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CAIN: Northern Ireland Conflict, Politics, and Society. Information on 'the troubles'.
<!DOCTYPE html> <!DOCTYPE html><html> <head> <!-- Google tag (gtag.js) --> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-90RP5FMTSY"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-90RP5FMTSY'); </script> <title>CAIN: Northern Ireland Conflict, Politics, and Society. Information on 'the troubles'.</title> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><meta name="Author" content="Dr Martin Melaugh" /> <meta name="Description" content="CAIN: Northern Ireland Conflict, Politics, and Society. Information on 'the troubles'. This site contains information and source material on the Troubles in Northern Ireland from 1968 to the present. There is also information on politics in the region and Northern Ireland society. New material is added regularly to the site and there are also frequent updates." /> <meta name="KeyWords" content="conflict, northern, ireland, northern ireland conflict, irish, troubles, ulster, province, the troubles, politics, ira, uda, society, bibliography, chronology, research, events, issues, background, acronyms, glossary, articles, books, chapters, abstracts, ephemera, history, organisations, photographs, symbols, murals, posters, maps, civil rights, internment, ulster workers' council strike, hunger strike, peace process, derry march, people's democracy march, british troops, bloody sunday, direct rule, bloody friday, sunningdale agreement, dublin and monaghan bombs, ira truce, anglo-irish agreement, political talks, omagh bomb, segregation, discrimination, education, employment, housing, law and order, administration of justice, policing, security, violence, media, parades, marches, bands, policy, political parties, elections, electoral system, women, community work, european union, mixed marriages, cross-community marriage" /> <meta name="package" content="(TYPE=begin)(VERSION=0.1) Dublin Core" /> <meta name="DC.title" content="CAIN: Northern Ireland Conflict, Politics, & Society. 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Information on 'the troubles'. This site contains information and source material on the Troubles in Northern Ireland from 1968 to the present. There is also information on politics in the region and Northern Ireland society. New material is added regularly to the site and there are also frequent updates." /> <meta name="DC.publisher" content="CAIN (Conflict Archive on the INternet) Project" /> <meta name="DC.contributors" content="Brendan Lynn, Fionnuala McKenna" /> <meta name="DC.date.creation" content="(SCHEME=FGDC) 19970721" /> <meta name="DC.date.current" content="(SCHEME=FGDC) 20010831" /> <meta name="DC.type" content="Misc" /> <meta name="DC.format" content="(SCHEME=imt) text/html" /> <meta name="DC.identifier.url" content="http://cain.ulster.ac.uk/" /> <meta name="DC.language" content="(SCHEME=NISOZ39.53) ENG" /> <meta name="DC.relation" content="stand alone" /> <meta name="DC.coverage" content="(SCHEME=Freetext) all text" /> <meta name="DC.rights" content="http://cain.ulster.ac.uk/copyright.htm" /> <meta name="DC.otheragent" content="(TYPE=indexer) Dublin Core Metadata Creator" /> <meta name="package" content="(TYPE=end)(VERSION=0.1) Dublin Core" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <script language="JavaScript" src="/aajs/functions.js"></script> <!-- Fancybox --> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.7.2/jquery.min.js" ></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/fancybox/dist/jquery.fancybox.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/js/fancybox/dist/jquery.fancybox.css" /> <style id="compiled-css" type="text/css"> /* Note that the fancybox css file is loaded under the "Add Resources" tab to the left. 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There is also some material on <b>society </b>in the region. CAIN is located in <a href="https://www.ulster.ac.uk/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none"><strong>Ulster University</strong></a> <img src="/images/extlink.gif" border="0" width="12" height="10" alt="Opens a new browser window." /> and is an associate of <a href="https://www.ulster.ac.uk/incore" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none"><strong>INCORE</strong></a> <img src="/images/extlink.gif" border="0" width="12" height="10" alt="Opens a new browser window." /> and <a href="https://www.ark.ac.uk/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none"><strong>ARK</strong></a> <img src="/images/extlink.gif" border="0" width="12" height="10" alt="Opens a new browser window." />. CAIN and INCORE developed the <a href="https://accounts.ulster.ac.uk/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none"><strong>Accounts of the Conflict</strong></a> <img src="/images/extlink.gif" border="0" width="12" height="10" alt="Opens a new browser window." /> Web site. See the CAIN <a href="/privacy.htm" target="_blank">privacy policy</a>.</font> </div> </td></tr> </table> </div> <hr size="2" color="#770101" noshade /> <!------ End LOGO and introduction ------> <!------ New Home Links ------> <div align="center"> <table border="1" bordercolor="#EEEEEE" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="600" align="center" > <tbody> <tr> <td align="center" valign="middle"><a href="/help/caindex.htm"><img src="/images/menus/homepage/a-z_rt.jpg" alt="A to Z index of main content" height="20" width="43" border="0" /></a></td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><a href="/help.htm"><img src="/images/menus/homepage/help_rt.jpg" height="20" width="44" border="0" alt="Help page" /></a></td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><a href="/cainbgn/addition.htm"><img src="/images/menus/homepage/additions_rt.jpg" height="20" width="69" border="0" alt="List of recent additions to the site" /></a></td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><a href="/associated/index.html"><img src="/images/menus/homepage/associated_rt.jpg" height="20" width="111" border="0" alt="Associated Sites within CAIN" /></a></td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><a href="/othelem/contribs.htm"><img src="/images/menus/homepage/contributors_rt.jpg" height="20" width="87" border="0" alt="List of main contributors" /></a></td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><a href="/othelem/contrib.htm"><img src="/images/menus/homepage/contributions_rt.jpg" height="20" width="94" border="0" alt="Guidelines for making a contribution" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" valign="middle"><a href="/dirres/comments1.htm"><img src="/images/menus/homepage/comments_rt.jpg" height="20" width="76" border="0" alt="Email form for general comments on the CAIN site" /></a></td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><a href="/media-reports.htm"><img src="/images/menus/homepage/media-reports_rt.jpg" height="20" width="110" border="0" alt="Media reports about CAIN" /></a></td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><a href="/citations.htm"><img src="/images/menus/homepage/citations_rt.jpg" height="20" width="67" border="0" alt="Known citations of the CAIN Web site" /></a></td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><a href="/access/hits.htm"><img src="/images/menus/homepage/access_rt.jpg" height="20" width="91" border="0" alt="Summary access statistics for the CAIN site" /></a></td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><a href="/funding.htm"><img src="/images/menus/homepage/funding_rt.jpg" height="20" width="62" border="0" alt="Information on funders and partners" /></a></td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><a href="/copyright.htm"><img src="/images/menus/homepage/copyright_rt.jpg" height="20" width="71" border="0" alt="Copyright conditions that apply to the CAIN site" /></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <hr size="1" noshade /> <div align="center"> <form action="https://www.google.com/search" class="searchform" method="get" name="searchform" target="_blank"> <input name="sitesearch" type="hidden" value="cain.ulster.ac.uk"> <input style="background: #F5EEEE ; border-color: #770101; border-width:thin; height:30px; width:310px" autocomplete="on" class="form-control search" name="q" placeholder=" Enter text to search CAIN via Google" required="required" type="text" > <button class="button" type="submit" style="background:#770101; border: #770101; height:35px;width:150px; color: #FCFCFC"> Click to search </button> </form> </div> <hr size="2" color="#770101" noshade /> <!------ Buttons Table ------> <div align="center"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="600" align="center" > <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img src="/images/menus/homepage/heading_main-sections_rt-o.jpg" width="600" height="30" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="4" alt="Table heading - Main sections in CAIN" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="300" height="105"><a href="/othelem/index.html"><img src="/images/menus/homepage/background_290x75_tros.jpg" width="290" height="95" border="0" align="left" alt="Background information on the conflict and politics" /></a></td> <td width="300"><div align="right"><a href="/bibdbs/index.html"><img src="/images/menus/homepage/bibliographies_290x75_tros.jpg" alt="Databases, bibliographies, biographies, etc." width="290" height="95" border="0" align="right" /></a></div></td></tr> <tr> <td width="300" height="105"><a href="/events/index.html"><img src="/images/menus/homepage/key-events_290x75_tros.jpg" width="290" height="95" border="0" align="left" alt="Key events of the conflict" /></a></td> <td width="300"><a href="/ni/index.html"><img src="/images/menus/homepage/society_290x75_tros.jpg" width="290" height="95" border="0" align="right" alt="Some information on society in the region" /></a></td></tr> <tr> <td width="300" height="105"><a href="/issues/index.html"><img src="/images/menus/homepage/key-issues_290x75_tros.jpg" width="290" height="95" border="0" align="left" alt="Key issues of the conflict" /></a></td> <td width="300"><a href="/conflict/index.html"><img src="/images/menus/homepage/conflcit_290x75_tros.jpg" width="290" height="95" border="0" align="right" alt="An introduction to theoretical explanations of the conflict" /></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="600" align="center" > <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"><img src="/images/menus/homepage/heading_other-sections_rt-o.jpg" width="600" height="30" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="4" align="middle" alt="Table heading - Other Sections in CAIN" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="300" align="left"><a href="/proni/index.html"><img border="0" hspace="0" vspace="4" alt="PRONI Records on CAIN, Launched on 6 October 2010" align="left" src="/images/menus/homepage/proni_290x75_tros.jpg" width="290" height="95" /></a></td> <td width="300" align="left"><a href="/nai/index.html"><div align="right"><img src="/images/menus/homepage/nai-building_290x95_text.jpg" width="290" height="95" border="0" align="right" alt="NAI Records on CAIN" /></div></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div align="center">↑<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#770101" size="-1">Updated on 14 Dec 2023</font> ↑</div></td> <td><div align="center">↑ <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#770101" size="-1">Updated on 11 Nov 2024</font> ↑</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="300" align="left"><a href="/john_hume/index.html"><img src="/images/menus/homepage/john-hume_c.jpg" width="290" height="95" border="0" align="absmiddle" alt="John Hume Speeches, Statements, Articles" /></a></td> <td width="300"><div align="right"><a href="/rukeyser/index.html"><img border="0" hspace="0" vspace="4" alt="Photographs by William L. Rukeyser" align="middle" src="/images/menus/homepage/rukeyser_290x75.jpg" width="290" height="95" /></a></div></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div align="center">↑ <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#770101" size="-1">Added on 20 May 2021</font> ↑</div></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/victims/index.html"><img border="0" hspace="0" vspace="4" width="290" height="95" alt="New section about Victims, Survivors and Commemoration: Launched on 16th June 2009" src="/images/menus/homepage/victims_290x75_tros.jpg" /></a></td> <td><div align="right"><a href="/victims/gis/index.html"><img src="/images/menus/homepage/vtc.jpg" width="290" height="95" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="4" align="middle" alt="New section about visualising the conflict: launched 20th January 2012" /></a></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#770101" size="-1"> </font></div></td> <td><div align="center"></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="600"> <tbody></tbody></table> <!------ End Buttons Table ------> <!--End Content --> </div> </td></tr></table> <!-- Start New Tail--> <!-- Start Message --> <!-- End Message --> <!-- Start Bottom menu --> <hr width="600" /> <table width="600" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"> <tr> <td width="30%" valign="middle" bgcolor="#F6F6F6"> <div align="center"> <a class="button" href="/victims/background/onthisday.html" target="_blank"> DEATHS ON THIS DAY </a> </div> </td> <td width="30%" bgcolor="#F6F6F6"> <div align="center"> <script language="JavaScript"> <!-- document.write("<a class=\"button\" href=\"https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/cgi-bin/dbase.pl?field=pubtitle&text=("+today.getDate()+"+"+isnMonths[today.getMonth()+1]+"\" target=\"_blank\" > PUBLICATIONS ON THIS DAY </a>"); // --> </script> </div> </td> <td width="30%" bgcolor="#F6F6F6"> <div align="center"> <script language="JavaScript"> <!-- document.write("<a class=\"button\" href=\"https://www.google.co.uk/search?as_q=&as_epq="+today.getDate()+"+"+isnMonths[today.getMonth()+1]+"&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_nlo=&as_nhi=&lr=&cr=&as_qdr=all&as_sitesearch=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2F&as_occt=any&safe=images&as_filetype=&as_rights=\" target=\"_blank\" > CAIN ITEMS ON THIS DAY </a>"); // --> </script> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <hr width="600" /> <table width="600" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td colspan="3" align="left"><a href="/funding.htm"><img src="/images/menus/homepage/heading_accounts_rt-o.jpg" width="600" height="30" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="4" align="middle" alt="Table heading - Accounts of the Conflict" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><a href="http://accounts.ulster.ac.uk/" target="_blank"><img src="/images/menus/homepage/accounts-home-page_600x75.jpg" width="600" height="75" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="5" align="middle" alt="Accounts of the Conflict website Link" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" align="left"><a href="/funding.htm"><img src="/images/menus/homepage/heading_recent-funders_rt-o.jpg" width="600" height="30" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="4" align="middle" alt="Table heading - Recent funders of the CAIN Web Site" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" valign="middle"> <a href="http://www.ulster.ac.uk/" target="_blank"><img src="/associated/UU_Corp_logo_200-133_c.jpg" width="162" height="93" border="0" hspace="10" vspace="5" align="left" alt="image of logo" /></a> <a href="https://www.communities-ni.gov.uk/" target="_blank"><img src="/images/dfc-logo_750x500.jpg" border="0" height="97" width="200" hspace="10" vspace="5" alt="Department for Communities logo" align="right" /></a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" valign="middle"> <a href="http://www.dfa.ie/" target="_blank"><img src="/nai/images/Rec-Fund-Standard-Colour_200x75.jpg" border="0" height="75" width="200" hspace="10" vspace="5" alt="DFA logo" align="left" /></a> <a href="https://www.iofc.org/" target="_blank"><img src="/images/IoC_logo_int_200.jpg" border="0" height="35" width="200" hspace="10" vspace="5" alt="Initiatives of Change logo" align="right" /></a> </td> </tr> <a name="copy"></a> <tr> <td colspan="3"> <img src="/images/1pxred.gif" width="600" height="1" alt="1 pixel blue line" /><br /><br /> <div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#770101" size="-1">Archived copies of CAIN are available at:.<br /> <!a href="https://conflict.ulster.ac.uk/index.html" target="_blank">conflict.ulster.ac.uk</a> <img src="/images/extlink.gif" border="0" width="12" height="10" alt="Opens a new browser window." /> (full copy available soon)<br /> <a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/11112/20180401012515/http://cain.ulster.ac.uk/index.html" target="_blank">PRONI Web Archive</a> <img src="/images/extlink.gif" border="0" width="12" height="10" alt="Opens a new browser window." /> (Feb 2010 →); <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401000000*/https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/" target="_blank">The Wayback Machine</a> <img src="/images/extlink.gif" border="0" width="12" height="10" alt="Opens a new browser window." /> (Dec 1997 →);<br /> <a href="https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/en/archive/20151001114010/http://cain.ulster.ac.uk/index.html" target="_blank">UK Web Archive</a> <img src="/images/extlink.gif" border="0" width="12" height="10" alt="Opens a new browser window." /> (May 2005 to Aug 2011); <a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/13148/*/https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/" target="_blank">National Library of Ireland</a> <img src="/images/extlink.gif" border="0" width="12" height="10" alt="Opens a new browser window." /> (Jul 2020 →).<br /> An off-line copy of CAIN is presented in the <a href="https://www.nmni.com/collections/history/troubles" target="_blank">Troubles Gallery</a> <img src="/images/extlink.gif" border="0" width="12" height="10" alt="Opens a new browser 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