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class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Izgled" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Izgled</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sh.wikipedia.org&uselang=sh" class=""><span>Donacije</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Stvori_ra%C4%8Dun&returnto=Pe%C4%8Denezi" title="Preporučujemo da izradite račun i prijavite se, ali to nije obavezno" class=""><span>Izradi račun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Korisni%C4%8Dka_prijava&returnto=Pe%C4%8Denezi" title="Preporučujemo da se prijavite, ali to nije obavezno [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Prijavi me</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out user-links-collapsible-item" title="Više mogućnosti" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Osobne alatke" > <label 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id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etnonim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etnonim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etnonim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etnonim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jezik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jezik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Jezik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jezik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sastav" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sastav"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sastav</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sastav-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Sastav</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sastav-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bilješke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilješke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bilješke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilješke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Historija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Porijeklo_i_teritorij" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Porijeklo_i_teritorij"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Porijeklo i teritorij</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Porijeklo_i_teritorij-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seoba_na_zapad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seoba_na_zapad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Seoba na zapad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seoba_na_zapad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Savezi_s_Bizantom_i_Bugarskom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Savezi_s_Bizantom_i_Bugarskom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Savezi s Bizantom i Bugarskom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Savezi_s_Bizantom_i_Bugarskom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kasnija_povijest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kasnija_povijest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Kasnija povijest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kasnija_povijest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opadanje_i_pad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opadanje_i_pad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Opadanje i pad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opadanje_i_pad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napomene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napomene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Napomene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napomene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjske_veze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjske_veze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vanjske veze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjske_veze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pečenezi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prijedi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupno je na 64 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petschenegen" title="Petschenegen — Švajcarsko nemački" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Petschenegen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Švajcarsko nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazinacos" title="Pazinacos — Aragonežanski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pazinacos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonežanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%83" title="بجناك — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بجناك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechenegos" title="Pechenegos — Asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pechenegos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%A7eneql%C9%99r" title="Peçeneqlər — Azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Peçeneqlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%86%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B1" title="پچنقلر — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پچنقلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D1%88%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Бәшнәктәр — Baškir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бәшнәктәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baškir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petschenegen" title="Petschenegen — Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Petschenegen" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Печанегі — Beloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Печанегі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Beloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Печенеги — Bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Печенеги" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petxenegs" title="Petxenegs — Katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Petxenegs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%8Den%C4%9Bhov%C3%A9" title="Pečeněhové — Češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pečeněhové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Печĕнексем — Čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Печĕнексем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petjenegi" title="Petjenegi — Danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Petjenegi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petschenegen" title="Petschenegen — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Petschenegen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Πετσενέγοι — Grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πετσενέγοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pechenegs" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%89enegoj" title="Peĉenegoj — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Peĉenegoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechenegos" title="Pechenegos — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pechenegos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet%C5%A1eneegid" title="Petšeneegid — Estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Petšeneegid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petxenego" title="Petxenego — Baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Petxenego" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%86%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="پچنگ‌ها — Persijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پچنگ‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petsenegit" title="Petsenegit — Finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Petsenegit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petch%C3%A9n%C3%A8gues" title="Petchénègues — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Petchénègues" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechenego" title="Pechenego — Galski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pechenego" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A6%27%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9D" title="פצ'נגים — Hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פצ'נגים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%8Denezi" title="Pečenezi — Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pečenezi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beseny%C5%91k" title="Besenyők — Mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Besenyők" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%B9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պեչենեգներ — Jermenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պեչենեգներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Jermenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecheneg" title="Pecheneg — Indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pecheneg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peceneghi" title="Peceneghi — Italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Peceneghi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B0" title="ペチェネグ — Japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペチェネグ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="პაჭანიკები — Gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პაჭანიკები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechenegler" title="Pechenegler — Kara-kalpaški" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Pechenegler" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-kalpaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Печенегтер — Kozački" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Печенегтер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kozački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EC%B2%B4%EB%84%A4%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8" title="페체네그인 — Korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페체네그인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Печенегдер — Kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Печенегдер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%8Denegi" title="Pečenegi — Latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pečenegi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petxeneges" title="Petxeneges — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Petxeneges" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%8Denegai" title="Pečenegai — Litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pečenegai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%8De%C5%86egi" title="Pečeņegi — Letonski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pečeņegi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petsenega_(vahoaka)" title="Petsenega (vahoaka) — Malagazijski" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Petsenega (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagazijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Печенези — Makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Печенези" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petsjenegen" title="Petsjenegen — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Petsjenegen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petsjeneger" title="Petsjeneger — Norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Petsjeneger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs — Provansalski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pechenegs" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Provansalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieczyngowie" title="Pieczyngowie — Poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pieczyngowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechenegues" title="Pechenegues — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pechenegues" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecenegi" title="Pecenegi — Rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pecenegi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Печенеги — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Печенеги" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pechenegs" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%8Denehovia" title="Pečenehovia — Slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pečenehovia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%8Denegi" title="Pečenegi — Slovenački" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pečenegi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Печенези — Srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Печенези" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petjeneger" title="Petjeneger — Švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Petjeneger" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%A7enegler" title="Peçenegler — Turkmenski" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Peçenegler" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%A7enekler" title="Peçenekler — Turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Peçenekler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6c%C3%A4n%C3%A4kl%C3%A4r" title="Böcänäklär — Tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Böcänäklär" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Печеніги — Ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Печеніги" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijanaklar" title="Bijanaklar — Uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bijanaklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecheneg" title="Pecheneg — Vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pecheneg" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E5%88%87%E6%B6%85%E6%A0%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="佩切涅格人 — Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="佩切涅格人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E5%88%87%E6%B6%85%E6%A0%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="佩切涅格人 — Kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="佩切涅格人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E5%88%87%E6%B6%85%E6%A0%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="佩切涅格人 — kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="佩切涅格人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q181752#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezične poveznice" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pe%C4%8Denezi" title="Vidi stranicu sadržaja [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor:Pe%C4%8Denezi&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Razgovarajte o sadržini ove stranice (stranica ne postoji) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Promijeni jezičnu varijantu" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Latinica</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-sh-Latn mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&variant=sh-latn" lang="sh-Latn" hreflang="sh-Latn"><span>Latinica</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-sh-Cyrl mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&variant=sh-cyrl" lang="sh-Cyrl" hreflang="sh-Cyrl"><span>Ћирилица</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Teme"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pe%C4%8Denezi"><span>Prikaži</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kod ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kod</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&action=history" title="Pogledajte prethodne verzije ove stranice [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Historija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alatke" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alatke</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Alati</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Više mogućnosti" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Radnje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pe%C4%8Denezi"><span>Prikaži</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kod ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kod</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&action=history"><span>Historija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Opšte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:%C5%A0to_vodi_ovdje/Pe%C4%8Denezi" title="Pogledajte listu svih stranica koje vode ovamo [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Šta vodi ovamo</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Povezane_izmjene/Pe%C4%8Denezi" rel="nofollow" title="Prelistajte nedavne izmjene stranica koje su povezane s ovom [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Povezane izmjene</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Posebne_stranice" title="Pregledajte listu svih posebnih stranica [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Posebne stranice</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&oldid=41561605" title="Nabavite trajnu vezu do ove verzije stranice"><span>Trajna veza</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&action=info" title="Pronađite više informacija o ovoj stranici"><span>Podaci o stranici</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a 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knjigu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:DownloadAsPdf&page=Pe%C4%8Denezi&action=show-download-screen"><span>Preuzmi kao PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&printable=yes" title="Odštampajte ovu stranicu [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Odštampaj</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Na drugim projektima </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pechenegs" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a 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#FFFFF8; float: right; margin: 0em 0em 1em 1em; border: 1px solid #999; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px;"> <caption><b>Pečenezi</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Pecenek.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pecenek.svg/200px-Pecenek.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pecenek.svg/300px-Pecenek.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pecenek.svg/400px-Pecenek.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="158" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Tamgha" title="Tamgha">Tamgha</a> Pečenega, koja,<br />prema <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Ka%C5%A1gari" title="Mahmud al-Kašgari">Mahmudu al-Kašgariju</a>,<br />predstavlja <a href="/wiki/Svraka" title="Svraka">eurazijsku svraku</a>,<br />a prema <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_al-Ghazi_Bahadur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur (stranica ne postoji)">Abu al-Ghazi Bahaduru</a><br />predstavlja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arkti%C4%8Dki_sokol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arktički sokol (stranica ne postoji)">arktičkog sokola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #fee8ab;">Ukupna populacija: </th> <td style="background-color: #fff6d9;">izumrli </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #fee8ab;">Značajna populacija<br />u državama: </th> <td style="background-color: #fff6d9;"><a href="/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dna_Europa" class="mw-redirect" title="Istočna Europa">Istočna Europa</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Mala_Azija" title="Mala Azija">Mala Azija</a> (historijski) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #fee8ab;">Jezici koje govore: </th> <td style="background-color: #fff6d9;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Dene%C5%A1ki_jezik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pečeneški jezik (stranica ne postoji)">Pečeneški jezik</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #fee8ab;">Njihove religije: </th> <td style="background-color: #fff6d9;"><a href="/wiki/Kr%C5%A1%C4%87anstvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kršćanstvo">Kršćanstvo</a><br />i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tengrizam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tengrizam (stranica ne postoji)">tengrizam</a> (historijski),<br />kasnije <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #fee8ab;">Povezane<br />etničke grupe: </th> <td style="background-color: #fff6d9;"><a href="/wiki/Oguzi" title="Oguzi">Oguzi</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kumani" title="Kumani">Kumani</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pečenezi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latinski_jezik" title="Latinski jezik">latinski</a>: <span lang="la"><i>Pacinaca(e)</i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Turski_jezik" title="Turski jezik">turski</a>: <span lang="tr"><i>Peçenek(ler)</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Srednjeturkijski_jezici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Srednjeturkijski jezici (stranica ne postoji)">srednjeturkijski</a>: <i>بَجَنَكْ</i> [<i>Bäčänäk</i>]) bili su <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">polunomadski</a> narod <a href="/wiki/Centralna_Azija" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralna Azija">Centralne Azije</a>; govorili su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Dene%C5%A1ki_jezik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pečeneški jezik (stranica ne postoji)">pečeneškim jezikom</a>, koji je pripadao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oguski_jezici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oguski jezici (stranica ne postoji)">oguskoj grani</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkijski_jezici" title="Turkijski jezici">turkijske jezične porodice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etnonim">Etnonim</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Etnonim" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Etnonim"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pečenezi se u srednjovjekovnim <a href="/wiki/Arapski_jezik" title="Arapski jezik">arapskim</a> i <a href="/wiki/Perzijski_jezik" title="Perzijski jezik">perzijskim</a> tekstovima spominju kao <i>Bjnak</i>, <i>Bjanak</i> ili <i>Bajanak</i>, u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasi%C4%8Dni_tibetanski_jezik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klasični tibetanski jezik (stranica ne postoji)">klasičnim tibetanskim</a> dokumentima kao kao <i>Be-ča-nag</i>, a u djelima napisanim na <a href="/wiki/Gruzijski_jezik" title="Gruzijski jezik">gruzijskom</a> kao <i>Pačanak-i</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200393_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200393-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ana_Komnena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ana Komnena">Ana Komnena</a> i drugi <a href="/wiki/Bizantska_knji%C5%BEevnost" class="mw-redirect" title="Bizantska književnost">bizantski autori</a> nazivali su ih <i>Patzinakoi</i> ili <i>Patzinakitai</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200393_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200393-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U <a href="/wiki/Srednjovjekovni_latinski_jezik" title="Srednjovjekovni latinski jezik">srednjovjekovnim latinskim</a> tekstovima Pečenezi su se nazivali <i>Pizenaci</i>, <i>Bisseni</i> ili <i>Bessi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200393_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200393-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dni_Slaveni" title="Istočni Slaveni">Istočnoslavenski</a> narodi koriste izraze "Pečenegi" ili "Pečenezi" (množina od "Pečeneg"), dok ih <a href="/wiki/Poljaci" title="Poljaci">Poljaci</a> spominju kao <i>Pieczyngowie</i> ili <i>Piecinigi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200393_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200393-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mađarska riječ za Pečenega jest <i>besenyő</i>; rumunjski izraz je <i>Pecenegi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200393_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200393-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prema <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Vasmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Vasmer (stranica ne postoji)">Maxu Vasmeru</a> i nekim drugim istraživačima, taj je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etnonim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etnonim (stranica ne postoji)">etnonim</a> možda izveden iz <a href="/wiki/Staroturkijski_jezik" title="Staroturkijski jezik">staroturkijske</a> riječi za "šogora" (<i>baja</i>, <i>baja-naq</i> ili <i>bajinaq</i>; <a href="/wiki/Kirgiski_jezik" title="Kirgiski jezik">kirgiški</a>: <i>baja</i>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenski_jezik" title="Turkmenski jezik">turkmenski</a>: <i>baja</i>, <a href="/wiki/Turski_jezik" title="Turski jezik">turski</a>: <i>baja</i> i <i>bacanak</i>), što bi impliciralo da se termin u početku odnosio na "klan ili pleme povezano tazbinom".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200393_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200393-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2003I.64_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2003I.64-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U djelu <i>Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk</i> <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Ka%C5%A1gari" title="Mahmud al-Kašgari">Mahmuda al-Kašgarija</a> iz 11. stoljeća, Pečenezi su opisani kao "turkijski narod koji živi oko zemlje <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</a>", gdje je <i>Rum</i> turkijska riječ za <a href="/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dno_Rimsko_Carstvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Istočno Rimsko Carstvo">Istočno Rimsko Carstvo</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Anadolija" title="Anadolija">Anadoliju</a> i "ogranak <a href="/wiki/Oguzi" title="Oguzi">Oguza Turkijaca</a>"; potom je za Oguze napisao da ih čine 22 ogranka, od kojih su Pečenezi bili devetnaesti.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Khazarfall1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Khazarfall1.png/350px-Khazarfall1.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Khazarfall1.png/525px-Khazarfall1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Khazarfall1.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>Istočna Europa i područje koje nastanjuju Pečenezi (plavom bojom) oko 1015.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pečenege kao jedno od 24 drevna plemena Oguza spominje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra%C5%A1id-al-Din&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rašid-al-Din (stranica ne postoji)">Rašid-al-Din</a>, državnik i povjesničar <a href="/wiki/Ilhanidska_Monarhija" title="Ilhanidska Monarhija">ilhanidskog Irana</a> iz 14. stoljeća, u svom djelu <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%81mi%CA%BF_al-Taw%C4%81r%C4%ABkh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh (stranica ne postoji)">Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh</a> ("Zbirka ljetopisa"), gdje je taj etnonim objašnjen kao "onaj koji pokazuje revnost". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_al-Ghazi_Bahadur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur (stranica ne postoji)">Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kan_(titula)" title="Kan (titula)">kan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hivanski_kanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hivanski kanat (stranica ne postoji)">Hivanskog kanata</a>, spominje Pečenege kao <i>bechene</i> među 24 drevna plemena <a href="/wiki/Turkmeni" title="Turkmeni">Turkmena</a> (ili Oguza) u svojoj knjizi <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shajara-i_Tar%C4%81kima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shajara-i Tarākima (stranica ne postoji)">Shajara-i Tarākima</a></i> (<i>Rodoslov Turkmena</i>) i daje njegovo značenje kao "onaj koji pravi". </p><p>Tri od osam pečeneških "provincija" ili klanova bili su zajedno poznati kao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangarski_savez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kangarski savez (stranica ne postoji)">Kangari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2006182_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006182-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prema <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstantinu_VII_Porfirogenet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstantinu VII Porfirogenet (stranica ne postoji)">Konstantinu VII Porfirogenetu</a>, Kangari su primili ovu denominaciju jer su "hrabriji i plemenitiji od ostatka" naroda "i to je ono što naslov Kangar označava".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2006182_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006182-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Budući da nije poznata nijedna turkijska riječ sa sličnim značenjem, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81rmin_V%C3%A1mb%C3%A9ry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ármin Vámbéry (stranica ne postoji)">Ármin Vámbéry</a> povezao je ovaj etnonim s kirgiškim riječima <i>kangir</i> ("okretan"), <i>kangirmak</i> ("izaći na jahanje") i <i>kani-kara</i> ("crnokrvan"), dok ga je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlile_Aylmer_Macartney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlile Aylmer Macartney (stranica ne postoji)">Carlile Aylmer Macartney</a> povezao s <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Cagatajski_jezik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Čagatajski jezik (stranica ne postoji)">čagatajskom</a> riječi <i>gang</i> ("kočija").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacartney1968104–105_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacartney1968104–105-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omeljan_Pritsak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omeljan Pritsak (stranica ne postoji)">Omeljan Pritsak</a> sugerirao je da je taj naziv u početku bio složeni pojam <i>(Kängär As)</i>, koji je izveden od <a href="/wiki/Toharski_jezici" title="Toharski jezici">toharske</a> riječi za "kamen" <i>(kank)</i> i <a href="/wiki/Iranski_jezici" title="Iranski jezici">iranskog</a> etnonima <i>As</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ako je ova pretpostavka valjana, etnonim Kangara sugerira da su iranski elementi doprinijeli formiranju naroda Pečenega.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200394_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200394-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jezik">Jezik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Jezik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Jezik"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Dene%C5%A1ki_jezik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pečeneški jezik (stranica ne postoji)">Pečeneški jezik</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Ka%C5%A1gari" title="Mahmud al-Kašgari">Mahmud al-Kašgari</a>, pisac 11. stoljeća specijaliziran za turkijske dijalekte, tvrdio je da je jezik kojim su govorili Pečenezi varijanta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumanski_jezik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumanski jezik (stranica ne postoji)">kumanskog</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oguski_jezici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oguski jezici (stranica ne postoji)">oguskog</a> idioma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200395_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200395-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sugerirao je da su strani utjecaji na Pečenege doveli do fonetskih razlika između njihovog jezika i idioma kojim su govorili drugi turkijski narodi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2009181_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2009181-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slično tome, navodi se da je <a href="/wiki/Ana_Komnena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ana Komnena">Ana Komnena</a> izjavila da su Pečenezi i Kumanci dijelili zajednički jezik.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200395_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200395-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iako je sam pečeneški jezik izumro prije mnogo stoljeća,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2009343_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2009343-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> imena pečeneških "provincija" koje je zabilježio <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Porfirogenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantin Porfirogenet">Konstantin Porfirogenet</a> dokazuju da su Pečenezi govorili nekim turkijskim jezikom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999239_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999239-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smatra se da je pečeneški pripadao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oguski_jezici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oguski jezici (stranica ne postoji)">oguskoj grani</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkijski_jezici" title="Turkijski jezici">turkijskih jezika</a>, ali jezik Pečenega slabo je dokumentiran i stoga ga je teško dalje klasificirati.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sastav">Sastav</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Sastav" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Sastav"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bizantski car <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_VII_Porfirogenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantin VII Porfirogenet">Konstantin VII Porfirogenet</a> nabraja osam plemenskih grupa Pečenega, po četiri sa svake strane rijeke <a href="/wiki/Dnjepar_(grad)" title="Dnjepar (grad)">Dnjepra</a>, što odražava bipartitnu lijevo-desnu turkijsku organizaciju. Ovih je osam plemena sa svoje strane bilo podijeljeno u 40 potplemena, vjerojatno klanova. Konstantin VII također bilježi imena osam bivših plemenskih vođa koji su vodili Pečenege kad su ih <a href="/wiki/Hazari" title="Hazari">Hazari</a> i <a href="/wiki/Oguzi" title="Oguzi">Oguzi</a> protjerali. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Benjamin_Golden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Benjamin Golden (stranica ne postoji)">Golden</a>, slijedeći <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gyula_N%C3%A9meth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gyula Németh (stranica ne postoji)">Németha</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Ligeti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lajos Ligeti (stranica ne postoji)">Ligetija</a>, sugerira da se svako plemensko ime sastoji od dva dijela: prvi dio je boja konjske dlake, a drugi je plemenski naslov vladara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1992265-6_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992265-6-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plemena Erdim, Čur i Yula formirali su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangaski_savez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kangaski savez (stranica ne postoji)">Kangar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Grčki jezik">grčki</a>: Καγγαρ) i smatrani su "hrabrijima i plemenitijima od ostalih". </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Transkribovano ime plemena</th> <th>Rekonstruirano ime plemena</th> <th>Značenje</th> <th>Lokacija</th> <th>Transkribovano ime vođe</th> <th>Rekonstruirano ime vođe </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ιαβδι-ερτί(μ)</td> <td>*Yavdı<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>-Erdim<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Pleme Erdema<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sa sjajnim konjima</td> <td>Zapadna obala Dnjepra</td> <td>Βαϊτζαν</td> <td>*Bay<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>-ča </td></tr> <tr> <td>Κουαρτζι-τζούρ</td> <td>*Küerči<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>-Čur</td> <td>Pleme Čura s plavičastim konjima</td> <td>Istočna obala Dnjepra</td> <td>Κούελ</td> <td>*Küğel<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Χαβουξιν-γυλά</td> <td>*Qabuqšın-Yula</td> <td>Pleme <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gjula_(titula)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gjula (titula) (stranica ne postoji)">Yula</a> s konjima boje kore</td> <td>Zapadna obala Dnjepra</td> <td>Κουρκοῡται</td> <td>*Qorqutai<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Συρου-κουλπέη</td> <td>*Suru-Kül-Bey</td> <td>Pleme Kül-Beya sa svikastim konjima</td> <td>Istočna obala Dnjepra</td> <td>Ιπαόν</td> <td>*Ipa / *Iba (?)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Χαρα-βοη</td> <td>*Qara-Bay</td> <td>Pleme <a href="/wiki/Beg" title="Beg">Bega</a> s crnim konjima</td> <td>Zapadna obala Dnjepra</td> <td>Καϊδούμ</td> <td>*Qaydum<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Βορο-ταλμάτ</td> <td>*Boru-Tolmač</td> <td>Pleme Tolmača<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sa sivkastim konjima</td> <td>Istočna obala Dnjepra</td> <td>Κώσταν</td> <td>*Qosta<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Γιαζι-χοπὸν</td> <td>*Yazı-Qap(ğ)an</td> <td>Pleme <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kavkan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kavkan (stranica ne postoji)">Qap(ğ)an</a> s tamnosmeđim konjima</td> <td>Zapadna obala Dnjepra</td> <td>Γιαζή</td> <td>*Yazı<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Βουλα-τζοπόν</td> <td>*Bula-Čopan<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Pleme <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDupan" title="Župan">Čopana</a> sa šarenim konjima</td> <td>Istočna obala Dnjepra</td> <td>Βατᾱν</td> <td>*Bata / *Bota<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bilješke"><span id="Bilje.C5.A1ke"></span>Bilješke</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak Bilješke" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Bilješke"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ili "Yawdı"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ili "Erdem"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">hrabrost, vrlina</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">bogat</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Od <i>küverči</i> < <i>küğerči</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">svjetlozelen</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">od <i>qorqut-</i> "plašiti"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. mađ. <b>Ipoch</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">od <i>qayt-</i> < <i>qayıt-</i> < <i>qaðıt-</i> "okrenuti se"; cf. mađ. <b>Kajdan</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"prevoditelj"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hakaski_jezik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hakaski jezik (stranica ne postoji)">hakaski</a> <b>qosta</b> "magična strijela usmjerena na neprijatelja"(?)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">od <i>Yazığ</i>, metateza od <i>Yağız</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ili "Čaban"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"mala deva"</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historija">Historija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odjeljak Historija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Historija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Porijeklo_i_teritorij">Porijeklo i teritorij</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odjeljak Porijeklo i teritorij" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Porijeklo i teritorij"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prema <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omeljan_Pritsak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omeljan Pritsak (stranica ne postoji)">Omeljanu Pritsaku</a>, Pečenezi su potomci drevnih Kangara koji potječu iz <a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%A1kent" title="Taškent">Taškenta</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orhonski_natpisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orhonski natpisi (stranica ne postoji)">Natpisi iz Orhona</a> navode Kangare među narodima koje je obuhvaćao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isto%C4%8Dnoturkijski_kaganat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istočnoturkijski kaganat (stranica ne postoji)">Istočnoturkijski kaganat</a>. Pritsak kaže da se domovina Pečenega nalazila između <a href="/wiki/Aralsko_more" title="Aralsko more">Aralskog mora</a> i srednjeg toka <a href="/wiki/Sir-Darja" title="Sir-Darja">Sir-Darje</a>, duž važnih trgovačkih putova koji su povezivali Srednju Aziju s Istočnom Europom, i s njima povezuje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangarski_savez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kangarski savez (stranica ne postoji)">Kangare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975211–212_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975211–212-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prema <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Porfirogenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantin Porfirogenet">Konstantinu Porfirogenetu</a>, koji je pisao oko 950. godine, <i>Patzinakia</i>, oblast Pečenega, protezala se na zapad sve do rijeke <a href="/wiki/Siret_(rijeka)" title="Siret (rijeka)">Sireta</a> (ili čak do Istočnih <a href="/wiki/Karpati" title="Karpati">Karpata</a>), i bila je udaljena četiri dana od "Tourkiasa" (tj. Mađarske): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41558719">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Cijela je <i>Patzinakia</i> podijeljena u osam oblasti s isto toliko velikih kneževa. Oblasti su ove: ime prve oblasti je <i>Irtim</i>, druga je oblast <i>Tzour</i>, treća je <i>Gyla</i>, četvrta je <i>Koulpeï</i>, peta je <i>Charaboï</i>, šesta je <i>Talmat</i>, sedma je <i>Chopon</i>, osma je <i>Tzopon</i>. U vrijeme kad su Pečenezi bili protjerani iz svoje zemlje, njihovi su knezovi bili: u Irtimu – Baïtzas, u Tzouru – Kouel, u Gyli – Kourkoutai, u Koulpeïu – Ipaos, u Charaboïu – Kaïdoum, u Talmatu – Kostas, u Choponu – Giazis; u Tzoponu – Batas.</p><div class="templatequotecite">– <cite><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Porfirogenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantin Porfirogenet">Konstantin Porfirogenet</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/De_administrando_imperio" title="De administrando imperio">O upravljanu Carstvom</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Khazarfall1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Khazarfall1.png/240px-Khazarfall1.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Khazarfall1.png/360px-Khazarfall1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Khazarfall1.png/480px-Khazarfall1.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontsko-kaspijska_stepa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontsko-kaspijska stepa (stranica ne postoji)">Pontsko-kaspijska stepa</a>, oko 1015.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Pelliot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Pelliot (stranica ne postoji)">Paul Pelliot</a> iznio je prijedlog da je <i><a href="/wiki/Knjiga_Suija" title="Knjiga Suija">Knjiga Suija</a></i> – kinesko djelo iz 7. stoljeća – sačuvala najraniji zapis o Pečenezima.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975211_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975211-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U knjizi se spominje narod po imenu <i>Bĕirù</i> (北褥; LMC: *<i>puǝ̌k-rjwk</i> < <a href="/wiki/Srednji_kineski_jezik" title="Srednji kineski jezik">srednjekineski</a>: *<i>pǝk-ŋuawk</i>), koji se smjestio u blizini naroda <i>Ēnqū</i> (恩屈; LMC: *<i>ʔən-kʰyt</i> < EMC: *<i>ʔən-kʰut</i> < *<i>On[o]gur</i>) i *<i>Alan</i> (阿蘭; MC: *<i>ʔa-lan</i>), identificiranih kao <a href="/wiki/Onoguri" title="Onoguri">Onoguri</a> i <a href="/wiki/Alani" title="Alani">Alani</a>, istočno od zemlje <i>Fulin</i> (拂菻), tj. <a href="/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dno_Rimsko_Carstvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Istočno Rimsko Carstvo">Istočnog Rimskog Carstva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975211_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975211-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2011232_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011232-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Spinei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Spinei (stranica ne postoji)">Victor Spinei</a> naglašava da je povezanost Pečenega s narodom <i>Bĕirù</i> "neizvjesna".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On sugerira da izvještaj <a href="/wiki/Ujguri" title="Ujguri">ujgurskog</a> izaslanika iz 8. stoljeća, koji je sačuvan u tibetanskom prijevodu,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999235_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999235-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sadrži prvi izvjestan spomen Pečenega.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taj je izvještaj zabilježio oružani sukob između naroda <i>Be-ča-nag</i> i naroda <i>Hor</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ujgurski_Kaganat" title="Ujgurski Kaganat">Ujgura</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Oguzi" title="Oguzi">Turaka Oguza</a>) u području rijeke <a href="/wiki/Sir-Darja" title="Sir-Darja">Sir-Darje</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Venturi_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venturi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Hordadbeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Hordadbeh (stranica ne postoji)">Ibn Hordadbeh</a> (oko 820–912), <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Ka%C5%A1gari" title="Mahmud al-Kašgari">Mahmud al-Kašgari</a> (11. stoljeće), <a href="/wiki/Al-Idrisi" title="Al-Idrisi">Muhamed al-Idrisi</a> (1100–1165) i mnogi drugi <a href="/wiki/Musliman" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Musliman">muslimanski</a> učenjaci slažu se da su Pečenezi pripadali turkijskim narodima.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2009182_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2009182-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruska kronika <i><a href="/wiki/Povijest_pro%C5%A1lih_vremena" class="mw-redirect" title="Povijest prošlih vremena">Povijest prošlih vremena</a></i> navodi da su "<a href="/wiki/Turkmeni" title="Turkmeni">Turkmeni</a>, Pečenezi, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torki (stranica ne postoji)">Torki</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kumani" title="Kumani">Kumani</a>" potjecali od "bezbožnih sinova <a href="/wiki/Izmael" title="Izmael">Jišmaela</a>, koji su bili poslani kao kazna kršćanima".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2009186_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2009186-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seoba_na_zapad">Seoba na zapad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odjeljak Seoba na zapad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Seoba na zapad"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:South-eastern_Europe_1040.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/South-eastern_Europe_1040.jpg/330px-South-eastern_Europe_1040.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/South-eastern_Europe_1040.jpg/495px-South-eastern_Europe_1040.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/South-eastern_Europe_1040.jpg/660px-South-eastern_Europe_1040.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="867" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jugoisto%C4%8Dna_Europa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jugoistočna Europa">Jugoistočna Europa</a>, oko 1040–1070. Pečenezi su navedeni pod alternativnim imenom <i>Patzinaki</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drugi_turkijski_kaganat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drugi turkijski kaganat (stranica ne postoji)">Turkijski kaganat</a> propao je 744. godine, što je dovelo do niza međuplemenskih sukoba u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euroazijska_stepa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euroazijska stepa (stranica ne postoji)">euroazijskim stepama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975212_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975212-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Karluci" title="Karluci">Karluci</a> su napali Turke Oguze prisiljavajući ih da krenu u seobu na zapad, prema zemljama Pečenega.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975212_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975212-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Izvještaj ujgurskog izaslanika svjedoči da su Oguzi i Pečenezi ratovali jedni protiv drugih već u 8. stoljeću, najvjerojatnije zbog kontrole nad trgovačkim putovima.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975212_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975212-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oguzi su sklopili savez s Karlucima i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimaci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimaci (stranica ne postoji)">Kimacima</a> i pobijedili Pečenege i njihove saveznike u bici kod Aralskog jezera prije 850. godine, prema <a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudiju</a>, učenjaku iz 10. stoljeća.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975212_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975212-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Većina Pečenega pokrenula je novu seobu prema rijeci <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volgi</a>, ali neke su skupine bile prisiljene pridružiti se Oguzima. Ovi su drugi u 11. stoljeću postali 19. pleme <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oguska_dr%C5%BEava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oguska država (stranica ne postoji)">oguske plemenske federacije</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975212_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975212-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2003I.64_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2003I.64-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pečenezi koji su napustili domovinu naselili su se između rijeka <a href="/wiki/Ural_(rijeka)" title="Ural (rijeka)">Urala</a> i Volge. Prema <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gardizi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gardizi (stranica ne postoji)">Gardiziju</a> i drugim muslimanskim učenjacima koji su svoja djela temeljili na izvorima iz 9. stoljeća, novo područje Pečenega bilo je prilično veliko, s dužinom od 30 dana hoda, a graničili su s <a href="/wiki/Kumani" title="Kumani">Kumanima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazari" title="Hazari">Hazarima</a>, Turcima Oguzima i <a href="/wiki/Slavenski_narodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavenski narodi">Slavenima</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213–214_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213–214-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2003114_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2003114-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Be%C3%A7ene_T%C3%BCrkmen_Tagmasy_Abyl_Gazy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Be%C3%A7ene_T%C3%BCrkmen_Tagmasy_Abyl_Gazy.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="131" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="148" data-file-height="131" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tamgha" title="Tamgha">Tamgha</a> plemena Pečenega, prema <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_al-Ghazi_Bahadur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur (stranica ne postoji)">Abul-Ghazijevom</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shajara-i_Tar%C4%81kima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shajara-i Tarākima (stranica ne postoji)">Rodoslovu Turkmena</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Isti izvori navode i to da su Pečenezi redovito napadali svoje susjede, posebno Hazare i njihove vazale, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burtasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burtasi (stranica ne postoji)">Burtase</a>, te da su svoje zarobljenike prodavali.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113–114_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113–114-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hazari su sklopili savez s Oguzima protiv Pečenega i napali su ih iz dva smjera. Pretrpjevši poraz, Pečenezi su bili prisiljeni ponovo se seliti prema zapadu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristó2003138_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó2003138-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prošli su Hazarskim kaganatom, napali staništa <a href="/wiki/Ma%C4%91ari" title="Mađari">Mađara</a> i protjerali ih iz zemalja uz rijeku <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuban_(rijeka)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuban (rijeka) (stranica ne postoji)">Kuban</a> i gornji tok rijeke <a href="/wiki/Severski_Donjec" title="Severski Donjec">Donjeca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213–214_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213–214-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristó2003138_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó2003138-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ne postoji suglasnost oko datuma za ovu drugu seobu Pečenega: Pritsak tvrdi da je do nje došlo oko 830. godine,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ali Kristó sugerira da se ona teško mogla odigrati prije 850-ih godina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristó2003144_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó2003144-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pečenezi su se naselili uz rijeke <a href="/wiki/Severski_Donjec" title="Severski Donjec">Donjec</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuban_(rijeka)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuban (rijeka) (stranica ne postoji)">Kuban</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moguće je da iz ovog radoblja potječe razlika između "turijskih Pečenega" i "hazarskih Pečenega", koja se spominje u spisu <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudud_al-%27alam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hudud al-'alam (stranica ne postoji)">Hudud al-'alam</a></i> iz 10. stoljeća.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naime, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudud_al-%27Alam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hudud al-'Alam (stranica ne postoji)">Hudud al-'Alam</a></i> – perzijska geografija s kraja 10. stoljeća – razlikuje dvije pečeneške skupine, nazivajući one koji su živjeli duž Donjeca "turkijskim Pečenezima", a one uz Kuban "hazarskim Pečenezima".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spinei sugerira da se potonji naziv najvjerojatnije odnosi na pečeneške skupine koje su prihvaćale hazarski suverenitet, što implicira da su neka plemena Pečenega bila prisiljena priznati prevlast Hazara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Uz ove dvije grane, u ovom je razdoblju postojala i treća skupina Pečenega: Konstantin Porfirogenet i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Fadlan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Fadlan (stranica ne postoji)">Ibn Fadlan</a> spominju da su oni koji su odlučili ne napuštati svoju domovinu inkorporirani u ogusku federaciju turkijskih plemena.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2003I.64_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2003I.64-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41558719"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Prvobitno su Pečenezi živjeli na rijeci Atil (Volga), a isto tako i na rijeci <a href="/wiki/Ural_(rijeka)" title="Ural (rijeka)">Geïch</a>, i dijelili su granice s Hazarima i takozvanim Uzima. No, prije pedeset godina takozvani Uzi udružili su se s Hazarima i vojevali protiv Pečenega, nadvladali ih i protjerali iz njihove zemlje, koju takozvani Uzi zauzimaju i danas. [...] U vrijeme kada su Pečenezi protjerani iz svoje zemlje, neki od njih svojom voljom i osobnom odlukom ostali su tamo i ujedinili se s takozvanim Uzima, pa čak i dan danas žive među njima, i nose takva razlikovna obilježja koja ih odvajaju i odaju njihovo porijeklo i kako je došlo do toga da su odvojeni od svojih ljudi: jer su njihove tunike kratke, sežu do koljena, a rukavi su odsječeni u ramenu, čime, vidite, oni ukazuju da su odsječeni od svojih ljudi i pripadnika svoje rase.</p><div class="templatequotecite">– <cite><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Porfirogenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantin Porfirogenet">Konstantin Porfirogenet</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/De_administrando_imperio" title="De administrando imperio">O upravljanju Carstvom</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Međutim, nije sigurno je li oblikovanje ove skupine povezano s prvom ili drugom seobom Pečenega (kako to predlaže Pritsak, odnosno Golden).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2003I.64_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2003I.64-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prema Mahmudu al-Kašgariju, Pečenezi su još 1060-ih godina još uvijek formirali jedan od klanova <i>Üçok</i> Turaka Oguza.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214_46-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Savezi_s_Bizantom_i_Bugarskom">Savezi s Bizantom i Bugarskom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odjeljak Savezi s Bizantom i Bugarskom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Savezi s Bizantom i Bugarskom"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:63-manasses-chronicle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/63-manasses-chronicle.jpg/220px-63-manasses-chronicle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/63-manasses-chronicle.jpg/330px-63-manasses-chronicle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/63-manasses-chronicle.jpg/440px-63-manasses-chronicle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3296" /></a><figcaption>Svjatoslav ulazi u Bugarsku sa saveznicima Pečenezima,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> iz ljetopisa <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Manasa" title="Konstantin Manasa">Konstantina Manase</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>U 9. stoljeću <a href="/wiki/Bizantsko_Carstvo" title="Bizantsko Carstvo">Bizantinci</a> su se udružili s Pečenezima, koristeći ih da odbiju druga, opasnija plemena poput <a href="/wiki/Kijevska_Rusija" title="Kijevska Rusija">Kijevskih Rusa</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ma%C4%91ari" title="Mađari">Mađara</a>. </p><p>Uzi, još jedan narod iz turkijskih stepa, na kraju su protjerali Pečenege iz njihove domovine; u tom procesu oduzeli su im i veći dio stoke i druge robe. Savez <a href="/wiki/Oguzi" title="Oguzi">Oguza</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimeci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimeci (stranica ne postoji)">Kimeka</a> i <a href="/wiki/Karluci" title="Karluci">Karluka</a> također je pritiskao Pečenege, ali je taj savez pretrpio poraz od <a href="/wiki/Samanidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanidi">Samanida</a>. Pritisnuti prema zapadu navalama <a href="/wiki/Hazari" title="Hazari">Hazara</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kumani" title="Kumani">Kumana</a> 889. godine, Pečenezi su, sa svoje strane, do 892. godine potisnuli Mađare zapadno od rijeke Dnjepar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993324_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993324-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bugarsko_Carstvo" class="mw-disambig" title="Bugarsko Carstvo">Bugarski</a> car <a href="/wiki/Simeon_I" title="Simeon I">Simeon I</a> iskoristio je Pečenege za obranu od Mađara. Nakon što je s Bizantom sklopio primirje da bi dobio na vremenu, Simeon I je s pomoći ratobornih Pečenega prvo svladao <a href="/wiki/Ugri" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ugri">Ugre</a>, a potom napao Bizantsko Carstvo i odnio odlučujuću pobjedu u <a href="/wiki/Bitka_kod_Bulgarofigona" title="Bitka kod Bulgarofigona">bici kod Bugarofigona</a> 896. godine; nakon toga sklopio je mir s Bizantincima, no Pečenezi su bili toliko uspješni da su istjerali Ugre koji su ostali u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etelk%C3%B6z&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etelköz (stranica ne postoji)">Etelközu</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontsko-kaspijska_stepa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontsko-kaspijska stepa (stranica ne postoji)">pontskim stepama</a>, potiskujući ih na zapad prema <a href="/wiki/Panonska_nizija" title="Panonska nizija">Panonskoj niziji</a>, gdje su kasnije osnovali <a href="/wiki/Kraljevina_Ma%C4%91arska" title="Kraljevina Mađarska">mađarsku državu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993249_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993249-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kasnija_povijest">Kasnija povijest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odjeljak Kasnija povijest" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Kasnija povijest"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Do 9. i 10. stoljeća Pečenezi su kontrolirali veći dio stepa jugoistočne <a href="/wiki/Europa" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa">Europe</a> i <a href="/wiki/Krimski_poluotok" class="mw-redirect" title="Krimski poluotok">Krimskog poluotoka</a>. Iako su u to vrijeme predstavljali važan faktor u regiji, poput većine nomadskih plemena, njihov koncept državnosti nije išao dalje od nasumičnih napada na susjede i uloge povremenih <a href="/wiki/Najamnik" title="Najamnik">najamnika</a> drugih sila.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993349_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993349-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U 9. stoljeću Pečenezi su započeli razdoblje ratova protiv <a href="/wiki/Kijevska_Rusija" title="Kijevska Rusija">Kijevske Rusije</a>. Više od dva stoljeća vršili su prepade na zemlje <a href="/wiki/Rus_(narod)" title="Rus (narod)">naroda Rus</a>, koji su ponekad eskalirali u ratove punih razmjera (poput rata <a href="/w/index.php?title=Igor_Kijevski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igor Kijevski (stranica ne postoji)">Igora Kijevskog</a> protiv Pečenega 920. godine, o kome izvještava <i><a href="/wiki/Povijest_pro%C5%A1lih_vremena" class="mw-redirect" title="Povijest prošlih vremena">Povijest prošlih vremena</a></i>). Pečeneški ratovi protiv Kijevske Rusije prisilili su <a href="/wiki/Slavenski_narodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavenski narodi">Slavene</a> da s vlaških teritorija postupno migriraju sjeverno od Dnjestra u 10. i 11. stoljeću.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Međutim, povremeno je dolazilo i do privremenih vojnih saveza naroda Rus i Pečenega, kao što je tijekom bizantskog pohoda 943. godine, kad je taj savez vodio Igor Kijevski.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nap. 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pečenezi su 968. godine <a href="/wiki/Opsada_Kijeva_(968)" title="Opsada Kijeva (968)">napali i opsjeli</a> <a href="/wiki/Kijev" title="Kijev">Kijev</a>, što je prisililo ruskog kneza da prekine napad na Bugarsku i vrati se u domovinu;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993278_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993278-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> neki su se pridružili kijevskom knezu <a href="/wiki/Svjatoslav_I_Kijevski" title="Svjatoslav I Kijevski">Svjatoslavu I</a> u njegovom pohodu protiv Bizanta 970–971. godine, iako su na kraju iz zasjede ubili kijevskog kneza 972. godine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993282_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993282-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prema <i><a href="/wiki/Povijest_pro%C5%A1lih_vremena" class="mw-redirect" title="Povijest prošlih vremena">Povijesti prošlih vremena</a></i>, pečeneški <a href="/wiki/Kan_(titula)" title="Kan (titula)">kan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurja_(kan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurja (kan) (stranica ne postoji)">Kurja</a> izradio je <a href="/wiki/Kale%C5%BE" title="Kalež">kalež</a> od Svjatoslavove lubanje, u skladu s običajima stepskih nomada. Sreća se u sukobu između naroda Rus i Pečenega promijenila tijekom vladavine <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_I_Veliki" title="Vladimir I Veliki">Vladimira I Kijevskog</a> (990–995), koji je na mjestu svoje pobjede nad Pečenezima osnovao grad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perejaslav&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perejaslav (stranica ne postoji)">Perejaslav</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nap. 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nakon čega je 1036. uslijedio poraz Pečenega za vrijeme vladavine <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Mudri" title="Jaroslav Mudri">Jaroslava I Mudrog</a>. Ubrzo nakon toga, drugi nomadski narodi došli su na mjesto oslabljenih Pečenega u pontskoj stepi: <a href="/wiki/Kumani" title="Kumani">Kumani</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torki (stranica ne postoji)">Torki</a>. Prema <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mihailo_Hru%C5%A1evski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mihailo Hruševski (stranica ne postoji)">Mihailu Hruševskom</a> (<i>Povijest Ukrajine i Rutenije</i>), nakon poraza kod Kijeva, pečeneška je horda krenula prema <a href="/wiki/Dunav" title="Dunav">Dunavu</a>, prešla rijeku i nestala iz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontsko-kaspijska_stepa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontsko-kaspijska stepa (stranica ne postoji)">pontskih stepa</a>. </p><p>Godine 1048. Pečenezi su prešli preko <a href="/wiki/Dunav" title="Dunav">Dunava</a>. <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Porfirogenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantin Porfirogenet">Konstantin Porfirogenet</a> svjedoči o važnosti Pečenega za vanjsku politiku Bizanta u 10. stoljeću; oni su u to doba služili Carstvu kao saveznici protiv njegovih neprijatelja na sjeveru, budući da su mogli s leđa napasti Bugare i Ugre i presijeći Rusima put k jugu. Međutim, nakon zauzeća Bugarske situacija se iz temelja promijenila, jer je bizantski teritorij sad dopirao do Dunava, pa navale Pečenega nisu više pogađale neprijatelje Bizanta već nju samu. Carska im je vlada odredila zemlje za naseljavanje na <a href="/wiki/Balkanski_poluotok" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkanski poluotok">Balkanskom poluotoku</a> i pokušala ih iskoristiti kao pomoćnu vojsku za obranu svoje sjeverne granice. Međutim, Pečenezi su uskoro počeli napadati i pustošiti okolnu zemlju, pa je Bizant morao na njih krenuti oružjem. No, ti su se sukobi redovito završavali porazom bizantske vojske, pa je carska vlada otkupila mir dodjeljivanjem novih zemljišta, poklonima i darivanjem počasnih naslova pečeneškim vođama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993317_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993317-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dolaskom <a href="/wiki/Isak_I_Komnen" class="mw-redirect" title="Isak I Komnen">Isaka I Komnena</a> na bizantsko prijestlje situacija se mijenja, budući da je on uspio ojačati vojnu snagu Carstva, pa su i Pečenezi osjetili njegovu jaku ruku.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993321_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993321-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pečeneški su najamnici služili pod Bizantincima u <a href="/wiki/Bitka_kod_Mancikerta" title="Bitka kod Mancikerta">bici kod Manzikerta</a> 1071. godine.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opadanje_i_pad">Opadanje i pad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odjeljak Opadanje i pad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Opadanje i pad"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:MadridSkylitzesFol173ra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/MadridSkylitzesFol173ra.jpg/400px-MadridSkylitzesFol173ra.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/MadridSkylitzesFol173ra.jpg/600px-MadridSkylitzesFol173ra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/MadridSkylitzesFol173ra.jpg/800px-MadridSkylitzesFol173ra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1503" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>Pečenezi pobjeđuju "skite" <a href="/wiki/Svjatoslav_I_Kijevski" title="Svjatoslav I Kijevski">Svjatoslava I Kijevskog</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nakon stoljetnih borbi u kojima su sudjelovali svi njihovi susjedi – Bizantsko Carstvo, <a href="/wiki/Bugarska" title="Bugarska">Bugarska</a>, Kijevska Rusija, Hazari i Mađari – Pečenege je 1091. godine u <a href="/wiki/Bitka_kod_Levuniona" title="Bitka kod Levuniona">bici kod Levouniona</a> kao neovisnu snagu uništila zajednička bizantsko-kumanska vojska pod bizantskim carem <a href="/wiki/Aleksije_I_Komnen" title="Aleksije I Komnen">Aleksejem I Komnenom</a>. Pečenezi su pretrpjeli tako strašan poraz, da je <a href="/wiki/Ana_Komnena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ana Komnena">Ana Komnena</a> zapisala: "Čitav jedan narod, koji je brojao <a href="/wiki/Mirijada" title="Mirijada">mirijade</a>, uništen je za jedan dan."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993339_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993339-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aleksej I regrutirao je poražene Pečenege i naselio ih u okrugu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meglen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meglen (stranica ne postoji)">Meglenu</a> (danas u <a href="/wiki/Makedonija_(region)" title="Makedonija (region)">Makedoniji</a>), kao odred (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagma_(vojska)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tagma (vojska) (stranica ne postoji)">tagmu</a>) "meglenskih Pečenega".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kad su ih Kumani 1094. godine ponovo napali, mnogi su Pečenezi bili ubijeni ili asimilirani. Godine 1122. Pečenezi su ponovo u velikim masama prešli Dunav i, pljačkajući i pustošeći, prodrli u <a href="/wiki/Trakija" title="Trakija">Trakiju</a>. Međutim, to je bila posljednja pečeneška navala: Bizantinci su, pod vodstvom cara <a href="/wiki/Ivan_II_Komnen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan II Komnen">Ivana II Komnena</a>, ponovno pobijedili Pečenege u <a href="/wiki/Bitka_kod_Beroje" title="Bitka kod Beroje">bici kod Beroje</a> 1122. godine, na teritoriju današnje Bugarske.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993355_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993355-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Car je pečeneške zarobljenike naselio po bizantskim provincijama kao vojnike dodijelivši im stratiotska (vojnička) imanja.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993367_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993367-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neko su vrijeme značajne zajednice Pečenega još uvijek ostale u <a href="/wiki/Kraljevina_Ma%C4%91arska" title="Kraljevina Mađarska">Kraljevini Mađarskoj</a>. Vremenom su balkanski Pečenezi izgubili svoj nacionalni identitet i postali potpuno asimilirani, uglavnom s Mađarima i Bugarima, a u znak sjećanja na ovu veliku pobjedu, koja ja zauvijek eliminirala pečenešku prijetnju, car Ivan II uveo je poseban "pečeneški blagdan", koji se slavio još krajem 12. stoljeća.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993355_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993355-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U 12. stoljeću, prema bizantskom povjesničaru <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kinam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Kinam">Ivanu Kinamu</a>, Pečenezi su se kao najamnici borili za bizantskog cara <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnen" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel I Komnen">Manuela I Komnena</a> u <a href="/wiki/Katepanat_Italija" title="Katepanat Italija">južnoj Italiji</a> protiv <a href="/wiki/Normani" title="Normani">normanskog</a> <a href="/wiki/Popis_monarha_Sicilije" class="mw-redirect" title="Popis monarha Sicilije">kralja Sicilije</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilim_I_Sicilijski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vilim I Sicilijski (stranica ne postoji)">Vilima Lošeg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skupina Pečenega bila je prisutna u bici kod <a href="/wiki/Andria" title="Andria">Andrije</a> 1155. godine.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pečenezi se posljednji put spominju 1168. godine kao pripadnici turkijskih plemena poznatih u ljetopisima kao "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crni_%C5%A0e%C5%A1iri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crni Šeširi (stranica ne postoji)">Crni Šeširi</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Ruski_jezik" title="Ruski jezik">ruski</a>: <i>Чёрные Клобуки</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U Mađarskoj su u 15. stoljeću neki ljudi uzeli prezime <i>Besenyö</i> (mađarski za "Pečeneg"); bili su najbrojniji u <a href="/wiki/Tolna_(%C5%BEupanija)" title="Tolna (županija)">županiji Tolni</a>. Do jednog od najranijih uvođenja <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islama</a> u <a href="/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dna_Europa" class="mw-redirect" title="Istočna Europa">istočnu Europu</a> došlo je radom jednog muslimanskog zatvorenika s početka 11. stoljeća, kojeg su Bizantinci zarobili. Muslimanski zatvorenik doveden je na teritorij Besenyő Pečenega, gdje je poučavao i obraćao pojedince.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krajem 12. stoljeća, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hamid_al_Garnathi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Hamid al Garnathi (stranica ne postoji)">Abu Hamid al Garnathi</a> spominje kako mađarski Pečenezi – vjerojatno muslimani – žive pretvarajući se da su kršćani. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Napomene">Napomene</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odjeljak Napomene" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Napomene"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41556849">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Haukal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Haukal (stranica ne postoji)">Ibn Haukal</a> opisuje Pečenege kao dugogodišnje saveznike naroda Rus, koji su uvijek pratili tijekom <a href="/wiki/Kaspijski_pohodi_Rusa" title="Kaspijski pohodi Rusa">kaspijskih ekspedicija</a> u 10. stoljeću.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kroničar objašnjava da je ime grada izvedeno od slavenske riječi za "ponovno zauzimanje" te da te odslikava činjenicu da je Vladimir "povratio" vojnu slavu od Pečenega.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odjeljak Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&action=edit&section=12" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Reference"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41556849"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesis.bilkent.edu.tr/0006111.pdf"><i>A Historical and Semantical Study of Turkmens and Turkmen Tribes</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417164622/http://www.thesis.bilkent.edu.tr/0006111.pdf">Arhivirano</a> 2022-04-17 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a>, <a href="/wiki/Univerzitet_Bilkent" title="Univerzitet Bilkent">Univerzitet Bilkent</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=vHdlAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA98&lpg=PA98&dq=pacinacae&source=bl&ots=ubpJyrw4rL&sig=ACfU3U0CgsT-zKwO39w3C4h-m2OBa-sWjA&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjIluao34_vAhVYt6QKHXzxB544FBDoATAHegQIDhAD#v=onepage&q=pacinacae&f=false"><i>Acta societatis Iablonovianae de originibvs ab Aqvilone Venientivm Slavorvm Anni MDCCLXXV.: V. Tomvs, De rubvs Slavicis vltimvs, Band 5</i></a>, p. 95 et 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Atalay, Besim (2006). <i>Divanü Lügati't - Türk</i>. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/975-16-0405-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/975-16-0405-2">975-16-0405-2</a>. <b>I</b>: 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Akdes, Nimet Kurat (1937). <i>Peçenek Tarihi</i>. str. 22–26.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pe%C3%A7enek+Tarihi&rft.aulast=Akdes&rft.aufirst=Nimet+Kurat&rft.au=Akdes%2C%26%2332%3BNimet+Kurat&rft.date=1937&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B22%E2%80%9326&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pe%C4%8Denezi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200393-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200393_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200393_5-1">5,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200393_5-2">5,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200393_5-3">5,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200393_5-4">5,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200393_5-5">5,5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpinei2003">Spinei 2003</a>: str. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2003I.64-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2003I.64_6-0">6,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2003I.64_6-1">6,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2003I.64_6-2">6,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2003I.64_6-3">6,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden2003">Golden 2003</a>: str. I.64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Maḥmūd, Kāshgarī; James Kelly (1982). <i>Türk Şiveleri Lügatı = Dīvānü Luġāt-It-Türk</i>. Duxbury, Mass: Tekin.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%BCrk+%C5%9Eiveleri+L%C3%BCgat%C4%B1+%3D+D%C4%ABv%C4%81n%C3%BC+Lu%C4%A1%C4%81t-It-T%C3%BCrk&rft.aulast=Ma%E1%B8%A5m%C5%ABd&rft.aufirst=K%C4%81shgar%C4%AB&rft.au=Ma%E1%B8%A5m%C5%ABd%2C%26%2332%3BK%C4%81shgar%C4%AB&rft.au=James+Kelly&rft.date=1982&rft.place=Duxbury%2C+Mass&rft.pub=Tekin&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pe%C4%8Denezi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006182-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2006182_8-0">8,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2006182_8-1">8,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurta2006">Curta 2006</a>: str. 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Konstantin Porfirogenet, </i>O upravljanju Carstvom<i>, 37.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacartney1968104–105-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacartney1968104–105_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacartney1968">Macartney 1968</a>: str. 104–105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213_11-0">11,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213_11-1">11,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213_11-2">11,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPritsak1975">Pritsak 1975</a>: str. 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200394-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200394_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpinei2003">Spinei 2003</a>: str. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200395-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200395_13-0">13,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200395_13-1">13,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpinei2003">Spinei 2003</a>: str. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2009181-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2009181_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpinei2009">Spinei 2009</a>: str. 181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2009343-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2009343_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpinei2009">Spinei 2009</a>: str. 343</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999239-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999239_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRóna-Tas1999">Róna-Tas 1999</a>: str. 239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Баскаков, Н. А. (1960). <i>Тюркские языки</i>. Москва. str. 126–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992265-6-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1992265-6_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden1992">Golden 1992</a>: str. 265-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975211–212-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975211–212_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPritsak1975">Pritsak 1975</a>: str. 211–212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Porfirogenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantin Porfirogenet">Konstantin Porfirogenet</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/De_administrando_imperio" title="De administrando imperio">O upravljanu Carstvom</a></i>, 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975211-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975211_35-0">21,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975211_35-1">21,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPritsak1975">Pritsak 1975</a>: str. 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113_36-0">22,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113_36-1">22,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113_36-2">22,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113_36-3">22,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113_36-4">22,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113_36-5">22,5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpinei2003">Spinei 2003</a>: str. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011232-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2011232_37-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden2011">Golden 2011</a>: str. 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999235-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999235_38-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRóna-Tas1999">Róna-Tas 1999</a>: str. 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Venturi-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Venturi_39-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Venturi, Federica (2008). „An Old Tibetan document on the Uighurs: A new translation and interpretation”. <i>Journal of Asian History</i> <b>1</b> (42): 21.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+Old+Tibetan+document+on+the+Uighurs%3A+A+new+translation+and+interpretation&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+History&rft.aulast=Venturi&rft.aufirst=Federica&rft.au=Venturi%2C%26%2332%3BFederica&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=21&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pe%C4%8Denezi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2009182-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2009182_40-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpinei2009">Spinei 2009</a>: str. 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2009186-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2009186_41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpinei2009">Spinei 2009</a>: str. 186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Povijest_pro%C5%A1lih_vremena" class="mw-redirect" title="Povijest prošlih vremena">Povijest prošlih vremena</a></i> (g. 6604/1096), str. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975212-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975212_43-0">29,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975212_43-1">29,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975212_43-2">29,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975212_43-3">29,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975212_43-4">29,4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPritsak1975">Pritsak 1975</a>: str. 212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213–214-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213–214_44-0">30,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213–214_44-1">30,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPritsak1975">Pritsak 1975</a>: str. 213–214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2003114-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2003114_45-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpinei2003">Spinei 2003</a>: str. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214_46-0">32,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214_46-1">32,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214_46-2">32,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214_46-3">32,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214_46-4">32,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214_46-5">32,5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214_46-6">32,6</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPritsak1975">Pritsak 1975</a>: str. 214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113–114-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113–114_47-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpinei2003">Spinei 2003</a>: str. 113–114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó2003138-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristó2003138_48-0">34,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristó2003138_48-1">34,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKristó2003">Kristó 2003</a>: str. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó2003144-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristó2003144_49-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKristó2003">Kristó 2003</a>: str. 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Porfirogenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantin Porfirogenet">Konstantin Porfirogenet</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/De_administrando_imperio" title="De administrando imperio">O upravljanju Carstvom</a></i>, 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tania_Velmans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tania Velmans (stranica ne postoji)">Tania Velmans</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ProblemsOfByzantineHistoriographyThreeNotesOnMiniaturesInThe"><i>Three Notes On Miniatures In The Chronicle of Manasses Macedonian Studies</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993324-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993324_52-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrogorski1993">Ostrogorski 1993</a>: str. 324</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993249-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993249_53-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrogorski1993">Ostrogorski 1993</a>: str. 249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993349-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993349_54-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrogorski1993">Ostrogorski 1993</a>: str. 349</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">V. Klyuchevsky, The course of the Russian history. v.1: "Mysl".1987, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/5-244-00072-1" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/5-244-00072-1">5-244-00072-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993278-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993278_57-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrogorski1993">Ostrogorski 1993</a>: str. 278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993282-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993282_58-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrogorski1993">Ostrogorski 1993</a>: str. 282</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993317-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993317_60-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrogorski1993">Ostrogorski 1993</a>: str. 317</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993321-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993321_61-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrogorski1993">Ostrogorski 1993</a>: str. 321</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Heath, Ian (2019). <i>Armies and Enemies of the Crusades Second Edition</i>. str. 73. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0244174873" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0244174873">0244174873</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+and+Enemies+of+the+Crusades+Second+Edition&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Heath%2C%26%2332%3BIan&rft.date=2019&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B73&rft.isbn=0244174873&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pe%C4%8Denezi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993339-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993339_63-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrogorski1993">Ostrogorski 1993</a>: str. 339</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Haldon, John (1999), <i>Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204</i>. London: UCL Press. str. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/1-85728-495-X" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/1-85728-495-X">1-85728-495-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993355-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993355_65-0">49,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993355_65-1">49,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrogorski1993">Ostrogorski 1993</a>: str. 355</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993367-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorski1993367_66-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrogorski1993">Ostrogorski 1993</a>: str. 367</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ivan Kinam, IV, 4, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Chalandon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferdinand Chalandon (stranica ne postoji)">Chalandon</a> 1907.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ivan Katchanovski, Zenon E. Kohut, Bohdan Y. Nebesio, Myroslav Yurkevich, <i>Historical Dictionary of Ukraine</i>, Scarecrow Press, 2013, str. 439.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">T. W. Arnold, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/preachingislama00arnogoog"><i>The Preaching of Islam : A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith</i></a>, str. 335.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura">Literatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi odjeljak Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&action=edit&section=13" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Literatura"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFAtalay2006">Atalay, Besim (2006). <i>Divanü Lügati't – Türk</i>. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/975-16-0405-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/975-16-0405-2">975-16-0405-2</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divan%C3%BC+L%C3%BCgati%27t+%E2%80%93+T%C3%BCrk&rft.aulast=Atalay&rft.aufirst=Besim&rft.au=Atalay%2C%26%2332%3BBesim&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=T%C3%BCrk+Tarih+Kurumu+Bas%C4%B1mevi&rft.isbn=975-16-0405-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pe%C4%8Denezi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFCurta2006">Curta, Florin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt"><i>Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-521-89452-4" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-521-89452-4">978-0-521-89452-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeastern+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+500-1250&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft.au=Curta%2C%26%2332%3BFlorin&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89452-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoutheasterneuro0000curt&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pe%C4%8Denezi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Golden, Peter B. (2011). <i>Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes</i>. Editura Academiei Române. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-973-27-2152-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-973-27-2152-0">978-973-27-2152-0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+on+the+Peoples+and+Cultures+of+the+Eurasian+Steppes&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft.au=Golden%2C%26%2332%3BPeter+B.&rft.date=2011&rft.pub=Editura+Academiei+Rom%C3%A2ne&rft.isbn=978-973-27-2152-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pe%C4%8Denezi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFGolden2003">Golden, Peter B. (2003). <i>Nomads and their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Quipchaqs</i>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-86078-885-7" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-86078-885-7">0-86078-885-7</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomads+and+their+Neighbours+in+the+Russian+Steppe%3A+Turks%2C+Khazars+and+Quipchaqs&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft.au=Golden%2C%26%2332%3BPeter+B.&rft.date=2003&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.isbn=0-86078-885-7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pe%C4%8Denezi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Golden, Peter B. (1992). <i>An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People</i>. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+the+Turkic+People&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft.au=Golden%2C%26%2332%3BPeter+B.&rft.date=1992&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz%2C+Wiesbaden&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pe%C4%8Denezi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFKristó2003">Kristó, Gyula (2003) (hu). <i>Háborúk és hadviselés az Árpádok korában [Wars and Tactics under the Árpáds]</i>. Szukits Könyvkiadó. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/963-9441-87-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/963-9441-87-2">963-9441-87-2</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H%C3%A1bor%C3%BAk+%C3%A9s+hadvisel%C3%A9s+az+%C3%81rp%C3%A1dok+kor%C3%A1ban&rft.aulast=Krist%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Gyula&rft.au=Krist%C3%B3%2C%26%2332%3BGyula&rft.date=2003&rft.pub=Szukits+K%C3%B6nyvkiad%C3%B3&rft.isbn=963-9441-87-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pe%C4%8Denezi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFMacartney1968">Macartney, C. A. (1968). <i>The Magyars in the Ninth Century</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-521-08070-5" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-521-08070-5">978-0-521-08070-5</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magyars+in+the+Ninth+Century&rft.aulast=Macartney&rft.aufirst=C.+A.&rft.au=Macartney%2C%26%2332%3BC.+A.&rft.date=1968&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08070-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pe%C4%8Denezi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFOstrogorski1993">Ostrogorski, Georgije (1993). <i>Istorija Vizantije</i> (2. fototipsko izd.). Beograd: Prosveta.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istorija+Vizantije&rft.aulast=Ostrogorski&rft.aufirst=Georgije&rft.au=Ostrogorski%2C%26%2332%3BGeorgije&rft.date=1993&rft.edition=2.+fototipsko&rft.place=Beograd&rft.pub=Prosveta&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pe%C4%8Denezi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation Journal" id="CITEREFPritsak1975">Pritsak, Omeljan (1975). „The Pechenegs: A Case of Social and Economic Transformation”. <i>Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi</i> (The Peter de Ridder Press) <b>1</b>: 211–235.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Pechenegs%3A+A+Case+of+Social+and+Economic+Transformation&rft.jtitle=Archivum+Eurasiae+Medii+Aevi&rft.aulast=Pritsak&rft.aufirst=Omeljan&rft.au=Pritsak%2C%26%2332%3BOmeljan&rft.date=1975&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=211%E2%80%93235&rft.pub=The+Peter+de+Ridder+Press&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pe%C4%8Denezi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFRóna-Tas1999">Róna-Tas, András (1999). <i>Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History (Translated by Nicholas Bodoczky).</i>. CEU Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-963-9116-48-1" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-963-9116-48-1">978-963-9116-48-1</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungarians+and+Europe+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages%3A+An+Introduction+to+Early+Hungarian+History+%28Translated+by+Nicholas+Bodoczky%29.&rft.aulast=R%C3%B3na-Tas&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A1s&rft.au=R%C3%B3na-Tas%2C%26%2332%3BAndr%C3%A1s&rft.date=1999&rft.pub=CEU+Press&rft.isbn=978-963-9116-48-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pe%C4%8Denezi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFSpinei2003">Spinei, Victor (2003). <i>The Great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century (Translated by Dana Badulescu)</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/973-85894-5-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/973-85894-5-2">973-85894-5-2</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Migrations+in+the+East+and+South+East+of+Europe+from+the+Ninth+to+the+Thirteenth+Century+%28Translated+by+Dana+Badulescu%29&rft.aulast=Spinei&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft.au=Spinei%2C%26%2332%3BVictor&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=973-85894-5-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pe%C4%8Denezi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFSpinei2009">Spinei, Victor (2009). <i>The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century</i>. Koninklijke Brill NV. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-90-04-17536-5" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-90-04-17536-5">978-90-04-17536-5</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romanians+and+the+Turkic+Nomads+North+of+the+Danube+Delta+from+the+Tenth+to+the+Mid-Thirteenth+century&rft.aulast=Spinei&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft.au=Spinei%2C%26%2332%3BVictor&rft.date=2009&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill+NV&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17536-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pe%C4%8Denezi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjske_veze">Vanjske veze</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi odjeljak Vanjske veze" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Denezi&action=edit&section=14" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vanjske veze"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="infobox sisterproject" style="width: 300px"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pechenegs" title="commons:Category:Pechenegs"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 20px;"><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pechenegs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pechenegs">Pečenezi</a></b></i> na <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica_-_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="commons:Glavna stranica - Главна страница">Wikimedijinoj ostavi</a> </div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imwerden.de/pdf/povest_vremennyx_let.pdf">Ruska kronika <i>Povijest prošlih vremena</i></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="ruski jezik">(<kbd>ru</kbd>)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/rus/texts/constp.html">Konstantin Porfirogenet, <i>O upravljanju Carstvom</i>, odlomci o Pečenezima</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41348688">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12221855x">cb12221855x</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12221855x">(podaci)</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKC" title="NKC">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1140089&CON_LNG=ENG">ph1140089</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr">Izvor: <a dir="ltr" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pečenezi&oldid=41561605">https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pečenezi&oldid=41561605</a></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorije</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Nestali_narodi" title="Kategorija:Nestali narodi">Nestali narodi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Isto%C4%8Dno_Rimsko_Carstvo" title="Kategorija:Istočno Rimsko Carstvo">Istočno Rimsko Carstvo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Turkijski_narodi" title="Kategorija:Turkijski narodi">Turkijski narodi</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Sakrivene kategorije: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Kategorija:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a 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