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Raqqa — Wikipédia

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id="toc-Histoire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquité" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquité"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Antiquité</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquité-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Période_byzantine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Période_byzantine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Période byzantine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Période_byzantine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Période_musulmane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Période_musulmane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Période musulmane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Période_musulmane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pendant_la_guerre_civile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pendant_la_guerre_civile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Pendant la guerre civile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pendant_la_guerre_civile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adhésion_à_la_rébellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adhésion_à_la_rébellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Adhésion à la rébellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adhésion_à_la_rébellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sous_la_terreur_de_Daech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sous_la_terreur_de_Daech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Sous la terreur de Daech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sous_la_terreur_de_Daech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domination_des_FDS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domination_des_FDS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Domination des FDS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domination_des_FDS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnalités_liées_à_la_commune" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnalités_liées_à_la_commune"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personnalités liées à la commune</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personnalités_liées_à_la_commune-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galerie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galerie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Galerie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galerie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Filmographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filmographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_connexe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_connexe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Article connexe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_connexe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Raqqa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 78 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-Raqqah" title="Ar-Raqqah – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ar-Raqqah" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-Raqqa" title="Ar-Raqqa – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ar-Raqqa" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9" title="الرقة – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الرقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%87_(%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%87)" title="الرقه (مدينه فى منطقه مركز الرقه) – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الرقه (مدينه فى منطقه مركز الرقه)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Raqqa" title="Al-Raqqa – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Al-Raqqa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C9%99qq%C9%99" title="Rəqqə – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rəqqə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%87_(%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87)" title="رقه (سوریه) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رقه (سوریه)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Рака (горад) – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рака (горад)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ар-Ракка – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ар-Ракка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="রাক্কা – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাক্কা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Raqqa" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-Raqq%C3%A0" title="Ar-Raqqà – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ar-Raqqà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar_Raqqah_(kapital_sa_lalawigan)" title="Ar Raqqah (kapital sa lalawigan) – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ar Raqqah (kapital sa lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%95%D9%82%D9%82%DB%95" title="ڕەققە – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕەققە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakka" title="Rakka – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rakka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%C4%83" title="Ар-Раккă – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ар-Раккă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Raqqa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-Raqqa" title="Ar-Raqqa – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ar-Raqqa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Ράκκα – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ράκκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Raqqa" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-Raka" title="Ar-Raka – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ar-Raka" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Raqa" title="Al Raqa – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Al Raqa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-Raqqah" title="Ar-Raqqah – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ar-Raqqah" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-Raqqa" title="Ar-Raqqa – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ar-Raqqa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%87" title="رقه – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رقه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Raqqa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90-%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%94" title="א-רקה – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="א-רקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE" title="रक़्क़ा – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रक़्क़ा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Raka" title="Al-Raka – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Al-Raka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakka" title="Rakka – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rakka" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC-%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Ալ-Ռակկա – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալ-Ռակկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-Raqqah" title="Ar-Raqqah – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ar-Raqqah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Raqqah" title="Al-Raqqah – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Al-Raqqah" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Raqqa" title="Al-Raqqa – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Al-Raqqa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB" title="ラッカ – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラッカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="რაკა – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რაკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D2%9B%D2%9B%D0%B0" title="Раққа – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Раққа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BD%EA%B9%8C" title="락까 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="락까" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reqa" title="Reqa – kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Reqa" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callinicum" title="Callinicum – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Callinicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raka" title="Raka – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Raka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raka" title="Raka – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Raka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%96" title="റഖ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റഖ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Raqqa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%87" title="رقه – mazandérani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رقه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandérani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqqa_(stad)" title="Raqqa (stad) – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Raqqa (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-Raqqah" title="Ar-Raqqah – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ar-Raqqah" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-Raqqah" title="Ar-Raqqah – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ar-Raqqah" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Raqqa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Эр-Раккæ – ossète" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Эр-Раккæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossète" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-Rakka" title="Ar-Rakka – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ar-Rakka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%81" title="رقہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رقہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Raqqa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakka" title="Rakka – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rakka" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эр-Ракка – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эр-Ракка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-Raqqah" title="Ar-Raqqah – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ar-Raqqah" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa – écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Raqqa" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raka_(Sirija)" title="Raka (Sirija) – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Raka (Sirija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-Raqqah" title="Ar-Raqqah – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ar-Raqqah" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakka" title="Rakka – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rakka" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-Raqqah" title="Ar-Raqqah – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ar-Raqqah" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="அல்-றக்கா – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அல்-றக்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D2%9B%D2%9B%D0%B0" title="Раққа – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Раққа" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="อัรร็อกเกาะฮ์ – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัรร็อกเกาะฮ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakka" title="Rakka – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rakka" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84r-Raqqa" title="Är-Raqqa – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Är-Raqqa" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%82%D9%82%DB%95" title="رەققە – ouïghour" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="رەققە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ouïghour" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ракка – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ракка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%81" title="الرقہ – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الرقہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Raqqa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-Raqqah" title="Ar-Raqqah – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ar-Raqqah" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Raqqa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1" title="拉卡 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="拉卡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="რაკა – mingrélien" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რაკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrélien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-Raqqah" title="Ar-Raqqah – zélandais" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Ar-Raqqah" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zélandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1" title="拉卡 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拉卡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Raqqah" title="Al-Raqqah – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Al-Raqqah" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1" title="拉卡 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="拉卡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q283368#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;oldid=219871205" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&amp;page=Raqqa&amp;id=219871205&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRaqqa"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRaqqa"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Raqqa"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Raqqa&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div 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class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates" class="noprint"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Map/9/35.95/39.0166667/fr" data-zoom="9" data-lat="35.95" data-lon="39.0166667" data-overlays="[&quot;_80b827d607402c9246bc65f143abc7c5cb629491&quot;]">35°&#160;57′&#160;00″&#160;nord, 39°&#160;01′&#160;00″&#160;est</a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l&#039;encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Logo_disambig-homophone.svg/20px-Logo_disambig-homophone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Logo_disambig-homophone.svg/30px-Logo_disambig-homophone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Logo_disambig-homophone.svg/40px-Logo_disambig-homophone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles ayant des titres homophones, voir <a href="/wiki/Raka" class="mw-disambig" title="Raka">Raka</a> et <a href="/wiki/Rak%27ah" title="Rak&#39;ah">Rak'ah</a>. </p> </div></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox_v2 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="entete entete map" style="background-color:#DDFFDD;color:black;">Raqqa <br /><small><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : arabe">(ar)</abbr> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">الرقة</span></small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r151886662">.mw-parser-output .entete.map{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Picto_infobox_map.png")}</style> </td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Raqqa_2003-12-31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Raqqa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Raqqa_2003-12-31.jpg/280px-Raqqa_2003-12-31.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Raqqa_2003-12-31.jpg/420px-Raqqa_2003-12-31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Raqqa_2003-12-31.jpg/560px-Raqqa_2003-12-31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="840" /></a></span> <br />Vue de la ville en 2003 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#DDFFDD; color:#000000">Administration</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_pays_du_monde" title="Liste des pays du monde">Pays</a> </th> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Syrie"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Syria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Syrie"><img alt="Drapeau de la Syrie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syrie" title="Syrie">Syrie</a></span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gouvernorat_de_Syrie" title="Gouvernorat de Syrie">Gouvernorat</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">محافظة</span>)</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Gouvernorat_de_Raqqa" title="Gouvernorat de Raqqa">Raqqa</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> </th> <td>(sous contrôle des <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des Forces démocratiques syriennes"><img alt="Drapeau des Forces démocratiques syriennes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg/20px-Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg/40px-Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Forces_d%C3%A9mocratiques_syriennes" title="Forces démocratiques syriennes">Forces démocratiques syriennes</a>) </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Maire" title="Maire">Maire</a> </th> <td>Mohamed Nour al-Dheib et Hêvîn Îsmaîl </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#DDFFDD; color:#000000">Démographie</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Recensement_de_la_population" title="Recensement de la population">Population</a> </th> <td>320&#160;000&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="habitant">hab.</abbr> <small>(est. janvier 2022<sup id="cite_ref-NPA20220112_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPA20220112-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>)</small> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="vertical-align: bottom"><a href="/wiki/Densit%C3%A9_de_population" title="Densité de population">Densité</a></th> <td>6&#160;387&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="habitant par kilomètre carré">hab./km<sup>2</sup></abbr></td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#DDFFDD; color:#000000">Géographie</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Coordonn%C3%A9es_g%C3%A9ographiques" title="Coordonnées géographiques">Coordonnées</a> </th><td><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Map/9/35.95/39.0166667/fr" data-zoom="9" data-lat="35.95" data-lon="39.0166667" data-overlays="[&quot;_80b827d607402c9246bc65f143abc7c5cb629491&quot;]">35°&#160;57′&#160;00″&#160;nord, 39°&#160;01′&#160;00″&#160;est</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">Altitude</a> </th> <td>Min. 235&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="mètre">m</abbr><br />Max. 260&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="mètre">m</abbr> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Aire_(g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie)#Superficie" title="Aire (géométrie)">Superficie</a> </th> <td><span title="50&#160;100&#160;000 m² ou 50,1 km²" style="cursor:help">5&#160;010</span>&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="hectare">ha</abbr>&#160;=&#160;50,1&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre carré">km<sup>2</sup></abbr> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#DDFFDD; color:#000000">Localisation</th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <div class="img_toggle" style="text-align:center;"> <div class="geobox"> <div><small>Géolocalisation sur la carte&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Syrie" title="Syrie">Syrie</a></small></div> <table class="DebutCarte" style="width:auto; margin:0; border:none; border-spacing:0; padding:0; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0"><div style="position:relative;;"><span class="noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Syria_location_map3.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Voir sur la carte administrative de Syrie"><img alt="Voir sur la carte administrative de Syrie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Syria_location_map3.svg/280px-Syria_location_map3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Syria_location_map3.svg/420px-Syria_location_map3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Syria_location_map3.svg/560px-Syria_location_map3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="807" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute;top:calc(29.464285714286% - 8px);left:calc(53.418803846155% - 8px);line-height:0;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:City_locator_14.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/City_locator_14.svg/16px-City_locator_14.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/City_locator_14.svg/24px-City_locator_14.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/City_locator_14.svg/32px-City_locator_14.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></div><div style="position:absolute;font-size:90%;bottom:calc(100% - 29.464285714286% + 0.5em);left:calc(53.418803846155% + 0.5em);text-align:left;"><span class="toponyme">Raqqa</span></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:left;"><div class="references-small decimal" style=""> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #DDFFDD solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=0"><span class="infodoc">modifier</span></a></span>&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Subdivision_administrative" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Raqqa</b>, <b>Racca</b>, <b>Rakka</b>, <b>Raqa</b>, <b>Raqqah</b>, <b>ar-Raqqa</b> ou <b>ar-Raqqah</b> selon les systèmes de translittération (en <a href="/wiki/Arabe" title="Arabe">arabe</a>&#160;: <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">الرقة</span>), est une <a href="/wiki/Ville" title="Ville">ville</a> du centre de la <a href="/wiki/Syrie" title="Syrie">Syrie</a>. C'est la <a href="/wiki/Capitale" title="Capitale">capitale</a> éponyme du <a href="/wiki/Gouvernorat_de_Raqqa" title="Gouvernorat de Raqqa">gouvernorat de Raqqa</a>. Elle a également été la «&#160;capitale&#160;» syrienne de l'organisation djihadiste <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_islamique_(organisation)" title="État islamique (organisation)">État islamique</a> de 2014 à 2017&#160;: c'est à Raqqa qu'ont été planifiés la plupart des attentats terroristes qui ont frappé l'Europe, et notamment ceux du <a href="/wiki/Attentats_du_13_novembre_2015_en_France" title="Attentats du 13 novembre 2015 en France">13 novembre 2015 à Paris</a>. La ville est en grande partie détruite lors de la <a href="/wiki/Bataille_de_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Bataille de Raqqa (2017)">bataille de Raqqa</a>&#160;; depuis octobre 2017, elle est contrôlée par les <a href="/wiki/Forces_d%C3%A9mocratiques_syriennes" title="Forces démocratiques syriennes">Forces démocratiques syriennes</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Géographie"><span id="G.C3.A9ographie"></span>Géographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier la section : Géographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Géographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Situation">Situation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier la section : Situation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Situation"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Située dans le Nord du pays, la ville de Raqqa est établie sur les rives de l'<a href="/wiki/Euphrate" title="Euphrate">Euphrate</a> en aval du <a href="/wiki/Lac_el-Assad" title="Lac el-Assad">lac el-Assad</a>, à 170&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr> à l'est d'<a href="/wiki/Alep" title="Alep">Alep</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Histoire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Ar-Raqqa_SYRIE_325.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ar-Raqqa_SYRIE_325.jpg/220px-Ar-Raqqa_SYRIE_325.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ar-Raqqa_SYRIE_325.jpg/330px-Ar-Raqqa_SYRIE_325.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ar-Raqqa_SYRIE_325.jpg/440px-Ar-Raqqa_SYRIE_325.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Les fortifications.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquité"><span id="Antiquit.C3.A9"></span>Antiquité</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier la section : Antiquité" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Antiquité"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selon la légende, elle aurait été fondée par <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_le_Grand" title="Alexandre le Grand">Alexandre le Grand</a> au vu de sa situation avantageuse sur l'Euphrate. </p><p>En réalité, elle doit sa fondation sous le nom de <i>Nikephorion</i> (en <a href="/wiki/Grec_ancien" title="Grec ancien">grec</a> Νικηφόριον, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latinisé</a> en <i>Nicephorium</i>), au roi <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9leucos_Ier" title="Séleucos Ier">Séleucos <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr></a> qui règne de <a href="/wiki/305_av._J.-C." title="305 av. J.-C.">305</a> à <a href="/wiki/281_av._J.-C." title="281 av. J.-C.">281 av. J.-C.</a> Vers <a href="/wiki/244_av._J.-C." title="244 av. J.-C.">244</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9leucos_II" title="Séleucos II">Séleucos II</a> fait agrandir la ville et la renomme d'après son surnom <i>Kallinikos</i> (en grec&#160;: Καλλίνικος, latinisé en <i><span class="lang-la" lang="la">Callinicum</span></i>) signifiant «&#160;grand vainqueur&#160;». Elle fait alors partie de l'<a href="/wiki/Osro%C3%A8ne" title="Osroène">Osroène</a>. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/388" title="388">388 de notre ère</a> un événement survenu dans la ville est le prétexte de l'une des premières manifestation de la lutte d'influence entre l'évêque <a href="/wiki/Ambroise_de_Milan" title="Ambroise de Milan">Ambroise de Milan</a> et l'empereur <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odose_Ier" title="Théodose Ier">Théodose</a><sup id="cite_ref-belin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belin-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Des moines chrétiens encouragés par l'évêque local y ont en effet brûlé la <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> de la ville&#160;; sollicité, Théodose prononce initialement le châtiment des incendiaires et le financement de la reconstruction par l'évêque mais Ambroise parvient à le faire céder sur ces deux décisions<sup id="cite_ref-belin_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belin-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Par la suite, elle porte successivement le nom de <i>Léontopolis</i> sous le règne de l'empereur byzantin <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Ier_(empereur_byzantin)" title="Léon Ier (empereur byzantin)">Léon <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr> le Thrace</a> puis <i>Constantinopolis</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Période_byzantine"><span id="P.C3.A9riode_byzantine"></span>Période byzantine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier la section : Période byzantine" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Période byzantine"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les Byzantins en font une forteresse défensive contre le danger <a href="/wiki/Empire_perse" title="Empire perse">perse</a> mais perdent la ville lors de la <a href="/wiki/Bataille_de_Callinicum" title="Bataille de Callinicum">bataille de Callinicum</a>, le <time class="nowrap" datetime="0531-04-21" data-sort-value="0531-04-21">19 avril 531</time>. Les armées <a href="/wiki/Sassanides" title="Sassanides">sassanides</a> de <a href="/wiki/Kavadh_Ier" title="Kavadh Ier">Kavadh <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr></a> dirigées par <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sepahbod_Azarethes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sepahbod Azarethes (page inexistante)">Sepahbod Azarethes</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azarethes" class="extiw" title="en:Azarethes"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Azarethes&#160;»">(en)</span></a> battent les troupes de <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9lisaire" title="Bélisaire">Bélisaire</a>, général de l'empereur <a href="/wiki/Justinien" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinien">Justinien</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Période_musulmane"><span id="P.C3.A9riode_musulmane"></span>Période musulmane</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier la section : Période musulmane" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Période musulmane"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pendant la <a href="/wiki/Conqu%C3%AAte_musulmane_du_Levant" title="Conquête musulmane du Levant">conquête musulmane du Levant</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iyad_ibn_Ghanam&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Iyad ibn Ghanam (page inexistante)">Iyad ibn Ghanam</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyad_ibn_Ghanm" class="extiw" title="en:Iyad ibn Ghanm"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Iyad ibn Ghanm&#160;»">(en)</span></a> envoie <a href="/w/index.php?title=Souhail_ibn_Adi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Souhail ibn Adi (page inexistante)">Souhail ibn Adi</a>&#160;<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:سهيل بن عدي الخزرجي"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en arabe&#160;: «&#160;سهيل بن عدي الخزرجي&#160;»">(ar)</span></a> <a href="/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_(militaire)" title="Siège (militaire)">assiéger</a> la ville, qui finit par se <a href="/wiki/Reddition_(militaire)" title="Reddition (militaire)">rendre</a><sup id="cite_ref-waqidi_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waqidi-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Iyad ibn Ghanam accepte la reddition de la ville et accorde l'<a href="/wiki/Aman_(arabe)" title="Aman (arabe)"><i>aman</i></a> à ses habitants. Ces derniers peuvent conserver leurs églises à condition qu'ils n'en construisent pas de nouvelles, qu'ils s'acquittent de la <i><a href="/wiki/Djiz%C3%AEa" title="Djizîa">djizîa</a></i>, qu'ils ne se rebellent pas, qu'ils ne fassent pas sonner les cloches, qu'ils n'effectuent pas de processions religieuses en public et qu'ils n'exhibent pas de crucifix<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Une fois cela acquis, Iyad ibn Ghanam quitte <a href="/wiki/Barbalissos" title="Barbalissos">Balis</a> pour Raqqa avant de faire route vers <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-A%C3%AFn_(Syrie)" title="Ras al-Aïn (Syrie)">Ras al-Aïn</a> pour y affronter le gouverneur romain de la <a href="/wiki/Haute_M%C3%A9sopotamie" title="Haute Mésopotamie">Djézireh</a><sup id="cite_ref-waqidi_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waqidi-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Raqqa gagne en splendeur sous les <a href="/wiki/Calife" title="Calife">califes</a> <a href="/wiki/Hicham_(calife_omeyyade)" title="Hicham (calife omeyyade)">Hicham</a>, qui y fait construire deux palais, et <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_(Abbasside)" title="Al-Mansur (Abbasside)">Al Mansour</a>, qui restaure la ville en <a href="/wiki/754" title="754">754</a> avant d'en faire la capitale du <a href="/wiki/Califat_abbasside" title="Califat abbasside">califat abbasside</a>, remplaçant <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a>. Sa position stratégique lui permet de protéger <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a> face à la menace byzantine. Plus belle que jamais et prospère, la ville attire le calife <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A2roun_ar-Rach%C3%AEd" title="Hâroun ar-Rachîd">Hâroun ar-Rachîd</a> qui y établit sa résidence d'été et donne à l'élue son nouveau nom d'<i>Al Rafiqa</i>. Un programme de construction est mis en place pour renforcer la ville et en faire un symbole de l'hégémonie abbasside. Posterieurement, l'invasion mongole de <a href="/wiki/1258" title="1258">1258</a> met un terme définitif à cette époque de gloire. </p><p>Sous l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_ottoman" title="Empire ottoman">Empire ottoman</a>, Raqqa est rattachée à l'<a href="/wiki/Eyalet_de_Raqqa" title="Eyalet de Raqqa">eyalet de Raqqa</a> dont la capitale est, en fait, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa">Urfa</a>. En 1864, elle devient un centre de colonisation militaire pour les <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9douins" title="Bédouins">Bédouins</a> sédentarisés et pour les réfugiés (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhacir&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhacir (page inexistante)">muhacir</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhacir" class="extiw" title="en:Muhacir"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Muhacir&#160;»">(en)</span></a></i>) <a href="/wiki/Tcherkesses" class="mw-redirect" title="Tcherkesses">tcherkesses</a> venus du <a href="/wiki/Vice-royaut%C3%A9_du_Caucase" title="Vice-royauté du Caucase">Caucase russe</a>. </p><p>De 1922 à 1946, la région est sous <a href="/wiki/Mandat_fran%C3%A7ais_en_Syrie_et_au_Liban" title="Mandat français en Syrie et au Liban">mandat français en Syrie et au Liban</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pendant_la_guerre_civile">Pendant la guerre civile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier la section : Pendant la guerre civile" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Pendant la guerre civile"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Guerre_civile_syrienne" title="Guerre civile syrienne">Guerre civile syrienne</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adhésion_à_la_rébellion"><span id="Adh.C3.A9sion_.C3.A0_la_r.C3.A9bellion"></span>Adhésion à la rébellion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifier la section : Adhésion à la rébellion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Adhésion à la rébellion"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:SDF,_YPG,_and_YPJ_flags_in_Raqqa_centre.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/SDF%2C_YPG%2C_and_YPJ_flags_in_Raqqa_centre.png/220px-SDF%2C_YPG%2C_and_YPJ_flags_in_Raqqa_centre.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/SDF%2C_YPG%2C_and_YPJ_flags_in_Raqqa_centre.png/330px-SDF%2C_YPG%2C_and_YPJ_flags_in_Raqqa_centre.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/SDF%2C_YPG%2C_and_YPJ_flags_in_Raqqa_centre.png/440px-SDF%2C_YPG%2C_and_YPJ_flags_in_Raqqa_centre.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Vue en octobre 2017 du rond-point Al-Naïm, orné des drapeaux des <a href="/wiki/Forces_d%C3%A9mocratiques_syriennes" title="Forces démocratiques syriennes">Forces démocratiques syriennes</a>, des <a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9s_de_protection_du_peuple" title="Unités de protection du peuple">YPG</a> et des <a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9s_de_protection_de_la_femme" title="Unités de protection de la femme">YPJ</a> après la défaite de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_islamique_(organisation)" title="État islamique (organisation)">État islamique</a> en octobre 2017. Cette place était le lieu principal où se déroulaient les exécutions à Raqqa lorsque les djihadistes occupaient la ville.</figcaption></figure> <p>Raqqa et sa région restent relativement calmes au début de la <a href="/wiki/Guerre_civile_syrienne" title="Guerre civile syrienne">guerre civile syrienne</a>&#160;; le président <a href="/wiki/Bachar_el-Assad" title="Bachar el-Assad">Bachar el-Assad</a> se rend même dans la ville le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-11-06" data-sort-value="2011-11-06">6 novembre 2011</time> pour célébrer l'<a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFd_al-Adha" title="Aïd al-Adha">Aïd-el-Kébir</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Monde061017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monde061017-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le régime syrien tente alors d'acheter les principaux chefs de tribus pour obtenir leur soutien, mais de nombreux jeunes de la région finissent par prendre les armes<sup id="cite_ref-Monde061017_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monde061017-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En mars 2012, l'assassinat de l'adolescent Ali al-Babinci lors d'une manifestation contre le régime attise l'opposition<sup id="cite_ref-ref_auto_1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_auto_1-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En décembre 2012, plusieurs groupes rebelles, dont certains affiliés à l'<a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_syrienne_libre" title="Armée syrienne libre">Armée syrienne libre</a>, forment une alliance appelée le <a href="/wiki/Front_de_lib%C3%A9ration_de_Raqqa" title="Front de libération de Raqqa">Front de libération de Raqqa</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lister_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lister-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Bataille_de_Raqqa_(2013)" title="Bataille de Raqqa (2013)">Bataille de Raqqa (2013)</a>.</div></div> <p>Dans le contexte de la <a href="/wiki/Guerre_civile_syrienne" title="Guerre civile syrienne">guerre civile syrienne</a>, la ville tombe le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-03-06" data-sort-value="2013-03-06">6 mars 2013</time> aux mains des rebelles d'<a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Cham" title="Ahrar al-Cham">Ahrar al-Cham</a>, du <a href="/wiki/Front_de_lib%C3%A9ration_de_Raqqa" title="Front de libération de Raqqa">Front de libération de Raqqa</a> et du <a href="/wiki/Front_al-Nosra" title="Front al-Nosra">Front al-Nosra</a>, ce qui en fait la première capitale provinciale à passer sous le contrôle de l'<a href="/wiki/Opposition_syrienne" title="Opposition syrienne">opposition</a> depuis le début du conflit en 2011<sup id="cite_ref-Anatomie240-241_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anatomie240-241-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les rebelles mettent alors en place une administration, avec un Comité municipal et un Comité judiciaire<sup id="cite_ref-Anatomie240-241_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anatomie240-241-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En mai de la même année, l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_islamique_(organisation)" title="État islamique (organisation)">État islamique en Irak et au Levant</a> (EIIL) fait son apparition dans la ville<sup id="cite_ref-Monde181017_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monde181017-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Après l'annonce de sa formation en avril, la plupart des combattants du Front al-Nosra à Raqqa lui prête allégeance, tandis que les autres se retirent sur <a href="/wiki/Al-Thawrah" title="Al-Thawrah">Tabqa</a><sup id="cite_ref-Anatomie240-241_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anatomie240-241-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le 13 mai, des hommes du groupe djihadiste exécutent publiquement trois habitants <a href="/wiki/Alaouites" title="Alaouites">alaouites</a> sur la place de l'Horloge<sup id="cite_ref-Monde181017_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monde181017-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le 28 juillet, le père <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9suite" class="mw-redirect" title="Jésuite">jésuite</a> <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Dall%27Oglio" title="Paolo Dall&#39;Oglio">Paolo Dall'Oglio</a>, venu à Raqqa effectuer une médiation avec l'EIIL, est enlevé par les djihadistes<sup id="cite_ref-Monde181017_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monde181017-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Rapidement, des combats ponctuels éclatent et l'EIIL s'impose grâce au manque de coordination des autres groupes rebelles<sup id="cite_ref-Anatomie240-241_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anatomie240-241-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'EIIL s'oppose d'abord au Front al-Nosra, puis aux groupes de l'<a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_syrienne_libre" title="Armée syrienne libre">Armée syrienne libre</a>, comme la <a href="/wiki/Brigade_al-Farouq" title="Brigade al-Farouq">Brigade al-Farouq</a> et la <a href="/wiki/Brigade_Ahfad_al-Rassoul" title="Brigade Ahfad al-Rassoul">Brigade Ahfad al-Rassoul</a> qui sont chassés de la ville, sans qu'<a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Cham" title="Ahrar al-Cham">Ahrar al-Cham</a> n'intervienne<sup id="cite_ref-Anatomie240-241_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anatomie240-241-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. À l'automne 2013, l'EIIL tient les sorties de Raqqa, tandis qu'<a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Cham" title="Ahrar al-Cham">Ahrar al-Cham</a> demeure la faction la plus puissante dans le centre-ville<sup id="cite_ref-Anatomie240-241_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anatomie240-241-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Début <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-11" data-sort-value="2013-11">novembre 2013</time>, 14 chefs de tribus de Raqqa prêtent allégeance à l'EIIL<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, de même que des notables, commerçants ou artisans par «&#160;opportunisme, nécessité ou avidité&#160;»<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Une partie de la population accueille favorablement le groupe, qui remet en place les services publics et une justice fonctionnelle, et dont la discipline protège de la corruption qui entache parfois les autres factions rebelles<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-01-01" data-sort-value="2014-01-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> janvier 2014</time>, l'imam Abdel-Azim Chaykho est tué devant sa mosquée de Raqqa par l'EIIL<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. C'était lui qui avait dirigé la prière de l'<a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFd_al-Adha" title="Aïd al-Adha">Aïd-el-Kébir</a> lors de la venue du président <a href="/wiki/Bachar_el-Assad" title="Bachar el-Assad">Bachar el-Assad</a> dans la ville en 2011, avant de prononcer une <i><a href="/wiki/Khutba" title="Khutba">khotba</a></i> élogieuse à son égard<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Son cadavre et ceux de onze autres personnes exécutées par le groupe (majoritairement des <a href="/wiki/Soufisme" title="Soufisme">soufis</a> suspectés de sympathies progouvernementales) sont enterrés à la va-vite à <a href="/wiki/Tuttul" title="Tuttul">Tell Bi'a</a>, le cimetière et point le plus haut de la ville<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sous_la_terreur_de_Daech">Sous la terreur de Daech</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifier la section : Sous la terreur de Daech" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Sous la terreur de Daech"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Bataille_de_Raqqa_(2014)" title="Bataille de Raqqa (2014)">Bataille de Raqqa (2014)</a>.</div></div> <p>En janvier 2014, un conflit général éclate entre les rebelles et l'EIIL&#160;: le 6 janvier, <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Cham" title="Ahrar al-Cham">Ahrar al-Cham</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_syrienne_libre" title="Armée syrienne libre">Armée syrienne libre</a>, et le <a href="/wiki/Front_al-Nosra" title="Front al-Nosra">Front al-Nosra</a> assiègent le quartier-général de l'EIIL et parviennent à prendre le contrôle de la ville le 8 janvier<sup id="cite_ref-Anatomie240-241_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anatomie240-241-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Mais les djihadistes contre-attaquent ensuite et reprennent la ville quelques jours plus tard<sup id="cite_ref-Anatomie240-241_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anatomie240-241-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Raqqa devient alors la principale base, puis la capitale officieuse de l'EIIL en Syrie<sup id="cite_ref-Anatomie240-241_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anatomie240-241-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lib240714_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lib240714-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Southern_Division_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southern_Division-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Appelée le «&#160;Point 11&#160;», la partie souterraine du <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stade_municipal_de_Raqqa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stade municipal de Raqqa (page inexistante)">stade de football</a>&#160;<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9)" class="extiw" title="ar:الملعب البلدي (الرقة)"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en arabe&#160;: «&#160;الملعب البلدي (الرقة)&#160;»">(ar)</span></a> est utilisé comme siège des <a href="/wiki/Amniyat" title="Amniyat">services secrets de l'État islamique</a>, là où sont retenus ses otages et ses prisonniers les plus importants<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, environ 1&#160;500 au total<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le groupe procède à de nombreuses exécutions en place publique, sur des personnes accusées d'homosexualité, de collaboration avec l'ennemi ou simplement d'hostilité à l'organisation, y compris sur des femmes et des enfants dès 13 ans. La blogueuse anti-régime <a href="/wiki/Ruqia_Hassan" title="Ruqia Hassan">Ruqia Hassan</a> est exécutée pour avoir dénoncé le régime de terreur de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_islamique_(organisation)" title="État islamique (organisation)">État islamique</a> (EI)<sup id="cite_ref-ref_auto_1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_auto_1-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-12" data-sort-value="2014-12">décembre 2014</time>, une centaine de <a href="/wiki/Djihadistes_%C3%A9trangers_pendant_les_guerres_civiles_syrienne_et_irakienne" title="Djihadistes étrangers pendant les guerres civiles syrienne et irakienne">djihadistes étrangers</a> auraient été exécutés à Raqqa par l'EI pour tentative de <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sertion" title="Désertion">désertion</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Destroyed_neighborhood_in_Raqqa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Destroyed_neighborhood_in_Raqqa.png/220px-Destroyed_neighborhood_in_Raqqa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Destroyed_neighborhood_in_Raqqa.png/330px-Destroyed_neighborhood_in_Raqqa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Destroyed_neighborhood_in_Raqqa.png/440px-Destroyed_neighborhood_in_Raqqa.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption>Bâtiments de Raqqa détruits par les combats en <a href="/wiki/2017" title="2017">2017</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-09-06" data-sort-value="2014-09-06">6 septembre 2014</time>, huit frappes aériennes de l'<a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_de_l%27air_syrienne" title="Armée de l&#39;air syrienne">aviation syrienne</a> tuent 53&#160;personnes, dont au moins 31&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="civils"><a href="/wiki/Civil" title="Civil">civils</a></abbr><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>30<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>31<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Foued_Mohamed-Aggad" title="Foued Mohamed-Aggad">Foued Mohamed-Aggad</a>, futur auteur des <a href="/wiki/Attentats_du_13_novembre_2015_en_France" title="Attentats du 13 novembre 2015 en France">attentats du 13 novembre</a>, survit coup sur coup à deux de ces bombardements dans la rue Tall Abyad<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>33<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>34<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>35<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-11-25" data-sort-value="2014-11-25">25 novembre</time> suivant, de nouveaux bombardements particulièrement massifs de l'aviation syrienne font au moins 95 morts dont 52 civils au moins<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>36<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>C'est à Raqqa, que sont également planifiés les <a href="/wiki/Attentats_du_13_novembre_2015_en_France" title="Attentats du 13 novembre 2015 en France">attentats du 13 novembre 2015 en France</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>37<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En représailles à ces attaques, dix chasseurs de l'<a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_de_l%27air_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Armée de l&#39;air française">armée de l'air française</a> larguent vingt bombes sur Raqqa dans la soirée du 15 novembre<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>38<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>39<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ce premier raid fait douze morts parmi les djihadistes et aucune victime civile<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>40<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le 17 novembre 2015, la France bombarde Raqqa avec la Russie<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>41<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Domination_des_FDS">Domination des FDS</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifier la section : Domination des FDS" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Domination des FDS"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Articles détaillés&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Offensive_de_Raqqa_(2016-2017)" title="Offensive de Raqqa (2016-2017)">Offensive de Raqqa (2016-2017)</a> et <a href="/wiki/Bataille_de_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Bataille de Raqqa (2017)">Bataille de Raqqa (2017)</a>.</div></div> <p>Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-11-06" data-sort-value="2016-11-06">6 novembre 2016</time>, les <a href="/wiki/Forces_d%C3%A9mocratiques_syriennes" title="Forces démocratiques syriennes">Forces démocratiques syriennes</a> (FDS) soutenues par les forces aériennes de la <a href="/wiki/Coalition_internationale_en_Irak_et_en_Syrie" title="Coalition internationale en Irak et en Syrie">coalition internationale</a> lancent une offensive baptisée <i><a href="/wiki/Offensive_de_Raqqa_(2016-2017)" title="Offensive de Raqqa (2016-2017)">Colère de l'Euphrate</a></i> avec pour objectif de prendre la ville à l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_islamique_(organisation)" title="État islamique (organisation)">État islamique</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>42<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Début 2017, 200&#160;000&#160;à 300&#160;000&#160;civils (dont 80&#160;000&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="déplacés internes"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9plac%C3%A9s_internes" title="Déplacés internes">déplacés internes</a></abbr>) vivent à l'intérieur<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>43<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>44<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-swissinfo20170611_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swissinfo20170611-45"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>45<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. À la veille de l'entrée des FDS, ils sont encore 160&#160;000 selon les <a href="/wiki/Organisation_des_Nations_unies" title="Organisation des Nations unies">Nations unies</a><sup id="cite_ref-swissinfo20170611_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swissinfo20170611-45"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>45<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les FDS pénètrent dans Raqqa par l'ouest (quartier de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harqalah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Harqalah (page inexistante)">Harqalah</a>&#160;<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:قصر هرقلة"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en arabe&#160;: «&#160;قصر هرقلة&#160;»">(ar)</span></a>) et l'est (quartier d'al-Mashalab) le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-06-06" data-sort-value="2017-06-06">6 juin 2017</time><sup id="cite_ref-Point060617_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Point060617-46"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>46<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, et s'en emparent entièrement le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-10-17" data-sort-value="2017-10-17">17 octobre</time><sup id="cite_ref-PointAFP171017_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PointAFP171017-47"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>47<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En quatre mois, les combats font plus de 3&#160;000&#160;morts, dont un tiers de civils, et la ville est détruite à 80&#160;%<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>48<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, en raison des <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9rations_a%C3%A9riennes_de_la_coalition_internationale_en_Syrie" title="Opérations aériennes de la coalition internationale en Syrie">bombardements intensifs de la coalition</a>. En juin 2018, la coalition internationale annonce un plan de reconstruction de la ville ainsi que de déminage<sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire"><span title="Ce passage nécessite une référence ; voir l&#39;aide.">&#91;réf.&#160;nécessaire&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>En <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-01" data-sort-value="2019-01">janvier 2019</time>, un charnier est découvert au sud-ouest de Raqqa, dans la banlieue agricole d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Foukheikha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Foukheikha (page inexistante)">al-Foukheikha</a>&#160;<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A9_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9)" class="extiw" title="ar:فخيخة (الرقة)"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en arabe&#160;: «&#160;فخيخة (الرقة)&#160;»">(ar)</span></a>. Il renfermerait jusqu'à 3&#160;500&#160;cadavres. Huit autres fosses avaient alors été exhumées autour de la ville et contenaient 900&#160;cadavres<sup id="cite_ref-AFP210219_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP210219-49"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>49<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Après sa prise par les FDS, Raqqa se reconstruit lentement<sup id="cite_ref-Monde050719_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monde050719-50"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>50<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le conseil civil de la ville est administré par deux maires&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%AFla_Mustapha" title="Leïla Mustapha">Leïla Mustapha</a>, une Kurde, et Mouchloub Al-Darwich, un Arabe<sup id="cite_ref-Monde050719_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monde050719-50"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>50<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-07" data-sort-value="2019-07">juillet 2019</time>, 54&#160;000&#160;familles ont regagné Raqqa depuis la fin des combats —&#160;soit 40&#160;% de la population initiale de la ville&#160;— et la maire Leïla Mustapha affirme que 8&#160;000&#160;mines ont été retirées du centre-ville, que 24 stations d'eau et 220 kilomètres de canaux d'irrigation ont été réparés et que 18 hôpitaux ou centres médicaux et 319 écoles ont été réhabilités<sup id="cite_ref-Monde050719_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monde050719-50"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>50<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La population critique cependant la lenteur de la reconstruction, une centaine d'ONG travaille en coordination avec le conseil civil de Raqqa, mais ce dernier ne reçoit d'aides financière ni de la coalition internationale, ni de l'ONU<sup id="cite_ref-Monde050719_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monde050719-50"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>50<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La France fournit deux enveloppes de 50 millions d'euros à des ONG en 2018 et 2019, qui sont notamment utilisés pour la réhabilitation des hôpitaux<sup id="cite_ref-Monde050719_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monde050719-50"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>50<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Malgré cela, une certaine nostalgie de l'État islamique demeure au sein d'une partie de la population<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>51<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>52<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>53<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>54<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnalités_liées_à_la_commune"><span id="Personnalit.C3.A9s_li.C3.A9es_.C3.A0_la_commune"></span>Personnalités liées à la commune</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifier la section : Personnalités liées à la commune" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Personnalités liées à la commune"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruqia_Hassan" title="Ruqia Hassan">Ruqia Hassan</a> (1985-2015), <a href="/wiki/Journalisme_citoyen" title="Journalisme citoyen">journaliste citoyenne</a>, exécutée pour «&#160;<a href="/wiki/Renseignement" title="Renseignement">espionnage</a>&#160;» sur l'ordre de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_islamique_(organisation)" title="État islamique (organisation)">État islamique</a> à Raqqa.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohed_Altrad" title="Mohed Altrad">Mohed Altrad</a> (1948-), homme d'affaires français, dirigeant du <a href="/wiki/Groupe_Altrad" title="Groupe Altrad">Groupe Altrad</a> et président du <a href="/wiki/Montpellier_H%C3%A9rault_rugby" class="mw-redirect" title="Montpellier Hérault rugby">Montpellier Hérault Rugby</a>, né dans le désert de <a href="/wiki/Syrie" title="Syrie">Syrie</a>, ayant passé sa jeunesse à Raqqa.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Salam_al-Ujayli" title="Abd al-Salam al-Ujayli">Abd al-Salam al-Ujayli</a> (1918-2006), romancier, médecin et homme politique appartenant à la famille <a href="/wiki/Laajili" title="Laajili">Al-Aajili</a> et ayant très fortement contribué a l'essor de la ville.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galerie">Galerie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifier la section : Galerie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Galerie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia&#160;:</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ar-Raqqah?uselang=fr">Raqqa</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li> </ul> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:201209071746a_Berlin_Pergamonmuseum,_Tetradrachme_Seleukos%27_I,_Silber,_Pergamon,_281-280_v.u.Z.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tétradrachme de Séleucos Ier. Droit ; le cheval Bucéphale. Revers : éléphant avec l&#39;inscription Basileos Seleukos (le roi Séleucos)."><img alt="Tétradrachme de Séleucos Ier. Droit ; le cheval Bucéphale. Revers : éléphant avec l&#39;inscription Basileos Seleukos (le roi Séleucos)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/201209071746a_Berlin_Pergamonmuseum%2C_Tetradrachme_Seleukos%27_I%2C_Silber%2C_Pergamon%2C_281-280_v.u.Z.jpg/120px-201209071746a_Berlin_Pergamonmuseum%2C_Tetradrachme_Seleukos%27_I%2C_Silber%2C_Pergamon%2C_281-280_v.u.Z.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/201209071746a_Berlin_Pergamonmuseum%2C_Tetradrachme_Seleukos%27_I%2C_Silber%2C_Pergamon%2C_281-280_v.u.Z.jpg/180px-201209071746a_Berlin_Pergamonmuseum%2C_Tetradrachme_Seleukos%27_I%2C_Silber%2C_Pergamon%2C_281-280_v.u.Z.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/201209071746a_Berlin_Pergamonmuseum%2C_Tetradrachme_Seleukos%27_I%2C_Silber%2C_Pergamon%2C_281-280_v.u.Z.jpg/240px-201209071746a_Berlin_Pergamonmuseum%2C_Tetradrachme_Seleukos%27_I%2C_Silber%2C_Pergamon%2C_281-280_v.u.Z.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2776" data-file-height="1366" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tétradrachme de Séleucos <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr>. Droit&#160;; le cheval <a href="/wiki/Buc%C3%A9phale" title="Bucéphale">Bucéphale</a>. Revers&#160;: éléphant avec l'inscription <i>Basileos Seleukos</i> (le roi Séleucos).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Costantinopoli,_impero_d%27oriente,_leone_I_solido,_462-473_dc.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Monnaie de Léon Ier, empereur byzantin"><img alt="Monnaie de Léon Ier, empereur byzantin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Costantinopoli%2C_impero_d%27oriente%2C_leone_I_solido%2C_462-473_dc.JPG/120px-Costantinopoli%2C_impero_d%27oriente%2C_leone_I_solido%2C_462-473_dc.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Costantinopoli%2C_impero_d%27oriente%2C_leone_I_solido%2C_462-473_dc.JPG/180px-Costantinopoli%2C_impero_d%27oriente%2C_leone_I_solido%2C_462-473_dc.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Costantinopoli%2C_impero_d%27oriente%2C_leone_I_solido%2C_462-473_dc.JPG/240px-Costantinopoli%2C_impero_d%27oriente%2C_leone_I_solido%2C_462-473_dc.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monnaie de Léon <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr>, empereur byzantin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Gold_dinar_of_Harun_al-Rashid,_AH_170-193.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monnaie du calife Hâroun ar-Rachîd"><img alt="Monnaie du calife Hâroun ar-Rachîd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gold_dinar_of_Harun_al-Rashid%2C_AH_170-193.jpg/120px-Gold_dinar_of_Harun_al-Rashid%2C_AH_170-193.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gold_dinar_of_Harun_al-Rashid%2C_AH_170-193.jpg/180px-Gold_dinar_of_Harun_al-Rashid%2C_AH_170-193.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gold_dinar_of_Harun_al-Rashid%2C_AH_170-193.jpg/240px-Gold_dinar_of_Harun_al-Rashid%2C_AH_170-193.jpg 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="163" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monnaie du calife <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A2roun_ar-Rach%C3%AEd" title="Hâroun ar-Rachîd">Hâroun ar-Rachîd</a></div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Raqqa_-_Syrie_-_Fragment_frise_architecturale.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Fragment de frise architecturale provenant de Raqqa, inscription coranique en arabe anguleux (1100-1200) - Expo. Louvre-Lens, Galerie du Temps, don du comte F. Chandon de Briailles, 1955."><img alt="Fragment de frise architecturale provenant de Raqqa, inscription coranique en arabe anguleux (1100-1200) - Expo. Louvre-Lens, Galerie du Temps, don du comte F. Chandon de Briailles, 1955." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Raqqa_-_Syrie_-_Fragment_frise_architecturale.JPG/120px-Raqqa_-_Syrie_-_Fragment_frise_architecturale.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Raqqa_-_Syrie_-_Fragment_frise_architecturale.JPG/180px-Raqqa_-_Syrie_-_Fragment_frise_architecturale.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Raqqa_-_Syrie_-_Fragment_frise_architecturale.JPG/240px-Raqqa_-_Syrie_-_Fragment_frise_architecturale.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fragment de frise architecturale provenant de Raqqa, inscription coranique en arabe anguleux (1100-1200) - Expo. <a href="/wiki/Louvre-Lens" title="Louvre-Lens">Louvre-Lens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galerie_du_Temps" class="mw-redirect" title="Galerie du Temps">Galerie du Temps</a>, don du comte F. Chandon de Briailles, 1955.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Raqqa,QasrBanatO.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruines du Qasr al-Banat, 2009"><img alt="Ruines du Qasr al-Banat, 2009" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Raqqa%2CQasrBanatO.jpg/120px-Raqqa%2CQasrBanatO.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Raqqa%2CQasrBanatO.jpg/180px-Raqqa%2CQasrBanatO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Raqqa%2CQasrBanatO.jpg/240px-Raqqa%2CQasrBanatO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1162" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruines du Qasr al-Banat, 2009</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:36em; column-count:2;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NPA20220112-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-NPA20220112_1-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="AbdullatifAli2022"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ammar_AbdullatifZana_Ali2022"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : arabe">(ar)</abbr> Ammar Abdullatif et Zana Ali, «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npasyria.com/173926/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="ar">سكان في الرقة ينتقدون تردي الوضع المعيشي ويطالبون بتدابير تخفف حدة الغلاء</cite></a>&#160;» [«&#160;Les habitants de Raqqa critiquent la détérioration des conditions de vie et exigent des mesures pour réduire les prix élevés&#160;»], North Press Agency,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-01-12" data-sort-value="2022-01-12">12 janvier 2022</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-11-26" data-sort-value="2023-11-26">26 novembre 2023</time>)</small></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-belin-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-belin_2-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-belin_2-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="VirlouvetSotinel2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Catherine_VirlouvetClaire_Sotinel2019">Catherine Virlouvet (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>) et <a href="/wiki/Claire_Sotinel" title="Claire Sotinel">Claire Sotinel</a>, <cite class="italique">Rome, la fin d'un empire&#160;: De Caracalla à Théodoric 212 apr. J.-C - fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="5ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">V</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle</cite>, Paris, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Belin" class="mw-redirect" title="Éditions Belin">Éditions Belin</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr>&#160;«&#160;Mondes anciens&#160;», <time>2019</time>, 687&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7011-6497-7" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7011-6497-7"><span class="nowrap">978-2-7011-6497-7</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belin-editeur.com/rome-la-fin-dun-empire">présentation en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="chapitre(s)">chap.</abbr>&#160;9 («&#160;L'illusion théodosienne (382-410)&#160;»), <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">429-430</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Rome%2C+la+fin+d%27un+empire&amp;rft.atitle=L%27illusion+th%C3%A9odosienne+%28382-410%29&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Belin&amp;rft.stitle=De+Caracalla+%C3%A0+Th%C3%A9odoric+212+apr.+J.-C+-+fin+du+%3Cabbr+class%3D%22abbr%22+title%3D%225%E1%B5%89+si%C3%A8cle%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22romain%22%3EV%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3A72%25%22%3Ee%3C%2Fsup%3E%3C%2Fabbr%3E%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle&amp;rft.aulast=Virlouvet&amp;rft.aufirst=Catherine&amp;rft.au=Claire+Sotinel&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft.pages=429-430&amp;rft.tpages=687&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-7011-6497-7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ARaqqa"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-waqidi-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-waqidi_3-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-waqidi_3-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="&#39;Umar_al-_Wāqidī1865"><span class="ouvrage" id="Muḥammad_b._&#39;Umar_al-_Wāqidī1865"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : arabe">(ar)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Al-Waqidi" title="Al-Waqidi">Muḥammad b. 'Umar al- Wāqidī</a>, <cite class="italique" lang="ar" dir="rtl">Futûh-al' Schâm</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;2, <time>1865</time>, 286&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=UKpEAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA108">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">, «&#160;ذكر فتوح ديار بكر وأرض ربيعة&#160;»</span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;108<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Fut%C3%BBh-al%27+Sch%C3%A2m&amp;rft.atitle=%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1+%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD+%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1+%D9%88%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6+%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9&amp;rft.aulast=%27Umar+al-+W%C4%81qid%C4%AB&amp;rft.aufirst=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+b.&amp;rft.date=1865&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.pages=108&amp;rft.tpages=286&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ARaqqa"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="ibn_Yaḥyá_Balādhurī1866"><span class="ouvrage" id="Aḥmad_ibn_Yaḥyá_Balādhurī1866"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : arabe">(ar)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Al-Bal%C3%A2dhur%C3%AE" title="Al-Balâdhurî">Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyá Balādhurī</a>, <cite class="italique" lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foutouh_al-Bouldan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Foutouh al-Bouldan (page inexistante)">Kitāb futūḥ al-buldān</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futuh_al-Buldan" class="extiw" title="en:Futuh al-Buldan"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Futuh al-Buldan&#160;»">(en)</span></a></cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;1, <time>1866</time>, 667&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=mAM2AQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA173">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;173<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Kit%C4%81b+fut%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5+al-buld%C4%81n%C2%A0%28en%29Cat%C3%A9gorie%3AArticle+contenant+un+appel+%C3%A0+traduction+en+anglais&amp;rft.au=A%E1%B8%A5mad+ibn+Ya%E1%B8%A5y%C3%A1+Bal%C4%81dhur%C4%AB&amp;rft.date=1866&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.pages=173&amp;rft.tpages=667&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ARaqqa"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2011">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2011/11/06/1209324-la-syrie-a-failli-a-ses-engagements-la-ligue-arabe-tiendra-une-reunion-samedi.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Syrie: la Ligue arabe accuse Damas d'avoir failli à ses engagements</cite></a>&#160;», <i><a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9p%C3%AAche_du_Midi" title="La Dépêche du Midi">La Dépêche du Midi</a></i>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-11-06" data-sort-value="2011-11-06">6 novembre 2011</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-11-26" data-sort-value="2023-11-26">26 novembre 2023</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monde061017-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Monde061017_6-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Monde061017_6-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2017/10/06/rakka-occupe-une-place-considerable-dans-l-histoire-arabe_5197136_3218.html">«&#160;Rakka occupe une place considérable dans l’histoire arabe&#160;»</a>, <i>Le Monde</i>, 6 octobre 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref_auto_1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ref_auto_1_7-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-ref_auto_1_7-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Coquio">Coquio 2022</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;666.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lister-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Lister_8-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lister">Lister 2016</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anatomie240-241-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Anatomie240-241_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anatomie240-241_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anatomie240-241_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anatomie240-241_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anatomie240-241_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anatomie240-241_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anatomie240-241_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anatomie240-241_9-7">h</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Anatomie240-241_9-8">i</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Anatomie">Baczko, Dorronsoro et Quesnay 2016</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;240-241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monde181017-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Monde181017_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monde181017_10-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Monde181017_10-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">Benjamin Barthe, Madjid Zerrouky et <a href="/wiki/Allan_Kaval" title="Allan Kaval">Allan Kaval</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lemonde.fr/international/article/2017/10/18/rakka-liberee-des-djihadistes-de-l-ei-recit-de-quatre-annees-de-terreur_5202588_3210.html">Rakka libérée des djihadistes de l’EI, récit de quatre années de terreur</a>, <i>Le Monde</i>, 18 octobre 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2013"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : arabe">(ar)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aljumhuriya.net/ar/2013/08/29/16310/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="ar">الرقة: عن واقع الكتائب العسكرية، وإدارة المدينة المحررة، والثورات اللاحقة!</cite></a>&#160;» [«&#160;Raqqa&#160;: De la réalité des brigades militaires, de l'administration de la ville libérée et des révolutions qui ont suivi&#160;!&#160;»], sur <span class="italique">Aljumhuriya.net</span>,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-08-29" data-sort-value="2013-08-29">29 août 2013</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-11-26" data-sort-value="2023-11-26">26 novembre 2023</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Anne-Bénédicte Hoffner, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.la-croix.com/Religion/Catholicisme/Monde/Le-Pere-Paolo-DallOglio-etait-enleve-quatre-ans-Rakka-2017-07-28-1200866184">Le Père Paolo Dall’Oglio était enlevé il y a quatre ans à Rakka</a>, <i>La Croix avec La Repubblica</i>, 28 juillet 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2013"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : arabe">(ar)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zamanalwsl.net/news/article/42664"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="ar">بعد حلب..14 عشيرة في الرقة تبايع "داعش"</cite></a>&#160;» [«&#160;Après Alep... 14 tribus de Raqqa prêtent allégeance à l'EI&#160;»], sur <span class="italique"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Alwasl_(journal)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaman Alwasl (journal) (page inexistante)">Zaman Alwasl</a>&#160;<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%84_(%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9)" class="extiw" title="ar:زمان الوصل (صحيفة)"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en arabe&#160;: «&#160;زمان الوصل (صحيفة)&#160;»">(ar)</span></a></span>,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-11-02" data-sort-value="2013-11-02">2 novembre 2013</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-12-05" data-sort-value="2023-12-05">5 décembre 2023</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Coquio">Coquio 2022</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;667.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Coquio">Coquio 2022</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;636.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : arabe">(ar)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vdc-sy.info/index.php/ar/details/martyrs/107080"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="ar">مركز توثيق الانتهاكات في سوريا -</cite></a>&#160;», <a href="/wiki/Centre_de_documentation_des_violations_en_Syrie" title="Centre de documentation des violations en Syrie">Centre de documentation des violations en Syrie</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-11-26" data-sort-value="2023-11-26">26 novembre 2023</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2011">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/blog/syrie/2011/11/13/55-millions-la-priere-meme-pour-l%E2%80%99aid-et-surtout-en-syrie-c%E2%80%99est-cher/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">55 millions la prière, même pour l’Aïd et surtout en Syrie, c’est cher…</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">Un œil sur la Syrie</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-11-13" data-sort-value="2011-11-13">13 novembre 2011</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-11-26" data-sort-value="2023-11-26">26 novembre 2023</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2014"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : arabe">(ar)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alalam.ir/news/1552154/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B4-%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AF-%D8%B3%D9%90%D8%B1-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%8C-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8-%D9%83%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%83"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="ar">داعش تقتل إمام مسجد قال للأسد "سِر للأمام، الشعب كله معك!"</cite></a>&#160;» [«&#160;Daech tue un imam de mosquée qui avait dit à Assad&#160;: «&#160;Avancez, tout le monde est avec vous&#160;!&#160;»&#160;»], <a href="/wiki/Al-Alam_News_Network" title="Al-Alam News Network">Al-Alam News Network</a>,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-01-06" data-sort-value="2014-01-06">6 janvier 2014</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-11-26" data-sort-value="2023-11-26">26 novembre 2023</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2014"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : arabe">(ar)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aawsat.com/home/article/16119"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="ar">التنظيمات المتشددة تترصد صوفيي سوريا بعد اتهامهم بـ«الانحياز» إلى النظام</cite></a>&#160;» [«&#160;Des organisations extrémistes traquent les soufis syriens après les avoir accusés de «&#160;se ranger du côté&#160;» du régime&#160;»], <i><a href="/wiki/Asharq_al-Awsat" title="Asharq al-Awsat">Asharq al-Awsat</a></i>,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-01-05" data-sort-value="2014-01-05">5 janvier 2014</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-11-26" data-sort-value="2023-11-26">26 novembre 2023</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2014/01/06/les-rebelles-d-eiil-assieges-en-syrie_4343537_3218.html">En Syrie, les islamistes assiégés par les rebelles à Rakka</a>, <i>Le Monde avec AFP</i>, 6 janvier 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lib240714-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Lib240714_21-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberation.fr/monde/2014/06/24/ses-succes-irakiens-dopent-eiil-en-syrie_1049640">«&#160;Ses succès irakiens dopent EIIL en Syrie&#160;»</a>, <i>Libération</i>, 24 juin 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Southern_Division-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Southern_Division_22-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/04/isis-southern-division.php">«&#160;ISIS' <i>Southern Division</i> praises foreign suicide bombers&#160;»</a>, <i>The Long War Journal</i>, 9 avril 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Hedi Aouidj et Ahmed Deeb, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parismatch.com/Actu/International/Abou-Sakr-Nous-etions-a-Raqqa-pour-construire-le-Califat-1374725">Abou Sakr&#160;: "Nous étions à Raqqa pour construire le Califat"</a>, <i>Paris Match</i>, 23 octobre 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Wladimir van Gildenburg, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/secrets-of-the-black-stadium-in-raqqa-inside-isis-house-of-horror?source=twitter&amp;via=mobile">Secrets of the Black Stadium: In Raqqa, Inside ISIS’ House of Horror</a>, <i>The Daily Beast</i>, 24 octobre 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Coquio">Coquio 2022</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;670.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2014/12/20/97001-20141220FILWWW00106-l-etat-islamique-tue-100-deserteurs.php">«&#160;L'État islamique tue 100 «&#160;déserteurs&#160;»</a>, <i>Le Figaro</i>, 20 décembre 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/proche-moyen-orient/le-groupe-etat-islamique-execute-100-djihadistes-voulant-fuir-les-combats_1634622.html">«&#160;Le groupe État islamique exécute 100 djihadistes voulant fuir les combats&#160;»</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Express" title="L&#39;Express">L'Express</a> avec <a href="/wiki/AFP" class="mw-redirect" title="AFP">AFP</a></i>, 20 décembre 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2014"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : arabe">(ar)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.net/news/2014/9/6/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83-%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%81-%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B2"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="ar">مجزرة بالرقة ومعارك ضارية بالقنيطرة</cite></a>&#160;» [«&#160;Massacre à Raqqa et combats acharnés à Qouneitra&#160;»], Al Jazeera,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-09-06" data-sort-value="2014-09-06">6 septembre 2014</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-11-26" data-sort-value="2023-11-26">26 novembre 2023</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2014"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : arabe">(ar)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shrc.org/?p=19371"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="ar">مجزرة في الرقة تستهدف فرناً مزدحماً</cite></a>&#160;» [«&#160;Un massacre à Raqqa vise une boulangerie bondée&#160;»], Comité syrien des droits de l'homme,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-09-06" data-sort-value="2014-09-06">6 septembre 2014</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-11-26" data-sort-value="2023-11-26">26 novembre 2023</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="PerryHeinrich2014"><span class="ouvrage" id="Tom_PerryMark_Heinrich2014"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Tom Perry et Mark Heinrich, «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis/syrian-warplanes-hit-islamic-state-run-bakery-training-camp-monitor-idUSKBN0H10AV20140906/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Syrian warplanes hit Islamic State-run bakery, training camp: monitor</cite></a>&#160;», Reuters, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-09-06" data-sort-value="2014-09-06">6 septembre 2014</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-11-26" data-sort-value="2023-11-26">26 novembre 2023</time>)</small></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2014"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20140906-syrian-airstrikes-militants-kill-dozens-raqqa"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Syrian airstrikes on IS militants kill dozens in Raqqa</cite></a>&#160;», France 24, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-09-06" data-sort-value="2014-09-06">6 septembre 2014</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-11-26" data-sort-value="2023-11-26">26 novembre 2023</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2014"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30191431"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Syria conflict: Raqqa air strikes 'kill dozens'</cite></a>&#160;», BBC, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-11-25" data-sort-value="2014-11-25">25 novembre 2014</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-11-26" data-sort-value="2023-11-26">26 novembre 2023</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Suc2018"><span class="ouvrage" id="Matthieu_Suc2018"><a href="/wiki/Matthieu_Suc" title="Matthieu Suc">Matthieu Suc</a>, <cite class="italique">Les espions de la terreur</cite>, Paris, <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, <time>2018</time>, 404&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/979-10-339-0265-2" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/979-10-339-0265-2"><span class="nowrap">979-10-339-0265-2</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/fr/title/1088685916">1088685916</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=WLpiDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT113">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="chapitre(s)">chap.</abbr>&#160;XVI («&#160;Raqqa Parano&#160;»), <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;129<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Les+espions+de+la+terreur&amp;rft.atitle=Raqqa+Parano&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=HarperCollins&amp;rft.aulast=Suc&amp;rft.aufirst=Matthieu&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.pages=129&amp;rft.tpages=404&amp;rft.isbn=979-10-339-0265-2&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1088685916&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ARaqqa"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="SeelowJacksonOtero2021"><span class="ouvrage" id="Soren_SeelowKévin_JacksonNicolas_Otero2021">Soren Seelow, Kévin Jackson et Nicolas Otero, <cite class="italique">La Cellule&#160;: Enquête sur les attentats du 13 novembre 2015</cite>, Paris, <a href="/wiki/Les_Ar%C3%A8nes" title="Les Arènes">Les Arènes</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr>&#160;«&#160;Les Arènes BD&#160;», <time>2021</time>, 237&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7112-0196-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7112-0196-9"><span class="nowrap">978-2-7112-0196-9</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/fr/title/1275369341">1275369341</a></span>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;91<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=La+Cellule&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Les+Ar%C3%A8nes&amp;rft.stitle=Enqu%C3%AAte+sur+les+attentats+du+13+novembre+2015&amp;rft.aulast=Seelow&amp;rft.aufirst=Soren&amp;rft.au=K%C3%A9vin+Jackson&amp;rft.au=Nicolas+Otero&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft.pages=91&amp;rft.tpages=237&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-7112-0196-9&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1275369341&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ARaqqa"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rodde2022"><span class="ouvrage" id="Alexandre_Rodde2022">Alexandre Rodde (<abbr class="abbr" title="préface">préf.</abbr>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Richard_Lizurey" title="Richard Lizurey">Richard Lizurey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_P%C3%A9chenard" title="Frédéric Péchenard">Frédéric Péchenard</a> et Éric Delbecque), <cite class="italique">Le jihad en France&#160;: 2012-2022</cite>, Paris, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Cerf" title="Éditions du Cerf">Éditions du Cerf</a>, <time>2022</time>, 384&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-204-15034-7" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-204-15034-7"><span class="nowrap">978-2-204-15034-7</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/fr/title/1353609078">1353609078</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=YTCXEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT159">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="chapitre(s)">chap.</abbr>&#160;4 («&#160;Janvier 2015 - Novembre 2015&#160;»), <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;141<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Le+jihad+en+France&amp;rft.atitle=Janvier+2015+-+Novembre+2015&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Cerf&amp;rft.stitle=2012-2022&amp;rft.aulast=Rodde&amp;rft.aufirst=Alexandre&amp;rft.date=2022&amp;rft.pages=141&amp;rft.tpages=384&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-204-15034-7&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1353609078&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ARaqqa"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2014/11/26/97001-20141126FILWWW00101-syrie-le-bilan-des-frappes-sur-raqqa-monte-a-95-morts.php?pagination=1#nbcomments">«&#160;Syrie&#160;: le bilan des frappes du régime sur Raqqa monte à 95 morts&#160;»</a>, <i>Le Figaro</i>, 26 novembre 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europe1.fr/international/syrie-la-chute-de-raqqa-est-une-excellente-nouvelle-selon-paris-3467804">Syrie&#160;: la chute de Raqqa est "une excellente nouvelle", selon Paris</a>, <i>Europe 1 avec AFP</i>, 18 octobre 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=driaI14SnDI"><cite style="font-style:normal;">10 chasseurs français ont lâché 20 bombes sur Raqqa le fief de l'État islamique en Syrie</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-11-15" data-sort-value="2015-11-15">15 novembre 2015</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ayoye.com/nouvelles/derniere-heure-l-armee-francaise-replique-a-l-etat-islamique"><cite style="font-style:normal;">DERNIÈRE HEURE&#160;: L'armée française réplique à l'État Islamique</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">Ayoye</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-11-15" data-sort-value="2015-11-15">15 novembre 2015</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Barthe" title="Benjamin Barthe">Benjamin Barthe</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2015/11/24/n-oubliez-pas-que-rakka-est-plus-grande-que-kobane_4816333_3218.html">A Rakka, l’État islamique «&#160;se sert des civils comme boucliers humains&#160;»</a>, <i>Le Monde</i>, 24 novembre 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/proche-moyen-orient/paris-et-moscou-se-rapprochent-et-bombardent-daech-en-syrie_1736831.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Paris et Moscou se rapprochent et bombardent Daech en Syrie</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/L%27Express" title="L&#39;Express">L'Express</a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/syrie-debut-de-l-offensive-sur-raqa-fief-de-l-ei-06-11-2016-2081119_24.php">Après Mossoul, l'offensive est lancée contre l'EI à Raqa</a>, <i>AFP</i>, 6 novembre 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2017"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : arabe">(ar)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kurdistan24.net/ar/story/6644-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D8%A4%D9%83%D8%AF"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="ar">الوحدات الكوردية تكشف موعد اقتحام الرقة والبنتاغون لا يؤكد</cite></a>&#160;» [«&#160;Les unités kurdes révèlent la date de l'entrée dans Raqqa, mais le Pentagone ne la confirme pas&#160;»], <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_24&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurdistan 24 (page inexistante)">Kurdistan 24</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_24" class="extiw" title="en:Kurdistan 24"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Kurdistan 24&#160;»">(en)</span></a>,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-03-18" data-sort-value="2017-03-18">18 mars 2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-11-26" data-sort-value="2023-11-26">26 novembre 2023</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Adel2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dina_Adel2017"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : arabe">(ar)</abbr> Dina Adel, «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/raqqa-syria-na7-idARAKBN1721GA/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="ar">مقابلة- قائدة عسكرية كردية: هجوم استعادة الرقة سيستغرق شهورا</cite></a>&#160;» [«&#160;Interview - Commandant militaire kurde&#160;: L'attaque pour reprendre Raqqa prendra des mois&#160;»], Reuters,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-03-31" data-sort-value="2017-03-31">31 mars 2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-11-26" data-sort-value="2023-11-26">26 novembre 2023</time>)</small></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-swissinfo20170611-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-swissinfo20170611_45-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-swissinfo20170611_45-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2017"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : arabe">(ar)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/ara/afp/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9/43250398"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="ar">قوات سوريا الديموقراطية تتقدم في الرقة وتهاجم قاعدة عسكرية مجاورة</cite></a>&#160;» [«&#160;Les Forces démocratiques syriennes avancent vers Raqqa et attaquent une base militaire voisine&#160;»], <a href="/wiki/Swissinfo" title="Swissinfo">Swissinfo</a>,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-06-11" data-sort-value="2017-06-11">11 juin 2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-11-26" data-sort-value="2023-11-26">26 novembre 2023</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Point060617-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Point060617_46-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/syrie-la-bataille-pour-la-prise-de-raqqa-a-debute-06-06-2017-2133128_24.php">Syrie&#160;: la bataille pour la prise de Raqqa a débuté</a>, <i>Le Point avec AFP</i>, 6 juin 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PointAFP171017-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-PointAFP171017_47-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/syrie-a-raqqa-l-etat-islamique-chasse-de-sa-derniere-position-17-10-2017-2165179_24.php">Syrie&#160;: à Raqqa, l'État islamique chassé de sa dernière position</a>, <i>Le Point avec AFP</i>, 17 octobre 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Paul Khalifeh, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfi.fr/moyen-orient/20171018-syrie-avenir-raqqa-ville-liberee-ei-detruite-80?google_editors_picks=true">Syrie: quel avenir pour Raqqa, ville libérée de l'EI mais détruite à 80%</a>, <i>RFI</i>, 18 octobre 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFP210219-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-AFP210219_49-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/syrie-pres-de-raqa-un-charnier-de-l-ei-n-a-pas-encore-livre-tous-ses-secrets-21-02-2019-2295266_24.php">Syrie: près de Raqa, un charnier de l'EI n'a pas encore livré tous ses secrets</a>, <i>AFP</i>, 21 février 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monde050719-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Monde050719_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monde050719_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monde050719_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monde050719_50-3">d</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Monde050719_50-4">e</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">Hélène Sallon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2019/07/05/syrie-rakka-meurtrie-peine-a-se-reconstruire_5485780_3210.html">Syrie&#160;: Rakka, meurtrie, peine à se reconstruire</a>, <i>Le Monde</i>, 5 juillet 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="NexonVigoureux2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Marc_NexonBerivan_Vigoureux2019">Marc Nexon et Berivan Vigoureux, «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/syrie-cette-femme-a-chasse-daech-de-raqqa-05-01-2019-2283475_24.php"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Syrie&#160;: cette femme a chassé Daech de Raqqa</cite></a>&#160;», <i>Le Point</i>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-01-05" data-sort-value="2019-01-05">5 janvier 2019</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-12-05" data-sort-value="2023-12-05">5 décembre 2023</time>)</small></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2023">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4af03Z0ch8U"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Le groupe État islamique est-il défait&#160;?</cite></a>&#160;» <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-vidéo" title="Vidéo au format MPEG, AVI...">&#91;vidéo&#93;</abbr>, sur <span class="italique">YouTube</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-06-05" data-sort-value="2023-06-05">5 juin 2023</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-12-05" data-sort-value="2023-12-05">5 décembre 2023</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Huby2023"><span class="ouvrage" id="Chris_Huby2023">Chris Huby, «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/fr/%C3%A9missions/billet-retour/20231103-syrie-la-difficile-reconstruction-de-raqqa"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Syrie&#160;: la difficile reconstruction de Raqqa</cite></a>&#160;», France 24, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-11-03" data-sort-value="2023-11-03">3 novembre 2023</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-12-05" data-sort-value="2023-12-05">5 décembre 2023</time>)</small></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Quérouil-Bruneel2023"><span class="ouvrage" id="Manon_Quérouil-Bruneel2023">Manon Quérouil-Bruneel, «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parismatch.com/actu/international/en-syrie-dans-la-pouponniere-de-letat-islamique-229655"><cite style="font-style:normal;">En Syrie, dans la pouponnière de l'État islamique</cite></a>&#160;», <i><a href="/wiki/Paris_Match" title="Paris Match">Paris Match</a></i>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-09-24" data-sort-value="2023-09-24">24 septembre 2023</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-12-05" data-sort-value="2023-12-05">5 décembre 2023</time>)</small></span></span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Myriam Ababsa, <i>Raqqa, territoires et pratiques sociales d'une ville syrienne</i>, Institut français du Proche-Orient, Beyrouth, 2009, 362 p. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-35159-155-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-35159-155-0"><span class="nowrap">978-2-35159-155-0</span></a>)</small> (texte remanié d'une thèse). Disponible sur Internet&#160;: &lt;<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/1021">http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/1021</a>&gt;. DOI&#160;: 10.4000/books.ifpo.1021.</li> <li>Christophe Fourvel (texte), <i>Raqa, l'histoire n'est encore qu'un regard d'enfant</i>, Mediapopéd., Mulhouse, 2011, 44 p. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-918932-05-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-918932-05-5"><span class="nowrap">978-2-918932-05-5</span></a>)</small> (photographies réalisées par un enfant syrien le 17 juillet 2010)</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Marilyn Jenkins-Madina, <i>Raqqa revisited: ceramics of Ayyubid Syria</i>, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York&#160;; Yale University Press, New Haven, London, 2006, 247 p. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-300-11143-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-300-11143-6"><span class="nowrap">0-300-11143-6</span></a>)</small></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Anatomie"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Baczko&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Baczko (page inexistante)">Adam Baczko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Dorronsoro" title="Gilles Dorronsoro">Gilles Dorronsoro</a> et <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Quesnay&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Quesnay (page inexistante)">Arthur Quesnay</a>, <cite class="italique">Syrie&#160;: Anatomie d'une guerre civile</cite>, Paris, <a href="/wiki/CNRS_%C3%89ditions" title="CNRS Éditions">CNRS Éditions</a>, <time>2016</time>, 412&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-271-09166-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-271-09166-6"><span class="nowrap">978-2-271-09166-6</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Syrie&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=CNRS+%C3%89ditions&amp;rft.stitle=Anatomie+d%27une+guerre+civile&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.tpages=412&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-271-09166-6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ARaqqa"></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Lister"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Lister&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Lister (page inexistante)">Charles Lister</a>, <cite class="italique">The Syrian Jihad&#160;: Al-Qaeda, the Islamic State and the Evolution of an Insurgency</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <time>2016</time>, 540&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-19-046247-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-19-046247-5"><span class="nowrap">978-0-19-046247-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SYeMCwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Syrian+Jihad&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.stitle=Al-Qaeda%2C+the+Islamic+State+and+the+Evolution+of+an+Insurgency&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.tpages=540&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-046247-5&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ARaqqa"></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="2022"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hussam_Mahmoud&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hussam Mahmoud (page inexistante)">Hussam Mahmoud</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A9line_Martelet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Céline Martelet (page inexistante)">Céline Martelet</a>, <cite class="italique">L'Asphyxie&#160;: Raqqa, chronique d'une apocalypse</cite>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Deno%C3%ABl" title="Éditions Denoël">Denoël</a>, <time>2022</time>, 181&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-207-16455-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-207-16455-6"><span class="nowrap">978-2-207-16455-6</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=L%27Asphyxie&amp;rft.pub=Deno%C3%ABl&amp;rft.stitle=Raqqa%2C+chronique+d%27une+apocalypse&amp;rft.date=2022&amp;rft.tpages=181&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-207-16455-6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ARaqqa"></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="CoquioHubrechtMansourMardam-Bey2022"><span class="ouvrage" id="Catherine_CoquioJoël_HubrechtNaïla_MansourFarouk_Mardam-Bey2022">Catherine Coquio, Joël Hubrecht, Naïla Mansour et Farouk Mardam-Bey, <cite class="italique">Syrie, le pays brulé</cite>, Seuil, <time>2022</time>, 848&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782021502336" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782021502336"><span class="nowrap">9782021502336</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Syrie%2C+le+pays+brul%C3%A9&amp;rft.pub=Seuil&amp;rft.aulast=Coquio&amp;rft.aufirst=Catherine&amp;rft.au=Jo%C3%ABl+Hubrecht&amp;rft.au=Na%C3%AFla+Mansour&amp;rft.au=Farouk+Mardam-Bey&amp;rft.date=2022&amp;rft.tpages=848&amp;rft.isbn=9782021502336&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ARaqqa"></span></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filmographie">Filmographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Modifier la section : Filmographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Filmographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal">Épisode <i>9 jours à Raqqa</i>, premier épisode de la série <i>La vie après Daech</i>, d'une durée de 90 minutes. Réalisation de <a href="/wiki/Xavier_de_Lauzanne" title="Xavier de Lauzanne">Xavier de Lauzanne</a>. Diffusé pour la première fois le <time class="nowrap date-lien" datetime="2020-10-05" data-sort-value="2020-10-05"><a href="/wiki/5_octobre" title="5 octobre">5</a> <a href="/wiki/Octobre_2020" title="Octobre 2020">octobre</a> <a href="/wiki/2020_au_cin%C3%A9ma" title="2020 au cinéma">2020</a></time> <small>(en avant-première)</small>. Autres crédits&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Maalouf" title="Ibrahim Maalouf">Ibrahim Maalouf</a>.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_connexe">Article connexe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Modifier la section : Article connexe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Article connexe"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_du_patrimoine_culturel_par_l%27%C3%89tat_islamique" title="Destruction du patrimoine culturel par l&#39;État islamique">Destruction du patrimoine culturel par l'État islamique</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raqqa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fanny Arlandis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2017/10/06/rakka-occupe-une-place-considerable-dans-l-histoire-arabe_5197136_3218.html">«&#160;Rakka occupe une place considérable dans l’histoire arabe&#160;»</a>, <i>Le Monde</i>, 7 octobre 2017.</li> <li>Myriam Ababsa, <i>Raqqa, territoires et pratiques sociales d'une ville syrienne</i>, Presses de l'IFPO, Damas, 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=pIINCwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=al-masmiyah,+deraa&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiG4YXQ6N7dAhVEkiwKHbdQDhQQ6AEIazAK#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Villes_de_Syrie" title="Modèle:Palette Villes de Syrie"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a>&#160;· <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Villes_de_Syrie&amp;action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Liste_de_villes_de_Syrie" title="Liste de villes de Syrie">Villes de Syrie</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Capitales des gouvernorats</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alep" title="Alep">Alep</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Damas" title="Damas">Damas</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deraa" title="Deraa">Deraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor">Deir ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassak%C3%A9" title="Hassaké">Hassaké</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idleb" title="Idleb">Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lattaqui%C3%A9" title="Lattaquié">Lattaquié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qouneitra" title="Qouneitra">Qouneitra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soue%C3%AFda" title="Soueïda">Soueïda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartous" title="Tartous">Tartous</a></li></ul> </div></td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:7px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Syria_districts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Syria_districts.png/120px-Syria_districts.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Syria_districts.png/180px-Syria_districts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Syria_districts.png/240px-Syria_districts.png 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="866" /></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Capitales de districts</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrine" title="Afrine">Afrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariha" title="Ariha">Ariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarib" title="Atarib">Atarib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%A9" title="Kobané">Kobané</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azaz" title="Azaz">Azaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bab" title="Al-Bab">al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banias_(ville)" title="Banias (ville)">Banias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boukamal" title="Boukamal">Boukamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraya_(Syrie)" title="Daraya (Syrie)">Daraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayr_Hafir" title="Dayr Hafir">Dayr Hafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douma_(Syrie)" title="Douma (Syrie)">Douma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duraykish" title="Duraykish">Duraykish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiq_(Syrie)" title="Fiq (Syrie)">Fiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Haffah" title="Al-Haffah">al-Haffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harim" title="Harim">Harim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izra_(Syrie)" title="Izra (Syrie)">Izra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabl%C3%A9" title="Jablé">Jablé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarablous" title="Jarablous">Jarablous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jisr_al-Choghour" title="Jisr al-Choghour">Jisr al-Choghour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarat_al-Nouman" title="Maarat al-Nouman">Maarat al-Nouman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Malikiya" title="Al Malikiya">Dêrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masyaf" title="Masyaf">Masyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayadine" title="Mayadine">Mayadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mhardeh" title="Mhardeh">Mhardeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mukharram" title="Al-Mukharram">al-Mukharram al-Foqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An-Nabk" title="An-Nabk">an-Nabk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyre" title="Palmyre">Palmyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamichli" title="Qamichli">Qamichli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qardaha" title="Qardaha">Qardaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatana" title="Qatana">Qatana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qudsaya" title="Qudsaya">Qudsaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qousseir" title="Qousseir">al-Qusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qutayfah" title="Al-Qutayfah">al-Qutayfah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_al-A%C3%AFn_(Syrie)" title="Ras al-Aïn (Syrie)">Ras al-Aïn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastane" title="Rastane">Rastane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfireh" title="Sfireh">Sfireh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safita" title="Safita">Safita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamyeh" title="Salamyeh">Salamyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salkhad" title="Salkhad">Salkhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sanamayn" title="Al-Sanamayn">al-Sanamayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chahba" title="Chahba">Chahba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Bader" title="Cheikh Bader">Cheikh Bader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suqaylabiyya" title="Al-Suqaylabiyya">al-Suqaylabiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Kalakh" title="Tell Kalakh">Tell Kalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tall" title="Al-Tall">al-Tall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_Abyad" title="Tall Abyad">Tall Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Thawrah" title="Al-Thawrah">al-Thawrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabroud" title="Yabroud">Yabroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabadani" title="Zabadani">Zabadani</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Chef-lieux de cantons</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Qilqil&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Qilqil (page inexistante)">Abu Qilqil</a>&#160;<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%82%D9%84%D9%82%D9%84_(%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8)" class="extiw" title="ar:أبو قلقل (حلب)"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en arabe&#160;: «&#160;أبو قلقل (حلب)&#160;»">(ar)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abou_Douhour" title="Abou Douhour">Abou Douhour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtarine" title="Akhtarine">Akhtarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amouda" title="Amouda">Amouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arima_(Syrie)" title="Arima (Syrie)">Arima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Ariqah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Ariqah (page inexistante)">al-Ariqah</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/al-Ariqah" class="extiw" title="en:al-Ariqah"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;al-Ariqah&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Arishah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Arishah (page inexistante)">al-Arishah</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/al-Arishah" class="extiw" title="en:al-Arishah"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;al-Arishah&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armanaz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Armanaz (page inexistante)">Armanaz</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armanaz" class="extiw" title="en:Armanaz"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Armanaz&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arouad" title="Arouad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Asharah" title="Al-Asharah">Al-Asharah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assal_al-Ward" title="Assal al-Ward">Assal al-Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aoudj" title="Aoudj">Aoudj</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_al-Fijah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayn al-Fijah (page inexistante)">Ayn al-Fijah</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_al-Fijah" class="extiw" title="en:Ayn al-Fijah"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Ayn al-Fijah&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Halaqim&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayn Halaqim (page inexistante)">Ayn Halaqim</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Halaqim" class="extiw" title="en:Ayn Halaqim"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Ayn Halaqim&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Issa" title="Aïn Issa">Aïn Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_al-Nasr&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayn al-Nasr (page inexistante)">Ayn al-Nasr</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_al-Nasr" class="extiw" title="en:Ayn al-Nasr"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Ayn al-Nasr&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Bila" title="Bab Bila">Bab Bila</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banan_(Syrie)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Banan (Syrie) (page inexistante)">Banan</a>&#160;<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8)" class="extiw" title="ar:بنان (حلب)"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en arabe&#160;: «&#160;بنان (حلب)&#160;»">(ar)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barri_Sharqi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Barri Sharqi (page inexistante)">Barri Sharqi</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barri_Sharqi" class="extiw" title="en:Barri Sharqi"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Barri Sharqi&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beit_Jinn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Beit Jinn (page inexistante)">Beit Jinn</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Jinn" class="extiw" title="en:Beit Jinn"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Beit Jinn&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binnish" title="Binnish">Binnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir_al-Helou" title="Bir al-Helou">Bir al-Helou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulbul_(Syrie)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulbul (Syrie) (page inexistante)">Boulboul</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbul,_Syria" class="extiw" title="en:Bulbul, Syria"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Bulbul, Syria&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Busayrah" title="Al-Busayrah">Al-Busayrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Chaddadeh" title="Al-Chaddadeh">al-Chaddadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%27el" title="Da&#39;el">Da'el</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Dana_(Syrie)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Dana (Syrie) (page inexistante)">al-Dana</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/al-Dana,_Syria" class="extiw" title="en:al-Dana, Syria"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;al-Dana, Syria&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darat_Izza&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Darat Izza (page inexistante)">Darat Izza</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darat_Izza" class="extiw" title="en:Darat Izza"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Darat Izza&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkouch" title="Darkouch">Darkouch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Darbasiyah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Darbasiyah (page inexistante)">al-Darbasiyah</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/al-Darbasiyah" class="extiw" title="en:al-Darbasiyah"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;al-Darbasiyah&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Atiyah" title="Deir Atiyah">Deir Atiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Dimas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Dimas (page inexistante)">al-Dimas</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/al-Dimas" class="extiw" title="en:al-Dimas"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;al-Dimas&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doumeir" title="Doumeir">Doumeir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Furqlus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Furqlus (page inexistante)">Furqlus</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furqlus" class="extiw" title="en:Furqlus"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Furqlus&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghabaghib" title="Ghabaghib">Ghabaghib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Ghandurah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Ghandurah (page inexistante)">al-Ghandurah</a>&#160;<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:غندورة"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en arabe&#160;: «&#160;غندورة&#160;»">(ar)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Ghariyah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Ghariyah (page inexistante)">al-Ghariyah</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/al-Ghariyah" class="extiw" title="en:al-Ghariyah"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;al-Ghariyah&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Ghizlaniyah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Ghizlaniyah (page inexistante)">al-Ghizlaniyah</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/al-Ghizlaniyah" class="extiw" title="en:al-Ghizlaniyah"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;al-Ghizlaniyah&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hader_(Syrie)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Hader (Syrie) (page inexistante)">al-Hader</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadidah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadidah (page inexistante)">Hadidah</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadidah" class="extiw" title="en:Hadidah"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Hadidah&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hajar_al-Aswad" title="Al-Hajar al-Aswad">al-Hajar al-Aswad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hajib&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Hajib (page inexistante)">al-Hajib</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/al-Hajib" class="extiw" title="en:al-Hajib"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;al-Hajib&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajine" title="Hajine">Hajine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamidiyah" title="Al-Hamidiyah">al-Hamidiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hamraa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Hamraa (page inexistante)">al-Hamraa</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/al-Hamraa" class="extiw" title="en:al-Hamraa"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: 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href="/wiki/Kafr_Zita" title="Kafr Zita">Kafr Zita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Karamah_(Syrie)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Karamah (Syrie) (page inexistante)">al-Karamah</a>&#160;<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9)" class="extiw" title="ar:الكرامة (الرقة)"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en arabe&#160;: «&#160;الكرامة (الرقة)&#160;»">(ar)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Kasrah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Kasrah (page inexistante)">al-Kasrah</a>&#160;<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1)" class="extiw" title="ar:كسرة (دير الزور)"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en arabe&#160;: «&#160;كسرة (دير الزور)&#160;»">(ar)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassab" title="Kassab">Kassab</a></li> <li><a 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title="Maada (page inexistante)">Maada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maaloula" title="Maaloula">Maaloula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madaya" title="Madaya">Madaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahin_(Syrie)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahin (Syrie) (page inexistante)">Mahin</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahin,_Syria" class="extiw" title="en:Mahin, Syria"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Mahin, Syria&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Malah (page inexistante)">Malah</a>&#160;<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AD_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1)" class="extiw" title="ar:ملح (السويداء)"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en arabe&#160;: «&#160;ملح (السويداء)&#160;»">(ar)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Malihah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Malihah (page inexistante)">al-Malihah</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/al-Malihah" class="extiw" title="en:al-Malihah"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;al-Malihah&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansoura_(Raqqa)" title="Mansoura (Raqqa)">al-Mansurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marea_(Syrie)" title="Marea (Syrie)">Marea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markada" title="Markada">Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashta_al_Helou" title="Mashta al Helou">Mashta al Helou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah" title="Maskanah">Maskanah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Masmiyah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Masmiyah (page inexistante)">al-Masmiyah</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/al-Masmiyah" class="extiw" title="en:al-Masmiyah"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;al-Masmiyah&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mazraa" title="Al-Mazraa">al-Mazraa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhambal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhambal (page inexistante)">Muhambal</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhambal" class="extiw" title="en:Muhambal"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Muhambal&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhasan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhasan (page inexistante)">Muhasan</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhasan" class="extiw" title="en:Muhasan"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Muhasan&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musayfirah" title="Al-Musayfirah">al-Musayfirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mushannaf" title="Al-Mushannaf">al-Mushannaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzayrib" title="Muzayrib">Muzayrib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Nashabiyah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Nashabiyah (page inexistante)">al-Nashabiyah</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/al-Nashabiyah" class="extiw" title="en:al-Nashabiyah"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;al-Nashabiyah&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Nasirah_(Syrie)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Nasirah (Syrie) (page inexistante)">al-Nasirah</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/al-Nasirah,_Syria" class="extiw" title="en:al-Nasirah, Syria"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;al-Nasirah, Syria&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nawa_(Syrie)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nawa (Syrie) (page inexistante)">Nawa</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawa,_Syria" class="extiw" title="en:Nawa, Syria"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Nawa, Syria&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> 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title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;al-Sabe&#39; Biyar&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Sabkhah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Sabkhah (page inexistante)">al-Sabkhah</a>&#160;<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A9_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9)" class="extiw" title="ar:السبخة (الرقة)"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en arabe&#160;: «&#160;السبخة (الرقة)&#160;»">(ar)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadad" title="Sadad">Sadad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahnaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sahnaya (page inexistante)">Sahnaya</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahnaya" class="extiw" title="en:Sahnaya"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Sahnaya&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seidnaya" title="Seidnaya">Seidnaya</a></li> <li><a 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title="Slinfah">Slinfah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulouk_(Syrie)" title="Soulouk (Syrie)">Suluk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Sur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Sur (page inexistante)">al-Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Surah_al-Saghirah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Surah al-Saghirah (page inexistante)">al-Surah al-Saghirah</a>&#160;<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الصورة الصغيرة"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en arabe&#160;: «&#160;الصورة الصغيرة&#160;»">(ar)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souran" title="Souran">Souran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Susah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Susah (page inexistante)">al-Susah</a>&#160;<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A9_(%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1)" class="extiw" title="ar:سوسة (دير الزور)"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en arabe&#160;: «&#160;سوسة (دير الزور)&#160;»">(ar)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Soukhna" title="Al-Soukhna">al-Soukhna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Tabni&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Tabni (page inexistante)">al-Tabni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbiss%C3%A9" title="Talbissé">Talbissé</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taldou&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Taldou (page inexistante)">Taldou</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taldou" class="extiw" title="en:Taldou"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Taldou&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Tamanah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Tamanah (page inexistante)">al-Tamanah</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/al-Tamanah" class="extiw" title="en:al-Tamanah"><span 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title="en:az-Ziyarah"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;az-Ziyarah&#160;»">(en)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Syrie" title="Portail de la Syrie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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