu. Du <abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">III</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr> jusqu'à l'arrivée des Mongols au pouvoir (1271), les Thaïs vivaient entre le Yunnan et l'actuelle Vientiane. Ils faisaient un échange de culture avec la Chine du sud, culture qu'ils apportent dans le bassin du Ménam et sur les plateaux de Khorat et du Laos au <abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle pour échapper à Gengis Khan aux dépens des Khmers. Une fois arrivés là, les peuplades commencèrent à subir une seconde influence étrangère, la culture indianisée des Môns et des Khmers. Certains mots sont alors remplacés par des mots d'origine pâlie ou khmère, laissant un faible nombre de mots d'origine sud-chinoise aux langues. </p><p>En -111, les Han de Chine conquièrent la <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_Tri%E1%BB%87u" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynastie Triệu">Dynastie Triệu</a> vietnamienne, imposant lourdement 1 000 ans de domination. Depuis Guangxi, les généraux chinois (cantonais) instaurent le chinois comme langue officielle de la contrée. Le processus de colonisation du <a href="/wiki/Delta_du_Fleuve_Rouge_(r%C3%A9gion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta du Fleuve Rouge (région)">delta du fleuve Rouge</a> et d'assimilation de la population par les Chinois envoie les habitants des côtes est et sud de la Chine. Les différents idiomes se mélangent avec le vietnamien naissant, créant la langue sino-viêt. À la suite de cela, la culture chinoise se répand au <i>Giao Chỉ </i>faisant perdre les racines viet indigènes à la population. À l'indépendance de 968, le Vietnam est profondément sinisé, la langue transformée et la culture assimilée. </p><p>Aux Philippines, on peut retrouver en <a href="/wiki/Tagalog" title="Tagalog">tagalog</a> un certain nombre de mots provenant du hakka, puis du cantonais, et dans une moindre mesure du mandarin. Cela est dû à l'existence d'un comptoir chinois, Ma-i, sur l'île actuelle de <a href="/wiki/Mindoro" title="Mindoro">Mindoro</a> dans la période du <abbr class="abbr" title="11ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> au  <abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle voire au <abbr class="abbr" title="16ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>. Les indigènes philippins recevaient une petite influence chinoise, et les mots empruntés furent principalement dans le domaine gastronomique comme <i>Batsoy</i> qui vient du hakka 肉水 <i>bah-chúi </i>désignant une soupe au porc, ou encore <i>Pansit </i>de 便食 <i>piān-ê-si̍t</i>, <i>Tokwa </i>de 豆干 <i>tāu-koa </i>le tofu. L'émigration chinoise aux Philippines durant les années 1960 et 1970 joua également un grand rôle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_chinoises&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_chinoises&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sinogramme_simplifi%C3%A9" title="Sinogramme simplifié">chinois simplifié</a> : <span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中国语文</span> ; <a href="/wiki/Sinogramme_traditionnel" title="Sinogramme traditionnel">chinois traditionnel</a> : <span class="lang-zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中國語文</span> ; <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin">pinyin</a> : <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">zhōnggúo yǔwén</span></span> ; <abbr class="abbr" title="littéralement">litt.</abbr> « parlés-écrits de l'Empire du milieu ».</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">chinois</a> : <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">中文</span> ; <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin">pinyin</a> : <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">zhōngwén</span></span> ; <abbr class="abbr" title="littéralement">litt.</abbr> « écrits du milieu »</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sinogramme_simplifi%C3%A9" title="Sinogramme simplifié">chinois simplifié</a> : <span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans"><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%87" class="extiw" title="wikt:文">文</a></span> ; <a href="/wiki/Sinogramme_traditionnel" title="Sinogramme traditionnel">chinois traditionnel</a> : <span class="lang-zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">文</span> ; <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin">pinyin</a> : <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">Wén</span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sinogramme_simplifi%C3%A9" title="Sinogramme simplifié">chinois simplifié</a> : <span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">汉语</span> ; <a href="/wiki/Sinogramme_traditionnel" title="Sinogramme traditionnel">chinois traditionnel</a> : <span class="lang-zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">漢語</span> ; <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin">pinyin</a> : <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">hànyǔ</span></span> ; <abbr class="abbr" title="littéralement">litt.</abbr> « langue des <a href="/wiki/Han_(ethnie)" title="Han (ethnie)">Han</a> ».</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sinogramme_simplifi%C3%A9" title="Sinogramme simplifié">chinois simplifié</a> : <span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans"><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AF%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:语">语</a></span> ; <a href="/wiki/Sinogramme_traditionnel" title="Sinogramme traditionnel">chinois traditionnel</a> : <span class="lang-zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">語</span> ; <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin">pinyin</a> : <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">yǔ</span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Voir notamment <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.glossika.com/en/dict/faq.php#2">http://www.glossika.com/en/dict/faq.php#2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="SagartJacquesLaiRyder2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Laurent_SagartGuillaume_JacquesYunfan_LaiRobin_J._Ryder2019"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Laurent <span class="nom_auteur">Sagart</span>, Guillaume <span class="nom_auteur">Jacques</span>, Yunfan <span class="nom_auteur">Lai</span> et Robin J. <span class="nom_auteur">Ryder</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Dated language phylogenies shed light on the ancestry of Sino-Tibetan</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 116, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 21,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-05-21" data-sort-value="2019-05-21">21 mai 2019</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">10317–10322</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a></span> et <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/1091-6490">1091-6490</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31061123">31061123</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817972116">10.1073/pnas.1817972116</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pnas.org/content/116/21/10317">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-10-17" data-sort-value="2021-10-17">17 octobre 2021</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dated+language+phylogenies+shed+light+on+the+ancestry+of+Sino-Tibetan&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.issue=21&rft.aulast=Sagart&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rft.au=Jacques%2C+Guillaume&rft.au=Lai%2C+Yunfan&rft.au=Ryder%2C+Robin+J.&rft.date=2019-05-21&rft.volume=116&rft.pages=10317%E2%80%9310322&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1817972116&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31061123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALangues+chinoises"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_chinoises&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_chinoises&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="wikiversity"><a href="https://fr.wikiversity.org/wiki/D%C3%A9partement:Chinois" class="extiw" title="v:Département:Chinois">Langues chinoises</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur <span class="project">Wikiversity</span></span></li><li class="wikibooks"><a href="https://fr.wikibooks.org/wiki/Enseignement_du_chinois" class="extiw" title="b:Enseignement du chinois">Langues chinoises</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur <span class="project">Wikibooks</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="noprint boite-grise boite-a-droite" style="text-align:left;"> <div style="float:left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Circle-icons-frames.svg/45px-Circle-icons-frames.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Circle-icons-frames.svg/68px-Circle-icons-frames.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Circle-icons-frames.svg/90px-Circle-icons-frames.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:60px;">Une <a href="/wiki/Aide:Cat%C3%A9gorie" title="Aide:Catégorie">catégorie</a> est consacrée à ce sujet : <i><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Langue_chinoise" title="Catégorie:Langue chinoise">Langue chinoise</a></i>.</div> <div style="clear:left;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_chinoises&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_chinoises&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="Li1980"><span class="ouvrage" id="Li_Wang1980">Li Wang, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Analyse grammaticale des mots dérivés de la langue chinoise</cite> », <i>Cahiers de linguistique - Asie orientale</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 7,‎ <time>1980</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">5-14</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3406/clao.1980.1069">10.3406/clao.1980.1069</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.persee.fr/doc/clao_0153-3320_1980_num_7_1_1069">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Analyse+grammaticale+des+mots+d%C3%A9riv%C3%A9s+de+la+langue+chinoise&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+de+linguistique+-+Asie+orientale&rft.aulast=Li&rft.date=1980&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=5-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fclao.1980.1069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALangues+chinoises"></span></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_chinoises&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_chinoises&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistique" title="Linguistique">Linguistique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liste_de_langues" title="Liste de langues">Liste de langues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langues_par_famille" title="Langues par famille">Langues par famille</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langues_sino-tib%C3%A9taines" title="Langues sino-tibétaines">Langues sino-tibétaines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langues_par_zone_g%C3%A9ographique" title="Langues par zone géographique">Langues par zone géographique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langues_en_Chine" title="Langues en Chine">Langues en Chine</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinogramme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinogramme">Sinogramme</a> et <a href="/wiki/Romanisation_(%C3%A9criture)" title="Romanisation (écriture)">romanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langue_sinox%C3%A9nique" title="Langue sinoxénique">Langue sinoxénique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_chinoises&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_chinoises&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)" title="Autorité (sciences de l'information)">Notices d'autorité</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7850?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> : <ul><li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85024301">LCCN</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4113214-2">GND</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573873">Japon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007285631105171">Israël</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ph128222">Tchéquie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sini1245">Glottocode</a></span></li> </ul></div></li> <li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers">Notices dans des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7850?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> : <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chinese-languages"><i>Britannica</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://denstoredanske.lex.dk//kinesisk/"><i>Den Store Danske Encyklopædi</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/divers/chinois/33375"><i>Larousse</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/kinesisk"><i>Store norske leksikon</i></a></li> </ul></div></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint collapsed" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Langue_chinoise" title="Modèle:Palette Langue chinoise"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Langue_chinoise&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Langues chinoises</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2">(<i>Note : il existe de nombreuses classifications, celle-ci n'est qu'un exemple ; les catégories en italique <b>ne sont pas unanimement reconnues</b> comme des catégories indépendantes</i>.)</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Chinois_parl%C3%A9" title="Chinois parlé">Variétés parlées</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;"><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;">Catégories</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gan_(langue)" title="Gan (langue)">gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_(langue)" title="Hakka (langue)">hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(langue)" title="Mandarin (langue)">mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_(langue)" title="Min (langue)">min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_(langue)" title="Wu (langue)">wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonais" title="Cantonais">cantonais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hui_(langue)" title="Hui (langue)">hui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jinyu" title="Jinyu">Jinyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">pinghua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiang_(langue)" title="Xiang (langue)">xiang</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;">Non classées</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Danzhouhua" title="Danzhouhua">danzhouhua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaozhou_tuhua" title="Shaozhou tuhua">shaozhou tuhua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waxiang" title="Waxiang">waxiang</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;">Groupe min</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minbei" title="Minbei">minbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnan" title="Minnan">minnan</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%AFwanais" title="Taïwanais">taïwanais</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teochew_(dialecte)" title="Teochew (dialecte)">teochew</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hainanais" title="Hainanais">hainanais</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dialectes_de_Zhangzhou" title="Dialectes de Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mindong" title="Mindong">mindong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minzhong" title="Minzhong">minzhong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puxian" title="Puxian">puxian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaojiang" title="Shaojiang">shaojiang</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;">Groupe mandarin</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_du_Nord-Est" title="Mandarin du Nord-Est">Nord-Est</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_de_P%C3%A9kin" title="Mandarin de Pékin">pékinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_jilu" title="Mandarin jilu">jilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_jiaoliao" title="Mandarin jiaoliao">jiaoliao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_zhongyuan" title="Mandarin zhongyuan">zhongyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_lanyin" title="Mandarin lanyin">lanyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_du_Sud-Ouest" title="Mandarin du Sud-Ouest">Sud-Ouest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_jianghuai" title="Mandarin jianghuai">jianghuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doungane_(langue)" title="Doungane (langue)">doungane</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;">Parlés officiels</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonais" title="Cantonais">cantonais standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_standard" title="Mandarin standard">mandarin standard</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_de_Ta%C3%AFwan" title="Mandarin de Taïwan">Taïwan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_de_Singapour" title="Mandarin de Singapour">Singapour</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandarin_de_Malaisie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandarin de Malaisie (page inexistante)">Malaisie</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" class="extiw" title="en:Malaysian Mandarin"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Malaysian Mandarin »">(en)</span></a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_standard_du_Sichuan" title="Mandarin standard du Sichuan">Sichuan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;"><a href="/wiki/Phonologie_historique_du_chinois" title="Phonologie historique du chinois">Phonologie historique</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinois_archa%C3%AFque" title="Chinois archaïque">chinois archaïque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinois_m%C3%A9di%C3%A9val" title="Chinois médiéval">chinois médiéval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyue" title="Minyue">Minyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-gan" title="Proto-gan">proto-gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieux_mandarin" title="Vieux mandarin">proto-mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han%27er" title="Han'er">han'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashu" title="Bashu">bashu</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Chinois_%C3%A9crit" title="Chinois écrit">Variétés écrites</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;"><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;">Officielles</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinois_classique" title="Chinois classique">Chinois classique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han%27er#Le_Han'er_écrit" title="Han'er">han'er écrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baihua" title="Baihua">Baihua</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;">Autres variétés</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonais_%C3%A9crit" title="Cantonais écrit">cantonais écrit vernaculaire</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;">Transcriptions phonétiques</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_des_langues_chinoises" title="Romanisation des langues chinoises">romanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_des_langues_chinoises" title="Cyrillisation des langues chinoises">cyrillisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">arabisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_phon%C3%A9tique_des_langues_chinoises" title="Transcription phonétique des langues chinoises">autres</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;"><a href="/wiki/Caract%C3%A8res_chinois" title="Caractères chinois">Sinogrammes</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinogramme_traditionnel" title="Sinogramme traditionnel">écriture traditionnelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinogramme_simplifi%C3%A9" title="Sinogramme simplifié">écriture simplifiée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalisation_de_l%27%C3%A9criture_chinoise" title="Rationalisation de l'écriture chinoise">histoire de leur rationalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponctuation_chinoise" title="Ponctuation chinoise">ponctuation</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia_en_chinois" title="Wikipédia en chinois">Wikipédia en …</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="zh:">chinois vernaculaire</a></li> <li><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="zh-classical:">chinois classique et littéraire</a></li> <li><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="gan:">gan</a></li> <li><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="hak:">hakka</a></li> <li><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="cdo:">mindong</a></li> <li><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="zh-min-nan:">minnan</a></li> <li><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="zh-yue:">yue (cantonais)</a></li> <li><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wuu:">wu (shanghaïen)</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_langues_chinoises" title="Liste des langues chinoises">Liste des langues chinoises</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Langues_en_Chine" title="Modèle:Palette Langues en Chine"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Langues_en_Chine&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_en_Chine" title="Langues en Chine">Langues en Chine</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Par famille</th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:center;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langues_ta%C3%AF-kada%C3%AF" title="Langues taï-kadaï">taï-kadaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langues_sino-tib%C3%A9taines" title="Langues sino-tibétaines">sino-tibétaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langues_hmong-mien" title="Langues hmong-mien">hmông-mien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langues_alta%C3%AFques" title="Langues altaïques">altaïque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langues_austroasiatiques" title="Langues austroasiatiques">austro-asiatique</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Par région</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:center;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong#Langues" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guizhou#Langues_principalement_parlées_dans_le_Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan#Langues" title="Hainan">Hainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolie-Int%C3%A9rieure#Langues" title="Mongolie-Intérieure">Mongolie-Intérieure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan#Langues" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan#Langues" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet#Langues" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang#Langues" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Langues_en_Chine#Langues_classées_par_nombre_de_locuteurs" title="Langues en Chine">Par nombre de locuteurs</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Langues" title="Portail des langues"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg/24px-Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg/36px-Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg/48px-Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="24" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Langues" title="Portail:Langues">Portail des langues</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Monde_chinois" title="Portail du monde chinois"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%E4%B8%AD-red.svg/24px-%E4%B8%AD-red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%E4%B8%AD-red.svg/36px-%E4%B8%AD-red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%E4%B8%AD-red.svg/48px-%E4%B8%AD-red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Monde_chinois" title="Portail:Monde chinois">Portail du monde chinois</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Monde_malais" title="Portail du monde malais"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Monde_malais.svg/36px-Monde_malais.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Monde_malais.svg/54px-Monde_malais.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Monde_malais.svg/72px-Monde_malais.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Monde_malais" title="Portail:Monde malais">Portail du monde malais</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Langues_chinoises&oldid=219647050">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Langues_chinoises&oldid=219647050</a> ».</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Accueil" title="Catégorie:Accueil">Catégories</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Langue_SVO" title="Catégorie:Langue SVO">Langue SVO</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Langue_isolante" title="Catégorie:Langue isolante">Langue isolante</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Langue_%C3%A0_tons" title="Catégorie:Langue à tons">Langue à tons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Inventaire_de_langues" title="Catégorie:Inventaire de langues">Inventaire de langues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Langue_chinoise" title="Catégorie:Langue chinoise">Langue chinoise</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Langue_sino-tib%C3%A9taine" title="Catégorie:Langue sino-tibétaine">Langue sino-tibétaine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Langue_officielle" title="Catégorie:Langue officielle">Langue officielle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Langue_en_Chine" title="Catégorie:Langue en Chine">Langue en Chine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Langue_%C3%A0_Hong_Kong" title="Catégorie:Langue à Hong Kong">Langue à Hong Kong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Langue_dans_la_r%C3%A9gion_administrative_sp%C3%A9ciale_de_Macao" title="Catégorie:Langue dans la région administrative spéciale de Macao">Langue dans la région administrative spéciale de Macao</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Langue_%C3%A0_Singapour" title="Catégorie:Langue à Singapour">Langue à Singapour</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Langue_%C3%A0_Ta%C3%AFwan" title="Catégorie:Langue à Taïwan">Langue à Taïwan</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Catégories cachées : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Article_utilisant_une_Infobox" title="Catégorie:Article utilisant une Infobox">Article utilisant une Infobox</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Article_%C3%A0_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire" title="Catégorie:Article à référence nécessaire">Article à référence nécessaire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Article_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia_avec_notice_d%27autorit%C3%A9" title="Catégorie:Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité">Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_P1417" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant P1417">Page utilisant P1417</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_P8313" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant P8313">Page utilisant P8313</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_P6058" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant P6058">Page utilisant P6058</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_P4342" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant P4342">Page utilisant P4342</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_pointant_vers_des_bases_externes" title="Catégorie:Page pointant vers des bases externes">Page pointant vers des bases externes</a></li><li><a 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